tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-248008742024-03-18T17:54:43.220-04:00Law at the End of the DayLarry Catá Backer's comments on current issues in transnational law and policy. These essays focus on the constitution of regulatory communities (political, economic, and religious) as they manage their constituencies and the conflicts between them. The context is globalization. This is an academic field-free zone: expect to travel "without documents" through the sometimes strongly guarded boundaries of international relations, constitutional, international, comparative, and corporate law.Larry Catá Backerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06545101367530775497noreply@blogger.comBlogger3702125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-24800874.post-87264008533531115992024-03-18T16:05:00.002-04:002024-03-18T16:05:42.301-04:00CfP “The Future of Teaching Law and Language”: 7th International Legal Linguistics Workshop (ILLWS24) 25 June 2024; Austrian Assoc. for Legal Linguistics and the Department of Administrative and Constitutional Law at the University of Vienna Co-Hosts<p> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjudADq8xCp2D4Wc7jeWCOPfz1YpNNrb7xhUDYifhCU-c0V0oAxxDbxotM6ZwMkWqnJJg8Xq-xCMWr0tFJuyf1e7dXWIE3DNVkMHCGEq-ntaaQPY1LaNnVHhitVQFZ2DGLYrOQBG1ux9-TcoqB2123hFmI8JV5C0DWMYoS1XUYQSMtQAT2dnWIdKQ/s470/Screenshot%202024-03-18%20at%204.02.00%E2%80%AFPM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="470" data-original-width="349" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjudADq8xCp2D4Wc7jeWCOPfz1YpNNrb7xhUDYifhCU-c0V0oAxxDbxotM6ZwMkWqnJJg8Xq-xCMWr0tFJuyf1e7dXWIE3DNVkMHCGEq-ntaaQPY1LaNnVHhitVQFZ2DGLYrOQBG1ux9-TcoqB2123hFmI8JV5C0DWMYoS1XUYQSMtQAT2dnWIdKQ/w476-h640/Screenshot%202024-03-18%20at%204.02.00%E2%80%AFPM.png" width="476" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Pix credit <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scriptorium#/media/File:BL_Royal_Vincent_of_Beauvais.jpg" target="_blank">here</a><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /></p><p>I am delighted to pass along this<a href="https://www.juridicum.at/news-events/news-detailansicht/news/call-for-papers-illws24/#:~:text=The%20seventh%20International%20Legal%20Linguistics,at%20the%20University%20of%20Vienna." target="_blank"> CfP for the seventh International Legal Linguistics Workshop </a>(ILLWS24) will be held
at the Faculty of Law on 25 June 2024 and co-hosted by the Austrian
Association for Legal Linguistics (AALL) and the Department of
Administrative and Constitutional Law at the University of Vienna. The theme this year is “The Future of Teaching Law and Language”</p><p>Abstracts may be submitted in English or German and should be 200-250
words (excluding references and keywords) and should include 3-5
keywords and a selection of key references (3-5).<br /><br />Please also
include information regarding the author(s), such as names and
affiliations. Submissions should be sent to the organising committee <span style="font-weight: bold;">by 15 May 2024</span> to the following email address: <a>legallinguistics2024<span>@</span>gmail.com</a>
</p>
<p>Applicants will receive a decision on acceptance or rejection of their submission by 25 May 2024.
</p><p>The <a href="https://www.juridicum.at/fileadmin/user_upload/f_rechtswissenschaft/downloads/CallforPapers_ILLWS24__1_-1.pdf" target="_blank">Call for Papers Concept Note</a> follows. <br /></p><p> </p><p><span></span></p><a name='more'></a> <p></p><p></p><blockquote><span style="font-size: large;"><b><a href="https://www.juridicum.at/fileadmin/user_upload/f_rechtswissenschaft/downloads/CallforPapers_ILLWS24__1_-1.pdf" target="_blank"> Call for Papers</a></b></span><br />The seventh International Legal Linguistics Workshop (ILLWS24) will be held at the<br />Faculty of Law on 25 June 2024 and co-hosted by the Austrian Association for Legal<br />Linguistics (AALL) and the Department of Administrative and Constitutional Law at the<br />University of Vienna.<br />The focus of the workshop is the legal language teaching under the theme “The Future<br />of Teaching Law and Language”.<br />It will primarily address, but is not limited to, questions such as:<br /><blockquote>• How can teaching methodologies in law be improved to prepare students for<br />university examinations more effectively?<br />• Which role can legal linguistics and legal semiotics play in enhancing legal<br />language teaching?<br />• How can artificial intelligence and other disruptive technologies be used<br />responsibly in legal language teaching?<br />• How can research on legal language teaching and assessment address the<br />divergence between everyday language and legal jargon?<br />• How can interdisciplinary perspectives, such as insights from language learning<br />theory, legal linguistics and legal semiotics, improve the effectiveness of the<br />teaching law?<br />• Which research gaps exist in understanding legal language learning, and how can future studies contribute to filling these gaps?<br />• How can casebooks, legal dictionaries and other legal language teaching materials be updated to reflect contemporary developments in legal practice?<br />• Which teaching strategies can be employed to foster a deeper understanding of<br />legal terminology amongst law students, particularly in preparation for real-world<br />legal scenarios?<br />• How can legal language teaching facilitate the transfer of legal language skills from law school to practical legal contexts?<br />• How can legal language teaching contribute students developing critical thinking skills and legal reasoning abilities?<br />• How can legal language teaching address the multilingual and multicultural<br />dimensions of language use in legal contexts?<br />• Which lessons can be derived from teaching legal language in specialised areas of legal expertise, such as hospitality law?</blockquote>Abstracts may be submitted in English or German and should be 200-250 words<br />(excluding references and keywords) and should include 3-5 keywords and a selection of<br />key references (3-5).<br />Please also include information regarding the author(s), such as names and affiliations.<br />Submissions should be sent to the organising committee by 15 May 2024 to the following<br />email address: legallinguistics2024@gmail.com<br />Applicants will receive a decision on acceptance or rejection of their submission by 25<br />May 2024.<br />The ILLWS24 Organising Committee ILLWS24 Conference & Event Management<br />Daniel Green Januš C. Varburgh<br />Christian Piska<br />Januš C. Varburgh<br />Sophie Mochar<br />Paul Schwarzenbacher<br />Maria Pober<br />Cornelia Eißler</blockquote><p></p>Larry Catá Backerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06545101367530775497noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-24800874.post-42153258616634326522024-03-17T21:18:00.006-04:002024-03-18T09:39:48.615-04:00Part 4 (Chapter 3; The Formation of Intent and the Foundation of Text: The Travaux Préparatoires of SRSG John G. Ruggie 2005-2010 and the UNHRC Pre-Endorsement Resolutions)--Vetting the Discussion Draft: "The United Nations Guiding Principles for Business and Human Rights: A Commentary"<p></p><br /> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHth9Vr7Cd2SwrtRlIbH757QlYBgrwbW_wmfYl8GuSkjaNRxbODiY2dkKNYdkPNoBk1IOg1Cecliputab-QWSKFvUY3ODRZhwyrXYoNU1QzZyFSKqRcof-uOGH4qbO6dnMjCM9aqvsjbRDg7e53-cF7llihC34VsCqdyZ_jge0yHv22UnSPA5Y6g/s671/Screenshot%202024-03-17%20at%208.32.43%E2%80%AFPM.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="484" data-original-width="671" height="462" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHth9Vr7Cd2SwrtRlIbH757QlYBgrwbW_wmfYl8GuSkjaNRxbODiY2dkKNYdkPNoBk1IOg1Cecliputab-QWSKFvUY3ODRZhwyrXYoNU1QzZyFSKqRcof-uOGH4qbO6dnMjCM9aqvsjbRDg7e53-cF7llihC34VsCqdyZ_jge0yHv22UnSPA5Y6g/w640-h462/Screenshot%202024-03-17%20at%208.32.43%E2%80%AFPM.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Pix Credit <a href="https://tramwaydequebec.info/actualites/2023-05-19-travaux-preparatoires.aspx" target="_blank">here</a><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><br /><p></p><p>I
have been working on the production of a
comprehensive commentary of the United Nations Guiding Principles for
Business
and Human Rights. This is a humbling task. It follows the production of
both an official commentary, written in tandem with the UNGP itself, and
a collective commentary of the UNGP undertaken by some of the most
distinguished students of other fields of human rights, business, and
its
related fields of academic<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>study ( <i>The UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights: A Commentary</i> (Barnali Choudhury (ed); Edward Elgar, 2023).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p><p><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p><p><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">I
am at a point where I can start vetting portions of the draft. I hope
to share those discussion drafts with a wider audience in hopes of
getting feedback. In these posts I provide a short summary of the draft
chapter and a link t access a 'pdf' version. </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> All draft chapters may be
found on my <i><a href="https://www.thecpe.org/projects/education-projects/" target="_blank">Coalition for Peace & Ethics Website</a></i> website at UNGP Commentary Page <a href="https://www.thecpe.org/projects/education-projects/the-united-nations-guiding-principles-for-business-and-human-rights-a-commentary/" target="_blank">HERE</a>. </span></p><p><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0W7Wa4lBs7d50h5p8QkP_f9fpa39dBdEqE_PTRg57us01ytzMSmqgXRCayJS4LRlwol4ygaEJeV6yJ2_Hc6japfoUQKCRbanpDkPIhaNWGOGet0ZYSqFQ-qGgChsNDJuCyb1IoGiaUNkdBkPJLHk0mVkTKv1PSc-vY4PV-IvxWU_EwxDa32Z-BA/s359/Screenshot%202024-03-01%20at%208.06.25%E2%80%AFPM.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="308" data-original-width="359" height="275" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0W7Wa4lBs7d50h5p8QkP_f9fpa39dBdEqE_PTRg57us01ytzMSmqgXRCayJS4LRlwol4ygaEJeV6yJ2_Hc6japfoUQKCRbanpDkPIhaNWGOGet0ZYSqFQ-qGgChsNDJuCyb1IoGiaUNkdBkPJLHk0mVkTKv1PSc-vY4PV-IvxWU_EwxDa32Z-BA/s320/Screenshot%202024-03-01%20at%208.06.25%E2%80%AFPM.png" width="320" /></a></div>This
post introduces the manuscript's Chapter 3 ("The Formation of Intent and the Foundation of Text: The Travaux Préparatoires of SRSG John G. Ruggie 2005-2010 and the UNHRC Pre-Endorsement Resolutions"). The objectives of this chapter are fairly
straightforward. The Introduction considers the relevance of preparatory documents to the memorialization of intention and its related problems: (1) should text be burdened by an individual or group's intentions?; (2) if so who is considered and whose intentions are ignored?; (3) what artifacts are treated as more or less authoritative for purposes of divining intention or the design of the drafter or endorser?; (4) ought the search for intention focus on first principles and motivating ideology or micro intent with respect to specific provisions?; (5) the relationship between intent bearing material in relation to the relevant and (6) and so on. <br /><p></p><blockquote><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1SwY_Cb4mgZlhOW6K9DHDLu4TsDaOdy9vKYqOAseiDWMqMYCQ_hwhVtSAwdzEObMf8cISpufL0Ama2hiQGjgn4_KOItLA2k0JqiHW97fLnPzW9ZHKiH8oPKFlhV5CgdLqljzBDYXAeoQhrv-L5lqrrYGGMWLIbXX6NVGvjybiPQbav3UbeB2Eug/s1254/Screenshot%202023-03-03%20at%209.21.13%20PM.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1254" data-original-width="804" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1SwY_Cb4mgZlhOW6K9DHDLu4TsDaOdy9vKYqOAseiDWMqMYCQ_hwhVtSAwdzEObMf8cISpufL0Ama2hiQGjgn4_KOItLA2k0JqiHW97fLnPzW9ZHKiH8oPKFlhV5CgdLqljzBDYXAeoQhrv-L5lqrrYGGMWLIbXX6NVGvjybiPQbav3UbeB2Eug/s320/Screenshot%202023-03-03%20at%209.21.13%20PM.png" width="205" /></a></div>With this in mind—and especially the premises that (1) that commentary may point to but not advance a particular point of view, and (2) that given the contestations around the meaning of text and the meaning/sources of intent/design and its relevance every perspective is contestable—the consideration of the value of the UNGP’s travaux préparatoire in providing a basis for inferring intent or design as an aid to reading-interpreting-applying the UNGP principles (and understanding and applying the “spirit” of the UNGP is organized as follows. <br /><br /> Section 3.1 considers a fundamental organizing principle of the SRSG’s working style—his “principled pragmatism—as a source or basis for understanding both the production of the travaux préparatoire as well as the intent/design embedded within them. Principled pragmatism served as a term of art to distinguish the core methodological differences between the approach taken by the SRSG and that of his predecessors, especially those responsible for the development of the failed Norms project. It also embraces a methodology of iterative dialectic—where transformation can be achieved by starting from the status quo, and applying to it an arc of development that one reads into its history, which is then projected forward toward the desired ends. And, indeed, for the SRSG’s work, his principled pragmatism is closely tethered to a core or ruling premise: the goal-belief that the imbalance between public and private sectors has created an imbalance in the impacts of economic activity on human rights, imbalances that need correction by better aligning private sector economic activity with public sector human rights guardrails. The travaux préparatoires then elaborate both methodology and its application in the service of the primary goal-belief and its intricately developed sub-principles. <br /><br /> Section 3.2 then takes a deep dive into the key official explanatory documents produced by the SRSG during his mandate. These include three distinct types of reports. The first include the annual reports made to the UNHRC produced between 2006 and 2010 (except the 2011 SRSG Report which was discussed in Chapter 2). The second were the reports delivered to the UN General Assembly in 2008-2010These reports , and their addenda, were intentionally produced to convey both the arc of the work of the SRS (and thus the manifestation of the application of principled pragmatism as a form of iterative dialectics in ) and the intention/objectives that were eventually to be organized as the three pillar protect-respect-framework and memorialized (coded) in the text of the UNGP. Interestingly, it is possible to consider that the iterative dialectic of principled pragmatism and its guidance of the UNGP project is more visible in the many Addenda attached to principal reports, than in the reports themselves. Particularly important for purposes of extracting the scope of intention are the “Clarifying concepts” addenda attached to the 2008 SRSG Report, and the 2011 SRSG Report on Conflict Regions. <br /><br /> Section 3.3 then considers briefly the pre-endorsement resolutions of the UNHRC. These serve to manifest the other source of intention-design that counts—that of the official or institutional body the endorsement of which was critical to the legitimacy and authority of the UNGP—and thus the strength of power to set the framework for moving the business and human rights project forward. Section 3.4 then takes up other relevant documents and Section 3.4 offers a summary extraction of the principles developed in the travaux that suggest intent/objectives/design. </blockquote><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p>
</p><p>Over the course of his mandate, the SRSG, his team, countless volunteers and participants produced a tremendous amount of text, representing research, surveys, case studies, practicums, informal and formal reports. All contributed to, and effectively manifested the operation of principled pragmatism built on an iterative inductive dialectics attached to and propelled by an animating objective the ideological perspectives that gave that objective meaning. These contributions were given form, direction, and substance through the formal communication of the SRSG, again manifested in text, that moved the project from principle, through pragmatic dialectics grounded in descriptive and predictive analytics, from which the SGSG was able to construct a plausible arc of development given form, eventually, by the UNGP. For this reason alone, the travaux are worth careful study for those seeking either to interpret and apply the UNGP (its text or spirit), or to use the UNGP as a basis for advancing the project in accordance with the times.</p><p></p><p><style>@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1107305727 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:DengXian;
panose-1:2 1 6 0 3 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-alt:等线;
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612033 953122042 22 0 262159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Bodoni 72";
panose-1:0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Times New Roman \(Body CS\)";
panose-1:2 11 6 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-alt:"Times New Roman";
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536859905 -1073711039 9 0 511 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Bodoni 72 Book";
panose-1:0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-alt:"BODONI 72 BOOK";
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"\@DengXian";
panose-1:2 1 6 0 3 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612033 953122042 22 0 262159 0;}p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin:0in;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Bodoni 72";
mso-fareast-font-family:DengXian;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman \(Body CS\)";}.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
mso-ascii-font-family:"Bodoni 72";
mso-fareast-font-family:DengXian;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-font-family:"Bodoni 72";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman \(Body CS\)";}div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}</style></p><p>The Chapter 3 discussion draft may be accessed directly <a href="https://www.thecpe.org/projects/education-projects/the-united-nations-guiding-principles-for-business-and-human-rights-a-commentary/the-united-nations-guiding-principles-for-business-and-human-rights-a-commentary/" target="_blank">HERE</a>. The text of the draft of chapter 3 as of the time of this posting also follows below.</p><p><span></span></p><a name='more'></a>
<p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 20pt;">3</span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 20pt;"> </span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 20pt;">The Formation of Intent
and the Foundation of Text: </span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 20pt;">The Travaux Préparatoires
of SRSG John G Ruggie, 2005-2011</span></b><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 20pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">My major concern was the legal and conceptual
foundations of the Norms, especially as expressed in the General Obligations
section and the implications that flow from it. . . . But in the worst case
scenario, I fear, they would turn transnational corporations into more benign
twenty-first century versions of East India companies, undermining the capacity
of developing countries to generate independent and democratically controlled
institutions capable of acting in the public interest – which to my mind is by
far the most effective guarantor of human rights.<a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">Travaux
Préparatoires, preparatory or preliminary text has a quite distinct meaning in
French law.<a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a> Traditionally,
and certainly in France and other jurisdictions, the heart of traveaux
préparatoire are those memorializations of moments and processes “From the
birth of a reform to the moment when the definitive act comes into force.”<a href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a> In the United
States, the alignment of technology with the emergence of the administrative
apparatus, made it possible to develop a routinized and data rich environment
in which the kernels of intent could be memorialized, and thus memorialized,
preserved and then utilized by actors looking for something exogenous (and
legitimate, in the sense of having an authoritative connection to text) on
which to ground their reading of text.<a href="#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">Guillaume Meunier drew on Montesquieu and the
spirit of the law for the normative legitimation of the impulse.<a href="#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a> It may
be as useful to consider these as privileged historical morsels in search of
the spirit of the law to which they point that both freezes text in time,
place, and space, and permits a common external point against which the clarity
of text might be measured. An indispensable element in the judicial quest for <i>ratio
legis</i> (the legal rationale), </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;">traveaux préparatoires</span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> have acquired its own
forms and mechanisms. But the general idea—that it is useful to consult
preparatory work in interpreting statutes—and by extension, to embed the intent
of the drafters into the reading of the text they produced, finds its way into
many legal systems, but with great variation.<a href="#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But, and certainly some states, that search
for intent from which to embed meaning in text<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>is only triggered were the next is neither clear nor complete.<a href="#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Indeed, the “Acte Claire” doctrine widely
used in Europe has generalized the spirit of that notion and embedded it in the
jurisprudence of the European Union. The U.S. analog came at the end of the
prior century.<a href="#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a>
Text first, and where text is not clear or complete—then <i>the spirit of the
law</i> must be exhumed from the evidence left by those responsible for the
constitution and enactment of text as law.<a href="#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">And yet, the doctrine produces a tension—one that
produces interpretive pluralism in the face of clarity and completeness
determined by heterogeneous courts.<a href="#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The tension remains between a core premise
embracing the certainty that text has primacy over intent against the core
premise that text is merely the memorialization of an intent that is
itself—“the law.”<a href="#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[11]</span></span></span></span></a> The
reliance on preparatory work—in the parlance of the United States, something
like a legislative history<a href="#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[12]</span></span></span></span></a>--then, runs
counter to a quite powerful stream of jurisprudence that emerged in its current
form with the drafting of the first post-Revolutionary French Civil Code. For
its drafters, the law speaks for itself.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Its text is what it is.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>One
applies the text in itself through the act of reason, the rules of which
reflect collective understanding. Meunier’s quote taken from Portalis’ 1801 <i>Discourse
on the French Civil Code<a href="#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[13]</span></b></span></span></span></a></i>
is as applicable to the art of using authoritative aids in discerning the
meaning of statutes in context,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>as it is
to the function of the commentator seeking to gloss an authoritative text. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.5in;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;">Il y a une science pour les
législateurs, comme il y en a une pour les magistrats; et l'une ne ressemble
pas à l'autre. La science du législateur consiste à trouver dans chaque
matière, les principes les plus favorables au bien commun; la science du magistrat
est de mettre ces principes en action, de les ramifier, de les étendre, par une
application sage et raisonnée, aux hypothèses privées; d'étudier l'esprit de la
loi quand la lettre tue, et de ne pas s'exposer à être tour à tour esclave et
rebelle, et à désobéir par esprit de servitude.<a href="#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[14]</span></span></span></span></a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">And in some jurisdictions, even the principle
that one can consult such preparatory work, or for that matter, any other
evidence of intent, is viewed as problematic—because the consultation of such
text would serve to admit the possibility of incorporating inferences about
intent into the text. In some legal systems and among some jurists, text must
speak for itself—however at variance that text will be read from the intent of
those who enacted it. In the United States, for example, the textualist school
of jurisprudence (and interpretation) was built around the insight that in
interpreting (or commenting on) text, one must take into account all of its
text—one must confine one’s analysis to a journey to the spirit of the text.
and no more.<a href="#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[15]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And that journey toward textual
interpretation, it might be necessary to understand the original context in
which text was made authoritative.<a href="#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[16]</span></span></span></span></a> Others
take the view that the journey to meaning takes one into the soul, or the
spirit, of the legislator,<a href="#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[17]</span></span></span></span></a> rather
than that of text.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But even that journey
can vary as certain jurisdictions define the scope of legislative history with
local characteristics.<a href="#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[18]</span></span></span></span></a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">The issue becomes more complicated when the
temporal element is introduced—the principle of original understanding of text
that is separated by centuries or decades from those<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>charged with its application.<a href="#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[19]</span></span></span></span></a> In that
context, it is the meaning of the times that informs the text, rather than the
specific intent of the drafters or adopters.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Or it frees the text from the chains and structures of its origins (a
way, perhaps of re-interpreting SRSG Ruggie’s famous “end of the beginning”
phrase<a href="#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[20]</span></span></span></span></a>)
precisely because it is impossible to reproduce the historical moment in the
present.<a href="#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[21]</span></span></span></span></a> But
the fundamental issue remains; it is one of privileging sources of authority
and developing hierarchies of text that might be drawn on<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>to understand and apply binding or
influential provisions adopted in some form by institutional actors
representing a collective. In this case the focus is on the text of the UNGP
endorsed by the UNHRC, around which clusters additional text from which the
intent, design, and meaning of its provisions may be understood. It is then for
the commentator to acknowledge and sort through the material the importance of
which depends in large part on the <i>interpretive conventions and
predilections</i> of a collective, the preferences of institutional actors
within these collectives, or the normative fractures within or between these
collectives about the authority of sources and the principles for extracting
meaning from text. Any commentator <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>on
the UNGP inevitably finds themselves in Italo Calvino’s City of Melania.<a href="#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[22]</span></span></span></span></a> It is a
city “caught up in dialog” which remains the same even as the city’s population
“renews itself: the participants in the dialogues die one by one and meanwhile
those who will take their places are born, some in one role, some in another.”<a href="#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[23]</span></span></span></span></a> In
place of people, one encounters text and institutions, which must be embraced
even as its casts of characters remain engaged in dialogues<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>that survive them and in some sense exists
autonomously of those burdened with its continuation. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">For the commentator, like the jurist, one starts
an analysis of such preparatory sources from those made public, and more
precisely those made specifically to convey reasoning, intent, or design. In
many jurisdictions, the scope of what is made available varies widely.<a href="#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[24]</span></span></span></span></a> Yet
even that may be limited by the imposition of “open records” laws that may
impose tight confidentiality constraints on certain information. <a href="#_ftn25" name="_ftnref25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[25]</span></span></span></span></a> At a
minimum, that suggests that choices among forms of textual
interpretation—focused exclusively on text, on text in historical context, or
on text as the manifestation of the spirit of the intent it memorialized, would
reduce commentary to either polemic or to the management of interpretation by
steering to a preferred analytical foundation. It follows, then, that intent
may be as important a source of commentary as the authoritative text the core
of which was identified in Chapter 2. A commentary ought to guide or at least
describe the possibilities of any of these interpretive paths rather than
pre-select one around which comment is offered. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">What, them, should be included in the </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;">travaux préparatoires</span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">
of the UNGP? At its broadest, virtually everything that was produced,
remembered (and for purposes of authenticity at least) preserved in usable (or
accessible) form might be relevant. That relevance will vary by degree.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But how does one measure the degree of
relevance?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Traditionally there were two
ways to approach answers. <i>The first</i> is to measure relevance as <i>a
function of the relationship of the producer of data</i> (reports, speeches,
statements, position papers, demonstrations recorded, interviews, and the like)
<i>to the production of the authoritative text</i> toward the interpretation of
which<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>this data would supply information
from which it would be possible to infer intent or design. The closer the
material is to either the producer of text or to those responsible for
endorsing (in the case of the UNGP) or enacting (in the case of institutional
adoption with authoritative effect) the stronger the presumption that the
material may more strongly reflect intent or design in the relevant text. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">Closeness, in turn, can be measured by the
relationship of the producer of text that evidences intent or design, to the
text to be interpreted.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Thus, for
example, text produced by SRSG Ruggie about the structures, spirit or meaning
of a specific principle of the UNGP may be more useful than that of a professor
with no connection to the UNGP enterprise producing their own sense of meaning,
intent or design. On the other hand, all stakeholders, including that professor
with no connection, do produce text that quite precisely memorializes their
intent, design, and response to the UNGP enterprise—for example the highly
critical text of the NGO Human Rights Watch to the endorsement of the UNGPs.<a href="#_ftn26" name="_ftnref26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[26]</span></span></span></span></a> These
express the intent or design of their creators, but in the process may also
provide evidence of what the UNGP text <i>does not mean</i> by virtue of their
responses and comments. Or, alternatively, they may help explain how or why
these groups then recast the meaning and spirit of the UNGP in the way they
did—for example, translating critique into the movement for the creation of an
binding international legal instrument characterized as taking the spirit of
the UNGP to its next phase.<a href="#_ftn27" name="_ftnref27" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[27]</span></span></span></span></a> And,
indeed, in a consultations based process, the role of stakeholder input was
substantial both in terms of numbers and impact.<a href="#_ftn28" name="_ftnref28" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[28]</span></span></span></span></a> The
impact, though, might be measured by the official reports submitted by the
SRSG.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><i><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">The second</span></i><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> was to measure authority by the <i>character of
the intent-bearing material in relation to the relevant text</i>; that is the
extent to which it is understood to be intended to convey intent or design to
the community to whom text is to be conveyed and then applied.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Thus, perhaps, to illustrate the point with
an extreme example, a verbal discussion by the SRSG over drinks to his wife’s
second cousin’s college roommate, whom he has just met, which is then jotted
down by this roommate, may have less authority than statements written into
SRSG Ruggie’s reports delivered to the UNHRC. There appears to be a loose
consensus around this relationship between relevance and the character of the
document (textual or now aural or virtual memory) relied on.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But that consensus is, like all others, a
convention that is built on the consequences of hierarchy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Indeed, SRSG Ruggie might well have been at
his most candid when speaking to his wife’s second cousin’s college roommate.
Yet, for purposes of the authority of memorialization of intent or design,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>that conversation lacks authority precisely
because it was not intended to explain, describe, argue, or present formally
and deliberately the intent or design to be conveyed to the community for whom
the text was delivered . The conversation with the cousin’s roommate <i>was not
consciously intended to bind</i>; and intent and design—like the text into
which it is to be incorporated, is as much a formally constituted process of
dialectic engagement as the writing of the text itself.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Nonetheless, <i>intent to bind</i>, as a
convention for gauging the importance of secondary text as a window on intent
and design, and therefore on the meaning of the text to be interpreted or
applied,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>may sometimes reveal more
accurately what the formally constituted intent-bearing documents suggest.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In those cases, one might note the tension
between formal expressions of intent (with the intent to bind) and functional
expressions of intent (which reveal more profoundly sub-textual motivation or
premise). </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">Since the UNGP fall somewhere within the nebulous
terrains of international law/norm making—soft law to use the ancient phrase—it
might be useful to approach these questions from the sensibilities built into
the rules for interpretation in this field.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>For purposes of this Commentary, then, one might take the sensibilities
of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties as a guide.<a href="#_ftn29" name="_ftnref29" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[29]</span></span></span></span></a> Article
31 of the Vienna Convention starts with the soft presumption that privileges
textual meaning “in their context and in the light of its object and purpose.”<a href="#_ftn30" name="_ftnref30" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn30;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[30]</span></span></span></span></a> Text,
context, object/purpose, and application are all relevant, though it is for the
reader to assess which they would privilege.<a href="#_ftn31" name="_ftnref31" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn31;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[31]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>To that end, “Recourse may be had to
supplementary means of interpretation, including the preparatory work of the
treaty and the circumstances of its conclusion, in order to confirm the meaning
resulting from the application of article 31, or to determine the meaning when
the interpretation according to article 31.”<a href="#_ftn32" name="_ftnref32" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn32;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[32]</span></span></span></span></a> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">That leaves the question of the identification of
the relevant documents. To those ends, the commentary will apply both of the
conventions described above—gauging the importance of texts useful for
extracting intent and design from the relationship of its author to the text to
be interpreted, and the object of the text to consciously and formally convey
intent. For that purpose, this Chapter focuses on core documents formally memorializing
the evolution of intent, the <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>travaux
préparetoires “[f]rom the birth of the SRSG’s mandate] to the moment when the
definitive [UNGP is endorsed.”<a href="#_ftn33" name="_ftnref33" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn33;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[33]</span></span></span></span></a> That
produces a challenge: during the course<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>of the SRSG’s mandate, a substantial number of interactions occurred and
were recorded.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These include speeches by
the SRSG, consultations and meetings, some of which were summarized,
appearances at a number of events, and the commendatory of stakeholders, some
of which were persevered in retrievable form. In addition, key texts produced
by the UNHRC add a critical layer of intentionality as the institutional actor
with the authority to endorse the authoritative text of the UNGP. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">The commentary starts from the presumption that
among all of these memorialization of text from which intent might be
extracted, the most useful and authoritative are the formal reports that the
SRSG delivered to the UNHRC from the start of his mandate to the presentation
of the final draft of the UNGP. The further presumption is that these formal
reports contain the essence of intention that were then mirrored or reproduced
in the interactions engaged around them. The object is to read these documents
to provide insight into intent in the formation and drafting process; the SRSG
Reports reflect the arc of movement of the SRSG’s mandate and with it the
development of the framework, principles, and approaches that ultimately served
as the basis for the drafting of the UNGP. And borrowing from theology, the
commentator should keep well in mind that “while every reading. . . is
necessarily selective, care should be taken to avoid tendentious
interpretations, that is, readings which, instead<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>of being docile to text make use of it only
for their own narrow purpose.”<a href="#_ftn34" name="_ftnref34" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn34;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[34]</span></span></span></span></a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">The Chapter also considers the two UNHRC
resolutions creating and then extending the mandate of the SRSG.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These are important for the development of
the intent and expectations of the body charged with the receipt of and
response to the SRSG’s work. And they inform the interpretation of the UNHRC
Resolution, discussed in Chapter 2, endorsing the UNGP. Other documents will be
referenced in commentary of the UNGP principles and in the later chapters as
relevant. A caveat—in the absence of big data textual harvesting (text s data)
and analytics;<a href="#_ftn35" name="_ftnref35" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn35;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[35]</span></span></span></span></a>
it is difficult to reference everything that was produced that might either
provide clues and support other text that provides clues to intent. Part of the
value of a commentary is in its choices of sources. This commentary will stick
quite close to the inner rings of preparatory sources, extending farther only
as circumstances require. That will be much more likely when speaking to the
spirit of the UNGP and its phenomenological interpretation—that is the interpretation
evidenced by the application of its principles to the regulatory work of
others.<a href="#_ftn36" name="_ftnref36" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn36;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[36]</span></span></span></span></a> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">With this in mind—and especially the premises
that (1) that commentary may point to but not advance a particular point of
view, and (2) that<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>given the
contestations around the meaning of text and the meaning/sources of
intent/design and its relevance every perspective is contestable—the
consideration of the value of the UNGP’s </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;">travaux préparatoire</span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> in providing a basis for
inferring intent or design as an aid to reading-interpreting-applying the UNGP
principles (and understanding and applying the “spirit” of the UNGP is
organized as follows. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">Section 3.1 considers a fundamental organizing
principle of the SRSG’s working style—his “principled pragmatism—as a source or
basis<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>for understanding both the
production of the </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;">travaux préparatoire</span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> as well as the
intent/design embedded within them. Principled pragmatism served as a term of
art to distinguish the core methodological differences between the approach
taken by the SRSG and that of his predecessors, especially<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>those responsible for the development of the
failed <i>Norms </i>project.<a href="#_ftn37" name="_ftnref37" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn37;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[37]</span></span></span></span></a> It also
embraces a methodology of iterative dialectic—where transformation can be
achieved by starting from the status quo, and applying to it an arc of
development that one reads into its history, which is then projected forward
toward the desired ends. And, indeed, for the SRSG’s work, his principled
pragmatism is closely tethered to a core or ruling premise: the goal-belief
that the imbalance between public and private sectors has created an imbalance
in the impacts of economic activity on human rights, imbalances that need
correction by better aligning private sector economic activity with public
sector human rights guardrails. The </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;">travaux préparatoires</span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> then elaborate both
methodology and its application in the service of the primary goal-belief and
its intricately developed sub-principles.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">Section 3.2 then takes a deep dive into the key
official explanatory documents produced by the SRSG during his mandate. These
include three distinct types of reports.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The first include the annual reports made to the UNHRC produced between
2006 and 2010 (except the 2011 SRSG Report which was discussed in Chapter 2). The
second were the reports delivered to the UN General Assembly in 2008-2010These
reports , and their addenda, were intentionally produced to convey both the arc
of the work of the SRS (and thus the manifestation of the application of
principled pragmatism as a form of iterative dialectics in ) and the
intention/objectives that were eventually to be organized as the three pillar
protect-respect-framework and memorialized (coded) in the text of the UNGP. </span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">Interestingly, it is possible to consider
that the iterative dialectic of principled pragmatism and its guidance of the
UNGP project is more visible in the many Addenda attached to principal reports,
than in the reports themselves. </span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">Particularly important for purposes of extracting
the scope of intention are the “Clarifying concepts” addenda attached to the
2008 SRSG Report,<a href="#_ftn38" name="_ftnref38" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn38;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[38]</span></span></span></span></a> and the
2011 SRSG Report on Conflict Regions.<a href="#_ftn39" name="_ftnref39" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn39;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[39]</span></span></span></span></a> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">Section 3.3 then considers briefly the
pre-endorsement resolutions of the UNHRC. These serve to manifest the other
source of intention-design that counts—that of the official or institutional
body the endorsement of which was critical to the legitimacy and authority of
the UNGP—and thus the strength of power to set the framework for moving the
business and human rights project forward. Section 3.4 then takes up other
relevant documents. Lastly, Section 3.5 extracts the key principles, premises,
and objectives that might suggest the core of the SRSG’s intention/design/objectives
that were reduced to text in the UNGPs. The object here is to provide a summary
of general intention that then might inform the way in which one can approach
the meaning and application of the text of the UNGP, and from that, the spirit
of the UNGPs. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">3.1 Principled Pragmatism
in the </span></b><b><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;">Travaux Préparatoires</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">The
SRSG abandoned the Norms’ focus on the development of a legal structure at the
international level that might more directly impose obligations of
multinational corporations.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Instead, the
SRSG considered legal obligations, which flow from and through states, as well
as other obligations, that affect corporate entities more directly under
traditional legal concepts.<sup> <a href="#_ftn40" name="_ftnref40" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn40;" title=""><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[40]</span></sup></span></a></sup><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The methodology adopted was what he described
as principled pragmatism: ‘‘an unflinching commitment to the principle of
strengthening the promotion and protection of human rights as it relates to
business, coupled with a pragmatic attachment to what works best in creating
change where it matters most—in the daily lives of people.”<a href="#_ftn41" name="_ftnref41" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn41;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[41]</span></span></span></span></a> Fine
words indeed, but what do they mean? <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
aim, then, was to identify “the directions in which achievable objectives may
lie.”<a href="#_ftn42" name="_ftnref42" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn42;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[42]</span></sup></span></sup></a> It
suggests an iterative dialectic of sorts.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>One starts with a core principle tied to a normative objective.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>That was supplied by the UNHC in creating the
SRSG’s mandate—</span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> identify and
clarify standards of corporate responsibility and accountability with regard to
human rights, elaborating the role of state regulatory responses, considering
complicity and spere’s of influence, to develop human rights impacts
assessments, and to compile a list of best practices.<a href="#_ftn43" name="_ftnref43" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn43;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[43]</span></span></span></span></a> </span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">In this case the SRSG
identified it as confronting the core contradiction of the current era of
globalization: “History does teach us that severe imbalances between the scope
of markets and business organization, on the one hand, and the capacity of
societies to protect and promote core values and objectives, on the other, are
not sustainable.”<a href="#_ftn44" name="_ftnref44" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn44;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[44]</span></span></span></span></a> To
overcome the manifestation of this contradiction in the contemporary era of
globalization it is necessary to “adjust the international institutional order”<a href="#_ftn45" name="_ftnref45" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn45;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[45]</span></span></span></span></a> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>To those ends it is necessary to understand
contemporary social and economic practices, sensibilities, perceptions, and
customs. “What is needed is a strategy for strengthening the corporate
contribution to the protection and promotion of human rights that recognizes
and leverages the dynamics at work in each of these spheres.”<a href="#_ftn46" name="_ftnref46" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn46;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[46]</span></span></span></span></a> The
SRSG “envisioned<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>a model of widely
distributed efforts and cumulative change. But for such efforts to cohere and
become mutually reinforcing, they require an authoritative focal point.”<a href="#_ftn47" name="_ftnref47" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn47;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[47]</span></span></span></span></a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">At the heart of the pragmatic part of the
dialectic was the recognition of the fundamental polycentricity of governance<a href="#_ftn48" name="_ftnref48" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn48;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[48]</span></span></span></span></a> within
transnational economic pathways.<a href="#_ftn49" name="_ftnref49" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn49;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[49]</span></span></span></span></a> Governance
revolved around systems of public law and policy, civil governance systems<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>that reach to external stakeholders, and
systems of private governance constructed around principles of corporate
governance. To develop structures for embedding human rights within these
systems it would be essential to develop ways of embedding that work within
each of these clusters of regulation and that can be aligned between them. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Legal obligations were to focus on the
identification and harmonization of legal standards; “achieving greater clarity
of, and possibly greater convergence among, emerging standards is a pressing
need.”<a href="#_ftn50" name="_ftnref50" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn50;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[50]</span></sup></span></sup></a> From
the start of the mandate, the SRSG acknowledged that the mandate’s scope extended
beyond just the legal realm, to include a “full range of governmental
responsibilities and policy options in relation to business and human rights.”<a href="#_ftn51" name="_ftnref51" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn51;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[51]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It includes all sources of corporate
responsibility.<a href="#_ftn52" name="_ftnref52" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn52;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[52]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>That broadening provided the opening for
realizing a needed “strategy for strengthening the corporate contribution to
the protection and promotion of human rights that recognizes and leverages the
dynamics at work in each of these spheres.”<a href="#_ftn53" name="_ftnref53" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn53;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[53]</span></sup></span></sup></a> This
approach, then, marked the arc of the development of the UNGP and provided the
conceptual basis for the three pillar protect-respect-remedy framework. It was
at the heart of the “smart mix of measures” that was meant to align the
regulatory structures of each pillar. And it was all held together by the
organizing principle—that business activity must take into account in
meaningful ways the adverse human rights impacts of their activities. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">The SRSG’s mandate began with a series of studies
that were designed to elicit information from stakeholders including the
corporate sector,<a href="#_ftn54" name="_ftnref54" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn54;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[54]</span></sup></span></sup></a>
along with a set of fact-finding missions.<a href="#_ftn55" name="_ftnref55" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn55;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[55]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Its progress was elaborated in a series of
reports from 2006 through 2011.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In June
2008, the UNHRC<a href="#_ftn56" name="_ftnref56" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn56;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[56]</span></sup></span></sup></a> unanimously
welcomed the framework and extended the SRSG’s mandate to provide practical
recommendations and concrete guidance; that is, to transpose the framework from
policy to system.<a name="_Ref311978852"></a><a href="#_ftn57" name="_ftnref57" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn57;" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _Ref311978852;"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[57]</span></sup></span></sup></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Ref311978852;"></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>With this encouragement and the support of key state actors,<a href="#_ftn58" name="_ftnref58" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn58;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[58]</span></sup></span></sup></a>
Professor Reggie’s work ultimately resulted in the production of a set of
Guiding Principles.<a href="#_ftn59" name="_ftnref59" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn59;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[59]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The initial effort, a set of draft Guiding
Principles (“Draft Principles”) was circulated in November 2010, and introduced
by a short Report (“2011 Report”).<a name="_Ref316825634"></a><a href="#_ftn60" name="_ftnref60" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn60;" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _Ref316825634;"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[60]</span></sup></span></sup></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Ref316825634;"></span> Thereafter, and incorporating the
results of extensive consultation held over the winter, the Special
Representative circulated a set of final Guiding Principles (“Guiding
Principles”) in March 2011, preceded by a short Introduction.<a name="_Ref316825573"></a><a href="#_ftn61" name="_ftnref61" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn61;" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _Ref316825573;"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[61]</span></sup></span></sup></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Ref316825573;"></span> The UNHRC endorsed the Guiding
Principles in June 2011.<a href="#_ftn62" name="_ftnref62" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn62;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[62]</span></sup></span></sup></a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">During the transformation—from study, to
normative framework, to Guiding Principles—important international human rights
actors lent critical support to the approach.<a href="#_ftn63" name="_ftnref63" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn63;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[63]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The European Union leadership endorsed the
framework;<a href="#_ftn64" name="_ftnref64" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn64;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[64]</span></sup></span></sup></a> its
near contemporaneous incorporation into other soft law systems as a basis for
interpretation, from that of the OECD Guidelines for Multinational
Corporations,<a href="#_ftn65" name="_ftnref65" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn65;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[65]</span></sup></span></sup></a> to
the corporate social responsibility frameworks of the International
Organization for Standardization<a href="#_ftn66" name="_ftnref66" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn66;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[66]</span></sup></span></sup></a>added
legitimacy. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The support of key states
was crucial to the success of the project. For example, Norway will “continue
to support the Special Representative’s work both politically and financially.”<a name="_Ref320022831"></a><a href="#_ftn67" name="_ftnref67" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn67;" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _Ref320022831;"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[67]</span></sup></span></sup></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Ref320022831;"></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The SRSG compiled a list of examples of influential people and
organizations that had by then applied the “Protect, Respect and Remedy”
Framework.<a href="#_ftn68" name="_ftnref68" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn68;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[68]</span></sup></span></sup></a> Now
reduced to a set of Guiding Principles, this framework seeks inter-systemic
harmonization that is socially sustainable, and thus stable. The framework both
recognizes and operationalizes emerging governance regimes by combining the
traditional focus on the legal systems of and between states with the social
systems of non-state actors and the governance effects of policy.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The initial report produced by
the SRSG in 2006 was based on Mr. Ruggie’s preliminary research and
conceptualization of the mandate.<a href="#_ftn69" name="_ftnref69" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn69;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[69]</span></sup></span></sup></a><sup>
</sup><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The foundation of the initial
efforts were on deepening the SRSG’s “personal understanding of situations on
the ground,“<a href="#_ftn70" name="_ftnref70" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn70;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[70]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
object now was to avoid the policy tension that caused the <i>Norm</i>s project
to falter.<a href="#_ftn71" name="_ftnref71" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn71;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[71]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The structure of the 2006 SRSG Report
suggested the iterative working style of principled pragmatism: it starts
with<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>a foundational account of the
SRSG’s understanding of globalization as the context within which the problem
at the center of his mandate arises;<a href="#_ftn72" name="_ftnref72" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn72;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[72]</span></span></span></span></a> he then
describes the qualitative data based abuses and correlates that are a
consequence of the current course of development;<a href="#_ftn73" name="_ftnref73" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn73;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[73]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and this is followed by a consideration of
the scope and character of existing responses.<a href="#_ftn74" name="_ftnref74" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn74;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[74]</span></span></span></span></a> This
data based analytic foundation then serves as a platform for considering
strategic direction.<a href="#_ftn75" name="_ftnref75" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn75;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[75]</span></span></span></span></a> The
framing of that consideration is then crystalized in a formal discussion of the
principled pragmatism that will guide the arc of the work on the mandate.<a href="#_ftn76" name="_ftnref76" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn76;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[76]</span></span></span></span></a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">The 2007 SRSG Report addressed the four elements
of the initial mandate.<a href="#_ftn77" name="_ftnref77" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn77;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[77]</span></sup></span></sup></a> Supporting
evidence was drawn from the SRSG’s continued information gathering and
stakeholder consultations among civil society consultations on five continents;
four workshops of legal experts; among many others.<a href="#_ftn78" name="_ftnref78" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn78;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[78]</span></sup></span></sup></a> It also
outlined what was coming for the remainder of the mandate.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Five clusters of standards were created that
evolved into the current three-pillar framework.<a href="#_ftn79" name="_ftnref79" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn79;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[79]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These clusters include: the <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">state duty to protect </span>against human
rights abuses by third parties, potential corporate responsibility and
accountability for international crimes, corporate responsibility for other
human rights violations under international law, soft law mechanisms, and
self-regulation.<a href="#_ftn80" name="_ftnref80" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn80;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[80]</span></sup></span></sup></a> The
SRSG focused on accountability and interpretive mechanisms.<a href="#_ftn81" name="_ftnref81" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn81;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[81]</span></sup></span></sup></a> “As
indicated at the outset, the Special Representative of the Secretary-General
takes his mandate to be primarily evidence-based. But insofar as it involves
assessing difficult situations that are themselves in flux, it inevitably will
also entail making normative judgements.”<sup><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> <a href="#_ftn82" name="_ftnref82" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn82;" title=""><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[82]</span></sup></span></a></span></sup></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
2008 SRSG Report was based on f</span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">ourteen multi-stakeholder consultations on five continents
with concern expressed for a common need among them all – “a common framework
of understanding, a foundation on which thinking and action can build in a
cumulative fashion.”<a href="#_ftn83" name="_ftnref83" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn83;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[83]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In this report t<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">he three-pillar Protect-Respect-Remedy framework was unveiled.<a href="#_ftn84" name="_ftnref84" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn84;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[84]</span></sup></span></sup></a></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">five
clusters of standards from the 2007 report became the three most important
principles. The complementary principles of the framework now include the state
duty to protect, the corporate responsibility to respect, and access to
remedies.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The SRSG noted that it is
necessary for all social actors involved in business and human rights to play
an active role in addressing these issues.<a href="#_ftn85" name="_ftnref85" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn85;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[85]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This Report also explored governance gaps in
more detail.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These gaps have </span>created
an environment that permits wrongful acts by companies lacking a system of
adequate sanctions or reparations; narrowing this gap is the fundamental
challenge<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.<a href="#_ftn86" name="_ftnref86" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn86;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[86]</span></sup></span></sup></a></span>
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
Human Rights Council renewed the SRSG’s mandate in 2008.<a href="#_ftn87" name="_ftnref87" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn87;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[87]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The HRC directed the SRSG to operationalize
the framework, by providing “’practical recommendations’ and ‘concrete
guidance’ to states, businesses and other social actors on its implementation.”<a href="#_ftn88" name="_ftnref88" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn88;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[88]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It stressed “</span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">the obligation and the primary
responsibility to promote and protect human rights and fundamental freedoms lie
with the State.<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">”<a href="#_ftn89" name="_ftnref89" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn89;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[89]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The HRC also emphasized “</span>that
transnational corporations and other business enterprises have a responsibility
to respect human rights.<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">”<a href="#_ftn90" name="_ftnref90" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn90;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[90]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">The 2009 SRSG Report
incorporates policy considerations that touch on the global economic crisis of
2008 and the resulting pressure on stakeholders to reduce the priority of human
rights concerns</span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">.<a href="#_ftn91" name="_ftnref91" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn91;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[91]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> The SRSG emphasized that </span>the business
and human rights agenda should be more closely aligned with the overall world
economic policy agenda.<a href="#_ftn92" name="_ftnref92" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn92;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[92]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The 2009 report considered mostly the issue
of operationalization.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A Report is to
follow in 2010 in which the SRSG is to release a set of applicable principles
to aid in fulfilling the requirements of each pillar.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The 2010 SRSG Report may also include
suggestions for institutionalizing the framework within a to-be-developed
governance framework.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">The journey from differentiation of the SRSG’s
mandate from the <i>Norms</i> in 2006, first to the development of the
“Protect, Respect and Remedy” Framework in 2010, and then to the distillation
of the framework in the form of implementable principles in 2011, suggests both
the narrowness of the framework within which this project could be developed
and the effects of the limiting context in which these approaches can be
effectuated.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Principled pragmatism, the
hallmark of the Ruggie project, produced both great innovation and vision in
the “Protect, Respect and Remedy” Framework, and substantial compromise, with
the offer of more muted implementation of the framework’s vision in the form of
the Principles ultimately endorsed. That journey was nicely chronicled in the
Reports.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But more importantly, perhaps,
the Reports were designed to produce the evidentiary basis to support the
legitimacy of the project, as well as the arc of its development.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>To those ends, the Addenda to the
reports—especially the four Addenda to the 2007 Mapping Report (4/35) are
especially useful.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>That utility extends
beyond structure to intent, and from intent toward the interpretive range of
the principles that eventually were written into the UNGP. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">For all its compromises, the “Protect, Respect
and Remedy” Framework operationalized through the UNGP took important steps
toward realizing the objectives of the SRSG’s mandate. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Its
greatest innovation was also the most difficult<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>for the human rights community to embrace—that global governance
respecting human rights impacts could not be resolved solely through the
announcement and imposition of law. But the Guiding Principles represent
innovation that is subject to substantial pressure to conform to conventional
understandings of the arrangement of governance power within the state system
that serves as the foundation of the international political order.<a href="#_ftn93" name="_ftnref93" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn93;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[93]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The issue, in a sense, suggested the tension
between the SRSG’s inductive approach against the traditional deductive
approach that marked prior efforts, like the Norms.<a href="#_ftn94" name="_ftnref94" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn94;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[94]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The former<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>starts from that patterns and practices and then builds principles
around them (structured through the animating objective); deductive processes
start from the rules that can logically be deduced from principle and then
seeks to change behaviors around those rules. Indeed, the UNGP’ most
forward-looking and valuable characteristics are also ones that make the
project vulnerable. For states, there is too great a recognition of the
autonomy and power of social-norm systems.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>For corporations, there is too great a recognition of the power of
states beyond their own borders, of international norms in mediating their
obligations to states and to their stakeholders, and a sense that the power of
international norms is neither specific nor legitimate enough. And for
non-governmental communities, there is too little emphasis on the forms and
structures of law tied to states and on the subordination of non-state actors
in all cases to the state-based law-norm system.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The former ought to be obliged to incorporate
international consensus within their domestic legal orders, and the latter
ought to be bound by this domesticated global law within the legal systems of
states. The UNGP framework represents a microcosm of the tectonic shifts in law
and governance systems, and the organization of human collectives confronts the
consequences of globalization.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>States,
corporations, and non-governmental organizations content with the current forms
will try to bend the most innovative aspects of the UNGP to suit their sense of
the past. That, at any rate, is what likely emerges from the premises that
drove both the SRSG mandate and the UNGP that was its fruit. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">3.2 A Deeper Dive: The
SRSG Reports: 2006-2010</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">The
Three Pillar framework approach of the UNGP was not just a reaction to the
failed <i>Norms</i> project.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Nor was it
merely an elaboration of voluntary principles-based codes in the style of the Global
Compact or of the Millennium Development Goals.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The SRSG’s reports suggest, from the first, a much broader intent, one
based on the SRSG’s interpretant and development of his original mandate.<a href="#_ftn95" name="_ftnref95" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn95;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[95]</span></span></span></span></a> By 2011
that mandate had assumed the character of and nature of an institutionalized
multi-level governance framework that the Protect-Respect-Remedy Framework
represents.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It served as an embodiment
of the smart mix of measures that the three pillar framework implied—each
autonomous The development of that design and of the intention to memorialize
its workings through the UNGP may be gleaned from the SRSG’s 2006-2009 reports.
While that intent still leaves open a quite broad set of interpretive possibilities
within the UGP, it does provide a framework within which the plausibility of
any interpretation may be tested. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">3.2.1 The Arc of Intent from 2006 Through 2011.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">One gets a sense of this when one considers the
arc of conceptual development in the SRSG’s Reports produced between 2006 and
2011. The initial report produced by the SRSG in 2006<a name="_Ref316825392"></a><a href="#_ftn96" name="_ftnref96" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn96;" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _Ref316825392;"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[96]</span></sup></span></sup></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Ref316825392;"></span> was based on his preliminary
research and conceptualization of the mandate.<a href="#_ftn97" name="_ftnref97" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn97;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[97]</span></sup></span></sup></a> The
initial object was to distance the conceptual framework of the SRSG’s project
from that which produced the failed Norms.<a href="#_ftn98" name="_ftnref98" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn98;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[98]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The 2006 Report reaffirmed the classical
organization of public power, within which the law-state system held a primary
position,<a href="#_ftn99" name="_ftnref99" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn99;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[99]</span></sup></span></sup></a> and
with respect to which law, including international law, served as the most
authoritative source of obligation.<a href="#_ftn100" name="_ftnref100" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn100;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[100]</span></sup></span></sup></a> But the
Report also recognized the possibility of spaces for regulation under regimes
other than law, where the state and its domestic-international legal system
were not directly involved.<a href="#_ftn101" name="_ftnref101" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn101;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[101]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But that space was not a public space; it was
a space for private governance.<a href="#_ftn102" name="_ftnref102" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn102;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[102]</span></sup></span></sup></a>
The possibility of bifurcating governance would permit the development of a
further possibility—one creating a governance regime in which the several
components of governance could be harnessed in a coordinated way.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>That possibility was to be explored on the
basis of a distinct approach that the SRSG described as principled pragmatism.<a href="#_ftn103" name="_ftnref103" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn103;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[103]</span></sup></span></sup></a>
Principled pragmatism served not just as a conceptual framework, but also as a
methodological roadmap for the elaboration of a framework amalgamating the
legal systems of states, the governance systems of international organizations,
and the social norm systems of corporations.<a name="_Ref320021872"></a><a href="#_ftn104" name="_ftnref104" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn104;" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _Ref320021872;"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[104]</span></sup></span></sup></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Ref320021872;"></span> The Report also set out the
information gathering tasks that were to serve as the foundation for the SRSG’s
proposals.<a href="#_ftn105" name="_ftnref105" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn105;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[105]</span></sup></span></sup></a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">The 2007 Reports addressed the principal elements
of the initial mandate.<a name="_Ref141628520"></a><a href="#_ftn106" name="_ftnref106" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn106;" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _Ref141628520;"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[106]</span></sup></span></sup></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Ref141628520;"></span> Its object was to provide a
comprehensive mapping of customary practices by states, international actors,
and corporations to serve as a basis for extracting principle.<a href="#_ftn107" name="_ftnref107" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn107;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[107]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It elaborated a series of five clusters of
standards, which were to serve as the basis of the “Protect, Respect and
Remedy” Framework.<a href="#_ftn108" name="_ftnref108" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn108;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[108]</span></sup></span></sup></a>
The SRSG also began to consider issues of implementation, focusing initially on
accountability and interpretive mechanisms.<a href="#_ftn109" name="_ftnref109" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn109;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[109]</span></sup></span></sup></a> The
importance of the 2007 Report lies not merely in the mapping, but rather in the
organization of that mapping.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>That
organization had strong substantive effects—creating the beginnings of a
framework for conceptualizing the structure of global governance of corporate
actions with human rights effects, and revealing the generally accepted content
of this framework through the aggregate behavior rules of states, international
bodies, and corporations.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">The 2008 Report presented the first synthesis of
the conceptualization and data gathering projects of the 2006 and 2007 Reports.<a name="_Ref311978443"></a><a href="#_ftn110" name="_ftnref110" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn110;" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _Ref311978443;"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[110]</span></sup></span></sup></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Ref311978443;"></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Its theme was the construction of “a common framework of understanding,
a foundation on which thinking and action can build in a cumulative fashion.”<a name="_Ref320021591"></a><a href="#_ftn111" name="_ftnref111" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn111;" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _Ref320021591;"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[111]</span></sup></span></sup></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Ref320021591;"></span> It was the first real attempt to
sketch out a multi-governance framework which would organize contributions by
each of the major systemic stakeholders—states, businesses and non-governmental
stakeholders—into a system which coordinated and harmonized the governance
orders of each of the stakeholders’ polycentric system of governance. Each
system could then<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>contribute to the
objective of the mandate—the protection of human rights in economic
intercourse—through their respective governance systems.<a href="#_ftn112" name="_ftnref112" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn112;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[112]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The object of this approach was practical,
derived from the recognition emphasized in the fact-finding of the prior
reports.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As a result, multiple
governance organs contributed to the maintenance of human rights.<a href="#_ftn113" name="_ftnref113" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn113;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[113]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The failure to coordinate between them, and
to systematize their approach to human rights within each system, contributed
significantly to the governance gaps that were at the heart of human rights
governance failures.<a href="#_ftn114" name="_ftnref114" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn114;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[114]</span></sup></span></sup></a>
The three-pillar “Protect, Respect and Remedy” Framework was first introduced
as a response to this need.<a href="#_ftn115" name="_ftnref115" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn115;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[115]</span></sup></span></sup></a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">The first three reports, then, can be understood
as forming a single unit that starts from a rejection of past efforts, and
involves reframing, data gathering, and reconceptualization grounded in that
data and an openness to coordinating polycentric systems within and beyond
states and their legal orders.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>With the
renewal of the SRSG’s mandate by the HRC in 2008,<a href="#_ftn116" name="_ftnref116" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn116;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[116]</span></sup></span></sup></a>the focus
changed from conception to operationalization.<a href="#_ftn117" name="_ftnref117" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn117;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[117]</span></sup></span></sup></a> It
stressed that “the obligation and the primary responsibility to promote and
protect human rights and fundamental freedoms lie with the State.”<a href="#_ftn118" name="_ftnref118" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn118;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[118]</span></sup></span></sup></a>
The 2009 Report<a name="_Ref316825621"></a><a href="#_ftn119" name="_ftnref119" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn119;" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _Ref316825621;"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[119]</span></sup></span></sup></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Ref316825621;"></span> provided a first attempt at
conceptualizing operationalization.<a href="#_ftn120" name="_ftnref120" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn120;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[120]</span></sup></span></sup></a> The
emphasis was on the principal measures through which states and businesses
operated as the starting point for framing issues of implementation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>States operated through law and policy, and
so operationalization required an emphasis on policy coordination and the
aggressive implementation of law and legal obligation that bound states.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Businesses operated through contract and the
expectations of their principal stakeholders, regularized through markets.
Operationalization required an emphasis on the mechanics through which these
stakeholders could hold companies accountable.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The form chosen was the disclosure regimes already proven relatively
effective in the regulation of securities markets on many states.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">The 2010 SRSG Report<a href="#_ftn121" name="_ftnref121" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn121;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[121]</span></sup></span></sup></a> refined
and developed the ideas of the 2009 Report. It considered the results of
extensive consultations with governments, businesses, and civil society actors
and refined the framework in response. The legal basis of the state’s duty was
made a more central element of the “Protect, Respect and Remedy”
Framework.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The emphasis on the corporate
responsibility was more discernibly articulated through its disclosure
obligations.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Report emphasized the
state’s paramount role in dispute resolution.<a href="#_ftn122" name="_ftnref122" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn122;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[122]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Corporate activity was relegated to the realm
of the grievance and the management of the exotic. The remedial framework
emphasized the importance of the formal judicial mechanism, and its more
informal mediation variant, though the latter was meant to be administered
through the court system.<a href="#_ftn123" name="_ftnref123" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn123;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[123]</span></sup></span></sup></a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">The 2009 and 2010 Reports, then, also can be
understood as a single unit.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>With the
2010 Report, the structuring of the operationalization of the “Protect, Respect
and Remedy” Framework is substantially elaborated.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If the emphasis of the first three reports
was on the principle part of principled pragmatism, the focus of the last two
was on the practical aspects. For that purpose, the SRSG considered the
practical element of each of the framework’s pillars.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The state duty to respect was practically
conceived as centering on the issue of legal system coherence.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>States act through law/regulation, and that
law/regulation system could only advance human rights objectives if it was
internally coherent.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Coherence also
required an element of external coherence. External coherence is necessary to
bind the distinct stakeholder systems together (state, international, and
corporate).<a href="#_ftn124" name="_ftnref124" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn124;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[124]</span></sup></span></sup></a>
The corporate responsibility was practically conceived through the device of
human rights due diligence.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This focus
suggested both the governance character of the device—human rights due
diligence was the expression of the “law” of corporate behavior within its
operational framework—and the means through which it could enforce its norms
and connect them to the governance systems of states and international
actors.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However, the SRSG appeared to
increasingly focus on the third pillar of the framework—access to justice—as
the place where the concepts of the framework could be practically realized on
the ground.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But that reduction of the
access to remedy pillar also tended to reframe it as a consequential element of
the state duty to protect and the corporate responsibility to respect human
rights.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">The “Protect, Respect and Remedy” Framework,
then, is not just a reaction to the failed Norms project. Careful review of the
SRSG’s reports suggests its character and nature is that of an
institutionalized multi-level governance framework that the “Protect, Respect
and Remedy” Framework represents. But there is a potentially wide gulf between
conceptualization and operationalization.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The “Protect, Respect and Remedy” Framework as developed through the
SRSG’s 2006 through 2010 reports builds a framework grounded in the actual
practices of state and non-state actors, gathering together the aggregate of
practices and governance presumptions that together effectively regulate the
behavior of states and corporations in matters relating to human rights.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>That exercise suggested both the important
role of the state and the emerging role of corporations as governance
centers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Though corporations are neither
states nor public actors, and thus can neither exercise the privileges of
states nor be burdened by state obligations, they emerge as autonomous actors,
even in more modest form.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
recognition of polycentric centers of governance—one law and state based and
the other norm and non-state based—marks the principle innovative insight of
the “Protect, Respect and Remedy” Framework project.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It would find its expression in the
elaboration of governance-tinged principles structuring a system that
operationalizes these frameworks. These suggest the core premises that fuel
intent and design that finds its way into the text of the UNGP. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">But that move from insight to a governance system
required approval or acknowledgement of some sort, and from the UNHRC, a state
system based international body.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the
march from framework to operational principles, one can discern a substantive
movement away from the broadest possibilities of the framework to something
perhaps more modest.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This is reflected
in the SRSG’s last, 2011 Report.<a name="_Ref316825624"></a><a href="#_ftn125" name="_ftnref125" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn125;" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _Ref316825624;"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[125]</span></sup></span></sup></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Ref316825624;"></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>It served as an introduction to the Draft Principles themselves, along
with an Official Commentary.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Its
principal objective was to describe the transformation of “Protect, Respect and
Remedy” from framework—an articulation of theory—to principle—a workable set of
guiding norms that might be applied by states, corporations, and other
stakeholders to implement the “Protect, Respect and Remedy” Framework.<a href="#_ftn126" name="_ftnref126" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn126;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[126]</span></sup></span></sup></a>
Refined and finalized, the UNGP were submitted with a short summary.<a href="#_ftn127" name="_ftnref127" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn127;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[127]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But in that process of transforming framework
to principle, the substance of the project was also changed—and that also
provided an important element of the intent and design ultimately reflected in
the UNGP text. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In particular, the move
toward greater horizontal parity between the state duty and the corporate
responsibility to respect human rights was recast as a more conventionally
hierarchical ordering in which state duty structures the human rights
enterprise itself. Yet, the UNGP mean to leave enough of an opening for the
maintenance of a governance space in which corporate enterprises can develop
and manage cultures of governance beyond the more narrowly tailored state and
law-based structures of human rights norms. With this as framework, it is now
possible to more carefully consider the key reports produced by Mr. Ruggie
between 2006 and 2011. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">3.2.2.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2006 SRSG Report.<a href="#_ftn128" name="_ftnref128" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn128;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[128]</span></sup></span></sup></a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The 2006
initial interim report produced by SRSG provided an opportunity to interpret
and to began to work toward the objectives set out in the mandate, as
interpreted by the SRSG.<a href="#_ftn129" name="_ftnref129" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn129;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[129]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It also described current work and posited a
roadmap for future work. The SRSG began “work by conducting extensive
consultations on the substance of the mandate as well as alternative ways to
pursue it – with states, non-governmental organizations, international business
associations and individual companies, international labor federations, UN and
other international agencies, and legal experts.”<a href="#_ftn130" name="_ftnref130" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn130;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[130]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ruggie’s visits to countries around the
world, holding formal meetings, and stakeholder consultations were all in an
effort to deepen his personal understanding of the situations on the ground.<a href="#_ftn131" name="_ftnref131" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn131;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[131]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His survey of Fortune Global 500 companies
was used to gain additional background information relevant to his mandate.<a href="#_ftn132" name="_ftnref132" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn132;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[132]</span></span></span></span></a></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The 2006 Report was intended “to frame the overall
context encompassing the mandate as the SRSG sees it, to pose the main
strategic options, and to summarize his current and planned program of
activities.”<a href="#_ftn133" name="_ftnref133" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn133;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[133]</span></span></span></span></a>
The SRSG suggested a three part contextualization for the mandate: “the
institutional features of globalization; overall patterns in alleged corporate
abuses and their correlates; and the characteristic strengths and weaknesses of
existing responses established to deal with human rights challenges.”<a href="#_ftn134" name="_ftnref134" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn134;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[134]</span></span></span></span></a>
The SRSG devoted substantial space to distinguishing the efforts under his
mandate form those that produced the Norms.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The object was not merely to suggest that the mandate work was intended
to improve the provisions set out in the Norms, but rather to suggest an
abandonment of the core assumptions animating the Norms and the embrace of a
different conceptual starting point. Each is discussed in turn. </span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">1.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Context of the Mandate:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Globalization</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Globalization has lead to a number of results
that have affected the issue of business and human rights.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Today’s global world includes “a variety of
actors for which the territorial state is not the cardinal organizing principle
have come to play significant public roles.”<a href="#_ftn135" name="_ftnref135" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn135;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[135]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Globalization has manifested itself in the
form of over 70,000 transnational firms, about 700,000 subsidiaries, along with
millions of suppliers spanning the globe.<a href="#_ftn136" name="_ftnref136" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn136;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[136]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Globalization has produced a number of
positive effects as well.<a href="#_ftn137" name="_ftnref137" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn137;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[137]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And it is hardly surprising that the
transnational corporate sector has attracted this much attention from other
social actors, including civil society and states themselves.<a href="#_ftn138" name="_ftnref138" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn138;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[138]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>There are three distinct drivers behind the
increased attention that transnational corporations are receiving.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The first is that “the successful
accumulation of power by one type of social actor will induce efforts by others
with different interests or aims to organize countervailing power.”<a href="#_ftn139" name="_ftnref139" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn139;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[139]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Secondly, “some companies have made
themselves and even their entire industries targets by committing serious harm
in relation to human rights, labor standards, environmental protection, and
other social concerns.”<a href="#_ftn140" name="_ftnref140" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn140;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[140]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The third and final driver is the simple fact
“that it <i><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">has</span></i> global
reach and capacity, and that it is capable of acting at a pace and scale that
neither governments nor international agencies can match.”<a href="#_ftn141" name="_ftnref141" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn141;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[141]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There is a widening gap between global
markets and the capacity of societies to manage the resulting consequences;
this may pressure political leaders to look inward, but entrenching global
markets in both shared values and institutional practices is a better method to
achieve this outcome.<a href="#_ftn142" name="_ftnref142" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn142;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[142]</span></span></span></span></a>
</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">2.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Context of the Mandate: Abuses and Correlates</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The SRSG noted the dearth of data impeding an
empirically based approach to the problem of human rights abuses.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The implication, of course, was that prior
attempts proceeded in the absence of necessary hard data and, perhaps then,
expressed ideology and political preference. He argued that in the absence of a
repository or database for consistent, comprehensive, and impartial
information, it was difficult to say with certainty if abuses related to the
corporate sector are increasing or decreasing.<span class="FootnoteTextChar"><span style="mso-ansi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span></span><a href="#_ftn143" name="_ftnref143" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn143;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[143]</span></span></span></span></a><span class="FootnoteTextChar"><span style="mso-ansi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the absence of data, policy
choices could not be legitimately developed.</span></span><a href="#_ftn144" name="_ftnref144" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn144;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[144]</span></span></span></span></a><span class="FootnoteTextChar"><span style="mso-ansi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span class="FootnoteTextChar"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span class="FootnoteTextChar"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>But data gathering requires
context.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And the SRSG offered one:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">It is generally believed that economic
development, coupled with the rule of law, is the best way to guarantee the
entire spectrum of human rights.<a href="#_ftn145" name="_ftnref145" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn145;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[145]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But there are grounds to suspect that the
expansion and deepening of globalization has increased the possible involvement
of transnational involvement in human rights violations.<a href="#_ftn146" name="_ftnref146" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn146;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[146]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>By going global, transnational firms have to
adopt a system that embraces many corporate entities spread across and within
many countries.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The result is that
networks form within the firm, that although enhancing economic efficiency also
increase the difficulty that firms have when managing the global value chain.<a href="#_ftn147" name="_ftnref147" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn147;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[147]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When the number of links in this chain
increases, there are greater vulnerabilities for the global enterprise as a
whole.<a href="#_ftn148" name="_ftnref148" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn148;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[148]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is these institutional features of
transnational corporations, which if left alone, increase the chance that the
company will violate its own corporate principles or social expectations of
responsible corporate behavior.<a href="#_ftn149" name="_ftnref149" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn149;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[149]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The focus of study, then, had to relate to this
concept of what constituted the core challenge of business and human rights
lies—the creation of policy instruments of corporate and public governance that
contain and reduce the human rights violations tendencies.<a href="#_ftn150" name="_ftnref150" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn150;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[150]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>To that end, the SRSG began by surveying
sixty-five instances recently reported by NGOs that involved alleged corporate
human rights abuses.<a href="#_ftn151" name="_ftnref151" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn151;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[151]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The results of this survey showed two
implications for the design of policy responses.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>First, there are significant differences in
the various industry sectors in terms of the types and magnitude of human
rights challenges.<a href="#_ftn152" name="_ftnref152" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn152;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[152]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And secondly, there is a clear “negative
symbiosis between the worst corporate-related human rights abuses and host
countries that are characterized by a combination of relatively low national
income, current or recent conflict exposure, and weak or corrupt governance.”<a href="#_ftn153" name="_ftnref153" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn153;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[153]</span></span></span></span></a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">3.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Context of the Mandate:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Existing Responses</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Developing and instituting policies and
practices to deal with human rights challenges has been an issue for some
time.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Firms have adopted initiatives
both individually and in collaboration with business associations, NGOs and
even governments or international organizations.<span class="FootnoteTextChar"><span style="mso-ansi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span></span><a href="#_ftn154" name="_ftnref154" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn154;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[154]</span></span></span></span></a><span class="FootnoteTextChar"><span style="mso-ansi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ruggie conducted a survey of
Fortune Global 500 firms though only 80 of the 500 has submitted responses by
the time of the 2006 report.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span>Nearly
80% of the respondents report having an explicit set of principles or
management practices regarding the human rights dimensions of their operations.<a href="#_ftn155" name="_ftnref155" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn155;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[155]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>By a ratio of two-to-one, human rights are
included in the overall corporate social responsibility code or principles of
major corporations, rather than being free-standing principles.<a href="#_ftn156" name="_ftnref156" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn156;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[156]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>When asked which international human rights
instrument is referenced by the company policy, three-fourths cite the ILO
declarations or conventions, 62% cite the Universal Declaration of Human
Rights, 57% cite the UN Global Compact and 40% cite the OECD Guidelines for
Multinational Enterprises.<a href="#_ftn157" name="_ftnref157" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn157;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[157]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Only four out of ten claim that they
“routinely” conduct human rights impact assessments of their projects, with a
slightly higher number of corporations claim that they do so “occasionally.”<a href="#_ftn158" name="_ftnref158" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn158;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[158]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The stakeholders that these policies include
are employees (virtually all companies); suppliers, contractors, distributors,
joint venture partners, and other in the value chain (90% of companies);
surrounding communities (66%); and the country in which they operate (just
under 60%).<a href="#_ftn159" name="_ftnref159" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn159;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[159]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It was evident from this early sample that
most major firms are aware that they have some human rights responsibilities,
have adopted some form of policies and practices, think about them
systematically, and institute some form of internal and external reporting
system as well.<a href="#_ftn160" name="_ftnref160" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn160;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[160]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There is also an emerging group of
collaborative agreements involving firms and social actors in this area
including the UN Global Compact,<a href="#_ftn161" name="_ftnref161" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn161;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[161]</span></span></span></span></a> OECD
Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises,<a href="#_ftn162" name="_ftnref162" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn162;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[162]</span></span></span></span></a> and
the ILO.<a href="#_ftn163" name="_ftnref163" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn163;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[163]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Essentially, up to this point, it was only
fragments of collaborative governance emerging in various sectors which were
each tailored to their specific situations.<a href="#_ftn164" name="_ftnref164" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn164;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[164]</span></span></span></span></a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">4.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Strategic Directions:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Norms</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Having described the context in which the
mandate would be interpreted and an approach to governance policy analyzed, the
SRSG sought to describe the set of core conceptual issues that had to be
addressed to<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>move the human rights
agenda forward.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The most challenging
issue centered on governance standards. This issue was broken down in two
parts.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>First, the SRSG conceded that
standards did not yet exist.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Second,
that moving forward on realizing standards required an acknowledgement of past
efforts—and especially of the reasons for the failure of prior efforts to
develop standards.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This brought the SRSG
squarely to the issue of the Norms.<a href="#_ftn165" name="_ftnref165" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn165;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[165]</span></span></span></span></a><span class="FootnoteTextChar"><span style="mso-ansi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span class="FootnoteTextChar"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span class="FootnoteTextChar"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>T</span></span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">he Norms are comprised of
23 articles, drafted like a treaty, which set out human rights principles for
companies in areas including international criminal and humanitarian law;
civil, political, economic, social, and cultural rights; as well as consumer
protection and environmental practices.<a href="#_ftn166" name="_ftnref166" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn166;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[166]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It included useful information: the summary
of rights that may be affected by business, positively and negatively, and the
collation of source documents from international human rights instruments as
well as voluntary initiatives have considerable utility.<a href="#_ftn167" name="_ftnref167" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn167;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[167]</span></span></span></span></a> “Had
the Norms exercise confined itself to compiling such an inventory, coupled with
a set of benchmarks of what practices business must or should avoid, and what
it could help to achieve, the subsequent debate might have focused on
substantive issues.”<a href="#_ftn168" name="_ftnref168" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn168;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[168]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But the Norms sought to do more than
that.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The creators of the Norms asserted
that they merely reflected and restated international legal principles that are
applicable to businesses with regard to human rights, and on this basis
developed what the SRSG described as a set of globally applicable
“non-voluntary” rules “in some sense directly binding on corporations.”<a href="#_ftn169" name="_ftnref169" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn169;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[169]</span></span></span></span></a> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>But the SRSG suggested this was an impossible
project.<a href="#_ftn170" name="_ftnref170" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn170;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[170]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“What the Norms have done, in fact, is to
take existing state-based human rights instruments and simply assert that many
of their provisions now are binding on corporations as well.”<a href="#_ftn171" name="_ftnref171" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn171;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[171]</span></span></span></span></a> As
such, the Norms became an ideological rather than an empirical instrument for
approaching regulatory issues of multinational corporations.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The “Norms exercise became engulfed by its
own doctrinal excesses.”<a href="#_ftn172" name="_ftnref172" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn172;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[172]</span></span></span></span></a> <span class="FootnoteTextChar"><span style="mso-ansi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">The ensuing debate </span></span>obscured rather than illuminated
promising areas of consensus and cooperation among business, civil society,
governments, and international institutions with respect to human rights.<span class="FootnoteTextChar"><span style="mso-ansi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span></span><a href="#_ftn173" name="_ftnref173" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn173;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[173]</span></span></span></span></a><span class="FootnoteTextChar"><span style="mso-ansi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span>It was no
surprise, then, that <span class="FootnoteTextChar"><span style="mso-ansi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">the Norms were not accepted by most
businesses, while human rights groups were in favor, or that governments
currently using the SRSG’s mandate sought to move beyond the resulting
stalemate.</span></span><a href="#_ftn174" name="_ftnref174" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn174;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[174]</span></span></span></span></a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Still, it was possible to discern a certain
“fluidity in the applicability of international legal principles to acts by
companies.”<a href="#_ftn175" name="_ftnref175" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn175;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[175]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Though “[a]ll existing instruments
specifically aimed at holding corporations to international standards . . . are
of a voluntary nature,”<a href="#_ftn176" name="_ftnref176" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn176;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[176]</span></span></span></span></a> under
customary international law, practice and opinion increasingly suggests that
corporations may be liable for committing, or for their complicity in, human
rights violations amounting to international crimes, including genocide,
slavery, human trafficking, forced labor, torture and crimes against humanity.<a href="#_ftn177" name="_ftnref177" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn177;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[177]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Liability under domestic criminal law might
also be evolving.<a href="#_ftn178" name="_ftnref178" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn178;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[178]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Lastly, direct corporate liability under
international law might be considered within a surety or agency
principle—especially where corporations operate in territories with weak or
non-functioning governments.<a href="#_ftn179" name="_ftnref179" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn179;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[179]</span></span></span></span></a> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>But the Norms would not be a sensible way to
capture that dynamic flexibility in a governance forms.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>First, the Norms imprecisely allocated human
rights responsibilities among states and corporations.<a href="#_ftn180" name="_ftnref180" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn180;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[180]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Second, the imprecision was attributed to the
failure to provide a set of principles for making such differentiation.<a href="#_ftn181" name="_ftnref181" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn181;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[181]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And lastly, “in actual practice the
allocation of responsibilities under the Norms could come to hinge entirely on
the respective capacities of states and corporations in particular situations –
so that where states are unable or unwilling to act, the job would be
transferred to corporations.”<a href="#_ftn182" name="_ftnref182" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn182;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[182]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For the SRSG, the conclusion was clear—the
Norms project was not worth salvaging.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A
different conceptual basis was needed.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span class="FootnoteTextChar"><span style="mso-ansi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">5.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Strategic Directions and Animating Approach:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Principled Pragmatism</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>To move beyond the Norms, the SRSG proposed
an approach grounded in principled pragmatism.</span></span><a href="#_ftn183" name="_ftnref183" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn183;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[183]</span></span></span></span></a><span class="FootnoteTextChar"><span style="mso-ansi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This combines the empiricism
that was emphasized as a central element of the mandate and data based
principles applied to the realities of corporate operation within states and
between them under accepted rules of economic globalization.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>To that end, the SRSG recognized an important
element, that c</span></span>ompanies are constrained by a double set of
behavior standards, legal standards as well as social/moral considerations.<a href="#_ftn184" name="_ftnref184" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn184;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[184]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This the SRSG offered as a basic principle
for the construction of regulatory systems designed to guide the behavior of
multinational corporations with respect to their human rights obligations.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The effect of the distinction was to ground
legal standards in the state, and thus in the political sector, and to ground
social standards in the corporation and international organizations, that is in
the economic and social sectors or global<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>(national and transnational ) society.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Beyond that, the SRSG suggested the utility of the
extension of an extraterritorial application of home country legal standards
for abuses committed by domestic firms abroad.<a href="#_ftn185" name="_ftnref185" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn185;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[185]</span></span></span></span></a> The </span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">mandate is </span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">for the most part</span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> evidence based, but since the</span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">se</span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> situations are in </span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">constant </span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">flux, normative judgments will
have to be made.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The basis for these
judgments is a principled form of pragmatism: “an unflinching commitment to the
principle of strengthening the promotion and protection of human rights as it
relates to business, coupled with a pragmatic attachment to what works best in
creating change where it matters most – in the daily lives of people.”</span><a href="#_ftn186" name="_ftnref186" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn186;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[186]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The SRSG pointed to several sources for
emerging legal standards of corporate conduct, focusing on standards for
corporate complicity in the human rights violations of others,</span><a href="#_ftn187" name="_ftnref187" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn187;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[187]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> and labor standards.</span><a href="#_ftn188" name="_ftnref188" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn188;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[188]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He also pointed to sources of social
obligation directly applicable to corporations. These included </span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">individual company
policies and voluntary initiatives while aiming to identify the best practices
that have been adopted.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The focus was to
strengthen transparency and accountability mechanisms.<span class="FootnoteTextChar"><span style="mso-ansi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span></span></span><a href="#_ftn189" name="_ftnref189" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn189;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[189]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span class="FootnoteTextChar"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In addition, a compendium of best practices
was compiled to consider the most common practices around the globe.</span></span><a href="#_ftn190" name="_ftnref190" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn190;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[190]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The conceptual basis of the mandate—and the scope
of its empirical project—becomes clear.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>“</span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">The
role of social norms and expectations can be particularly important where the
capacity or willingness to enforce legal standards is lacking or absent
altogether.”<a href="#_ftn191" name="_ftnref191" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn191;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[191]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But the role of the state, and state based
legal regimes remains “not only primary, but also critical.”<a href="#_ftn192" name="_ftnref192" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn192;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[192]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The role of the SRSG was principally
evidence based<a href="#_ftn193" name="_ftnref193" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn193;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[193]</span></span></span></span></a>—providing
information necessary to afford states the opportunity to effectively and
thoroughly employ their authority to impose legal requirements on states
through their domestic law systems.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">But
insofar as it involves assessing difficult situations that are themselves in
flux, it inevitably will also entail making normative judgments. In the SRSG’s
case, the basis for those judgments might best be described as a principled
form of pragmatism: an unflinching commitment to the principle of strengthening
the promotion and protection of human rights as it relates to business, coupled
with a pragmatic attachment to what works best in creating change where it
matters most – in the daily lives of people.<a href="#_ftn194" name="_ftnref194" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn194;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[194]</span></span></span></span></a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">For that purpose, an
additional governance system—social, non-state based, and grounded in the
nature of the relationships between corporations and their stakeholders, would
be required.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Subsequent Reports first
elaborate this “principled pragmatism” and then develop the basis for
implementing a multi-level governance framework that targets in distinct ways,
states (as legal actors) and corporations (as social-economic actors).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">3.2.3.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The 2007 Reports.<sup> </sup></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">The
SRSG produced two substantive Reports, one with four important addenda in 2007.
Each is described and analyzed below. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">The 2007 SRSG Report 4/74 (Mapping)<a href="#_ftn195" name="_ftnref195" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn195;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[195]</span></span></span></span></a> focuses
on that portion of the SRSG’s mandate to ‘identify and clarify,’ to ‘research’
and ‘elaborate upon,’ and to ‘compile’ materials – in short, to provide a
comprehensive mapping of current international standards and practices
regarding business and human rights.<a href="#_ftn196" name="_ftnref196" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn196;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[196]</span></sup></span></sup></a> The 2007
SRSG Report also included four addenda . The first considered the current
framework of state responsibilities to regulate and adjudicate<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>corporate activities under UN core human
rights treaties.<a href="#_ftn197" name="_ftnref197" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn197;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[197]</span></span></span></span></a> The
second addendum described the results of two workshops held in New York and
Brussels respecting the extent of a legal architecture for human rights
responsibilities of corporations under international law.<a href="#_ftn198" name="_ftnref198" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn198;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[198]</span></span></span></span></a> The
third addendum summarized survey data on current practices and on corporate
human rights policies and practices.<a href="#_ftn199" name="_ftnref199" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn199;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[199]</span></span></span></span></a> The
fourth addendum summarized an extensive study of business practices among three
different sorts of business organizations.<a href="#_ftn200" name="_ftnref200" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn200;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[200]</span></span></span></span></a>
Lastly, the SRSG produced a report on human rights impacts assessments.<a href="#_ftn201" name="_ftnref201" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn201;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[201]</span></span></span></span></a> On the
website of the SRSG maintained by the Office of the High Commissioner of Human
Rights, the description shifted the emphasis a little.<a href="#_ftn202" name="_ftnref202" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn202;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[202]</span></span></span></span></a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><i><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">3.2.3.1 The 2007 SRSG Report Mapping 4/35.</span></i><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The SRSG starts by contextualizing this effort
within the dynamic rearrangements of power relationships manifested through
globalization.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Globalization provides
the parameters of the “problem” of the multinational corporation—its
contribution to aggregate global poverty reduction and targeted costs on
specific people and communities.<a href="#_ftn203" name="_ftnref203" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn203;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[203]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This results from a well-understood
misalignment of the power to act and the power to regulate.<a href="#_ftn204" name="_ftnref204" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn204;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[204]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This necessarily requires realignment—and
thus the objective of the mandate—among institutions, political, social and
economic, involved in the production of benefits and burdens affecting people.<a href="#_ftn205" name="_ftnref205" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn205;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[205]</span></sup></span></sup></a> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Within this context the 2007
Report seeks to map “evolving standards, practices, gaps and trends.”<a href="#_ftn206" name="_ftnref206" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn206;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[206]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For the purpose, the Report is divided into
“five clusters of standards and practices governing ‘corporate responsibility’
. . . and ‘accountability.’”<a href="#_ftn207" name="_ftnref207" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn207;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[207]</span></sup></span></sup></a> These
five clusters provide the foundation for what would eventually emerge as the
three pillar regulatory framework.<a href="#_ftn208" name="_ftnref208" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn208;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[208]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The five clusters include: State Duty to
Protect, Corporate Responsibility and Accountability for International Crimes, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Corporate Responsibility for Other Human
Rights Violations under International Law, Soft Law Mechanisms, and
Self-Regulation.<a href="#_ftn209" name="_ftnref209" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn209;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[209]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Each is described in turn.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1. The State Duty to Protect</span></i><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">It is firmly embedded into international law that
there is a duty of the state to protect against non-state human rights abuses.<a href="#_ftn210" name="_ftnref210" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn210;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[210]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>International law also allows states to
exercise its jurisdiction as long as there is a basis for it.<a href="#_ftn211" name="_ftnref211" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn211;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[211]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“The regional human rights systems also
affirm the state duty to protect against nonstate abuse, and establish similar
correlative state requirements to regulate and adjudicate corporate acts”<a href="#_ftn212" name="_ftnref212" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn212;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[212]</span></sup></span></sup></a>
There is still concern that states are unable to protect human rights and the
answers from the initial surveys conducted just reinforce that idea.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Most states do not have solid policies or
practices in place to protect human rights and simply rely on other initiatives
like the OECD Guidelines or the voluntary Global Compact.<a href="#_ftn213" name="_ftnref213" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn213;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[213]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“In sum, the state duty to protect against
nonstate abuses is part of the international human rights regime’s very
foundation. The duty requires states to play a key role in regulating and
adjudicating abuse by business enterprises or risk breaching their
international obligations.”<a href="#_ftn214" name="_ftnref214" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn214;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[214]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">2.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Corporate Responsibility
and Accountability for International Crimes</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">This
responsibility is based on </span>individual liability that is contained in the
Statute of the International Criminal Court.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Corporations can now be held liable under the same principles that
individuals are liable for genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes.<a href="#_ftn215" name="_ftnref215" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn215;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[215]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And a growing number of countries are
including laws such as these in domestic law and beginning to hold corporations
liable just as individuals can be held liable.<a href="#_ftn216" name="_ftnref216" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn216;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[216]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Problems with this direction arise when
corporations are uncertain about which laws will apply to them – all the more
reason for a universal law being adopted by all countries around the globe.<a href="#_ftn217" name="_ftnref217" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn217;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[217]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A further cause of concern for corporations
is that some may be held liable if their corporate culture expressly or tacitly
permits the commission of an offence by an employee.<a href="#_ftn218" name="_ftnref218" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn218;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[218]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But there is currently no uniform policy that
will attach liability to a company for its employees’ actions; and piercing the
corporate veil is still difficult to accomplish in this sense, but there is now
a greater risk that companies may be held liable for complicity in crimes.<a href="#_ftn219" name="_ftnref219" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn219;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[219]</span></sup></span></sup></a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">3.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Corporate Responsibility
for Other Human Rights Violation under International Law</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">This
standard is based on the growing national acceptance of international standards
for individual responsibility, and is currently evolving.<a href="#_ftn220" name="_ftnref220" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn220;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[220]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The traditional view of human rights
instruments in the international context is that they only impose indirect
responsibilities on corporations, which is based on the state’s international
obligations.<a href="#_ftn221" name="_ftnref221" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn221;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[221]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But now it </span>seems as if current
international human rights instruments do not impose any direct legal
responsibility on corporations, while at the same time, corporations are under
greater scrutiny from those same human rights mechanisms.<a href="#_ftn222" name="_ftnref222" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn222;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[222]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>More recently, some states have been
extracting soft-law standards from these instruments in an attempt to develop
future human rights laws.<a href="#_ftn223" name="_ftnref223" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn223;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[223]</span></sup></span></sup></a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">4.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Soft-law Mechanisms</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These regulatory instruments do not create
legally binding obligations on those that are subject to the “law.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Three different kinds of soft-law
arrangements exist: “the traditional standard-setting role performed by
intergovernmental organizations; the enhanced accountability mechanisms
recently added by some intergovernmental initiatives; and an emerging
multi-stakeholder form that involves corporations directly, along with states
and civil society organizations, in redressing sources of corporate-related
human rights abuses.”<a href="#_ftn224" name="_ftnref224" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn224;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[224]</span></sup></span></sup></a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The Report also described
emerging multi-stakeholder systems of soft-law initiatives.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Identified among others were the Voluntary
Principles on Security and Human Rights, the Kimberley Process Certification
Scheme, and the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative.<a href="#_ftn225" name="_ftnref225" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn225;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[225]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These initiatives and those similar around
the globe seek to close the gaps in regulation that contribute to, and permit,
the human rights abuses.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They also cross
all boundaries in business and industry, host and home states, and many other
kinds of institutions.<a href="#_ftn226" name="_ftnref226" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn226;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[226]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The developmental problem with these soft-law
mechanisms is rooted in their creation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>It blurs the line between what is voluntary and mandatory regulation,
but soft-law initiatives are becoming a method of developing norms within the
international community.<a href="#_ftn227" name="_ftnref227" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn227;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[227]</span></sup></span></sup></a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">5.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Self-regulation</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Self-regulation is comprised of the policies
and practices that are adopted by companies themselves to protect human rights
in a business context.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These are almost
exclusively voluntary initiatives by the companies who recognize that human
rights are becoming a more important issue in the global economy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Three issues are considered in the
accountability context in self-regulation: human rights impact assessments,
materiality and assurance.<a href="#_ftn228" name="_ftnref228" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn228;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[228]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Impact assessments are vital in order to
determine if the policies are having an effect.<a href="#_ftn229" name="_ftnref229" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn229;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[229]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Materiality refers to the information that is
being conveyed in company reporting.<a href="#_ftn230" name="_ftnref230" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn230;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[230]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And assurance lets people know that the
companies are doing what they should be doing with regards to human rights
policies.<a href="#_ftn231" name="_ftnref231" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn231;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[231]</span></sup></span></sup></a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The SRSG derived a number of
important conclusions from his investigations of the five clusters of standards
and practices.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>First he drew on history
for lessons of approaches of regulatory schemes that failed.<a href="#_ftn232" name="_ftnref232" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn232;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[232]</span></sup></span></sup></a>
The SRSG concluded that to the extent that businesses were increasingly subject
to liability for bad acts under national law, the results were accidental,
“largely an unanticipated by-product of states’ strengthening the legal regime
for individuals, and its actual operation will reflect variations in national
practice, not an ideal solution for anyone.”<a href="#_ftn233" name="_ftnref233" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn233;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[233]</span></sup></span></sup></a> Indeed,
the SRSG’s evidence suggested that “not all state structures as a whole appear
to have internalised the full meaning of the state duty to protect, and its
implications with regard to preventing and punishing abuses by nonstate actors,
including business.”<a href="#_ftn234" name="_ftnref234" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn234;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[234]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>On the other hand, soft law initiatives and
corporate self-regulation appear innovative but not yet systematic.<a href="#_ftn235" name="_ftnref235" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn235;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[235]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Still, states appear unwilling to take
advantage of the tools they have to meet their treaty obligations.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“Insofar as the duty to the protect lies at
the very foundation of the international human rights regime, this uncertainty
gives rise to concern.”<a href="#_ftn236" name="_ftnref236" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn236;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[236]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As a consequence, state inaction or partial
action appears to open a space where corporations may exercise directly a duty
with respect to human rights otherwise reserved to states.<a href="#_ftn237" name="_ftnref237" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn237;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[237]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The groundwork for the pillar structure is
thus developed nicely—if there is no one silver bullet for the governance of
the human rights obligations of business,<a href="#_ftn238" name="_ftnref238" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn238;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[238]</span></sup></span></sup></a> then it
will be necessary to produce a polycontextual system of governance. It is the
skeleton of that system that is unveiled in the next SRSG report.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i>3.2.3.2 The 2007 SRSG
Report </i>4/35 (Mapping) <i>Addenda 1-4</i>. The 2007 SRSG Report 4/35 Mapping
report included four addenda that were meant to provide conceptual and
evidentiary support for the insights, arguments, suggestions, and points raised
in the main report.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Each is briefly
described below with a focus on their potential contribution to understanding
the intent/design of the drafters. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i>2007 SRSG Report </i>4/35
(Mapping) <i>Addenda 1 (State responsibilities to regulate and adjudicate
corporate activities under the United Nations core human rights treaties: an
overview of treaty body commentaries).</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>2007 Addendum 1 summaries key findings and examples of the SRSG’s field
work. More specifically, over the course of its 95 paragraphs,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>it outlines the SRSG’s assessment of overall
trends from treaty-specific reports on the basis of which preliminary
observations are offered.<a href="#_ftn239" name="_ftnref239" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn239;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[239]</span></span></span></span></a> The
object is to assist the SRSG<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in
implementing that portion of the 2006 mandate<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>directing elaboration of the role of States in regulating the human
rights effects of economic activity.<a href="#_ftn240" name="_ftnref240" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn240;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[240]</span></span></span></span></a> It
attempted to summarize preliminary “information, trends and preliminary
findings contained in a series of reports examining States’ obligations in
relation to corporate activity under the</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">United
Nations’ core human rights treaties.”<a href="#_ftn241" name="_ftnref241" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn241;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[241]</span></span></span></span></a> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">From his examination, the SRSG gleaned a trend in
treaty specific reports toward the elaboration of a <i>state duty to protect</i>
against context specific interference with rights.<a href="#_ftn242" name="_ftnref242" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn242;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[242]</span></span></span></span></a> That
is to say, a state duty to protect could be generalized from the trajectories
of the reporting of treaty bodies charged with the protection and promotion of
specific core international human rights instruments. This is treated as a
substantive <i>positive duty</i> requiring that a state “take steps to prevent
and punish abuse.”<a href="#_ftn243" name="_ftnref243" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn243;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[243]</span></span></span></span></a> It is
a duty that ought to inform other State activities, including when acting in
international space.<a href="#_ftn244" name="_ftnref244" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn244;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[244]</span></span></span></span></a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">The SRSG then examined the extent to which this
duty is specifically mentioned, explicitly or implicitly,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>i</span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">
“</span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">in relation
to acts by business enterprises.”<a href="#_ftn245" name="_ftnref245" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn245;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[245]</span></span></span></span></a> To
that end the SRSG considered treaties,<a href="#_ftn246" name="_ftnref246" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn246;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[246]</span></span></span></span></a> and
treaty body commentary.<a href="#_ftn247" name="_ftnref247" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn247;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[247]</span></span></span></span></a> With
respect to treaties, the SRSG noted that reference were “not very common. When
treaties do refer to business, they tend to mention particular sectors rather
than generally referring to private business.”<a href="#_ftn248" name="_ftnref248" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn248;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[248]</span></span></span></span></a> The
more contemporary the treat, though, the more likely an explicit reference to
business. Some treaty language require States to protect against corporate
abuse by the direct regulation of the enterprise,<a href="#_ftn249" name="_ftnref249" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn249;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[249]</span></span></span></span></a> or by
requiring the State to protect rights<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>difficult to fulfill without the regulation or adjudication of third
parties.<a href="#_ftn250" name="_ftnref250" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn250;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[250]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Treaty body commentary is also rare with a
focus, if at all, as part of discussions on the need to protect especially
vulnerable groups.<a href="#_ftn251" name="_ftnref251" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn251;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[251]</span></span></span></span></a> The
Commentary focuses on the need to impose or devolve the duty to protect
guaranteed by international or (transposed) national law onto enterprises, as
well as with respect to the regulation of abusive behavior, with a focus on
specific business sectors or behaviors (for example respecting marketing).<a href="#_ftn252" name="_ftnref252" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn252;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[252]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The extent of referencing is summarized in a
table,<a href="#_ftn253" name="_ftnref253" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn253;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[253]</span></span></span></span></a>
from which the SRSG extracts a trend: “the ever-increasing recognition by the
treaty bodies of States’ obligations to protect against human rights abuses
arising from corporate activities,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">especially
in the last five to ten years.”<a href="#_ftn254" name="_ftnref254" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn254;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[254]</span></span></span></span></a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The SRSG then considered<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the extent of the measures States are
required to take when their duty to protect is triggered.<a href="#_ftn255" name="_ftnref255" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn255;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[255]</span></span></span></span></a> The
treaty bodies require that abuse be prohibited by law, that violations are
investigated, that the State bring abusers to justice, and that those whose
rights have been violated are afforded remedy.<a href="#_ftn256" name="_ftnref256" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn256;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[256]</span></span></span></span></a> To
those ends, “consistent, independent monitoring by States of third party
compliance” is considered important.<a href="#_ftn257" name="_ftnref257" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn257;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[257]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Each of the components of effective measures
is then considered. First the SRSG determined that treaty bodies treat the
transposition of human rights duties into national legal orders is a minimum
obligation; the content of the regulation is rarely specified in any detail;
the role of legislation in relation to corporate activities is most frequently
the object of employment related regulation; legislation extending protection
to the potentially affected local communities<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>is significant in the extractive sectors.<a href="#_ftn258" name="_ftnref258" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn258;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[258]</span></span></span></span></a> In
addition, the SRSG considered the provision for balancing tests, and temporary
special measures.<a href="#_ftn259" name="_ftnref259" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn259;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[259]</span></span></span></span></a> With
respect to adjudication, the SRSG noted a preference for investigation and
sanction by some sort of body, including judicial bodies.<a href="#_ftn260" name="_ftnref260" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn260;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[260]</span></span></span></span></a> The
common position includes an expectation of investigation, and the sanctioning
of those who produce harm, though there is less effort to regulate sanctions by
type.<a href="#_ftn261" name="_ftnref261" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn261;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[261]</span></span></span></span></a>
However, all speak to the <i>right to an effective remedy</i>, including
reparation.<a href="#_ftn262" name="_ftnref262" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn262;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[262]</span></span></span></span></a>
The SRSG also noted a lack of consensus respecting the object of
sanctioning—that is about the question of the identity of the obligation bearer,
but with an inclination to reach legal as well as natural persons.<a href="#_ftn263" name="_ftnref263" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn263;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[263]</span></span></span></span></a> The
extent of the encouragement of promotional measures is also
considered—including awareness raising, capacity building, and policies
intended to nudge behavior.<a href="#_ftn264" name="_ftnref264" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn264;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[264]</span></span></span></span></a> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The SRSG also considered the
rights most commonly discussed by treaty bodies when elaborating a duty to
protect against corporate abuse.<a href="#_ftn265" name="_ftnref265" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn265;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[265]</span></span></span></span></a> Lastly,
the SRSG considered issues of extraterritorial responsibility.<a href="#_ftn266" name="_ftnref266" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn266;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[266]</span></span></span></span></a> These
are particularly relevant, especially to the ultimate position of the ARSG
reflected in the UNGP’s approach to extraterritorial duty.<a href="#_ftn267" name="_ftnref267" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn267;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[267]</span></span></span></span></a> At
this stage, the SRSG noted that “What is difficult to derive from the treaties
or the</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">treaty
bodies is any general obligation on States to exercise extraterritorial
jurisdiction over violations by business enterprises abroad.”<a href="#_ftn268" name="_ftnref268" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn268;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[268]</span></span></span></span></a> The
discussion, though, suggests that the issue does not lend itself to categorical
rules. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The addendum ends with three
preliminary observations.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The first is
that the SRSG’s research has convinced him that treaty bodies ae increasingly
focusing on State protection against corporate abuse.<a href="#_ftn269" name="_ftnref269" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn269;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[269]</span></span></span></span></a> The
second is that the SRSG welcomed the increasing role of treaty bodies as a
mechanism for international accountability and monitoring of the state duty.<a href="#_ftn270" name="_ftnref270" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn270;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[270]</span></span></span></span></a> This
serves as an underlying premise of what emerges as the UNGP’s state duty to
protect principles—that is the premise that State duty flows from and must be
monitored by international institutions whose task it is to hold States to
account (at least to the extent that is possible under international law).<a href="#_ftn271" name="_ftnref271" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn271;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[271]</span></span></span></span></a> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Third, the monitoring and assessment role of
treaty bodies might be augmented within the confines of the contemporary State
system;<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the SRSG noted that “States
could also make greater efforts to include such information in their periodic
reports to the treaty bodies, and to consult business representatives and civil
society in this respect.”<a href="#_ftn272" name="_ftnref272" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn272;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[272]</span></span></span></span></a> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><i><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">2007 SRSG Report </span></i><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">4/35 (Mapping) <i>Addenda
2 (Corporate responsibility under international law and issues in
extraterritorial regulation: summary of legal workshops).<a href="#_ftn273" name="_ftnref273" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn273;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[273]</span></b></span></span></span></a></i>
The SRSG here summarizes the fruits of two of four international workshops
convened to assist the SRSG<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>to clarify
issues raised by this mandate.<a href="#_ftn274" name="_ftnref274" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn274;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[274]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The key issues considered by stakeholders
representatives invited to each were (1) the extent of corporate responsibility
under international law,<a href="#_ftn275" name="_ftnref275" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn275;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[275]</span></span></span></span></a> and
(2) issues of extraterritoriality in the regulation of multinational
enterprises.<a href="#_ftn276" name="_ftnref276" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn276;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[276]</span></span></span></span></a> These,
in turn, were described as expanded discussion of what had been raised at the
initial meeting in Chatham House on 15 June 2006.<a href="#_ftn277" name="_ftnref277" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn277;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[277]</span></span></span></span></a> Neither
could be read in a vacuum, but instead each was linked to the discussion in
Addendum 1<a href="#_ftn278" name="_ftnref278" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn278;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[278]</span></span></span></span></a>
and its consideration of the State duty to regulate.<a href="#_ftn279" name="_ftnref279" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn279;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[279]</span></span></span></span></a> But
where the analysis in Addendum 1 centered on the state ; Addendum 2 focused on
the enterprise.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>That dialectic<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>between Addenda 1 and 2 would eventually be
formalized in the interlinking of the State duty and the corporate responsibility
pillars of the UNGP. But the principled conceptualization that awaited the
2008<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>SRSG Report in the form of
“Protect, Respect, Remedy” Framework, required first the pragmatics of facts
based descriptive analysis. The workshops were conducted on the basis of the
“Chatham House Rule” in which free discussion<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>as long as the identity<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and
affiliation of participants were masked. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">The summary of the input by those in attendance
at the New York workshop, and what insights the SRSG drew form them constituted
the first half of the text of Addendum 2.<a href="#_ftn280" name="_ftnref280" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn280;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[280]</span></span></span></span></a> The
question around which<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the workshop
proceeded was this: “in the absence of States acting to attach direct
obligations for human rights to corporations, are there any potential grounds
under international law for doing so?”<a href="#_ftn281" name="_ftnref281" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn281;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[281]</span></span></span></span></a> The
question was broken down, in turn, into four parts: framing the issue,
transposing state obligations, exceptional cases and state responsibility. At
first blush the organization might appear curious, but it was meant to provide
a pathway from state duty to corporate responsibility—that is from a purely
legalistic approach to the problem of managing the human rights impacts of
economic activity, to one that also opened a space for private governance.
Indeed, that invitation was explicit.<a href="#_ftn282" name="_ftnref282" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn282;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[282]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">The “Framing the Issue” discussion was wrapped
around a question: “are there already inherent obligations on TNCs, at minimum,
to respect human rights in international law?”<a href="#_ftn283" name="_ftnref283" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn283;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[283]</span></span></span></span></a> Note
that the question might be approached in different ways depending on whether
the word “inherent”, “already”, “TNC”, or “international law” was the key focus
of interpretation. <i>Inherence</i> suggests a focus on the breadth of
interpretation of human rights and international law, or the freedom to
consider inherence beyond either.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>Already</i>
suggests a limitation to what is available at a single point in time rather
than what may be considered as the trajectory of development. <i>TNC</i>
suggests a focus on a specific, and quite narrow, band of economic actors, one
that might otherwise distort a broader analytics (and a conceptual problem that
later dogged the development elaboration of an international instrument for
business and human rights.<a href="#_ftn284" name="_ftnref284" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn284;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[284]</span></span></span></span></a> <i>International
law</i> suggests a limitation of the scope of legality with any authoritative
effect in the conceptualization and analysis of the issue. It also suggests, at
its narrowest, the marginalization of international norms in favor of law (and
its limits as a consequence of the law of reception ads transposition into
domestic legal orders), as well as the secondary importance, if at all, of
domestic constitutional orders. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">The SRSG did not start there. Instead he sought
to “stimulate debate” by considering “the classic view of States in
international law as the human rights duty holders.”<a href="#_ftn285" name="_ftnref285" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn285;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[285]</span></span></span></span></a> That
classic view produced no surprises: a general agreement of State supremacy with
carefully developed exceptions<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>generally
falling within the field of international crimes. The principal duty of the
State is to develop and enforce their duty to protect, respect, and fulfill
human rights by regulating private actors producing human rights harms and by
controlling their own actions. Direct corporate responsibility is impeded by
the core premises of the state system itself: a lack of state practice supporting
this development, resistance by states to the corruption of the traditional
state system framework, compliance incoherence, and the normative issue of
corporate international legal personality.<a href="#_ftn286" name="_ftnref286" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn286;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[286]</span></span></span></span></a> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The counterarguments were also put forward.
These emphasized the perceived trajectory of legal development, exemplified by
international labor and environmental law, the growing power of soft law<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>as an indirect means of hardening
international law through the power of custom, tradition, and practice, and the
influence of multi-lateral organizations on expectations and practice. Others
suggested the contribution of regional organizations, and the role of
administrative law in creating a new sensibility for the alignment of public
and private bureaucracies.<a href="#_ftn287" name="_ftnref287" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn287;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[287]</span></span></span></span></a> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">This, then, serves as the set up for a discussion
of regulatory approaches between the realities of the classic approach and the
possibilities of its further development. Here the SRSG takes the opportunity
to begin to consider what eventually will be referenced as polycentric systems.
Many of these had been developed at least in academic circles by prominent and
influential members of the academy since the fall of the Soviet Union:
—regulation by intergovernmental organizations, network governance, hybrid-public-private
regulatory structures, and purely private regulation.<a href="#_ftn288" name="_ftnref288" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn288;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[288]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The issue, then, was framed around the
centrality of the state duty under international law, and at its peripheries,
an exploration of the possibilities of alternative, supplementary, or private
ordering systems that might mimic legalities. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">This framing then, opens a door passing through
which proves irresistible to the SRSG—the possibility of transposing state
obligations from the state (and public) apparatus to that of the enterprise
(and private) apparatus.<a href="#_ftn289" name="_ftnref289" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn289;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[289]</span></span></span></span></a> A
number of proposals were proffered by participants. The point of all of them
was to construct a means of effectively burdening enterprises with direct
responsibility around the substantially unmovable premises of state supremacy
in law. These proposals were given more immediately by considering corporate
huma rights states of exception (<i>Ausnahmezustand</i>).<a href="#_ftn290" name="_ftnref290" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn290;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[290]</span></span></span></span></a> <i>The
notion here, and replicated across the arc of the SRSG’s work, was to envision
the corporate responsibility to respect as a state of exception that that
becomes a prolonged state of being, that is, that becomes unexceptional</i>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">These exceptional cases that then produce the
unexceptional institutional and normative responses are built around the
“exceptional” case of state collapse. These are “weal governance zones” and
perhaps as well conflict zones, where the traditional power of the State is
absent.<a href="#_ftn291" name="_ftnref291" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn291;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[291]</span></span></span></span></a> The
participants, however, were united in a consensus that the conceptual vehicle
of weak governance zone was too frail a vessel; as was the hope to convert
national courts of home states as transnational human rights courts through the
development of a jurisdictional jurisprudence of extraterritoriality.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">That left for discussion the issue of “State
Responsibility.”<a href="#_ftn292" name="_ftnref292" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn292;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[292]</span></span></span></span></a> The
discussion first flowed through the potential of using customary international
law as the instrument for this objective and as a way of developing a coherent
global basis for the human rights for which the enterprise would be
responsible.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Eventually, this discussion
would mature into the separation of fractured State international legality,
from a unified legal basis for the corporate responsibility.<a href="#_ftn293" name="_ftnref293" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn293;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[293]</span></span></span></span></a> But
not here; and not yet. The discussion then turned back to the potential of
multi-lateral organizations, national and regional human rights<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mechanisms, along with international
investment treaties. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">For his part, the SRSG offered his own summary
and insights gleaned from the workshop in eight points.<a href="#_ftn294" name="_ftnref294" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn294;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[294]</span></span></span></span></a> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>First, litigation based strategies, while
important, are insufficiently robust on which to build systems of respect for
human rights. Second, it was important to describe as least some identifiable
baseline of international human rights with respect to which enterprises ought
to be responsible. Third, except in the context of remedial obligations,
enterprises ought not to be subject to a duty to fulfill human rights in the
manner of States. Fourth, weak governance zone concepts was an insufficient
basis for grounding regimes of extraterritorial application of law. Fifth, the
nexus between an enterprise and an affected population remains unclear. Sixth,
systems creating incentives for enterprise compliance ought to be further
considered. Seventh, the United Nations might be a useful venue for further
consideration of these issues.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And
eighth, the SRSG was particularly taken by notions of shared responsibility
(and eventually from there to polycentric systemicity), that he had drawn from
a work by Iris Young distributed as a backgrounder for the workshop.<a href="#_ftn295" name="_ftnref295" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn295;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[295]</span></span></span></span></a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">The summary of the input by those in attendance
at the Brussels workshop, and what insights the SRSG drew form them constituted
the first half of the text of Addendum 2.<a href="#_ftn296" name="_ftnref296" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn296;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[296]</span></span></span></span></a> It
also followed well-worn paths—but paths less well known to those who had come
to the issue principally from the human rights side.<a href="#_ftn297" name="_ftnref297" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn297;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[297]</span></span></span></span></a> The
discussion was divided<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>int three parts:
extraterritorial jurisdiction under international law, specific challenges of
the current legal order to TNCs, and the scope of available sanctions,<a href="#_ftn298" name="_ftnref298" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn298;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[298]</span></span></span></span></a> with
discussion facilitated<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>by a detailed
background paper prepared by Olivier de Schutter.<a href="#_ftn299" name="_ftnref299" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn299;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[299]</span></span></span></span></a> The
focus was narrow—prescriptive jurisdiction “which involves a State regulating
persons or activities outside its territory.”<a href="#_ftn300" name="_ftnref300" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn300;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[300]</span></span></span></span></a> The
SRSG sought advice on the feasibility, which he appeared to have in mind at the
time, of using prescriptive extraterritoriality as a tool “for overcoming
weaknesses in corporate accountability.<a href="#_ftn301" name="_ftnref301" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn301;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[301]</span></span></span></span></a> The
objective then, went to the challenge of governance gaps by bridging these gaps
with the domestic law of states willing to extend their legal orders across the
gaps and into the jurisdiction of other states.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">The participants were fairly comfortable with the
idea of extraterritoriality, especially where there was a fetish that served as
an object of nationality traveling beyond the borders of the projecting state.
While there appeared to be no prohibition, to their minds, of the projection of
a domestic legal order abroad, including when it touched on human rights, there
was a principle of non-interference that suggested at least a conceptual limit
of reasonableness and avoidance of coercion. Interestingly there was little
discussion, in Brussels, of legal historical or moral limits tied to functional
colonialism that might be a functional effect of the extraterritorial impulse,
nor issues of North-South sensibilities in that context. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">The participants then considered the question
flipped—are states under certain circumstances required to exercise
extraterritorial jurisdiction. Some considered that such a duty might be
implied “from commentary from United Nations treaty bodies (namely the
Committee on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights), and regional human rights
bodies” but that was met in part by skepticism.<a href="#_ftn302" name="_ftnref302" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn302;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[302]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>That moved the conversation to universal
jurisdiction, at the time becoming a more popular concept among intellectuals
and academics and some members of national administrative organs. But there was
no consensus on its availability or use.<a href="#_ftn303" name="_ftnref303" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn303;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[303]</span></span></span></span></a> Nor
was there consensus around the elaboration of the concept in and through law
and judicial doctrine.<a href="#_ftn304" name="_ftnref304" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn304;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[304]</span></span></span></span></a> The
fractured nature of corporate nationality (unregulated at the international
level) and the challenges of asset partitioning, which, as has been the
aspiration of those who oppose the autonomy of legal persons to advance other
political and policy ends, was also discussed.<a href="#_ftn305" name="_ftnref305" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn305;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[305]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Far more interesting was the compliance
related conversations around human rights impacts assessments across supply
chains as a way around the impediments of legal personality.<a href="#_ftn306" name="_ftnref306" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn306;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[306]</span></span></span></span></a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">Sanctions and remedies were last considered. “The
aim was to discuss whether States are obliged to ensure that their
transnational corporations operating abroad are subject to effective,
proportionate and dissuasive sanctions, whether criminal or civil, for human
rights abuses”<a href="#_ftn307" name="_ftnref307" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn307;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[307]</span></span></span></span></a>
presumably attributable to them under the law of some domestic legal order. The
conversation turned notions of double indemnity (<i>non bis in idem</i>),
intrusions on sovereignty deemed acceptable enough, and the nature of palatable
penalties. Of interest was a discussion of the possibility of deriving
liability from private law arrangements within corporate groups, including
contractual arrangements tied to export insurance and other government
services.<a href="#_ftn308" name="_ftnref308" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn308;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[308]</span></span></span></span></a>
The European participants were skeptical about the common law principle of <i>forum
non conveniens</i>, and jurisdictional bases for courts willing to try a case
with little purported connection to the state in which the action was
interposed was also discussed. The issue of home state remedies were supported
and the role of civil society emphasized.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>But there was also discussion of the presumption that home state as the
best forum for remedies was a useful assumption.<a href="#_ftn309" name="_ftnref309" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn309;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[309]</span></span></span></span></a> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">In summarizing the results of this consultation,
the SRSG noted the complexity of the issues, or at least the lack of consensus.
He noted that any incorporation of insights discussed would “need to reflect
the concerns of multiple stakeholders to be successful.”<a href="#_ftn310" name="_ftnref310" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn310;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[310]</span></span></span></span></a> He
urged a focus as much on improving state institutions as on improving corporate
conduct.<a href="#_ftn311" name="_ftnref311" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn311;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[311]</span></span></span></span></a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><i><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">2007 SRSG Report </span></i><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">4/35 (Mapping) <i>Addenda
3 (Human Rights Policies and Management Practices: Results from questionnaire
surveys of Governments and Fortune Global 500 firms).</i> This long Addendum
was meant to respond to the SRSG’s mandate by collecting and analyzing survey
data touching on state and corporate practice. “Accordingly, the SRSG sent a
questionnaire to all Member States inviting Governments to provide him with the
background information required to respond fully to these provisions of the
mandate. Similarly, the SRSG conducted a survey of the Fortune Global 500
companies (FG500).”<a href="#_ftn312" name="_ftnref312" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn312;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[312]</span></span></span></span></a> The
study was divided among a state survey<a href="#_ftn313" name="_ftnref313" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn313;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[313]</span></span></span></span></a> and a
survey<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>of Global 500 companies.<a href="#_ftn314" name="_ftnref314" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn314;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[314]</span></span></span></span></a> These
were chosen in part because they “tended to be “best in class,” leaders in
corporate social responsibility including human rights.”<a href="#_ftn315" name="_ftnref315" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn315;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[315]</span></span></span></span></a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">With respect to the State survey, the SRSG noted
that the results ought to be approached with care.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The response rate of about 15% was low, and
heavily tilted toward Western Europe and North America.<a href="#_ftn316" name="_ftnref316" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn316;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[316]</span></span></span></span></a> The
SRSG reviewed and analyzed responses to the survey questions. He came away with
a number of concluding insights. The first was that there appeared to be a gap
between State enthusiasm for the project and<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>State willingness to act on that enthusiasm.<a href="#_ftn317" name="_ftnref317" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn317;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[317]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Despite the low response rate the SRSG
determined that he was able to discern some patterns. The first insight was
that though<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>all States claim to play a
role in the field of human rights, human rights appeared to be subsumed within
more general corporate social responsibility (CSR) programs.<a href="#_ftn318" name="_ftnref318" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn318;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[318]</span></span></span></span></a> The
second insight was that States tended to rely on the OECD framework, though
that might well have been a function of the fact that a substantial number of
responding states were OECD members.<a href="#_ftn319" name="_ftnref319" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn319;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[319]</span></span></span></span></a> The
third<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>insight was that human rights
played a limited role in bilateral and investment treaties, even when
incorporated into the instruments.<a href="#_ftn320" name="_ftnref320" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn320;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[320]</span></span></span></span></a> The
fourth insight was that States except for conditions imposed on the export of
specific military goods, States rarely tied human rights to export and foreign
investment promotion policies.<a href="#_ftn321" name="_ftnref321" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn321;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[321]</span></span></span></span></a> The
fifth, insight was that States were “only somewhat active” in human rights
capacity building to promote human rights in economic activity.<a href="#_ftn322" name="_ftnref322" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn322;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[322]</span></span></span></span></a> The
sixth, that very few states provided within their domestic legal orders for
prosecution of legal persons for human rights violations.<a href="#_ftn323" name="_ftnref323" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn323;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[323]</span></span></span></span></a> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The SRSG concluded that the focus on CSR
detracted from the State duty to address human rights “specifically.”<a href="#_ftn324" name="_ftnref324" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn324;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[324]</span></span></span></span></a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">With respect to the corporate survey, the SRSG
noted that presuppositions of corporate practice might be misplaced.<a href="#_ftn325" name="_ftnref325" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn325;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[325]</span></span></span></span></a> Again
the survey was heavily toward North American, European and Japanese
enterprises, which represented the Fortune Global 500 firms by revenue. Again,
the SRSG warned of sampling bias;<a href="#_ftn326" name="_ftnref326" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn326;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[326]</span></span></span></span></a> his
team augmented survey results by “collated information on nearly 300
companies.”<a href="#_ftn327" name="_ftnref327" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn327;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[327]</span></span></span></span></a>
After a description of the collected data and some analytics, the SRSG was able
to offer some concluding observation,<a href="#_ftn328" name="_ftnref328" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn328;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[328]</span></span></span></span></a> again
based on his observation of “clear patterns.”<a href="#_ftn329" name="_ftnref329" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn329;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[329]</span></span></span></span></a> The
first is that virtually all companies responding<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>have human rights principles or management
practices in place.<a href="#_ftn330" name="_ftnref330" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn330;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[330]</span></span></span></span></a> This,
of course, serves as critical practice evidence supporting what would be an
essential element of what would become the 2d Pillar human rights due diligence
system. The motivation was interesting—not human rights in general but labor
rights appeared to be the motivation. These policies are aligned with
compliance and reporting systems. The second is that these policies and practices
are new and thus indicate a trajectory toward more human rights sensitive practices.
The trajectory is subject to further study.<a href="#_ftn331" name="_ftnref331" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn331;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[331]</span></span></span></span></a> The
third<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>insight is not unexpected—that
there are “evidence of sectoral and regional variations around the overall
patterns.”<a href="#_ftn332" name="_ftnref332" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn332;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[332]</span></span></span></span></a> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">The variations suggested something more important—a
rift between the discourse of human rights, understood in the discourse to be
universal, interdependent, and indivisible—and the practices of enterprises
that recognize broader or narrower spectrum of rights and their application.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And yet that is precisely what one might
expect of enterprises that reflect the human rights approaches of the home
States. Here one finds the gulf that divides the spectrum of rights States
undertake as a duty and the broader and unform spectrum that the SRSG presumes
enterprises ought to be subject, one closer to the ideal conception of the
broadest spectrum of a State duty.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
fourth insight focuses on the elasticity of rights and rights standards.<a href="#_ftn333" name="_ftnref333" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn333;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[333]</span></span></span></span></a> Effectively,
enterprises may rank order or center only those rights most relevant to their
operations—something that decades later appears to be the approach with respect
to the UN Sustainability Development goals. Enterprises also embed human rights
impacts in decision making not as absolute concepts but as factors that are
valued as a function of risk, opportunities, social expectations, and return.<a href="#_ftn334" name="_ftnref334" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn334;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[334]</span></span></span></span></a> That
also runs counter to the discursive premise of human rights, though aligns with
the values based functional premise of economic decision-making, limited only
by compliance. Last, the SRSG noted patterns around accountability mechanisms.<a href="#_ftn335" name="_ftnref335" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn335;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[335]</span></span></span></span></a> There
was a concentration on internally generated mechanisms and reporting
protocols.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The SRSG<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>noted the need to meet “two core conditions
must be met: the information must be broadly comparable across companies, and there
needs to be some external assurance as to its trustworthiness and materiality.”<a href="#_ftn336" name="_ftnref336" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn336;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[336]</span></span></span></span></a> This
will also find its way into the UNGPs.<a href="#_ftn337" name="_ftnref337" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn337;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[337]</span></span></span></span></a> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><i><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">2007 SRSG Report </span></i><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">4/35 (Mapping) <i>Addenda
4.</i> This Addendum picks up where Addendum 3 left off—by analyzing data
gathered by the SRSG’s team about “the policies of three types of business
organization: a cross-section of more than 300 companies from all regions of
the world; 8 collective initiatives; and 5 socially responsible investment
(SRI) indices.”<a href="#_ftn338" name="_ftnref338" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn338;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[338]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The data collected was publicly available at
the time.<a href="#_ftn339" name="_ftnref339" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn339;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[339]</span></span></span></span></a>
The analytics and assessment were undertaken against the International Bill of
Human Rights.<a href="#_ftn340" name="_ftnref340" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn340;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[340]</span></span></span></span></a>
It is important to note that as early as this survey//in 2006, there was
already a strong sense, tested more specifically in this analysis, that this
cluster of basic international human rights law/norms might serve as the unifying
normative framework to be applied to enterprises (but not to states).<a href="#_ftn341" name="_ftnref341" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn341;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[341]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Two caveats were noted; first that the study
did not incorporate non-public information; the second that the analytics
focused on formal, textual, representation of effort and policy—there was no
assessment of effectiveness.<a href="#_ftn342" name="_ftnref342" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn342;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[342]</span></span></span></span></a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">Part I of the study considered company policy and
practices. The data suggested the centrality of labor rights in the human
rights policies and practices of data providing enterprises.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Other rights were recognized in contextually
relevant ways.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Accountability and assessment
also varied across firms, locations, and sector of economic activity.<a href="#_ftn343" name="_ftnref343" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn343;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[343]</span></span></span></span></a> Part
II of the study considered collective initiatives using the same
structure—labor rights, non-labor rights, accountability and engagement and
anti-corruption, along with management and implementation systems.<a href="#_ftn344" name="_ftnref344" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn344;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[344]</span></span></span></span></a> The
structure reveals intention—<i>probing</i>. The SRSG was probing for evidence
of a means of reframing then current traditional CSR based approaches toward
one that centered human rights. To that ends, identifying a human rights
element in CSR policy and practices would be crucial—from there it would be
possible to generalize, and in generalizing, transform the focus and practice
of corporate CSR. From there, two objectives emerged as possible.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The first was to create a generalized and
coherent internal mechanism for embedding human rights risks in economic
decision making; the second was to then transpose this micro-system template
into collective initiatives. To those ends data of current practice and future
potential was mission critical.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>These
four 2007 Addenda and this Addendum 4, especially,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>appear to have provided that pragmatic
foundation crucial for the elaboration of principle that by this point was
already beginning to take recognizable shape</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In a sense, the patterns extracted by the
SRSG from the company data in Addendum 3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>was used as a standard toward which the company data presented in
Addendum 4 suggested that the rest of the collective participants in economic
production could be brought. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">The conclusions extracted from the company data
presented underlined these objectives. First, the data suggested regional legs
in the recognition of fundamental labor rights—the leg presenting by both
sector and region.<a href="#_ftn345" name="_ftnref345" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn345;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[345]</span></span></span></span></a> In
particular, Latin America, Asia and the Pacific were identified as laggard
regions as against developed markets, with recognition of a “the right to a
minimum wage and rights pertaining to work/life balance is low irrespective of
region.”<a href="#_ftn346" name="_ftnref346" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn346;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[346]</span></span></span></span></a>
Lower levels of rights recognition were more strikingly evidenced in non-labor
human rights, though it was recognized that some of those rights (e.g., the
right to a fair trial) were not ones in which an enterprise would have a
substantial amount of impact.<a href="#_ftn347" name="_ftnref347" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn347;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[347]</span></span></span></span></a> The
data on reporting human rights commitments was similarly varied.<a href="#_ftn348" name="_ftnref348" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn348;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[348]</span></span></span></span></a> Here,
of course, the data reflected the strength of traditional approaches to<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>CSR, and thus to corporate social obligation,
which tended to emphasize philanthropy, either self- and state guided. In the
context of the objectives toward which the data was deployed, however, this
signaled deficiency (as a function of the measuring standard), rather than
anything else.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It also signaled the
potential strength of resistance toward changing context and orientation. More
importantly, it ought to have suggested the power of a perspective that might,
later, be interpreted into whatever standard would be established.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Here one encounters pragmatic evidence of the
possibility of ranges of plausible interpretation of human rights based
frameworks. That was suggested, in small part, by the recognition of the range
of sources for human rights normative standards.<a href="#_ftn349" name="_ftnref349" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn349;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[349]</span></span></span></span></a> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">Part II of the study then turned to voluntary
collective initiatives. There were at least two important reasons for
this.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The first was to explore the
possibility that regulatory systems could viably exist beyond the regulatory
structures of public institutions.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>That
would become crucial for the legitimation of an autonomous corporate
responsibility to respect human rights.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The second was to suggest that such systems were already viable enough
to support the weight of that corporate responsibility.<a href="#_ftn350" name="_ftnref350" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn350;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[350]</span></span></span></span></a> The
focus was on eight collective initiatives—third party private standards
crafters, monitoring, and assessment organs.<a href="#_ftn351" name="_ftnref351" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn351;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[351]</span></span></span></span></a> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">The conclusions extracted suggested an alignment
between<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>corporate approaches to human
rights impacts assessments and the development of third party standards. But
that alignment also provided evidence of emerging social/markets based
consensus. “Business recognition of human rights is indicative of what the
business community itself believes society expects with regard to such
standards.”<a href="#_ftn352" name="_ftnref352" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn352;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[352]</span></span></span></span></a>
But that also accounts for regional differences that lie beneath emerging
global consensus<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>of the enterprise
leaders examined in Addendum 3.<a href="#_ftn353" name="_ftnref353" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn353;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[353]</span></span></span></span></a> The
unevenness is then explained—an insight that is then carried forward toad the
drafting of the UNGP: </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">This uneven pattern of uptake suggests that
companies may be unsure which human rights they should recognize, and of the
meaning of certain rights. Moreover, while there is some congruence between the
obligations expressed by individual companies versus collective initiatives and
SRI indices, substantial differences also exist, again possibly suggesting
confusion regarding corporate responsibility for human rights.<a href="#_ftn354" name="_ftnref354" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn354;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[354]</span></span></span></span></a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Confusion can be corrected through appropriate
guidance and leadership from the international public institutional top. For
the rest, collective initiatives parallel self-administered policies and
practices—a focus on labor rights and greater diversity along with less
emphasis on other rights, along with great variation in accountability and
reporting standards.<a href="#_ftn355" name="_ftnref355" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn355;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[355]</span></span></span></span></a> There
is also great variation in the extension of policy and practice down supply
chains, along with an emphasis on the impacts to traditionally vulnerable
groups.<a href="#_ftn356" name="_ftnref356" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn356;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[356]</span></span></span></span></a> The
SRSG then offers two main conclusions: The first is the need for the provision
of greater and more authoritative certainty regarding “which rights pertain” to
enterprises.<a href="#_ftn357" name="_ftnref357" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn357;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[357]</span></span></span></span></a>
The second is the need for greater authoritative clarity for enterprises around
“any hierarchy of duties they may have and to whom they have them.”<a href="#_ftn358" name="_ftnref358" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn358;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[358]</span></span></span></span></a> <i>With
these two conclusions, the SRSG declared the nature and extent of his marching
orders for developing a set of guidance for enterprises autonomously of the
State and the legal apparatus of the state system, but one tied to
international legality.</i> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i>3.2.3.3 The 2007 SRSG
Report </i>4/74 <i>(HR Impacts Assessments</i>). This report was prepared to
satisfy one of the mandate requirements set out in UNHRC<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Resolution 2005/69,<a href="#_ftn359" name="_ftnref359" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn359;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[359]</span></span></span></span></a> and
the undertaking imposed under UNHRC Decision 1/102<a href="#_ftn360" name="_ftnref360" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn360;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[360]</span></span></span></span></a> which
extended the mandates and the mandate holders of all special procedures,
including that of the SRSG, for one year coinciding with the transition from a
Human Rights Commission to a Human Rights Council institutional framework.
During that period the special procedures were to undertake the preparation of
reports for UNHRC consideration. The object of the report was<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“to develop materials and methodologies for
undertaking human rights impact assessments for business activity.” To that
end, the SRSG divided his discussion in three parts. The first part<a href="#_ftn361" name="_ftnref361" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn361;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[361]</span></span></span></span></a>
identified and framed the key methodological issues.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The next two parts attempted to apply the
principled pragmatism work style to develop a way forward first by considering
similarities with impacts related issues already undertaken in environmental
and social impact assessments,<a href="#_ftn362" name="_ftnref362" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn362;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[362]</span></span></span></span></a> and
then what makes human rights impacts assessments different,<a href="#_ftn363" name="_ftnref363" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn363;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[363]</span></span></span></span></a> as a
means of then developing a context appropriate approach, that is grounded on
“an analysis of the rights-holders and their needs and entitlements and the
corresponding duty-bearers and their obligations.”<a href="#_ftn364" name="_ftnref364" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn364;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[364]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Again, examining the situation through the
lens of principled pragmatism, the SRSG ends the report with a consideration of
current initiatives around which the proposed balancing approach could be
developed.<a href="#_ftn365" name="_ftnref365" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn365;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[365]</span></span></span></span></a>
The last section, on outlooks, suggests that the trajectory of business
practice and markets expectations are already moving n the direction of
assessment that can be extended to issues of human rights.<a href="#_ftn366" name="_ftnref366" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn366;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[366]</span></span></span></span></a> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">The SRSG started with two points that framed the
analyses that followed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>First, fuller
treatment was beyond the mandate’s time and resources; and second that the
report on human rights impacts would necessarily have to be descriptive and
comparative.<a href="#_ftn367" name="_ftnref367" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn367;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[367]</span></span></span></span></a> Each
is discussed in turn.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">Framing the Issue: Human Rights Impact Assessments
- Resolving Key Methodological Questions.<a href="#_ftn368" name="_ftnref368" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn368;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[368]</span></span></span></span></a> The
Report starts with the core normative driver: it is important to understand
business impact on human rights because that is the only way that “those who
are most directly involved and affected”<a href="#_ftn369" name="_ftnref369" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn369;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[369]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>can protect their interests, That is
undertaken in one of three ways: by enhancing positive effect, avoiding or
mitigating negative impacts and risks, and contribute to the fulfillment of
human rights.<a href="#_ftn370" name="_ftnref370" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn370;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[370]</span></span></span></span></a> Anticipation
of changes brought on by business activities is considered more effective and
cost-efficient than reacting to them. That fulfillment function applies to all
actors—including business entities—and thus the need to focus on impacts. The
SRSG emphasized that this was nothing new—merely a transposition of what had
already emerged as the public policy/norm based compliance regimes in the areas
of “environmental and social impact assessments (ESIAs), which are now
considered routine for projects with a significant physical footprint and are
often required by national law or financing institutions, particularly in the
extractive industries.<a href="#_ftn371" name="_ftnref371" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn371;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[371]</span></span></span></span></a> <i>That
is the template for transposition: (1) a normative objective--environmental and
social harm defined in law or norm; (2) the development of a metrics
(qualitative or quantitative) for impacts as measured against the
legal/normative definitions or customary expectations, etc.); (3) the
obligation to assess impacts on that basis imposed on/devolved to those who may
be deemed to produce/control/influence such impacts; (4) along with the
obligation to identify impacts, a consequential obligation to prevent, mitigate
or remedy the identified impacts; and (5) more generally use impacts to shape
the way that economic decisions and business behaviors are shaped (and valued).
</i>And, indeed, it is this insight, already understood in 2007 that will shape
what eventually<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>emerges as the UNGP.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">The problem for the SRSG is that as valuable as
the economic and social impact analysis form is, they are less helpful in identifying
and appropriately valuing human rights impacts.<a href="#_ftn372" name="_ftnref372" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn372;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[372]</span></span></span></span></a> That
is a problem already identifies in practice by organizations seeking to
transpose the mechanisms into a human rights environment, and, of course, was
also recognized as a core part of the SRSG’s mandate.<a href="#_ftn373" name="_ftnref373" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn373;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[373]</span></span></span></span></a> The
SRSG concludes that though it is too early to offer a definitive evaluation of
human rights based impacts assessments transposed form the fields of economic
and social impacts assessment practices, the idea is worth pursuing.<a href="#_ftn374" name="_ftnref374" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn374;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[374]</span></span></span></span></a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">Similarities to Environmental and Social Impact
Assessments.<a href="#_ftn375" name="_ftnref375" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn375;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[375]</span></span></span></span></a>
The SRSG starts by noting<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>that
environmental and social impacts assessments are relatively well
established.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In that sense, <i>one
speaks here only of adapting and extending, rather than of transforming,
business practices</i>—the essence of the application of principled pragmatism
in the way in which principles are implemented. The overlap between
environmental/social impacts assessments and human rights based impacts
assessments are described.<a href="#_ftn376" name="_ftnref376" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn376;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[376]</span></span></span></span></a> From
this the SRSG draws an important insight that informs future work: human rights
impacts assessments are not ends in themselves but tools that clarify pathways
to action.<a href="#_ftn377" name="_ftnref377" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn377;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[377]</span></span></span></span></a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">Distinctiveness of Human Rights Impact
Assessments: A Different Approach.<a href="#_ftn378" name="_ftnref378" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn378;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[378]</span></span></span></span></a> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The SRSG emphasized, that while the forms and
sensibilities of environmental/social impacts assessments were usefully
transposable, the two fields of impacts analysis were not aligned. The
differences included sources of law/norms; most important in this respect was
the identification of the core sources of international law that would find
their way into UNGP Principle 12.<a href="#_ftn379" name="_ftnref379" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn379;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[379]</span></span></span></span></a> The
SRSG noted as well that human rights impacts analysis should be treated as an
additional section of an environmental/social impacts exercise but requires its
own approach.<a href="#_ftn380" name="_ftnref380" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn380;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[380]</span></span></span></span></a>
The SRSG suggested that the scope and focus of human rights impacts assessments
must necessarily be broader— for which the techniques of scenario planning
might prove useful; they might also draw on international institutional
practice that incorporates both law and norms into its assessment strategies.<a href="#_ftn381" name="_ftnref381" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn381;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[381]</span></span></span></span></a> The
later raised an issue of normative significance for the SRSG, who noted that
guiding principles for such incorporation might include “principles such as
empowerment, participation, non-discrimination, prioritization of vulnerable
groups, and accountability.<a href="#_ftn382" name="_ftnref382" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn382;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[382]</span></span></span></span></a> The
consequence is clear—impacts assessments in the human rights and business field
are not meant to be narrow compliance based instruments, but rather they are
meant to serve as a basis for transposing policy at the public institutional
level into action at the level of granular private activity through the
mechanism of responses to impacts assessments. At its limits, that suggests a
manifestation of what the SRSG later described as the transformational aspects
of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the UNGP framework.<a href="#_ftn383" name="_ftnref383" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn383;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[383]</span></span></span></span></a> At its
limits it makes plausible the possibility of understanding economic activity as
legitimate only as a means of giving expression to core principles of public
policy. Lastly, the juxtaposing of rights-holders and duty-bearers introduces
another key element of the framing element of the UNGP<a href="#_ftn384" name="_ftnref384" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn384;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[384]</span></span></span></span></a>--entitlement
and obligation, the point at which they meet, serves as a core structural
element that emerges in the second pillar corporate responsibility to respect
in later reports and then in the UNGP.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">The 2007 SRSG Report 4/74 ends with a
consideration of then initiatives and outlook.<span class="MsoFootnoteReference">
<a href="#_ftn385" name="_ftnref385" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn385;" title=""><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[385]</span></span></span></a></span> It
describes human rights impacts assessment projects then in development.<a href="#_ftn386" name="_ftnref386" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn386;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[386]</span></span></span></span></a> Each
is proffered as evidence of the pragmatic feasibility of human rights impacts
assessments as described in the report. They are evidence of the possibility of
data based (qualitative in large part) impacts assessments and their effects in
incorporating (and thus changing the trajectories of economic activity) these
impacts into the business practices of enterprises. The Report notes that the
genesis and development of human rights impacts assessments have been driven by
the largest global enterprises.<a href="#_ftn387" name="_ftnref387" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn387;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[387]</span></span></span></span></a> The
SRSG<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>expressed the expectation that the
practices would be normalized more deeply as the practice experiences of the
leading group of enterprises reduced the operational costs of such impact
assessments.<a href="#_ftn388" name="_ftnref388" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn388;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[388]</span></span></span></span></a>
Looking forward, perhaps unconsciously, the SRSG noted that such impacts
assessments are not a legal requirement anywhere, but appear to be more
accepted as a practice expectation in markets.<a href="#_ftn389" name="_ftnref389" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn389;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[389]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Still, the SRSG leaves open the door to the
legalization of human rights impacts assessments in some form, with the private
sector and civil society leading the way.<a href="#_ftn390" name="_ftnref390" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn390;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[390]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He ends by suggesting that even at this
preliminary stage, and given the ubiquity of environmental/social impacts
assessments, “there is no excuse for any company, lender or investor to claim
to be unaware that their investments could impact human rights.”<a href="#_ftn391" name="_ftnref391" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn391;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[391]</span></span></span></span></a> It
lacks only an authoritative framework. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">3.2.4.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">2008
Reports.<a href="#_ftn392" name="_ftnref392" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn392;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[392]</span></sup></span></sup></a></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The SRSG produced five reports in 2008, the
first with two substantive addenda. The critical report introduced the Protect,
Respect, Remedy three pillar framework on which the UNGP would be developed.<a href="#_ftn393" name="_ftnref393" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn393;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[393]</span></span></span></span></a> This
Report included two<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Addenda, one
summarizing the insights gleaned from multi-stakeholder consultations,<a href="#_ftn394" name="_ftnref394" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn394;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[394]</span></span></span></span></a> and
the other considering the scope of corporate abuse with adverse human rights
impacts.<a href="#_ftn395" name="_ftnref395" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn395;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[395]</span></span></span></span></a>
An<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>additional Report, clarifying
concepts of “sphere of influence” and “complicity”, which had proven
contentious at the time, was produced.<a href="#_ftn396" name="_ftnref396" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn396;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[396]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Lastly the SGSR produced a Report for the
UNGA.<a href="#_ftn397" name="_ftnref397" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn397;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[397]</span></span></span></span></a>
Each is discussed in turn.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><i><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">3.2.4.1 The 2008 SRSG Report 8/5
(Protect/Respect/Remedy</span></i><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">). Conceptually, this is likely the most important of the
reports produced by the SRSG.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It served
as the <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">first of the “synthesis”
reports.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Drawing regulatory conclusions
from the empirical and normative work of the prior two reports, the SRSG now
introduces the Protect-Respect-Remedy Framework.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The report pattern follows earlier
efforts.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The report first i</span>dentifies
that the gaps in governance around the world, which are caused by
globalization, are the catalysts that have resulted in human rights being
violated through a permissive atmosphere with little repercussion from
authority figures.<a href="#_ftn398" name="_ftnref398" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn398;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[398]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This gap has been created between economic
actors and forces on one side and the capacity of societies to manage the
adverse consequences on the other.<a href="#_ftn399" name="_ftnref399" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn399;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[399]</span></sup></span></sup></a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">Within this context, the SRSG can consider and
eliminate potential approaches to the construction of a governance framework,
an effort that recalls the analysis and rejection of the Norms in the 2006
Report.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Among the approaches considered
and dismissed are ones that require the production of a specific list of human
rights affecting businesses.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The SRSG
took the position that businesses affect all areas of human rights;<a href="#_ftn400" name="_ftnref400" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn400;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[400]</span></sup></span></sup></a>
thus, if the list were not all encompassing it would leave out essential areas
of human rights that are affected, leaving those specific rights unprotected.
Rather than the certainty of lists and rules based approaches, the SRSG instead
framed governance around three core principles. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>State
Duty to Protect</span></i><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For instance, under the State Duty to
Protect, corporate culture is a decisive issue as it can be used to determine
liability and can use market pressures to force companies to act in ways that
are not harmful to human rights.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Policy
alignment is an issue to consider where the government has developed or
endorses certain human rights commitments, but then does nothing to implement
them (vertical incoherence); and when various groups within government are
unable to work together to fulfill their obligations to protect human rights
(horizontal incoherence).<a href="#_ftn401" name="_ftnref401" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn401;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[401]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This imbalance is greatest in developing
countries and should be addressed to ensure that host states are following
their human rights obligations.<a href="#_ftn402" name="_ftnref402" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn402;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[402]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Effective guidance and support at the
international level is also a serious consideration.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This can help not only one country, but may
spread effective ideas around the globe through the active encouragement<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>to share information about challenges that
are faced and the solutions that are used to deal with them.<a href="#_ftn403" name="_ftnref403" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn403;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[403]</span></sup></span></sup></a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Additionally, conflict zones,
areas with civil and economic strife, are important to keep in mind as they
usually contain the most human rights violations.<a href="#_ftn404" name="_ftnref404" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn404;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[404]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The best policy would be to prevent harmful
corporate involvement in conflict areas.<a href="#_ftn405" name="_ftnref405" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn405;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[405]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A way to deal with this is to identify
possible triggers for companies that may indicate potential abuses.<a href="#_ftn406" name="_ftnref406" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn406;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[406]</span></sup></span></sup></a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">2.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Corporate Responsibility to
Respect</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The great innovation of the
2008 Report was the elaboration of a corporate responsibility to respect human
rights. The issue is to determine which rights companies have the
responsibility to bear. Current ideas surrounding this principle include
forcing companies to shoulder <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">specific</i>
responsibilities for all aspects of human rights, which is in contrast to the
idea that companies are responsible for <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">all</i>
areas of specific human rights – an idea that would exclude many important
aspects of human rights.<a href="#_ftn407" name="_ftnref407" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn407;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[407]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Respecting rights is the baseline
responsibility for all companies, not just simply complying with national
laws.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This responsibility is separate
from the state duty to protect and there is no primary state and secondary
company obligation.<a href="#_ftn408" name="_ftnref408" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn408;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[408]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Also, doing no harm does not mean that
companies can sit back passively and not violate human rights, what is required
is a positive act by the company such as standards it must follow to protect
human rights.<a href="#_ftn409" name="_ftnref409" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn409;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[409]</span></sup></span></sup></a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Due diligence is also
considered.<a href="#_ftn410" name="_ftnref410" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn410;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[410]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This must take the form of an entire process
that includes policies,<a href="#_ftn411" name="_ftnref411" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn411;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[411]</span></sup></span></sup></a>
impact assessments,<a href="#_ftn412" name="_ftnref412" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn412;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[412]</span></sup></span></sup></a>
integration,<a href="#_ftn413" name="_ftnref413" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn413;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[413]</span></sup></span></sup></a>
and tracking performance.<a href="#_ftn414" name="_ftnref414" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn414;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[414]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ruggie also defines ‘Sphere of Influence’ and
‘Complicity’ in this context.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sphere
refers to the actors and parties that surround a company and influence refers
to two things, impact and leverage.<a href="#_ftn415" name="_ftnref415" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn415;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[415]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These considerations are essential when
determining liability and responsibility for companies.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Complicity also has to do with
determining liability and can act hand-in-hand with corporate culture (if the
corporate culture does enable complicit behavior).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If a company is complicit in a violation of
human rights they can be held liable as actors in the violation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Though this may seem easy to prove in many
situations, the standards that must be developed will set the bar higher to
prove corporate liability.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For example,
simply deriving a benefit for human rights violations is not sufficient to
impose liability on a company.<a href="#_ftn416" name="_ftnref416" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn416;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[416]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Additionally, if a company does perform a due
diligence analysis, it is much easier to avoid charges of complicity and thus,
liability.<a href="#_ftn417" name="_ftnref417" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn417;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[417]</span></sup></span></sup></a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">3.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Access to Remedies</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This final pillar of the framework is used to
ensure that the protection of human rights is carried out.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The purpose of this element is to point out
that grievance mechanisms must be effective for the two other principles to
mean anything at all.<a href="#_ftn418" name="_ftnref418" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn418;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[418]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The SRSG included information and
considerations on various avenues to remedies to explore the different options
for victims of human rights violations.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Judicial mechanisms are looked at first, but as is shown, it is often
difficult to realize any remedies from this avenue – reasons for this include:
poor knowledge of the law by victims, few resources in developing countries to
pursue charges, jurisdictional issues, and State matters.<a href="#_ftn419" name="_ftnref419" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn419;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[419]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Victims
usually lack a basis in the law to interpose a claim, and even if they do bring
a claim, it might be hindered by political, economic, or legal
considerations.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The law is beginning to
evolve to allow claims where the acts or omissions of a parent company are
related to the harm that was caused by their subsidiary.<a href="#_ftn420" name="_ftnref420" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn420;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[420]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But some companies defend themselves using <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">forum non conveniens</i> to show that there
is a more appropriate forum for the claim.<a href="#_ftn421" name="_ftnref421" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn421;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[421]</span></sup></span></sup></a></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Non-judicial mechanisms are
also considered.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However, the SRSG was
concerned about establishing the legitimacy of such systems.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For that purpose, it was pointed out that
they must meet a certain criteria before they will be found credible.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This criterion requires the mechanism to be:
legitimate, accessible, predictable, equitable, rights-compatible, and
transparent.<a href="#_ftn422" name="_ftnref422" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn422;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[422]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Company-level mechanisms must
address issues before they even evolve to larger disputes, though there may be
problems if the company acts as both defendant and judge.<a href="#_ftn423" name="_ftnref423" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn423;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[423]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A company can provide a grievance mechanism
directly and also be involved in its administration; this may include the use
of external resources, sometimes shared with other companies, such as hotlines,
advisory services, and expert mediators; though it can also include external
mechanisms.<a href="#_ftn424" name="_ftnref424" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn424;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[424]</span></sup></span></sup></a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>State-based non-judicial
mechanisms are also important because they hold companies accountable in some
circumstances. In any case they can provide advice and direction so victims can
obtain redress.<a href="#_ftn425" name="_ftnref425" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn425;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[425]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The main organizations in this category are
national human rights institutions (NHRIs).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>These are very important; where they are able to address grievances
involving companies, they can begin to hold companies accountable.<a href="#_ftn426" name="_ftnref426" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn426;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[426]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Where they cannot handle grievances on their
own, they can provide direction and advice on the avenue to obtain redress.<a href="#_ftn427" name="_ftnref427" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn427;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[427]</span></sup></span></sup></a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Grievance mechanisms can also
help check the performance of companies for human rights abuses when
multi-stakeholder or industry initiatives and financiers are involved.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But because there are few formal standards for
companies to follow when integrating mechanisms, there is concern that most
will just be tokenistic and not effective at the operational level.<a href="#_ftn428" name="_ftnref428" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn428;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[428]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">As
more initiatives are created, it is important that they become collaborative to
streamline the process for remedies while making them more effective for
complainants.<a href="#_ftn429" name="_ftnref429" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn429;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[429]</span></sup></span></sup></a></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Gaps in access are another
issue considered in this context.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Many
potential victims still do not have access to any mechanisms, nor do they have
any knowledge of such mechanisms.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This
can be remedied by using various institutions, governments and other actors to
improve the information flow to potential victims.<a href="#_ftn430" name="_ftnref430" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn430;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[430]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>One proposal includes a global ombudsman that
addresses all complaints, but there is also a large amount of consideration to
be undertaken before something of this magnitude is implemented.<a href="#_ftn431" name="_ftnref431" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn431;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[431]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The criteria would be accessibility (though
not the first step for complaints), effective processes without undermining the
development of national mechanisms, timeliness for responses (though they will
likely be far removed from complainants), and provide appropriate solutions
that take into account different sectors, cultures and political contexts.<a href="#_ftn432" name="_ftnref432" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn432;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[432]</span></sup></span></sup></a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The SRSG ends the 2008 SRSG Report
8/5 by contextualizing the framework as emerging from and aligned with the
critical evidentiary findings of the 2006 and 2007 reports.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He notes that both the public and private
sectors have been seeking to find ways to better internalize human rights
obligations within their respective systems.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Reflecting on the underscored insights and conclusions from the Addenda
to the 2007 SRSG Report (Mapping) 4/35, the SRSG noted:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Without in any manner
disparaging these steps,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>our fundamental
problem is that there are too few of them, none has reached a scale
commensurate with the challenges at hand, there is little cross-learning, and
they do not cohere as parts of a more systemic response with cumulative
effects. That is what needs fixing. And that is what the framework of “protect,
respect and remedy” is intended to help achieve.<a href="#_ftn433" name="_ftnref433" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn433;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[433]</span></sup></span></sup></a></span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">This
does not require the development of a singular global law, but rather the
expansion of the scope of governance responses to include both public and
private actors.<a href="#_ftn434" name="_ftnref434" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn434;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[434]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Systematization, coordination and
collaboration between the governance systems of states and corporations becomes
a necessary requisite to the incorporation of human rights within the legal
systems of states and the social systems of corporations.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><i><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">3.2.4.3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The 2008 SRSG Report 8/5 (Protect/Respect/Remedy) Addenda</span></i><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">. The 2008 SRSG Report
8/5 (Protect, Respect, Remedy) included two Addenda.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The first summarized the fruits of five
multi-stakeholder consultations. <a href="#_ftn435" name="_ftnref435" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn435;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[435]</span></span></span></span></a>The
second surveyed the scope and patterns of alleged corporate related human
rights abuse.<a href="#_ftn436" name="_ftnref436" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn436;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[436]</span></span></span></span></a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><i><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">2008 SRSG Report 8/5 Addenda 1 (Summary
Multi-Stakeholder Consultations)</span></i><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">. This Addendum summarized five international consultations
that were hosted in 2007, and co-convened with a non-governmental organization.
They addressed the broad range of issues addressed to specialists in the 2007
SRSG Report (Mapping) 4/35 Addenda<a href="#_ftn437" name="_ftnref437" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn437;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[437]</span></span></span></span></a> but
this time addressed to the civil society sector. The core questions on State
duty focused on the obligations of home states.<a href="#_ftn438" name="_ftnref438" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn438;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[438]</span></span></span></span></a> The
core questions touching on corporate responsibility<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>focused on the meaning of that responsibility
(doing no harm) applicable in all situations and with respect to all human
rights.<a href="#_ftn439" name="_ftnref439" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn439;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[439]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The tensions with the perspectives from
enterprises specified in the 2007 Report addenda are clear. <a href="#_ftn440" name="_ftnref440" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn440;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[440]</span></span></span></span></a> The
issue of human rights in conflict zones was also considered.<a href="#_ftn441" name="_ftnref441" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn441;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[441]</span></span></span></span></a>Lastly
the focus on accountability mechanisms focused in substantial part on
non-judicial grievance mechanisms.<a href="#_ftn442" name="_ftnref442" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn442;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[442]</span></span></span></span></a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">Part II, on the role of States,<a href="#_ftn443" name="_ftnref443" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn443;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[443]</span></span></span></span></a> had as
its goal “full and frank discussion . . . under non-attribution rules”<a href="#_ftn444" name="_ftnref444" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn444;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[444]</span></span></span></span></a> that
“aimed to generate key ideas concerning the legal and policy dimensions of home
as well as host State duties and their implications for the SRSG’s mandate.”<a href="#_ftn445" name="_ftnref445" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn445;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[445]</span></span></span></span></a> The
consultations offered an opportunity to preview the insight—one that would make
its way into the UNGP and the 211SRSG Report, that “he saw no “single silver
bullet” solution to the many issues raised in his mandate, including States’
roles.”<a href="#_ftn446" name="_ftnref446" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn446;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[446]</span></span></span></span></a> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">The SRSG<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>extracted <i>two principle insights</i> from the consultations. Both
served as intimations of permissions of sorts. In the first, the SRSG noted
that the consultations “indicated how much progress had been achieved in the
business and human rights debate since the beginning of the mandate.”<a href="#_ftn447" name="_ftnref447" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn447;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[447]</span></span></span></span></a> That
progress is borne on the backs of “an emerging community of actors who, while
approaching the challenges from different perspectives, nevertheless are
working to improve current practices.”<a href="#_ftn448" name="_ftnref448" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn448;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[448]</span></span></span></span></a> The
SRSG then suggests that these factors contribute to a growing recognition that
the status quo<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“provides neither
sufficient guidance to companies and Governments, nor sufficient protection to
individuals and communities.”<a href="#_ftn449" name="_ftnref449" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn449;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[449]</span></span></span></span></a> In the
second, the SGSG concluded that given the pace and nature of international law
making, “all available options must be pursued.”<a href="#_ftn450" name="_ftnref450" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn450;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[450]</span></span></span></span></a> These
options include regulatory mechanisms that are not international law
instruments.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the short and medium
term, however, there was always the State that might explore concrete steps<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“to improve corporate respect for human
rights.”<a href="#_ftn451" name="_ftnref451" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn451;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[451]</span></span></span></span></a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">Part III, on business and human rights in
conflict zones,<a href="#_ftn452" name="_ftnref452" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn452;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[452]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>has as an object fulfilling the SRSG’s
mandate to consider the role of States in effectively regulating, including
through international cooperation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Since, the SRSG noted that since the most egregious human rights
violations occur in conflict zones, it seemed an appropriate focus for a
consultation.<a href="#_ftn453" name="_ftnref453" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn453;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[453]</span></span></span></span></a> More
specifically, the SRSG sought to focus<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>on the role of home States when “their” companies operate in conflict
zones abroad.<a href="#_ftn454" name="_ftnref454" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn454;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[454]</span></span></span></span></a> The
questions for consideration centered on what home States could do to prevent or
deter abuses by their enterprises operating in conflict zones, what, if
anything States could do to prevent or deter such abuses, and how might States
deal with wrongdoing by their companies in conflict zones.<a href="#_ftn455" name="_ftnref455" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn455;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[455]</span></span></span></span></a> The
participants appeared dissatisfied with<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>the role of States in addressing business and human rights concerns in
conflict zones.<a href="#_ftn456" name="_ftnref456" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn456;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[456]</span></span></span></span></a> States
lag behind other institutions in confronting conflict zone issues, and are more
interested in promoting trade than in preventing adverse human rights impacts,
and that some form of State due diligence ought to be developed<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>before encouraging their enterprises to
operate in conflict zones.<a href="#_ftn457" name="_ftnref457" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn457;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[457]</span></span></span></span></a>
Proposed “next steps” included better engagement between home and host states,
specific guidance for enterprises interacting with military forces and belligerents,,
better provision of information and advice for business people, identification
of simple triggers for home State engagement, better policy alignment in home
States, and cooperation among home States.<a href="#_ftn458" name="_ftnref458" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn458;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[458]</span></span></span></span></a> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">Part IV, on the corporate responsibility to
respect human rights,<a href="#_ftn459" name="_ftnref459" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn459;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[459]</span></span></span></span></a>
continued consultations reported in the Addenda to the 2007 SRSG Reports. The
consultation provided a number of insights that reflected their particular
perspectives. It was assumed that society expects corporations have to respect
human rights<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and that in these societies
corporations believe they must; the essence of respect means “non-infringement”
and “do no harm” which encompasses positive obligations; the scope of respect
may increase where the enterprise performs governmental functions (undefined) and
voluntarily; and lastly that philanthropy was rejected as a mechanism for
offsetting harm.<a href="#_ftn460" name="_ftnref460" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn460;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[460]</span></span></span></span></a> The
consultation focused on due diligence as a means of implementing the “do no
harm” principle.<a href="#_ftn461" name="_ftnref461" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn461;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[461]</span></span></span></span></a>The
SGSG took from this consultation the understanding that “there was broad
acceptance of the underlying premise of the consultation, that companies have a
responsibility to respect human rights, and of due diligence as a useful
overarching concept enabling companies to operationalize the responsibility to
respect.”<a href="#_ftn462" name="_ftnref462" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn462;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[462]</span></span></span></span></a>
And the consultation provided an important contribution for the work of the
SRSG in fleshing out the three pillar framework he introduced in his 2008 SRSG
Report 8/5 (Protect, Respect, Remedy). </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">Part V, “Corporations and Human Rights:
Accountability Mechanisms for Resolving Complaints and Disputes,”<a href="#_ftn463" name="_ftnref463" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn463;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[463]</span></span></span></span></a> was
the second of two events in which selected experts were brought together to
advise on means to improve “effectiveness of grievance/dispute resolution
mechanisms “in the business and human rights arena.”<a href="#_ftn464" name="_ftnref464" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn464;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[464]</span></span></span></span></a> All
sorts of representatives were<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>assembled
from a broad range of stakeholder groups with an interest in this project.<a href="#_ftn465" name="_ftnref465" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn465;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[465]</span></span></span></span></a> Again,
grievance mechanisms were split between internal mechanisms and external
private or hybrid mechanisms.<a href="#_ftn466" name="_ftnref466" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn466;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[466]</span></span></span></span></a> The
discussions were built around a set of core assumptions;<a href="#_ftn467" name="_ftnref467" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn467;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[467]</span></span></span></span></a> these
assumptions provided the normative structures within which the UNGP were to be
developed. To aid that development in this context, a draft document
“Principles for Effective Human Rights-Based Grievance Mechanisms” was
circulated.<a href="#_ftn468" name="_ftnref468" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn468;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[468]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">Four principles were articulated: First is the
principle of judicial process supremacy as a means of building accountability
structures into non-state based grievance processes. Second, the connection
between grievance processes and judicial oversight is underdeveloped, and in
any case judicial processes as a substitute may be too drawn out and expensive
to serve as a viable avenue for remedy. Third, all parties share an interest in
avoiding escalation that makes litigation a viable venue for remedy. Fourth,
these “extra-judicial mechanisms” then can be understood to play <i>an
important complementary role</i> in the business and human rights context, in
the way, perhaps, that markets play an important complementary role in
Marxist-Leninist political-economic systems. Complementarity beyond internal
enterprise based grievance mechanisms<a href="#_ftn469" name="_ftnref469" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn469;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[469]</span></span></span></span></a> were
then divided into three broad categories, each occupying a more generalized
jurisdictional space: (1) national level mechanisms; (2) multi-stakeholder and
industry initiatives; and (3) multi-lateral initiatives.<a href="#_ftn470" name="_ftnref470" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn470;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[470]</span></span></span></span></a> With
respect to these, SRSG noted consensus on four strategic themes that emerged
from the discussion: “going beyond monitoring, increasing local ownership,
exploring strategic and operational integration with one another, and paying
greater attention to actual drivers of operational effectiveness.<a href="#_ftn471" name="_ftnref471" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn471;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[471]</span></span></span></span></a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><i><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">2008 SRSG Report 8/5 Addenda 2 (Corporate Abuse)</span></i><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">. This Addendum presented
the results of a survey<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>of the scope and
patterns of alleged corporate-related human rights abuse. Allegations of abuse
were assessed against the International Bill of Human Rights, though environmental
harms were assessed for their adverse human rights impacts.<a href="#_ftn472" name="_ftnref472" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn472;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[472]</span></span></span></span></a> The
Summary highlighted the finds of greatest impact on its authors, and thus
provide<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>some indication of intent
/design in crafting and reading the UNGPs. First, corporate abuse allegations
included the “full range of human rights.” Second, instances of abuses often
generated impacts on more than one identifiable human right. Third, adverse
human rights impacts there were not remedied often produced adverse impacts on
other rights. Fourth, there was a connection between environmental harms and
adverse human rights impacts. Fifth, corruption was both a cause and
contributor to adverse human rights impacts. Sixth, impacts on individuals and
communities appeared to occur at equal rates. Seventh, more than a majority of
the alleged abuses considered directly involved the enterprise. Eighth,
indirect corporate involvement involved third parties with whom the enterprise
had a relationship.<a href="#_ftn473" name="_ftnref473" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn473;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[473]</span></span></span></span></a> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">The SRSG offered a set of conclusions divided
into six parts.<a href="#_ftn474" name="_ftnref474" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn474;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[474]</span></span></span></span></a> First,
the traditional assumption of an identity between human rights abuses and the
workplace<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“does not appear to hold. . .</span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">it seems just as common for corporations to face
accusations of impact on the rights of communities as it is for them to face
accusations of impact on the rights of workers.”<a href="#_ftn475" name="_ftnref475" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn475;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[475]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Second, the SRSG noted the occurrence of
adverse impacts domino effects; “ While some company conduct does indeed have
an immediately identifiable and discrete impact on human rights, . . . abusive
conduct more frequently indicates -or even creates - an environment where
abuses multiply.”<a href="#_ftn476" name="_ftnref476" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn476;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[476]</span></span></span></span></a> Third,
it is difficult to extract enterprise conduct from the “social struggles” whose
operations may sometimes magnify adverse impacts that leak from those
struggles.<a href="#_ftn477" name="_ftnref477" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn477;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[477]</span></span></span></span></a>
The consequence may be to drag the enterprise into those struggles. Fourth,
complicity remains a substantial issue, even where the complicity does not rise
to the level of legal culpability in the states where it occurs.<a href="#_ftn478" name="_ftnref478" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn478;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[478]</span></span></span></span></a> Fifth,
the link between environmental and human rights adverse impacts is now beyond
question, at least in context.<a href="#_ftn479" name="_ftnref479" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn479;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[479]</span></span></span></span></a>
Lastly, the failure to respond to allegations of adverse human rights impact,
abuse, may augment efforts to seek remedy and might impact corporate
operations.<a href="#_ftn480" name="_ftnref480" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn480;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[480]</span></span></span></span></a>
The SRSG had his evidentiary support for what would emerge as the framework for
the application a the prevent, mitigate, remedy principle, through the
accountability measures to be built into human rights due diligence systems, in
the UNGPs.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">3.2.4.4 <i>2008 SRSG Report 8/16 Clarifying
Concepts.<a href="#_ftn481" name="_ftnref481" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn481;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[481]</span></b></span></span></span></a></i>
The issue of spheres of influence and complicity had arisen in the 2007
Reports.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The SRSG thought it important
to provide a further clarification in the context of the now interposed
“Protect, Respect, Remedy” framework put forward in the 2008 SRSG Report 8/5
(Protect, Respect, Remedy). This Report was written to justify rejection of the
concept of “sphere of influence” as too broad to work within the emerging
framework of human rights due diligence, and to justify the inclusion of a
broadened concept of complicity within that framework.<a href="#_ftn482" name="_ftnref482" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn482;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[482]</span></span></span></span></a> The
basis of these conclusions were derived, in part, from their value to the
corporate due diligence system that was becoming a focal point of the corporate
responsibility in action.<a href="#_ftn483" name="_ftnref483" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn483;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[483]</span></span></span></span></a> Drawing
on some of the insights from the empirical work disseminated in the Addenda to
the 2007 and 2008 Reports, the SRSG offered a contextual and relational
approach in lieu of the “spere of influence” concept.<a href="#_ftn484" name="_ftnref484" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn484;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[484]</span></span></span></span></a> These
are built around the core premise of the mandate, and ultimately, of the UNGP:
to “respect rights essentially means not to infringe on the rights of others,
put simply, to do no harm.”<a href="#_ftn485" name="_ftnref485" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn485;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[485]</span></span></span></span></a> That
core premise is not absolute—it is understood in the context, also eventually
embedded in the UNGP, of “prevent, mitigate, and remedy.”<a href="#_ftn486" name="_ftnref486" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn486;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[486]</span></span></span></span></a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">The discussion of “sphere of influence” was
organized<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in three parts.<a href="#_ftn487" name="_ftnref487" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn487;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[487]</span></span></span></span></a> The
first considered the concept as a function of its origins and current usage.<a href="#_ftn488" name="_ftnref488" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn488;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[488]</span></span></span></span></a> The
second explained the way in which the concept no longer served its purpose, in
part because of the changes in the way that enterprises now seek to determine,
re precisely, their social responsibilities.<a href="#_ftn489" name="_ftnref489" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn489;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[489]</span></span></span></span></a> The
key weaknesses were imprecision and ambiguity; also problematic was the way in
which the term leverage was used. The third outlined an alternative approach
that was more intimately aligned with the emerging concept of human rights due
diligence as a system of accountability within the broader understanding of
corporate responsibility.<a href="#_ftn490" name="_ftnref490" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn490;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[490]</span></span></span></span></a> Within
the concept of due diligence, it was possible to subsume the objectives of
spheres of influence and leverage (the latter term did survive and found its
way into Principle 19 of the UNGPs) within a contextual, and relational
analysis, one that reflected the fundamental inductive nature of the framework
and analytics that would eventually be memorialized in the UNGP. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">The process inevitably will be inductive and
fact-based, but the principles guiding it can be stated succinctly. Companies
should consider three sets of factors. The first is the country contexts in
which their business activities take place, to highlight any specific human
rights challenges they may pose. The second is what human rights impacts their
own activities may have within that context, for example, in their capacity as
producers, service providers, employers, and neighbours. The third is whether they
might contribute to abuse through the relationships connected to their
activities, such as with business partners, suppliers, State agencies, and
other non-State actors. How far or how deep this process must go will depend on
circumstances.<a href="#_ftn491" name="_ftnref491" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn491;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[491]</span></span></span></span></a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">Complicity was another matter. The SRSG developed
two principles.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The first was that
complicity was an inherent concept within the corporate responsibility to
respect human rights,<a href="#_ftn492" name="_ftnref492" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn492;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[492]</span></span></span></span></a>
understood as avoiding adverse human rights impacts from corporate economic
activity.<a href="#_ftn493" name="_ftnref493" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn493;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[493]</span></span></span></span></a>
The second was that complicity had two quite different manifestations. One
spoke to legal complicity and suggested the spaces where State duty and
corporate responsibility aligned.<a href="#_ftn494" name="_ftnref494" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn494;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[494]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The second spoke to complicity as understood
within the customs, traditions, and expectations of the communities within
which the enterprise operated. These arose not merely from the market, but also
from the expectations that were expressed in public and private international
soft law instruments. <a href="#_ftn495" name="_ftnref495" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn495;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[495]</span></span></span></span></a> While
complicity in this sense did not rise to a matter of legal compliance de jure;
it had the de facto effect of legal compliance, at least within the sphere of
corporate responsibility under the emerging second pillar. Both ought to be
understood as essential elements of the due diligence systems of enterprises.<a href="#_ftn496" name="_ftnref496" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn496;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[496]</span></span></span></span></a> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>With this as a general framework, the SRSG
concluded that complicity operated within a dynamic and messy reality.<a href="#_ftn497" name="_ftnref497" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn497;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[497]</span></span></span></span></a> But
the unifying concept was the resulting pr aligned abuse. “In short, both
operating in contexts where abuses occur and the appearance of benefiting from
such abuses should serve as red flags for companies to ensure that they
exercise due diligence, adapted for the specific context of their operations.”<a href="#_ftn498" name="_ftnref498" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn498;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[498]</span></span></span></span></a> With
respect to both spheres of influence and complicity, then, and what defines the
scope of due diligence function, enterprises “should focus not only on the
company’s own business activities, but also on the relationships associated
with those activities, to ensure that the company is not complicit, or
otherwise implicated in human rights harms caused by others.”<a href="#_ftn499" name="_ftnref499" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn499;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[499]</span></span></span></span></a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><i><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">3.2.4.5<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The 2008 Report 63/270 GA</span></i><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">.<a href="#_ftn500" name="_ftnref500" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn500;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[500]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This Report was submitted pursuant to the requirements
of the extension of the SRSG’s mandate<a href="#_ftn501" name="_ftnref501" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn501;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[501]</span></span></span></span></a>that
the SRSG report annually to the UNGA. This report outlined generally the
Protect, Respect, and Remedy framework, which had been welcomed by the UNHRC at
the time that the SRSG’s mandate had been extended.<a href="#_ftn502" name="_ftnref502" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn502;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[502]</span></span></span></span></a> It
also outlined the SRSG’s the anticipated work streams to operationalize the
framework.<a href="#_ftn503" name="_ftnref503" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn503;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[503]</span></span></span></span></a>
The Report to the General Assembly does not add much substantively.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It does, however, provide a window on intent,
which might be gleaned from the text. The Report is divided into three parts.
The first focused on a description of the Protect, Respect, and Remedy
framework.<a href="#_ftn504" name="_ftnref504" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn504;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[504]</span></span></span></span></a>
The SRSG then describes his “Next Steps” divided among the three pillars.<a href="#_ftn505" name="_ftnref505" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn505;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[505]</span></span></span></span></a>
Lastly, the SRSG provided the UNGA with an update on activities.<a href="#_ftn506" name="_ftnref506" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn506;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[506]</span></span></span></span></a> The
SRSG ends on a somewhat dramatic note: “The business and human rights agenda is
enormously complex and much hangs in the balance: the rights of individuals to
enjoy lives of dignity, the role of business in achieving economic development
and the social sustainability of globalization itself.”<a href="#_ftn507" name="_ftnref507" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn507;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[507]</span></span></span></span></a> The
SRSG underscored the value added of his data based inductive approach<a href="#_ftn508" name="_ftnref508" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn508;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[508]</span></span></span></span></a> to the
challenges of embedding human rights impact into the calculus of economic
activity, and the normalization of principles of prevent-mitigate-remedy in the
risk calculus of choices in the way enterprises undertake business activity. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">With respect to the three pillar framework’s
development, the SRSG provided his sense of the historical developments of the
Norms and its abandonment that led to his mandate.<a href="#_ftn509" name="_ftnref509" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn509;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[509]</span></span></span></span></a> He
spoke to the knowledge acquired after extensive consultation over three years.<a href="#_ftn510" name="_ftnref510" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn510;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[510]</span></span></span></span></a> From
this the SGSG drew <i>a common theme: a sustained demand</i> across stakeholder
groups for “a common framework<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>of
understanding of the complex business and human rights challenges, a foundation
on which thinking and action could build in a cumulative fashion.”<a href="#_ftn511" name="_ftnref511" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn511;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[511]</span></span></span></span></a> The
common theme is quite interesting for what it says and what it doesn’t. First
the SRSG suggested that the common framework was demand driven. He suggested
that the <i>Norms</i> failed to satisfy that demand because it was ultimately
unresponsive. The object of desire was not a code, or law—it was a framework.
And it is the construction of that object toward which the SRSG moved—to meet
demand. The purpose of the object was not to provide answers but rather a
common framework for understanding—effectively what was demanded was a
collective language which could serve as a basis of normative and communicative
solidarity among a widely diverse set of stakeholder groups within the wider
collective. The purpose then, was semiotic collective meaning making through conceptual
objects strung together by a common language.<a href="#_ftn512" name="_ftnref512" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn512;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[512]</span></span></span></span></a> That
meaning, inductively derived, is meant to be dynamic; it is meant ot serve as a
platform where consumers and producers of this framework might think and act in
a cumulative fashion to continue the evolution of the framework in accord with
the times. That was the intention/design the SRSG conveyed to the UNGA. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">That common theme required a framework; and the
framework developed through the SRSG’s inductive, data based, process of
principled pragmatism was Protect-Respect-Remedy.<a href="#_ftn513" name="_ftnref513" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn513;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[513]</span></span></span></span></a> The
State duty brought the State back into the business and human rights equation.<a href="#_ftn514" name="_ftnref514" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn514;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[514]</span></span></span></span></a> The
corporate responsibility advanced the core principle that economic activity
ought to do no harm—at least harm with adverse human rights impacts.<a href="#_ftn515" name="_ftnref515" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn515;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[515]</span></span></span></span></a> The
right to remedy provides the methodologies where human (public or private)
activity produces adverse human rights impacts. <a href="#_ftn516" name="_ftnref516" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn516;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[516]</span></span></span></span></a> The
SRSG then noted that the three pillar framework (unlike the Norms) appeared to
satisfy demand.<a href="#_ftn517" name="_ftnref517" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn517;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[517]</span></span></span></span></a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">For Next Steps, the SRSG offered a seven point
list.<a href="#_ftn518" name="_ftnref518" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn518;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[518]</span></span></span></span></a>
These were built around operationization of the three pillar framework. To
achieve these objectives the SRSG promised wide consultations would continue,
and that “a high-level leadership group from diverse sectors and regions” would
be convened “to provide ongoing strategic and substantive advice.<a href="#_ftn519" name="_ftnref519" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn519;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[519]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The inter-relationship between both groups
was unspecified. More specifics on goals for fleshing out the three pillars was
then offered.<a href="#_ftn520" name="_ftnref520" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn520;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[520]</span></span></span></span></a>
It is here, in the context of the corporate responsibility, that the SRSG notes
that he is “embarking on a process to elaborate a set of guiding principles on
the scope and content of the corporate responsibility to respect human rights,
including due diligence requirements and the related accountability measures.”<a href="#_ftn521" name="_ftnref521" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn521;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[521]</span></span></span></span></a> <i>It
is the only place in the Report that the term appears</i>. Lastly, the SRSG
updates on activities<a href="#_ftn522" name="_ftnref522" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn522;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[522]</span></span></span></span></a>
describes the SRSG activities. They might be read as aligning with the
objective of meeting and knowing consumer demand to inform the construction of
the promised framework operationalization instrument. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">3.2.4.
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">2009 Reports.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">For 2009, the SRSG produced two reports. One, the
2009 SRSG Report 11/13 (Operationalizing),<a href="#_ftn523" name="_ftnref523" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn523;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[523]</span></span></span></span></a>
also included an Addendum on the State obligation to provide access to remedy
for human rights abuses by third parties.<a href="#_ftn524" name="_ftnref524" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn524;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[524]</span></span></span></span></a>
The other was a required annual report to the UNGA related to the SRSG’s work
for the year.<a href="#_ftn525" name="_ftnref525" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn525;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[525]</span></span></span></span></a>
</span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><i><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">3.2.5.1 2009 SRSG
Report 11/13 (Operationalizing)</span></i><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.<a href="#_ftn526" name="_ftnref526" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn526;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[526]</span></span></span></span></a>
This Report outlines the strategic directions of the SRSG’s efforts to
operationalize the Protect-Respect-Remedy Framework. This direction is in part
a product of prior reports as well as of the sentiments expressed on the
renewal of the SRSG’s mandate. “This marked the first time the Council or its
predecessor had taken a substantive policy position on business and human
rights.”<a href="#_ftn527" name="_ftnref527" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn527;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[527]</span></sup></span></sup></a>
</span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">To
effectuate these objectives, the 2009 Report began the process of considering
methodologies and structures for converting framing principles into governance
orders, that is, “to translate the framework into practical guiding
principles.”<a href="#_ftn528" name="_ftnref528" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn528;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[528]</span></sup></span></sup></a>
For that purpose, states are assumed to act “through<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>appropriate policies, regulation and
adjudication.”<a href="#_ftn529" name="_ftnref529" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn529;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[529]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Corporations are assumed to act “with due
diligence to avoid infringing the rights of other.“<a href="#_ftn530" name="_ftnref530" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn530;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[530]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The remedial aspect of the framework are to
lead to “greater access by victims to effective remedy, judicial and
non-judicial.”<a href="#_ftn531" name="_ftnref531" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn531;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[531]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The 2009 Report provides “an update on steps
the Special Representative has taken towards operationalizing the framework,
and it addresses of issues related to it that have emerged from ongoing
consultations.”<a href="#_ftn532" name="_ftnref532" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn532;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[532]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>To get to operationalization
issues, the SRSG first had to consider the impact of the financial crisis of
2008 on the regulatory project represented by the Protect-Respect-Remedy
framework. The SRSG suggested that the economic crisis proved his point of the
consequences of a regulatory or governance gap. <a href="#_ftn533" name="_ftnref533" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn533;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[533]</span></sup></span></sup></a> More
than that, the crisis suggested the importance of the framework for
ameliorating the worst effects of economic crisis on the most vulnerable
populations.<a href="#_ftn534" name="_ftnref534" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn534;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[534]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Indeed, the economic crisis itself appeared
to present an opportunity, which the SRSG aims to identify “in the business and
human rights domain and demonstrate how they can be grasped and acted upon.”<a href="#_ftn535" name="_ftnref535" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn535;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[535]</span></sup></span></sup></a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">1. <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">State Duty to Protect</span></i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
object of the 2009 Report was “to provide views and recommendations on
strengthening the fulfillment of the State duty to protect against corporate
related human rights abuse.”<a href="#_ftn536" name="_ftnref536" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn536;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[536]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For this purpose, the SRSG summarized the
duty’s content and identified relevant business-related policy areas relevant
to that duty.<a href="#_ftn537" name="_ftnref537" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn537;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[537]</span></sup></span></sup></a></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
SRSG embraces the assumption that “Governments are the most appropriate
entities to make the difficult decisions required to reconcile different
societal needs.”</span><a href="#_ftn538" name="_ftnref538" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn538;" title=""><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[538]</span></sup></span></span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">The state duty to protect, for the SRSG, is bound up in the supremacy of
international law obligations of states over domestic legal considerations.</span><a href="#_ftn539" name="_ftnref539" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn539;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[539]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The State duty is grounded in international
law, which both creates substantive rules and imposes on States a duty to
transpose those substantive commands into domestic law.<a href="#_ftn540" name="_ftnref540" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn540;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[540]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Thus transposed, these legal requirements
ought to protect individuals against abuses by any person or entity operating
within a national territory.<a href="#_ftn541" name="_ftnref541" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn541;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[541]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>On the other hand, the “extraterritorial
dimension of the duty remains unsettled in international law.”<a href="#_ftn542" name="_ftnref542" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn542;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[542]</span></sup></span></sup></a>
But neither does international law and legal principles proscribe the practice
either, so long as there is some jurisdictional basis for it and the
reasonableness test is satisfied.<a href="#_ftn543" name="_ftnref543" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn543;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[543]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>States “have long been aware
of the range of measures required of them in relation to abuse by State
agents.”<a href="#_ftn544" name="_ftnref544" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn544;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[544]</span></sup></span></sup></a>
But they have failed to enact the broad range of measures necessary to
transpose all of the requirements of international law into their domestic
legal orders.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The result is what the
SRSG describes as broad ranging horizontal and vertical legal and policy
incoherence that substantially detracts from the State’s duty.<a href="#_ftn545" name="_ftnref545" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn545;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[545]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Incoherence at all levels is a significant
issue when considering the adoption of human rights standards.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Vertical incoherence exists when states sign
on to human rights obligations but then never implement them.<a href="#_ftn546" name="_ftnref546" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn546;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[546]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Horizontal incoherence exists when different
departments and agencies conduct their operations in isolation and know nothing
about the government’s obligations.<a href="#_ftn547" name="_ftnref547" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn547;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[547]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“Domestic policy incoherence is reproduced at
the international level.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This results in
ambiguous and mixed messages to business and Governments and international
organizations.”<a href="#_ftn548" name="_ftnref548" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn548;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[548]</span></sup></span></sup></a> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The challenges to the
realization of the State duty to protect has begun to be addressed by four
legal developments studied in prior reports—the harmonization of international
standards for global crimes, an emerging standard of corporate complicity in human
rights abuses, the use of deviations from conventional corporate culture for
determination of criminal responsibility, and a rise in civil cases brought in
the courts of developing states against corporations for human rights abuses.<a href="#_ftn549" name="_ftnref549" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn549;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[549]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Policy developments have focused on the
elaboration of increasingly complete corporate social responsibility projects.<a href="#_ftn550" name="_ftnref550" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn550;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[550]</span></sup></span></sup></a>
These policy developments might provide a useful source for improving the state
duty to protect.<a href="#_ftn551" name="_ftnref551" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn551;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[551]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The SRSG continues to look to
other policy domains that are closely related to the States’ duty to protect;
these include corporate law, investment and trade agreements, and international
cooperation, for the most part with respect to conflict affected areas.<a href="#_ftn552" name="_ftnref552" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn552;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[552]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Each is described in turn.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Corporate law shapes what
corporations do and how they do it; but there are always serious implications
of it with respect to human rights.<a href="#_ftn553" name="_ftnref553" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn553;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[553]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There is now a shifting trend as governments
and courts are introducing more public interest considerations into law.<a href="#_ftn554" name="_ftnref554" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn554;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[554]</span></sup></span></sup></a>
Recent innovations in English and Danish law were highlighted, as were proposed
legislation in India and caselaw in the United States were highlighted.<a href="#_ftn555" name="_ftnref555" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn555;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[555]</span></sup></span></sup></a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Investment and Trade
Agreements remain important engines of economic growth, but the hard part is to
avoid the back and forth protectionist policies that will simply hinder any
future growth.<a href="#_ftn556" name="_ftnref556" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn556;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[556]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Other problems arise when governments cannot
fulfill certain policy obligations if they are constrained by treaties.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This problem is exacerbated<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>when investors have “stabilization
provisions” or “host Government agreements” that give investors more
predictability and other legal safeguards.<a href="#_ftn557" name="_ftnref557" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn557;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[557]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There is a difference in these cases if the
country is an OECD or not.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The SRSG has
found that in recent agreements, OECD countries do not allow exemptions from
new laws for investors, with minor exceptions that allowed the clauses to be
tailored to preserve public interests.<a href="#_ftn558" name="_ftnref558" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn558;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[558]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In non-OECD countries, there is generally
some protection from compliance with new environmental or social laws, or even
provide compensation for compliance all to promote greater investment in that
jurisdiction.<a href="#_ftn559" name="_ftnref559" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn559;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[559]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ruggie is still consulting with experts on
whether and how trade regimes can limit or enable the state duty to protect.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>International Cooperation
“involves States working together through awareness raising, capacity building
and joint problem solving.”<a href="#_ftn560" name="_ftnref560" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn560;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[560]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But several factors currently limit the
effectiveness of international cooperation efforts. States are not using
existing forums as effectively as they could so it won’t be possible to enhance
peer learning as required.<a href="#_ftn561" name="_ftnref561" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn561;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[561]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The SRSG is reaching out beyond UN Human
Rights mechanisms and welcomes new ideas.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Capacity-building within states is an important issue since most states
do not put human rights high on the priority list.<a href="#_ftn562" name="_ftnref562" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn562;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[562]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This cooperation for joint problem-solving is
important in conflict resolution areas, though this cannot be expected in
societies with civil war or strife, which is why the most egregious human
rights violations occur in countries torn apart.<a href="#_ftn563" name="_ftnref563" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn563;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[563]</span></sup></span></sup></a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">2. Corporate Responsibility to Respect</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Companies know that they must comply with
laws to maintain their legal license to operate, but some have realized that
that is not enough to maintain their social license to operate, especially if
the local law is weak.<a href="#_ftn564" name="_ftnref564" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn564;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[564]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Social license is based on prevailing social
norms which can be just as important as legal norms.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Many of these social norms vary by region and
industry, but one has near universal recognition – the corporate responsibility
to respect human rights, or to not infringe on the rights of others.<a href="#_ftn565" name="_ftnref565" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn565;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[565]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The corporate responsibility to respect
exists independently of any state duty or variation of national law.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The SRSG asked companies if
they had systems in place which would aid them in demonstrating claims of
respect for human rights with a degree of confidence.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>What is required of companies “is an ongoing
process of human rights due diligence, whereby companies become aware of,
prevent, and mitigate adverse human rights impacts.”<a href="#_ftn566" name="_ftnref566" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn566;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[566]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There are three essential ranges of factors
necessary for a company’s human rights due diligence process, including: the
country and local context in which the business activity takes place; what
impacts the company’s own activities may have within that context, in its
capacity as producer, service provider, employer and neighbor, and
understanding that its presence inevitably will change many pre-existing
conditions; and whether and how the company might contribute to abuse through
the relationships connected to its activities, such as with business partners,
entities in its value chain, other non-State actors, and State agents.<a href="#_ftn567" name="_ftnref567" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn567;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[567]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The SRSG announced more consultations to
further operationalize the corporate responsibility to respect human rights and
other due diligence issues.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Two issues have arisen in
understanding the corporate responsibility to respect human rights:
demystifying human rights and the understanding of due diligence.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The main problem is that States have
developed human rights concepts for states, and not for companies, thus making
it difficult for companies to understand them.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>As the Protect, Respect and Remedy Framework is being used to split the
complementary responsibilities of both states and companies, it is difficult to
determine where each actor stands in the human rights agenda.<a href="#_ftn568" name="_ftnref568" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn568;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[568]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The SRSG considers “Positive Acts” – acts by
a company that require the use of due diligence to become aware of, prevent,
and address adverse human rights impacts.<a href="#_ftn569" name="_ftnref569" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn569;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[569]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These underlying principles must always be
considered, regardless of varying situational factors.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The SRSG then considered what
is beyond respect.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Though the
responsibility to respect human rights is a baseline responsibility for all
companies in all situations, companies can undertake greater responsibility voluntarily
or in a philanthropic sense.<a href="#_ftn570" name="_ftnref570" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn570;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[570]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At this point it is still unclear which
responsibilities should be attributed to companies.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A dilemma exists for companies when national
law contradicts and does not offer the same level of protection as
international human rights standards.<a href="#_ftn571" name="_ftnref571" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn571;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[571]</span></sup></span></sup></a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>With respect to due diligence,
on the other hand, the SRSG addressed four issues in the context of human
rights.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The first touched on life cycle
issues.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Due Diligence is commonly
defined as ‘diligence reasonably expected from, and ordinarily exercised by, a
person who seeks to satisfy a legal requirement or to discharge an obligation.”<a href="#_ftn572" name="_ftnref572" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn572;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[572]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But Ruggie used the term more broadly: “a
comprehensive, proactive attempt to uncover human rights risks, actual and
potential, over the entire <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">life cycle</i>
of a project or business activity, with the aim of avoiding and mitigating
those risks.”<a href="#_ftn573" name="_ftnref573" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn573;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[573]</span></sup></span></sup></a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">The second set of issues touch on business role
and size.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The SRSG starts from the
assumption that companies of all sizes should internalize human rights
principles, though the methods employed can be different and are not yet fully
understood.<a href="#_ftn574" name="_ftnref574" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn574;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[574]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Small and medium sized companies must
consider their human rights impacts as well, but the scale and complexity of
their due diligence cannot compare with that of a larger company.<a href="#_ftn575" name="_ftnref575" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn575;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[575]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Suppliers must also be considered as
companies want to avoid charges of complicity due to their suppliers’
violations.<a href="#_ftn576" name="_ftnref576" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn576;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[576]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ruggie has continued to explore how
businesses of different sizes and roles can affect human rights due diligence
and is working to create an elaboration of human rights due diligence that can
apply to all businesses.<a href="#_ftn577" name="_ftnref577" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn577;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[577]</span></sup></span></sup></a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The SRSG next considers issues
of methodology, which he labels: Free Standing? The issue considers whether
human rights policies be integrated into company conventional monitoring
processes or whether it should be free standing.<a href="#_ftn578" name="_ftnref578" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn578;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[578]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A single policy is unlikely to fit all
situations, but two principles are critical: 1- companies must realize that
human rights demand meaningful engagement with all parties affected within and
beyond the company; and 2- oversight of the compliance method must have direct
access to the company’s leadership.<a href="#_ftn579" name="_ftnref579" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn579;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[579]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As most due diligence policies would likely
be similar for all companies, the use and integration of a human rights policy
within companies would probably be similar.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Thus a standard would likely emerge that all companies could follow
successfully.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">The last set of issues concerned liability:<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>whether companies, through following
human rights due diligence requirements, could expose themselves to potential
liability because it could provide other parties with information they could
use against the company that they would not otherwise have had.<a href="#_ftn580" name="_ftnref580" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn580;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[580]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A prudent company will follow the due
diligence process outlined by the SRSG which “encourages robust risk assessment
that is… highly advisable from a business perspective in today’s highly visible
and transparent environment.”<a href="#_ftn581" name="_ftnref581" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn581;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[581]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“[D]one properly, human rights due diligence
should create opportunities to mitigate risks and engage meaningfully with
stakeholders so that disingenuous lawsuits will find little support beyond the
individuals who file them.”<a href="#_ftn582" name="_ftnref582" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn582;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[582]</span></sup></span></sup></a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">3.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Access to Remedies</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The third pillar of the Framework is integral
to the entire framework as it is used to enforce the other duties and
responsibilities.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Four segments exist in
this pillar that must be considered when determining how to operationalize.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>State Obligations:</span></i><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> States are required to
take steps to investigate, punish and redress corporate-related abuses of human
rights within their jurisdiction.<a href="#_ftn583" name="_ftnref583" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn583;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[583]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“[T]he State obligation applies to corporate
abuse of all applicable human rights, it is unclear how far the individual
right to remedy extends to non-State abuses.”<a href="#_ftn584" name="_ftnref584" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn584;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[584]</span></sup></span></sup></a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Interplay between Judicial and Non-Judicial
Mechanisms:</span></i><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">
These two mechanisms are sometimes thought of as mutually exclusive, but in
fact, they are more interactive, even complementary, reinforcing, sequential,
or preventive.<a href="#_ftn585" name="_ftnref585" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn585;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[585]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Non-judicial mechanisms can be used earlier
and faster than judicial processes and where there is no cause for legal
action.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But each mechanism has its own
advantages and disadvantages which must be considered in the wide range of
options based on needs and circumstances.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Judicial Mechanisms:</span></i><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> The legal systems of
States are not enough to investigate, punish and redress abuses as significant
barriers still exist.<a href="#_ftn586" name="_ftnref586" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn586;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[586]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ruggie focused on barriers that are prominent
for victims of corporate related human rights abuses.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Some problems included: insufficient capacity
to deal with complex claims, costs of filing claims, loser pays policies, and
receiving judgments.<a href="#_ftn587" name="_ftnref587" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn587;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[587]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When making claims against the subsidiaries
of foreign parent companies it is even more difficult as there are
jurisdictional standards to be used while parent companies use their leverage
over governments.<a href="#_ftn588" name="_ftnref588" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn588;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[588]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>With criminal proceedings, even if it is a
valid claim, the state may not be willing, or able, to commit resources to the
claim.<a href="#_ftn589" name="_ftnref589" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn589;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[589]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The SRSG is continuing to research and
conduct consultations on barriers to judicial remedy, while also looking at
possible options to redress them.<a href="#_ftn590" name="_ftnref590" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn590;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[590]</span></sup></span></sup></a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Non-judicial Mechanisms:</span></i><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> six grievance mechanism
principles were considered from the 2008 report: legitimacy, accessibility,
predictability, equitability, rights-compatibility, and transparency.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The newest principle maintains that the company
should operate through dialogue and mediation as opposed to the company itself
as an adjudicator.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mechanisms exist at
the company level, the national level and the international level.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>At the company level,
effective grievance mechanisms play an important part in the corporate
responsibility to respect.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They
complement monitoring of human rights compliance and provide a channel for
early warning signs.<a href="#_ftn591" name="_ftnref591" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn591;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[591]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A number of influential companies have begun
experimenting with grievance mechanisms and related methodologies.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The SRSG also welcomed efforts to craft
principles for the operation of such systems by non-state transnational actors.<a href="#_ftn592" name="_ftnref592" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn592;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[592]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At the national level, national human rights
institutions (NHRIs) and the National Contact Points (NCPs ) of states that
adhere to OECD Guidelines are potentially important avenues for remedies at the
national level.<a href="#_ftn593" name="_ftnref593" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn593;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[593]</span></sup></span></sup></a>
NCPs stress the need for flexibility in its operation that reflects the
circumstances.<a href="#_ftn594" name="_ftnref594" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn594;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[594]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But governments have not given these efforts
sufficient support, despite treaty obligations that appear to compel a greater
level of support and institutionalization.<a href="#_ftn595" name="_ftnref595" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn595;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[595]</span></sup></span></sup></a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Lastly, at the international
Level, many “voluntary industry codes, multi-stakeholder initiatives and
investor-led standards have established grievance mechanisms.”<a href="#_ftn596" name="_ftnref596" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn596;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[596]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A major barrier to access of grievance
mechanisms is lack of information about them.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The SRSG has launched a wiki (BASESwiki.org) to address this issue.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A number of other proposals are outlined
within the report.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“[C]reating a single,
mandatory, non-judicial but adjudicative mechanism at the international level
poses greater difficulty”, though an alternate option would be to look at an
existing body with international standing that could offer mediation of human
rights disputes.<a href="#_ftn597" name="_ftnref597" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn597;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[597]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Currently, no solid plan has been identified
that could be used to address the issues raised here.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>For the SRSG, then, grievance
mechanisms serve as the heart of any remedy scheme.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“They are essential to ensuring access to
remedy for victims of corporate abuse.”<a href="#_ftn598" name="_ftnref598" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn598;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[598]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Again, the distinction between states as
law-system organs and corporations as social-system organs drives the
analysis.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>States enforce through the
elaboration of laws and standards enforced through its courts.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Corporations enforce through the elaboration
of governance systems that are grounded in surveillance and non-judicial
remedies.<a href="#_ftn599" name="_ftnref599" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn599;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[599]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“But too many barriers exist to accessing
judicial remedy, and too few non-judicial mechanisms meet the minimum
principles of effectiveness.”<a href="#_ftn600" name="_ftnref600" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn600;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[600]</span></sup></span></sup></a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i>3.2.5.2 The 2009 SRSG
Report 11/13 (Operationalizing) Addendum</i>. The Addendum to the SRSG’s 2009
Report 11/13 focused on the narrow question of “the scope of State obligations
to provide access to remedy for third party abuse, including by business”<a href="#_ftn601" name="_ftnref601" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn601;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[601]</span></span></span></span></a>under a
number of international human rights treaties. The Addendum is interesting for
a number of reasons, beyond its interpretation of the state of the law with
respect to the question interposed. The first was the use of the word
“endorsed” by the SRSG in reference to the UNHRC’s reception of his “Protect,
Respect, and Remedy” framework.<a href="#_ftn602" name="_ftnref602" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn602;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[602]</span></span></span></span></a> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Second, the SRSF presumes that the State duty
is grounded in international human rights law, but makes no mention of the
constitutional or general laws of the domestic legal orders which traditionally
have played some role. Third, the SRSG concedes that the remedial principle
tends to play a leading role in the characterization of the remedial
right.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Prevention and mitigation do not,
though the SRSG seeks to read something of a prevention, mitigation practice in
the operations of UN treaty bodies. However, “there remains a lack of clarity
as to the steps they should take to hold companies accountable.”<a href="#_ftn603" name="_ftnref603" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn603;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[603]</span></span></span></span></a> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">A similar predicament applies to extraterritorial
application of law or jurisdictional power of home states.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Here again, the SRSG relies on the operations
of the international apparatus to read an arc of development that favors a more
flexible approach to the projection of State power abroad—in the service of
remediation of adverse human rights impacts and grounded in a sufficient
quantum of relationships.<a href="#_ftn604" name="_ftnref604" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn604;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[604]</span></span></span></span></a> The
SRSG recognized the gap between domestic jurisprudence of access to remedy and
the right to remedy recognized in international instruments.<a href="#_ftn605" name="_ftnref605" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn605;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[605]</span></span></span></span></a> Again,
the SRSG would resort to international law to bridge the gap. He reads the
United Nations Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and
Reparation for Victims of Gross Violations of International Human Rights Law
and Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law<a href="#_ftn606" name="_ftnref606" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn606;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[606]</span></span></span></span></a> as a
restatement of existing State obligations and thus as an opening for moving
toward a broadening of State duty to provide access to justice in some
circumstances.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>On this basis, the SRSG<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>affirmed an intention to “continue to follow
developments” and their<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>implications for
the framework.<a href="#_ftn607" name="_ftnref607" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn607;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[607]</span></span></span></span></a> To
that end, the SRSG promised more dialogue with UN treaty bodies, among others,
“ as he examines existing barriers to accessing such remedy and how States can
best address them.”<a href="#_ftn608" name="_ftnref608" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn608;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[608]</span></span></span></span></a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><i><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">3.2.5.3 The 2009 SRSG Report GA 64/216</span></i><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">. The 2009 mandatory
Report of the SRSG to the UNGA provides a small window on the alignment of
intent with the construction of the framework guiding principles. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">3.2.5
2010 Reports<a href="#_ftn609" name="_ftnref609" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn609;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[609]</span></span></span></span></a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">In
2010, the SGSG produced two reports. The first spoke to further steps toward
the operationalization of the protect/respect/remedy framework and served as
the final stage before the distribution of the first daft UNGP in late 2010.
The second report was directed to the UN GA provided an update, along with a
discussion of the </span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">consultative
process that the SRSG intended to pursue in elaborating the guiding principles
while addresses some of the challenges of moving from concept to principles.</span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><i><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">The 2010 SRSG Report 14/27</span></i><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">.<a href="#_ftn610" name="_ftnref610" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn610;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[610]</span></span></span></span></a> The
2010 SRSG Report 14/27served as a sort of summing up of the substantive work of
the SRSG reflected in the 2006-2009 Reports. Its introduction summed up the
overall framework within which the guiding principles to be reduced to text
would be produced. That framework was straightforward, though not without
substantial controversy among those who did not share the underlying ideology
on which it was grounded.<a href="#_ftn611" name="_ftnref611" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn611;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[611]</span></span></span></span></a> It rested
on what was at the time characterized as the three part policy framework:
protect, respect, and remedy, “for better managing business and human rights
challenges.”<a href="#_ftn612" name="_ftnref612" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn612;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[612]</span></span></span></span></a>
The object is to bridge the gap “between the scope and impact of economic
forces and actors and the capacity of societies to manage their adverse
consequences.”<a href="#_ftn613" name="_ftnref613" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn613;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[613]</span></span></span></span></a> The
character of the three pillars and their inter-linking was emphasized: </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">Its three pillars are distinct yet complementary.
The State duty to protect and the corporate responsibility to respect exist
independently of one another, and preventative measures differ from remedial
ones. Yet, all are intended to be mutually reinforcing parts of a dynamic,
interactive system to advance the enjoyment of human rights.<a href="#_ftn614" name="_ftnref614" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn614;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[614]</span></span></span></span></a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">It
remained, then, to complete the SRSG’s mandate, to reduce these threads to a
set of guiding principles “on the practical meaning and implications of the
three pillars and their interrelationships.”<a href="#_ftn615" name="_ftnref615" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn615;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[615]</span></span></span></span></a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">The
basis of that transition, from investigation, to textual reduction, was meant
to serve as the concrete manifestation of the principled pragmatism that had
guided the SRSG’s work from its inception.<a href="#_ftn616" name="_ftnref616" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn616;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[616]</span></span></span></span></a> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i>3.2.6.2 The 2010 SRSG Report
65/310 GA</i>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">3.3 UNHRC Pre-Endorsement
Resolutions</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">3.3.1
UNHRC 2005 Resolution</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">3.3.2
UNHRC 2008 Resolution.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">The mandate for the SRSG was renewed June 18,
2008 to continue from 2008 until 2011.<a href="#_ftn617" name="_ftnref617" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn617;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[617]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This was a revised mandate including elements
of the initial mandate but taken a step further.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It now requires the SRSG (a) To provide views
and concrete and practical recommendations on ways to strengthen the
fulfillment of the duty of the State to protect all human rights from abuses by
or involving transnational corporations and other business enterprises,
including through international cooperation; (b) To elaborate further on the
scope and content of the corporate responsibility to respect all human rights
and to provide concrete guidance to business and other stakeholders; (c) To
explore options and make recommendations, at the national, regional and
international level, for enhancing access to effective remedies available to
those whose human rights are impacted by corporate activities; (d) To integrate
a gender perspective throughout his work and to give special attention to
persons belonging to vulnerable groups, in particular children; (e) [To]
Identify, exchange and promote best practices and lessons learned on the issue
of transnational corporations and other business enterprises, in coordination
with the efforts of the human rights working group of the Global Compact; (f)
To work in close coordination with United Nations and other relevant international
bodies, offices, departments and specialized agencies, and in particular with
other special procedures of the Council; (g) To promote the framework and to
continue to consult on the issues covered by the mandate on an ongoing basis
with all stakeholders, including States, national human rights institutions,
international and regional organizations, transnational corporations and other
business enterprises, and civil society, including academics, employers’
organizations, workers’ organizations, indigenous and other affected
communities and non-governmental organizations, including through joint
meetings; and (h) To report annually to the Council and the General
Assembly.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">3.4 Other Relevant
Documents</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">[To
Be Completed]</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">3.5 Generalizing
Intent/Design from the Travaux Préparatoires</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">Over
the course of his mandate, the SRSG, his team, countless volunteers and
participants produced a tremendous amount of text, representing research,
surveys, case studies, practicums, informal and formal reports. All contributed
to, and effectively manifested the operation of principled pragmatism built on
an iterative inductive dialectics attached to and propelled by an animating
objective the ideological perspectives that gave that objective meaning. These
contributions were given form, direction, and substance through the formal
communication of the SRSG, again manifested in text, that moved the project
from principle, through pragmatic dialectics grounded in descriptive and
predictive analytics, from which the SGSG was able to construct a plausible arc
of development given form, eventually, by the UNGP. For this reason alone, the
travaux are worth careful study for those seeking either to interpret and apply
the UNGP (its text or spirit), or to use the UNGP as a basis for advancing the
project in accordance with the times.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 11pt;">[To
be completed]</span></p>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;"><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>
John G. Ruggie, Opening Statement to United Nations Human Rights Council,
Geneva, Switzerland (25 September 2006); available [https://media.business-humanrights.org/media/documents/files/reports-and-materials/Ruggie-statement-to-UN-Human-Rights-Council-25-Sep-2006.pdf],
last accessed 13 February 2024</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Guillaume Meunier, “Les travaux
préparatoires from a French Perspective: Looking for the Spirit of the Law,” </span><i><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; mso-ansi-language: DE;">Rabels
Zeitschrift für ausländisches und internationales Privatrech</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">t / The Rabel Journal of Comparative and
International Private Law </span></i><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">,
April 2014, Bd. 78, H. 2 (April 2014), pp. 346-360</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
p. 349.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a>
Nicholas R. Parillo, ‘Leviathan and interpretive revolution: the administrative
state, the judiciary, and the rise of legislative history, 1890-1950,’ (2013)
123(2) Yale Law Journal 266-404.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a> Meunier,
supra, pp. 347-348.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> See, e.g., Holger Fleischer, “
Comparative Approaches to the Use of Legislative History in Statutory
Interpretation,” <i>The American Journal of Comparative Law</i> 60(2) (2012)
401-437. </span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a>
Meunier, <span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">“Les traveaux
Préparatoires,” supra, 347-348 (France).</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a> Church
of the Holy Trinity v. United States, 143 U.S. 457 (1892).</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a> Relating
to rules for referring a matter to the European court of Justice. Discussed in
Paul Craig and Gráinne de Burca, The Evolution of EU Law (OUP, 1999), 223-224,
and referencing Case 28/62-30/62 <i>Da Costa en Schaake NV and Others<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>v. Nederlandse Belastingadministratie </i>[1963]
ECR31, [1963] CMLR 224; Case 2983/81 CILFIT and <i>Lanificio di Gavardo SpA v.
Ministry of Health</i> [1982] ECR 3415 CMLR 472. </p>
</div>
<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a>
See, G Davies, ‘Does the Court of Justice Own the Treaties? Interpretative
Pluralism as a Solution to Over-Constitutionalisation’ (2018) 24(6) European
Law Journal 358; T Horsley, <i>The Court of Justice of the European Union as an
Institutional Actor. Judicial Lawmaking and Its Limits</i> (CUP, 2018);
discussed in Martin Höpner and Susanne K. SchmIbidt, ‘Can We Make the European
Fundamental Freedoms Less Constraining? A Literature Review,’ (2020) 22 CambrIbidge
Yearbook of European Legal Studies 182-204.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn11" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[11]</span></span></span></span></a>
Some commentators in the United States refer to this tension sometimes as an
interpretive dialogue between courts and legislatures. See, James J. Brudney
& Ethan J. Leib, ‘Statutory Interpretation as “Interbranch Dialogue”?,’
(2019) 66 UCLA Law Review 346-398. </p>
</div>
<div id="ftn12" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[12]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Stephen Breyer, “On the Uses of
Legislative History in Interpreting Statutes,” <i>Southern California Law
Review</i> 65 (1991) 845-874. Jeffrey A. Pojanowski, ‘Reading Statutes in the
Common Law Tradition,’ (2015) 101 Virginia Law Review 1357-1424.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn13" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[13]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Jean-Etienne-Marie Portalis, <i>Discours préliminaire sur le projet de
Code civil, 1er pluviôse an VIII </i>(1801); available
[http://classiques.uqac.ca/collection_documents/portalis/discours_1er_code_civil/discours.html];
quoted in Meuniwer, supra, at p. 348. </span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn14" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[14]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid., p. 23 (“There is a science for
legislators, as there is for magistrates; and the one doesn't look like the
other. The science of the legislator consists of finding in each matter the
principles most favorable to the common good; the science of the magistrate is
to put these principles into action, to develop them, to extend them, by a wise
and reasoned application, to private hypotheses; to study the spirit of the law
when the letter kills, and not to expose oneself to being alternately slave and
rebel, and to disobey out of a spirit of servitude”). </span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn15" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[15]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Antonin Scalia & Bryan A. Garner, <i>Reading
Law: The Interpretation of Legal Texts</i> (West, 2012).</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn16" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[16]</span></span></span></span></a> See,
e.g., Rik Peters, ‘Constitutional Interpretation: A View From a Distance,’
(2011) 50(4) History and Theory 117-135; </p>
</div>
<div id="ftn17" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[17]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Holger Fleischer, “ Comparative
Approaches to the Use of Legislative History in Statutory Interpretation,”
supra, 404-405; William EskrIbidge, Jr., “The New Textualism,” <i>UCLA Law
Review</i> 37 (1990) 621, 629. </span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn18" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[18]</span></span></span></span></a>
For one example, see, Darla Jackson, ‘Legislative History: A GuIbide for the
State of Oklahoma,’ (2011) 30 Legal Reference Services Quarterly 119-126
(noting the jurisprudence around the issue, as well as the issues raised by the
availability of on-textual historical sources, including recordings and
podcasts).</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn19" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[19]</span></span></span></span></a>
Daniel A. Farber, ‘The Originalism Debate: A GuIbide for the Perplexed,’ (1989)
49 Ohio State Law Journal 1085-1106;<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Daniel
Levin, ‘Federalists in the Attic: Original Intent, the Heritage Movement, and Democratic
Theory,’ (2004) 29(1) Law & Social Inquiry 105-126; William Michael Teanor,
‘The Original Understanding of the Takings Clause and the Political Process,’
(1995) 95(4) Columbia Law Review 782-887. </p>
</div>
<div id="ftn20" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[20]</span></span></span></span></a>
2011 SRSG Report, discussed supra Chapter 2. </p>
</div>
<div id="ftn21" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[21]</span></span></span></span></a>
See, e.g., Hans Georg Gadamer, Truth and Method (London: Shed and Ward, 1979),
discussion at 263-274.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn22" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[22]</span></span></span></span></a>
Italo Calvino, <i>Invisible Cities</i> (William Weaver (trans); San Diego:
Harcourt, 1974), pp. 80-81. </p>
</div>
<div id="ftn23" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[23]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-ansi-language: ES;"> <span lang="ES">Ibid., 80.</span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn24" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref24" name="_ftn24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[24]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; mso-ansi-language: ES;"> Meunier, “</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; mso-ansi-language: FR;">Les travaux
Préparatoires</span><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; mso-ansi-language: ES;">,” supra, </span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn25" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref25" name="_ftn25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[25]</span></span></span></span></a> For
some of the complications, see Robert L. Hughes, ‘The Common Law of Access to
Governmental Records,’ (1995) 16(2) Newspaper Research Journal 39-55.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn26" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref26" name="_ftn26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[26]</span></span></span></span></a>
Human Rights Watch Press Release, UN Human Rights Council: Weak Stance on
Business Standards: Global Rules Needed, Not Just Guidance (16 June 2011),
available [https://www.hrw.org/news/2011/06/16/un-human-rights-council-weak-stance-business-standards],
last accessed 1 March 2024.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn27" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref27" name="_ftn27" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[27]</span></span></span></span></a>
Cf., Carlos López, “The ‘Ruggie process’: from legal obligations to corporate
social responsibility? in Surya Deva, and David Bilchitz (eds) <i>Human Rights
Obligations of Business: Beyond the Corporate Responsibility to Respect?</i>
(CUP, 2013), 58-77</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn28" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref28" name="_ftn28" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[28]</span></span></span></span></a> “The
Ruggie team held forty-one multi-stakeholder meetings on all continents; every
document, comment, and</p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText">meeting report was posted on the website of the
Business and Human Rights Resource Centre (BHRRC).”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Brigitte Ham, ‘The Struggle for Legitimacy in
Business and Human Rights Regulation—a Consideration of the Processes Leading
to the UN Guiding Principles and an International Treaty,’ (2022) 23 Human
Rights Review 103-125, 113.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn29" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref29" name="_ftn29" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[29]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties,
Art. 31(1), May 23, 1969, 1155 UNTS 331.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn30" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref30" name="_ftn30" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn30;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[30]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid., Article 31(1). </span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn31" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref31" name="_ftn31" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn31;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[31]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> See discussion Chapter 1, infra.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn32" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref32" name="_ftn32" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn32;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[32]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties,
supra, Article 32.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn33" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref33" name="_ftn33" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn33;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[33]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
p. 349.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn34" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref34" name="_ftn34" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn34;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[34]</span></span></span></span></a> Pontifical
Biblical Commission, "The Interpretation of the Bible in the Church"
(presented to John Paul II on 23 April 1993); available [https://catholic-resources.org/ChurchDocs/PBC_Interp-FullText.htm],
last accessed 29 February 2024.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn35" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref35" name="_ftn35" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn35;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[35]</span></span></span></span></a>
That applies, for example, to the substantial number of inputs received during
the consultations held during the SRSG’s mandate. </p>
</div>
<div id="ftn36" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref36" name="_ftn36" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn36;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[36]</span></span></span></span></a>
See discussion in Part Three, The Spirit of the UNGP, infra chapters 10-12.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn37" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref37" name="_ftn37" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn37;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[37]</span></span></span></span></a>
The historical context in which these differences arose and were, in the
memorialized thinking of the SRSG, made inevitable, are discussed in Chapter 4,
infra. </p>
</div>
<div id="ftn38" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref38" name="_ftn38" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn38;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[38]</span></span></span></span></a>
2008 SRSG Report Clarifying Concepts-- Special Representative of the
Secretary-General on human rights and transnational corporations and other
business enterprises, Clarifying the Concepts of “Sphere of influence” and
“Complicity”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A/HRC/8/16 (15 May 2008);
available
[https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/g08/134/78/pdf/g0813478.pdf?token=LqcuAByu2At8uTpHzb&fe=true];
last accessed 25 February 2024; 2008 SRSG Report Clarifying Concepts Addendum
1-- Special Representative of the Secretary-General on human rights and
transnational corporations and other business enterprises, Clarifying the
Concepts of “Sphere of influence” and “Complicity” Addendum 1 A/HRC/8/5/Add.1
(23 April 2008); available
[https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/g08/131/10/pdf/g0813110.pdf?token=OPsT69u12IwcKDy7YR&fe=true];
last accessed 25 February 2024.; 2008 SRSG Report Clarifying Concepts Addendum
2-- Special Representative of the Secretary-General on human rights and
transnational corporations and other business enterprises, Clarifying the
Concepts of “Sphere of influence” and “Complicity” Addendum 2 A/HRC/8/5/Add.2
(23 May 2008); available
[https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/g08/136/61/pdf/g0813661.pdf?token=irXDuqrrusYJAtRhE0&fe=true],
last accessed 25 February 2024.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn39" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref39" name="_ftn39" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn39;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[39]</span></span></span></span></a> 2011
SRSG Report Conflict Regions-- Special Representative of the Secretary General
on the Issue of Human Rights and Transnational Corporations and Other Business
Enterprises, John G. Ruggie, Business and human rights in conflict-affected
regions: challenges and options towards State responses A/HRC/17/32 (27 May
2011); available
[https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/g11/135/63/pdf/g1113563.pdf?token=Vl5XEMdPZslHQiME5s&fe=true];
last accessed 25 February 2025.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn40" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref40" name="_ftn40" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn40;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[40]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The starting point is “corporate liability for abuses that amount to
violations of international criminal or humanitarian law.” John G. Ruggie,
Remark s delivered at the Business & Human Rights Seminar</span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">Old Billingsgate, London (8 December 2005);
available [https://www.business-humanrights.org/en/latest-news/doc-remarks-by-john-g-ruggie-business-human-rights-seminar-old-billingsgate-london-december-8-2005/],
last accessed 29 February 2024 ]hereafter Ruggie 12-2005 Remarks. “The reasons
for starting at this point is that it is a critically important issue on its
own, where greater clarity is needed, while it may also shed light on the
general strategy of legalizing corporate human rights obligations. “ Ibid.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn41" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref41" name="_ftn41" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn41;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[41]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Jon G. Ruggie, <i>Just Business:
Multinational Corporations and Human Rights</i> (NY: W.W. Norton & Company,
2013), p. xlii-xliii). </span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn42" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref42" name="_ftn42" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn42;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[42]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;"> Ruggie 2005 Remarks,
supra.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn43" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref43" name="_ftn43" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn43;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[43]</span></span></span></span></a> United
Nations Commission on Human Rights, Human Rights Resolution: 2005/69,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>E/CN.4/RES/2005/69 (20 April 2005); available
[https://ap.ohchr.org/documents/E/CHR/resolutions/E-CN_4-RES-2005-69.doc], last
accessed 1 March 2024 [UNHRC resolution 2005/69].</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn44" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref44" name="_ftn44" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn44;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[44]</span></span></span></span></a> <span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">Ruggie 12-2005 Remarks, supra.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn45" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref45" name="_ftn45" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn45;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[45]</span></span></span></span></a>
Ibid.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn46" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref46" name="_ftn46" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn46;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[46]</span></span></span></span></a>
Bid.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn47" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref47" name="_ftn47" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn47;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[47]</span></span></span></span></a>
Ruggie, Just Business supra, p. xliii.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn48" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref48" name="_ftn48" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn48;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[48]</span></span></span></span></a>
Enrico Partiti, ‘Polycentricity and Polyphony in International Law:
Interpreting the Corporate Responsibility to Respect Human Rights,’ (2021)
70(1) The International & Comparative Law Journal 133-164; generally, Larry
Catá Backer, ‘The Structural Characteristics of Global Law for the 21st
Century: Fracture, Fluidity, Permeability, and Polycentricity,’ (2012) 17(2)
Tilburg Law Review 45-67.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn49" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref49" name="_ftn49" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn49;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[49]</span></span></span></span></a> Ruggie,
Just Business, supra, xliii. </p>
</div>
<div id="ftn50" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref50" name="_ftn50" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn50;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[50]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ruggie 2005 Remarks. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn51" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref51" name="_ftn51" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn51;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[51]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid., p. 6.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn52" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref52" name="_ftn52" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn52;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[52]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid. (including legal compliance as well
as social norms, moral considerations and strategic behavior ).</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn53" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref53" name="_ftn53" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn53;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[53]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn54" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="#_ftnref54" name="_ftn54" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn54;" title=""><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[54]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">. The SRSG planned to
conduct surveys of business policies and practices with regard to human rights
to learn how businesses conceive of human rights, what standards they
reference, and their use of impact assessments. John G. Ruggie, Opening Remarks
at Wilton Park Conference on Business & Human Rights 4 (Oct. 10-12, 2005), <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">available at</i>
http://www.reports-and-materials.org/Ruggie-Wilton-Park-Oct-2005.doc.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Legal teams were also contacted to determine
how European and American courts understand the concepts of complicity and
sphere of influence in this context.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>Ibid.</i></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn55" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="#_ftnref55" name="_ftn55" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn55;" title=""><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[55]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>Ibid.</i> at 5.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn56" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="#_ftnref56" name="_ftn56" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn56;" title=""><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[56]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">United Nations Human Rights Council</i>, <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">United Nations Hum. Rts., </span></span><a href="http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/(last"><span color="windowtext" style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/
(last</span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">
visited Mar. 20, 2012). </span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn57" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="#_ftnref57" name="_ftn57" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn57;" title=""><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[57]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Rep. of the Human
Rights Council, 8th sess., June 2-8, 2008, sec. 8/7, U.N. Doc. A/HRC/8/52
(Sept. 1, 2008) (prepared by Alejandro Artucio), <i>available at </i></span><a href="http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/8session/A.HRC.8.52.doc"><span color="windowtext" style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/8session/A.HRC.8.52.doc</span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn58" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="#_ftnref58" name="_ftn58" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn58;" title=""><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[58]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Some key state actors provided
funding for portions of the work leading to the Guiding Principles. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See, e.g.</i>, John Ruggie, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Business and Human Rights: The Evolving
International Agenda</i>, (John F. Kennedy Sch. of Gov’t Faculty Research,
Working Paper No. RWP07-029, 2007), <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">available at</i> http://web.hks.harvard.edu/publications/getFile.aspx?Ibid=262 (Ibidentifying
the financial support of the governments of Canada, Belgium, Norway, Sweden,
and United Kingdom; the Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, German Marshall Fund of the
United States; and United Nations Foundation).</span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;"></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn59" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref59" name="_ftn59" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn59;" title=""><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[59]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">.</span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See</i>
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Taking Responsibility</i>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">supra </i>note </span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">28</span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn60" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="#_ftnref60" name="_ftn60" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn60;" title=""><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[60]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">Special Representative of the Secretary-General, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">GuIbiding Principles for the Implementation
of the United Nations ‘Protect, Respect and Remedy’ Framework</i>, U.N. Draft
(Nov. 2010), <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">available at </i>http://www.reports-and-materials.org/Ruggie-UN-draft-GuIbiding-Principles-22-Nov-2010.pdf
(by John Ruggie)[hereinafter 2011 Report]. </span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn61" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="#_ftnref61" name="_ftn61" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn61;" title=""><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[61]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">Special Representative of the Secretary-General,<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> GuIbiding Principles on Business and Human
Rights: Implementing the United Nations “Protect, Respect and Remedy” Framework</i>,
U.N. Doc. A/HRC/17/31 (Mar. 21, 2011), a<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">vailable
at</i> </span><a href="http://www.business-humanrights.org/media/documents/ruggie/ruggie-guiding-principles-21-mar-2011.pdf"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">http://www.business-humanrights.org/media/documents/ruggie/ruggie-guIbiding-principles-21-mar-2011.pdf</span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;"> (by John Ruggie)
[hereinafter Guiding Principles]. </span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn62" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="#_ftnref62" name="_ftn62" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn62;" title=""><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[62]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">Human Rights Council Res. 17/4, 17th Sess., July 6, 2011,
U.N. Doc. A/HRC/RES/17/4 (July 6, 2011), <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">available
at</i>
http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/G11/144/71/PDF/G1114471.pdf?OpenElement.
“In an unprecedented step, the United Nations Human Rights Council has endorsed
a new set of Guiding Principles for Business and Human Rights* designed to provide
-for the first time- a global standard for preventing and addressing the risk
of adverse impacts on human rights linked to business activity.” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">New Guiding Principles on Business and Human
Rights Endorsed by the UN Human Rights Council</i>, <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">United Nations Hum. Rts. </span></span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; font-variant: small-caps; mso-ansi-language: DA;">(</span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: DA;">June 16, 2011), </span><a href="http://www.business-humanrights.org/media/documents/ruggie/ruggie-guiding-principles-endorsed-16-jun-2011.pdf"><span color="windowtext" lang="DA" style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: DA; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://www.business-humanrights.org/media/documents/ruggie/ruggie-guIbiding-principles-endorsed-16-jun-2011.pdf</span></a><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: DA;">.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn63" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="#_ftnref63" name="_ftn63" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn63;" title=""><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[63]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">Mary Robinson has noted that the “Protect, Respect, Remedy
Framework has put in place the foundation upon which to build principled, but
pragmatic solutions to a range of challenges at the interface of business and
human rights.” Mary Robinson, Remarks at the Swedish EU Presidency Conference
on Corporate Social Responsibility (Nov. 10-11, 2009), <i>available at </i></span><a href="http://www.realizingrights.org/pdf/Mary_Robinson-Protect_Respect_Remedy-Stockholm-Nov2009.pdf"><span color="windowtext" style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://www.realizingrights.org/pdf/Mary_Robinson-Protect_Respect_Remedy-Stockholm-Nov2009.pdf</span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ms. Robinson was President of Ireland
(1990-1997), United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (1997-2002), and
is now a civil society actor on the Board of Directors of Realizing Rights. <i>See</i>
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Our Board</i>: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Mary Robinson</i>, <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Realizing
Rts., </span></span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">http://www.realizingrights.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&Ibid=75&ItemIbid=88
(last</span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">
visited Mar. 20, 2012).</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn64" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="#_ftnref64" name="_ftn64" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn64;" title=""><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[64]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; font-variant: small-caps;">.</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">Protect,
Respect, Remedy: Making the European Union Take a Lead in Promoting Corporate
Social Responsibility</span></i><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">,
<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Esiligiel Files Wordpress 1 (2009), </span></span><a href="http://esiligiel.files.wordpress.com/2009/11/eu-presidency-statement-on-protect-respect-remedy.pdf"><span color="windowtext" style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://esiligiel.files.wordpress.com/2009/11/eu-presIbidency-statement-on-protect-respect-remedy.pdf</span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(“The United Nations’ Protect, Respect and
Remedy framework provides a key element for the global development of CSR
practices. It constitutes a significant input to the CSR work of the European
Union.”).</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn65" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="#_ftnref65" name="_ftn65" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn65;" title=""><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[65]</span></span></span></a><i><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">.</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">See, e.g.</span></i><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Final
Statement by the UK National Contact Point for the OECD Guidelines for
Multinational Enterprises: Complaint from Survival International Against
Vedanta Resources plc</i>, <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Bus. &
Hum. Rts. Resource Centre </span>(Sept. 25, 2009), </span><a href="http://www.business-humanrights.org/Links/Repository/266990/jump"><span color="windowtext" style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://www.business-humanrights.org/Links/Repository/266990/jump</span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;"> [hereinafter <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Final Statement</span>]. The National
Contact Point explained that Vedanta ought to consider implementing the SRSG’s
suggested steps for human rights due diligence, especially respecting the
adoption of a policy, ensuring that human rights impacts are incorporated in
analysis of business decisions, mainstreaming human rights policy throughout
the enterprise, and monitoring and auditing implementation. <i>Ibid. </i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">at § </span>78.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn66" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="#_ftnref66" name="_ftn66" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn66;" title=""><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[66]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">See<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ISO 26000—Social Responsibility</span>, <i>Int’l
Org. for Standardization</i>,
http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/management_and_leadership_standards/social_responsibility/sr_discovering_iso26000.htm
(last visited Mar. 20, 2012); Sandra Atler, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The
Impact of the United Nations Secretary-General’s Special Representative &
the UN Framework on the Development of the Human Rights Components of ISO 26000</i>
(John F. Kennedy Sch. of Gov’t, Working Paper No. 64, 2011), <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">available at</i>
http://www.hks.harvard.edu/m-rcbg/CSRI/publications/workingpaper_64_atler_june%202011.pdf.
</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn67" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="#_ftnref67" name="_ftn67" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn67;" title=""><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[67]</span></span></span></a><i><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">.</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">See, e.g.</span></i><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">, Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Report
No. 10 to the Storting: Corporate Social Responsibility in a Global Economy<span style="font-variant: small-caps;"> 78 (2009)</span>, <i>available at </i></span><a href="http://www.regjeringen.no/en/dep/ud/Documents/Propositions-and-reports/Reports-to-the-Storting/2008-2009/report-no-10-2008-2009-to-the-storting.html?id=565907"><span color="windowtext" style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://www.regjeringen.no/en/dep/ud/Documents/Propositions-and-reports/Reports-to-the-Storting/2008-2009/report-no-10-2008-2009-to-the-storting.html?Ibid=565907</span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn68" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="#_ftnref68" name="_ftn68" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn68;" title=""><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[68]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Special Representative of
the United Nations Secretary-General for Business & Human Rights,
Applications of the U.N. <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">“</span>Protect,
Respect and Remedy<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">”</span> Framework</i>,
<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Bus. & Hum. Rts. Resource Centre, </span></span><a href="http://www.business-humanrights.org/media/documents/ruggie/applications-of-framework-1-mar-2011.pdf"><span color="windowtext" style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://www.business-humanrights.org/media/documents/ruggie/applications-of-framework-1-mar-2011.pdf</span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;"> (last updated Mar. 1,
2011).</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn69" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref69" name="_ftn69" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn69;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[69]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Special Representative of the
Secretary-General on human rights and transnational corporations and other
business enterprises, Interim report of the Special Representative of the
Secretary-General on the issue of human rights and transnational corporations
and other business enterprises E/CN.4/2006/97 (22 February 2006); available
[https://undocs.org/en/E/CN.4/2006/97], last accessed 25 February 2024 []the
2006 SRSG 2006 Report]</span><b><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">Work on the mandate began by “conducting extensive
consultations on the substance of the mandate as well as alternative ways to
pursue it – with states, non-governmental organizations, international business
associations and individual companies, international labor federations, UN and
other international agencies, and legal experts.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ibid., at ¶ 3.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn70" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref70" name="_ftn70" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn70;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[70]</span></span></span></span></a>
2006 SRSG 2006 Report, ¶ 3; also ¶¶ 3-5.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn71" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref71" name="_ftn71" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn71;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[71]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;"> The two bookends of the
debate include one position that “corporations cannot violate international
human rights laws because they are only applicable to states.” Based on this
reading, the only duty for companies is to comply with the national laws where
they operate along with the voluntary initiatives they choose to
undertake.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Montreal Nov.2006 speech
p.2.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At the opposing position of the
debate is the UN Norms which seek “to impose on corporations the full range of
international human rights standards that states have adopted for states, with Identical
obligations ranging from “respecting” to “fulfilling” those rights.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ibid. The debate between these two opposing
views did not result in any light on the subject nor movement in policy, which
then resulted in the appointment of SRSG Ruggie.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ibid.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn72" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref72" name="_ftn72" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn72;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[72]</span></span></span></span></a>
Ibid., ¶¶ 9-19.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn73" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref73" name="_ftn73" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn73;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[73]</span></span></span></span></a>
Ibid., ¶¶ 20-30</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn74" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref74" name="_ftn74" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn74;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[74]</span></span></span></span></a>
Ibid., §§ 31-53.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn75" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref75" name="_ftn75" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn75;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[75]</span></span></span></span></a>
Ibid., ¶¶ 54-69. “Having examined the broader context of the mandate, the next
step is to identify an approach that can move the agenda forward effectively.”
Ibid., ¶ 54.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn76" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref76" name="_ftn76" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn76;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[76]</span></span></span></span></a>
Ibid., ¶¶ 70-81.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn77" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref77" name="_ftn77" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn77;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[77]</span></span></span></span></a><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[77]</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Report of the Special Representative to
the Secretary General of the United Nations on human rights and transnational
corporationIbid., ¶ 81.s and other business enterprises.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Business and Human Rights: Mapping
International Standards of Responsibility and Accountability for Corporate Act</span></i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">, ¶ 1, U.N. Doc. </span>A/HRC/4/035 (February
9, 2007).</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn78" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref78" name="_ftn78" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn78;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[78]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Regional multi-stakeholder consultation
took place in Johannesburg, Bangkok, and Bogotá.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The workshops including legal experts took
place in London, Oslo, Brussels, and New York.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>And the two Geneva-based consultations included work on the extractives
and financial services industries.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Feb.2007 London speech p.1</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn79" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref79" name="_ftn79" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn79;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[79]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Paris speech. April 2007, p.2</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn80" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref80" name="_ftn80" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn80;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[80]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Paris speech. April 2007, pp.2-4</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn81" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref81" name="_ftn81" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn81;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[81]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Mr. Ruggie emphasized </span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">there is commonly an underdeveloped accountability
mechanism within voluntary initiatives that affects the performance of the
initiative in that companies cannot correct what they don’t know is wrong. </span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">May 2007 Washington speech, p.5.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn82" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref82" name="_ftn82" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn82;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[82]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Special Representative of the
Secretary-General on the issue of human rights and transnational corporations
and other business enterprises.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Protect,
Respect and Remedy: a Framework for Business and Human Rights</span></i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">, U.N. Doc. A/HRC/8/5 (April 7, 2008).</span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn83" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref83" name="_ftn83" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn83;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[83]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> May 2008 speech, p.4</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn84" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref84" name="_ftn84" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn84;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[84]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Special Representative of the
Secretary-General on the issue of human rights and transnational corporations
and other business enterprises.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Protect,
Respect and Remedy: a Framework for Business and Human Rights</span></i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">, U.N. Doc. A/HRC/8/5 (April 7, 2008).</span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn85" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref85" name="_ftn85" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn85;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[85]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid., at ¶ 7<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn86" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref86" name="_ftn86" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn86;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[86]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;"> This gap is vast between
“the scope and impact of economic forces and actors” on one sIbide and “the
capacity of societies to manage their adverse consequences” on the other.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Special Representative of the
Secretary-General on the issue of human rights and transnational corporations
and other business enterprises.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Protect,
Respect and Remedy: a Framework for Business and Human Rights</span></i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">, ¶ 3, U.N. Doc. A/HRC/8/5 (April 7, 2008).</span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn87" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref87" name="_ftn87" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn87;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[87]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Human Rights Council, Eighth session,
Agenda item 1, Organizational and procedural matters, A/HRC/8/52, 1 September
2008; 8/7. Mandate of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on
the issue of human rights and transnational corporations and other business
enterprises June 18, 2008, at 30-32 (adopted without a vote). </span><a href="http://www2ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/8session/A.HRC.8.52.doc"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">http://www2ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/8session/A.HRC.8.52.doc</span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">. </span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn88" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref88" name="_ftn88" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn88;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[88]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> S.A. Oct. 2009 speech, p.1</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn89" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref89" name="_ftn89" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn89;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[89]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Human Rights Council, Eighth session,
Agenda item 1, Organizational and procedural matters, A/HRC/8/52, 1 September
2008; 8/7. Mandate of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on
the issue of human rights and transnational corporations and other business
enterprises June 18, 2008, at 31.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn90" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref90" name="_ftn90" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn90;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[90]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn91" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref91" name="_ftn91" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn91;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[91]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Special Representative of the
Secretary-General on the issue of human rights and transnational corporations
and other business enterprises. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Business
and human rights: Towards Operationalizing the “protect, respect and remedy”
framework</span></i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">, at ¶ 15, U.N.
Doc. </span>A/HRC/11/13 (April 22, 2009), available </span><a href="http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/11session/A.HRC.11.13.pdf"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/11session/A.HRC.11.13.pdf</span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">. </span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn92" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref92" name="_ftn92" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn92;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[92]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;"> It is pointed out quite
clearly from the 14 consultations that “Every stakeholder group, despite their
other differences, has expressed the urgent need for a common framework of
understanding, a foundation on which thinking and action can build in a cumulative
fashion.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The result of this was the
Protect, Respect and Remedy Framework.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Supra </i>note ????, at 4. Chatham house
speech…</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn93" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="#_ftnref93" name="_ftn93" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn93;" title=""><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[93]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">Typical, perhaps, was the U.S. statement in support of the
resolution endorsing the GP.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See</i> Daniel Baer, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Businesses and Transnational
Corporations Have a Responsibility to Respect Human Rights: GuIbiding
Principles for Business and Human Rights</span></i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">, <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Hum. Rts.</span> </span></span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">(</span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: DA;">June 16, 2011), </span><a href="http://www.humanrights.gov/2011/06/16/businesses-and-transnational-corporations-have-a-responsibility-to-respect-human-rights/"><span color="windowtext" lang="DA" style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: DA; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://www.humanrights.gov/2011/06/16/businesses-and-transnational-corporations-have-a-responsibility-to-respect-human-rights/</span></a><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: DA;">.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">“In highlighting the importance of the GuIbiding
Principles, we also want to take this opportunity to emphasize the essential
foundation of the human rights system that remains an important backdrop for
the Special Representative’s work, namely, State obligations under human rights
law with respect to their own conduct.” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ibid.</i></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn94" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref94" name="_ftn94" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn94;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[94]</span></span></span></span></a> Discussed
in Chapter 2, supra. </p>
</div>
<div id="ftn95" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref95" name="_ftn95" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn95;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[95]</span></span></span></span></a> UNHRC
Resolution 2005/69.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn96" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="#_ftnref96" name="_ftn96" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn96;" title=""><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[96]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">Special Rep. of the Secretary-General, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Interim Report of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General
on the Issue of Human Rights and Transnational Corporations and Other Business
Enterprises</i>, U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/2006/97 (Feb. 22, 2006), <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">available at</i>
http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G06/110/27/PDF/G0611027.pdf?OpenElement
(by John Ruggie) [hereinafter SRSG 2006 Report]. </span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn97" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="#_ftnref97" name="_ftn97" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn97;" title=""><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[97]</span></span></span></a><i><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">.</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">Ibid. </span></i><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">at para.</span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;"> 3. Work on the mandate
began by “conducting extensive consultations on the substance of the mandate as
well as alternative ways to pursue it—with states, non-governmental
organizations, international business associations and individual companies,
international labor federations, U.N. and other international agencies, and
legal experts.” <i>Ibid.</i></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn98" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="#_ftnref98" name="_ftn98" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn98;" title=""><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[98]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ibid. </i>at para.
61-69. The SRSG devoted some attention to this aspect of the opening task of
the project.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“My major concern was the
legal and conceptual foundations of the Norms, especially as expressed in the
General Obligations section and the implications that flow from it. I judged
them to be poorly conceived and, therefore, highly problematic in their
potential effects.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Opening Statement to
United Nations Human Rights Council, Professor John G. Ruggie, Special
Representative of the Secretary-General for Business and Human Rights, Geneva
(Sept. 25, 2006), <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">available at</i>
http://198.170.85.29/Ruggie-statement-to-UN-Human-Rights-Council-25-Sep-2006.pdf.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn99" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="#_ftnref99" name="_ftn99" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn99;" title=""><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[99]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">The “premise [is] that the objective of the mandate is to
strengthen the promotion and protection of human rights in relation to
transnational corporations and other business enterprises, but that governments
bear principal responsibility for the vindication of those rights.” <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">SRSG 2006 Report</span>, <i>supra </i>note </span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">56</span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">, at para.</span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">
7.</span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;"></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn100" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref100" name="_ftn100" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn100;" title=""><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[100]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">.</span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ibid.
</i>at para. 61.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn101" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="#_ftnref101" name="_ftn101" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn101;" title=""><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[101]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">“The role of social norms and expectations can be
particularly important where the capacity or willingness to enforce legal
standards is lacking or absent altogether.” <i>Ibid. </i>at para.</span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">75.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But, as will become evident, the relationship
between social norm systems and law-state systems will remain the most
difficult framing issue of the SRSG project.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn102" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="#_ftnref102" name="_ftn102" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn102;" title=""><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[102]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">Early on the SRSG indicated a conceptual rejection of the
notion of corporations as public actors.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">In the best case scenario, these formulations
would do little more than keep lawyers in gainful employment for a generation
to come. But in the worst case scenario, I fear, they would turn transnational
corporations into more benign twenty-first century versions of East India
companies, undermining the capacity of developing countries to generate
independent and democratically controlled institutions capable of acting in the
public interest—which to my mind is by far the most effective guarantor of human
rights.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">Opening
Statement to United Nations Human Rights Council, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">supra </i>note 58. </span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn103" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="#_ftnref103" name="_ftn103" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn103;" title=""><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[103]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">SRSG 2006 Report</span>,
<i>supra </i>note </span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">56</span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">, at paras.</span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">70-81.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn104" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="#_ftnref104" name="_ftn104" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn104;" title=""><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[104]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">The SRSG has described principled pragmatism:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">The very first time I ever made any remarks on
this mandate I was asked to describe my approach to this, and I called it
principled pragmatism. It is driven by principle, the principle that we need to
strengthen the human rights regime to better respond to corporate-related human
rights challenges and respond more effectively to the needs of victims. But it
is utterly pragmatic in how to get from here to there. The determinant for
choosing alternative paths is which ones provide the best mix of effectiveness
and feasibility. That is what we have been trying to do with this mandate since
2005.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">John
Ruggie, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Business and Human Rights:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Achievements and Prospects</i>, <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Pol’y Innovations</span> (Oct. 28, 2008), </span><a href="http://www.policyinnovations.org/ideas/briefings/data/000089"><span color="windowtext" style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://www.policyinnovations.org/Ibideas/briefings/data/000089</span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>On the understanding of the implementation of
SRSG’s principled pragmatism, see <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Principled
Pragmatism—the Way Forward for Business and Human Rights</i>, <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">United Nations Hum. Rts. </span></span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: DA;">(June 7, 2010), </span><a href="http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/PrincipledpragmatismBusinessHR.aspx"><span color="windowtext" lang="DA" style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: DA; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/PrincipledpragmatismBusinessHR.aspx</span></a><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: DA;">. </span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">Principled
pragmatism followed the framework through to the development of the Guiding
Principles. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">Like the Framework, the Guiding Principles draw
on extensive research and pilot projects carried out in several industry
sectors and countries, as well as several rounds of consultations with States,
businesses, investors, affected groups and other civil society stakeholders.
All told, the mandate will have conducted 47 international consultations from
beginning to end.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">Special
Rep. of the Secretary-General, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Guiding
Principles for the Implementation of the United Nation’s ‘Protect, Respect and
Remedy’ Framework</i>, para. 12, U.N. Doc. DRAFT (Nov. 2010), <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">available at</i>
http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/TransCorporations/GPs_Discussion_Draft_Final.pdf
(by John Ruggie)[hereinafter Draft Principles].</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn105" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="#_ftnref105" name="_ftn105" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn105;" title=""><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[105]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">Regional multi-stakeholder consultation took place in
Johannesburg, Bangkok, and Bogotá. The workshops including legal experts took
place in London, Oslo, Brussels, and New York. And the two Geneva-based
consultations included work on the extractives and financial services
industries. John G. Ruggie, Prepared Remarks at Clifford Chance, London
(Feb.19, 2007), <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">available at</i> </span><a href="http://www.reports-and-materials.org/Ruggie-remarks-Clifford-Chance-19-Feb-2007.pdf"><span color="windowtext" style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://www.reports-and-materials.org/Ruggie-remarks-Clifford-Chance-19-Feb-2007.pdf</span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn106" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="#_ftnref106" name="_ftn106" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn106;" title=""><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[106]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">Special Rep. of the Secretary-General, <i>Report of the
Special Representative of the Secretary-General of the United Nations on Human
Rights and Transnational Corporations and Other Business Enterprises</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">,</span> para.</span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">5, U.N. Doc. A/HRC/4/35
(Feb. 19, 2007), <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">available at</i>
http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G07/108/85/PDF/G0710885.pdf?OpenElement
(by John Ruggie) [hereinafter SRSG 2007 Report]. </span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn107" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref107" name="_ftn107" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn107;" title=""><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[107]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">.</span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ibid.</i>
at paras. 3, 5.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn108" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="#_ftnref108" name="_ftn108" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn108;" title=""><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[108]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">These clusters include: the state duty to protect against
human rights abuses by third parties, potential corporate responsibility and
accountability for international crimes, corporate responsibility for other
human rights violations under international law, soft law mechanisms, and
self-regulation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>John G. Ruggie, Remarks
at International Chamber of Commerce Commission on Business in Society, Paris
2-4 (Apr. 27, 2007), <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">available at</i> </span><a href="http://www.reports-and-materials.org/Ruggie-speech-to-ICC-27-Apr-2007.pdf"><span color="windowtext" style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://www.reports-and-materials.org/Ruggie-speech-to-ICC-27-Apr-2007.pdf</span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn109" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="#_ftnref109" name="_ftn109" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn109;" title=""><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[109]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">Mr. Ruggie emphasized that there is commonly an
underdeveloped accountability mechanism within voluntary initiatives that
affects the performance of the initiative in that companies cannot correct what
they don’t know is wrong. John Ruggie, Voluntary Principles on Security &
Human Rights Remarks at Annual Plenary, Washington, D.C. 5 (May 7, 2007), <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">available at</i> </span><a href="http://www.reports-and-materials.org/Ruggie-remarks-Voluntary-Principles-plenary-7-May-2007.pdf"><span color="windowtext" style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://www.reports-and-materials.org/Ruggie-remarks-Voluntary-Principles-plenary-7-May-2007.pdf</span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn110" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="#_ftnref110" name="_ftn110" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn110;" title=""><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[110]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">Special Rep. of the Secretary-General, <i>Report of the
Special Representative of the Secretary-General on the Issue of Human Rights
and Transnational Corporations and Other Business Enterprises</i>, U.N. Doc.
A/HRC/8/5 (Apr. 7, 2008) (by John Ruggie) [hereinafter SRSG 2008 Report]. </span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn111" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="#_ftnref111" name="_ftn111" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn111;" title=""><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[111]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">John Ruggie, Special Rep. for Bus. & Human Rights, Next
Steps in Business and Human Rights at the Royal Institute of International
Affairs, Chatham House, London 4 (May 22, 2008) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">available at</i> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://www.reports-and-materials.org/Ruggie-speech-Chatham-House-22-May-2008.pdf"><span color="windowtext" style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://www.reports-and-materials.org/Ruggie-speech-Chatham-House-22-May-2008.pdf</span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn112" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="#_ftnref112" name="_ftn112" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn112;" title=""><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[112]</span></span></span></a><i><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">.</span></i><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">SRSG 2008 Report</span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">, <i>supra </i>note </span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">70</span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn113" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref113" name="_ftn113" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn113;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[113]</span></span></span></span></span></a><i><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">.</span></i><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i>Ibid.
</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">at paras. 6-8</span>.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn114" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="#_ftnref114" name="_ftn114" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn114;" title=""><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[114]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">This gap is vast between “the scope and impact of economic
forces and actors” on one sIbide and “the capacity of societies to manage their
adverse consequences” on the other. <i>Ibid. </i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">at</span> para. 3.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn115" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="#_ftnref115" name="_ftn115" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn115;" title=""><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[115]</span></span></span></a><i><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">.</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">Ibid.</span></i><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;"></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn116" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="#_ftnref116" name="_ftn116" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn116;" title=""><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[116]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">Rep. of the Human Rights Council, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">supra </i>note </span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">37</span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn117" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="#_ftnref117" name="_ftn117" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn117;" title=""><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[117]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">HRC directed the SRSG to operationalize the framework, by
“provIbiding ‘practical recommendations’ and ‘concrete guIbidance’ to states,
businesses and other social actors on its implementation.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>John G. Ruggie, U.N. Special Rep. for Bus.
& Human Rights, Remarks for ICJ Access to Justice Workshop, Johannesburg,
South Africa 1 (Oct. 29-30, 2009), <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">available
at</i> </span><a href="http://www.reports-and-materials.org/Ruggie-remarks-ICJ-Access-to-Justice-workshop-Johannesburg-29-30-Oct-2009.pdf"><span color="windowtext" style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://www.reports-and-materials.org/Ruggie-remarks-ICJ-Access-to-Justice-workshop-Johannesburg-29-30-Oct-2009.pdf</span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn118" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="#_ftnref118" name="_ftn118" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn118;" title=""><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[118]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">Rep. of the Human Rights Council, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">supra </i>note </span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">37</span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn119" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="#_ftnref119" name="_ftn119" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn119;" title=""><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[119]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">Special Rep. of the Secretary-General, <i>Report of the
Special Representative of the Secretary-General on the Issue of Human Rights
and Transnational Corporations and Other Business Enterprises</i>, U.N. Doc.
A/HRC/11/13 (Apr. 22, 2009) (by John Ruggie) [hereinafter SRSG 2009 Report].</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn120" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="#_ftnref120" name="_ftn120" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn120;" title=""><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[120]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">It is pointed out quite clearly from the fourteen
consultations that “[e]very stakeholder group, despite their other differences,
has expressed the urgent need for a common conceptual and policy framework” of
understanding, “a foundation on which thinking and action can build.” <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">SRSG 2008 Report</span>, <i>supra </i>note </span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">70</span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">, at para. 8; Rep of the
Human Rights Council, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">supra</i> note </span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">37</span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">. The
Protect-Respect-Remedy framework resulted. Ruggie, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">supra</i> note </span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">71</span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn121" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="#_ftnref121" name="_ftn121" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn121;" title=""><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[121]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">Special Rep. of the Secretary-General, <i>Report of the
Special Rep. of the Secretary-General on the Issue of Human Rights and
Transnational Corporations and Other Business Enterprises</i>, A/HRC/14/27
(Apr. 9, 2010)<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">available at</i> </span></span><a href="http://www.reports-and-materials.org/Ruggie-report-2010.pdf"><span color="windowtext" style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://www.reports-and-materials.org/Ruggie-report-2010.pdf</span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;"> (by John Ruggie) <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[hereinafter SRSG 2010 Report].</span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn122" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref122" name="_ftn122" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn122;" title=""><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[122]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">.</span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Ibid</span></i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">. at para.</span> 96.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn123" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref123" name="_ftn123" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn123;" title=""><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[123]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">.</span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See Ibid.</i>
at paras. 103, 113.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn124" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref124" name="_ftn124" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn124;" title=""><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[124]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">.</span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ibid.</i>
at para. 52.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn125" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="#_ftnref125" name="_ftn125" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn125;" title=""><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[125]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See</i> Draft
Principles, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">supra</i> note </span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">64</span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn126" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref126" name="_ftn126" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn126;" title=""><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[126]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">.</span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">2011 Report, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">supra </i>note </span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">40</span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">,<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>at paras.</span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">12-15.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn127" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref127" name="_ftn127" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn127;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[127]</span></span></span></span></a>
Discussed in Chapter 2, supra.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn128" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref128" name="_ftn128" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn128;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[128]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Special Representative of the
Secretary-General on the issue of human rights and transnational corporations
and other business enterprises.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Interim Report, 2006</i>, ¶ 1, U.N. Doc. </span><b><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">E/CN.4/2006/97 (2006), available</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> </span></b><a href="http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/business/RuggieReport2006.html"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/business/RuggieReport2006.html</span></a><b><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">. </span></b><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn129" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref129" name="_ftn129" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn129;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[129]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;"> This initial mandate
required Ruggie </span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">“a) To Ibidentify
and clarify standards of corporate responsibility and accountability for
transnational corporations and other business enterprises with regard to human
rights; b) To elaborate on the role of States in effectively regulating and
adjudicating the role of transnational corporations and other business
enterprises with regard to human rights, including through international
cooperation; c) To research and clarify the implications for transnational
corporations and other business enterprises of concepts such as “complicity”
and “sphere of influence”; d) To develop materials and methodologies for
undertaking human rights impact assessments of the activities of transnational
corporations and other business enterprises; e) To compile a compendium of best
practices of States and transnational corporations and other business
enterprises.”</span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">Ibid., ¶ 1.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"></b></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn130" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref130" name="_ftn130" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn130;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[130]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid. at ¶ 3.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn131" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref131" name="_ftn131" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn131;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[131]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid. at ¶ 3.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn132" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref132" name="_ftn132" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn132;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[132]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid. at ¶ 4.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The questions asked were whether these
companies have human rights policies and practices in place, and if so, what
standards they used to develop them.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn133" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref133" name="_ftn133" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn133;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[133]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; mso-ansi-language: DA;"> <span lang="DA">Ibid.
at ¶ 6.</span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn134" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref134" name="_ftn134" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn134;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[134]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; mso-ansi-language: DA;"> <span lang="DA">Ibid.
at ¶ 8.</span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn135" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref135" name="_ftn135" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn135;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[135]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; mso-ansi-language: DA;"> <span lang="DA">Ibid.
at ¶ 10.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">This is most evident in the economic
realm. “The rights of transnational firms – their ability to operate and expand
globally – have increased greatly over the past generation, as a result of
trade agreements, bilateral investment treaties, and domestic liberalization.” Ibid.
at ¶ 11.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Arm’s length transactions have
decreased and more intra-firm trading taking place while becoming a more
significant share of overall global trade.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>What used to be external trade between national economies has now become
internalized within the firms using supply chain management that functions in
real time.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn136" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref136" name="_ftn136" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn136;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[136]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid. at ¶ 11.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Arm’s length transactions have decreased and
more intra-firm trading taking place while becoming a more significant share of
overall global trade.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>What used to be
external trade between national economies has now become internalized within
the firms using supply chain management that functions in real time.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn137" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref137" name="_ftn137" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn137;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[137]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Including higher standard of living and
in some cases a significant opportunity for poverty reduction.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ibid. at ¶ 13.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn138" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref138" name="_ftn138" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn138;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[138]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn139" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref139" name="_ftn139" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn139;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[139]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> “At the global level today, a broad array
of civil society actors has been in the lead. And when global firms are wIbidely
perceived to abuse their power … a social backlash is inevitable.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ibid. at ¶ 14.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn140" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref140" name="_ftn140" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn140;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[140]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> “This has generated increased demands for
greater corporate responsibility and accountability, often supported by
companies wishing to avoids similar problems or to turn their own good
practices into a competitive advantage.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Ibid. at ¶ 15.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn141" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref141" name="_ftn141" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn141;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[141]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Other social actors are looking at how to
leverage this to cope with pressing societal problems, often because
governments are either unable or unwilling to perform their functions
properly.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ibid. at ¶ 16.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn142" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref142" name="_ftn142" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn142;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[142]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>This outcome is the broadest macro objective of the SRSG’s mandate.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn143" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref143" name="_ftn143" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn143;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[143]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> The abuses are just reported more
extensively because there are more actors tracking them, and there is greater
transparency than in the past.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ibid. at
¶ 20.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn144" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref144" name="_ftn144" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn144;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[144]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn145" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref145" name="_ftn145" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn145;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[145]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Including civil, political, economic,
social and cultural rights.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ibid. at ¶
21.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn146" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref146" name="_ftn146" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn146;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[146]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Though this is also because of the
absolute number of firms that are in existence now.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ibid.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn147" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref147" name="_ftn147" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn147;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[147]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid. at ¶ 22.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn148" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref148" name="_ftn148" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn148;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[148]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn149" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref149" name="_ftn149" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn149;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[149]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid. at ¶ 23.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn150" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref150" name="_ftn150" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn150;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[150]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn151" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref151" name="_ftn151" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn151;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[151]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid. at ¶ 24.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These were likely the most egregious
instances of abuse, so the reports are unlikely to demonstrate a representative
sample of all situations, but more closely representative of the worst.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn152" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref152" name="_ftn152" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn152;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[152]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; mso-ansi-language: DA;"> <span lang="DA">Ibid.
at ¶ 29.</span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn153" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref153" name="_ftn153" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn153;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[153]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; mso-ansi-language: DA;"> <span lang="DA">Ibid.
at ¶ 30.</span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn154" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref154" name="_ftn154" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn154;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[154]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; mso-ansi-language: DA;"> <span lang="DA">Ibid.
at ¶ 31.</span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn155" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref155" name="_ftn155" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn155;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[155]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid. at ¶ 33.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn156" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref156" name="_ftn156" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn156;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[156]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Non-discrimination and workplace health
and safety issues are included in most cases, followed closely by other core
labor rights (85% of policies), right to health (56%), and the right to
adequate standard of living (43%).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ibid.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn157" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref157" name="_ftn157" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn157;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[157]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid. at ¶ 34.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn158" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref158" name="_ftn158" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn158;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[158]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid. at ¶ 35.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn159" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref159" name="_ftn159" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn159;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[159]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid. at ¶ 36.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn160" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref160" name="_ftn160" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn160;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[160]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid. at ¶ 38.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn161" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref161" name="_ftn161" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn161;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[161]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> The largest social corporate
responsibility initiative which engages firms in implementing ten universal
principles in the areas of human rights, labor standards, environmental
practices, and anti-corruption.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn162" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref162" name="_ftn162" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn162;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[162]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Including National Contact Points, a
group of “government offices in the participating countries that, among other
functions, take up “specific instances” (complaints, in ordinary language) of
company non-compliance with the GuIbidelines.”</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn163" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref163" name="_ftn163" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn163;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[163]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Which has responsibility for labor rights
for years and its Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work is wIbidely
referenced by other initiatives.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn164" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref164" name="_ftn164" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn164;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[164]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Some of these more narrowly tailored
initiatives include the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative
(EITI)(dealing with revenue transparency), Kimberley Process Certification
Scheme (KPCS)(created to stem the flow of conflict diamonds), and the Voluntary
Principles on Security and Human Rights (VPs)(created to address the nexus
between the legitimate security needs of companies in the extractive sector and
the human rights of people in surrounding communities).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ibid. at ¶¶ 45-48.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"></b></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn165" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref165" name="_ftn165" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn165;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[165]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid. at ¶ 55.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn166" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref166" name="_ftn166" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn166;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[166]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid. at ¶ 56.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn167" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref167" name="_ftn167" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn167;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[167]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Any fair discussion of standards will
inevitably cover some of the same grounds.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Ibid. at ¶ 57.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn168" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref168" name="_ftn168" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn168;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[168]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid., at ¶ 58.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn169" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref169" name="_ftn169" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn169;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[169]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid. at ¶ 60.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn170" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref170" name="_ftn170" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn170;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[170]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> “But taken literally, the two claims
cannot both be correct. If the Norms merely restate established international
legal principles then they cannot also directly bind business because, with the
possible exception of certain war crimes and crimes against humanity, there are
no generally accepted international legal principles that do so. And if the
Norms were to bind business directly then they could not merely be restating
international legal principles; they would need, somehow, to discover or invent
new ones.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ibid.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn171" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref171" name="_ftn171" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn171;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[171]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn172" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref172" name="_ftn172" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn172;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[172]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid., at ¶ 59.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn173" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref173" name="_ftn173" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn173;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[173]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid. at ¶ 69.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn174" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref174" name="_ftn174" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn174;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[174]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid. </span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn175" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref175" name="_ftn175" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn175;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[175]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid., at ¶ 64.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn176" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref176" name="_ftn176" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn176;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[176]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid., at ¶ 61.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn177" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref177" name="_ftn177" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn177;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[177]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid. at ¶ 61.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn178" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref178" name="_ftn178" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn178;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[178]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> For example, the SRSG noted that the US
Alien Tort Claims Act has been influential in its use to create liability for
offenses under international standards but the mere fact that providing the
possibility of a remedy has made a difference though it is a limited tool due
to its expense and difficulty. </span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; mso-ansi-language: DA;">Ibid. at ¶ 62.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn179" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref179" name="_ftn179" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn179;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[179]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; mso-ansi-language: DA;"> <span lang="DA">Ibid.
at ¶ 65.</span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn180" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref180" name="_ftn180" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn180;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[180]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; mso-ansi-language: DA;"> <span lang="DA">Ibid.
at ¶ 66.</span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn181" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref181" name="_ftn181" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn181;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[181]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; mso-ansi-language: DA;"> <span lang="DA">Ibid.
at ¶ 67.</span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn182" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref182" name="_ftn182" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn182;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[182]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; mso-ansi-language: DA;"> <span lang="DA">Ibid.
at ¶ 68.</span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn183" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref183" name="_ftn183" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn183;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[183]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> “It is essential to achieve greater
conceptual clarity with regard to the respective responsibilities of states and
corporations.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ibid., at ¶ 70.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn184" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref184" name="_ftn184" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn184;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[184]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> This includes what companies must do,
what their internal external stakeholders expect of them and what is
desirable.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Each of these has a different
basis in the fabric of society, exhibiting different operating modes, and is
responsive to different incentive and disincentive mechanisms.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ibid. at ¶ 70.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn185" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref185" name="_ftn185" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn185;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[185]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid. at ¶ 71.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Though there could be problems with this as
companies may then be subjected to differing international standards.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn186" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref186" name="_ftn186" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn186;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[186]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid. at ¶ 81.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn187" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref187" name="_ftn187" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn187;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[187]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> “With regard to emerging legal standards
for establishing corporate complicity in human rights abuses, the SRSG will
follow with interest the work of the expert panel convened by the International
Commission of Jurists. Additionally, he is working with legal teams in several
countries to examine case law in different jurisdictions.” Ibid. at ¶ 72</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn188" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref188" name="_ftn188" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn188;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[188]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> “There can be little mystery about core
labor standards; the ILO has actively addressed issues concerning work and
related human rights for a very long time.” </span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; mso-ansi-language: DA;">Ibid. at ¶ 73.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn189" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref189" name="_ftn189" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn189;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[189]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; mso-ansi-language: DA;"> <span lang="DA">Ibid.
at ¶ 74.</span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn190" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref190" name="_ftn190" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn190;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[190]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; mso-ansi-language: DA;"> <span lang="DA">Ibid.,
at ¶ 76-78.</span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn191" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref191" name="_ftn191" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn191;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[191]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; mso-ansi-language: DA;"> <span lang="DA">Ibid.,
at ¶ 75.</span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn192" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref192" name="_ftn192" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn192;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[192]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; mso-ansi-language: DA;"> <span lang="DA">Ibid.,
at ¶ 79.</span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn193" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref193" name="_ftn193" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn193;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[193]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> “As indicated at the outset, the SRSG
takes his mandate to be primarily evIbidence based.” Ibid. at ¶ 81.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn194" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref194" name="_ftn194" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn194;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[194]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid. at ¶ 81.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn195" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref195" name="_ftn195" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn195;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[195]</span></span></span></span></a> 2007
SRSG GA Report Mapping-- Special Representative of the Secretary-General on
human rights and transnational corporations and other business enterprises,
Business and human rights: mapping international standards of responsibility
and accountability for corporate acts, A/HRC/4/35 (19 February 2007); available
[https://undocs.org/en/A/HRC/4/35]; last accessed 25 February 2024.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn196" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref196" name="_ftn196" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn196;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[196]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid. at ¶ 5.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn197" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref197" name="_ftn197" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn197;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[197]</span></span></span></span></a> 2007
SRSG Report Mapping 4/35 Addendum 1-- Special Representative of the
Secretary-General on human rights and transnational corporations and other
business enterprises, Human rights impact assessments - resolving key
methodological questions Addendum 1: State responsibilities to regulate and
adjudicate corporate activities under the United Nations core human rights
treaties: an overview of treaty body commentaries A/HRC/4/35/Add.1</p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText">(13 February 2007); available
[https://undocs.org/en/A/HRC/4/35/Add.1]; last accessed 25 February 2024.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn198" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref198" name="_ftn198" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn198;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[198]</span></span></span></span></a> 2007
SRSG Report Mapping 4/35 Addendum 2-- Special Representative of the
Secretary-General on human rights and transnational corporations and other
business enterprises, Human rights impact assessments - resolving key
methodological questions Addendum 2: Corporate responsibility under
international law and issues in extraterritorial regulation: summary of legal
workshops A/HRC/4/35/Add.2 (15 February 2007); available
[https://undocs.org/en/A/HRC/4/35/Add.2]; last accessed 25 February 2024.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn199" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref199" name="_ftn199" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn199;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[199]</span></span></span></span></a> 2007
SRSG Report Mapping 4/35 Addendum 3-- Special Representative of the
Secretary-General on human rights and transnational corporations and other
business enterprises, Human rights impact assessments - resolving key
methodological questions Addendum 3: Human Rights Policies and Management
Practices: Results from questionnaire surveys of Governments and Fortune Global
500 firms A/HRC/4/35/Add.3 (28 February 2007); available
[https://undocs.org/en/A/HRC/4/35/Add.3]; last accessed 25 February 2024.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn200" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref200" name="_ftn200" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn200;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[200]</span></span></span></span></a> 2007
SRSG Report Mapping 4/35 Addendum 4-- Special Representative of the
Secretary-General on human rights and transnational corporations and other
business enterprises, Human rights impact assessments - resolving key
methodological questions Addendum 4: Business recognition of human rights:
Global patterns, regional and sectoral variations A/HRC/4/35/Add. 4 (8 February
2007); available [https://undocs.org/en/A/HRC/4/35/Add.4]; last accessed 25
February 2024.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn201" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref201" name="_ftn201" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn201;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[201]</span></span></span></span></a> 2007
SRSG Report Methodology-- Special Representative of the Secretary-General on
human rights and transnational corporations and other business enterprises,
Human rights impact assessments - resolving key methodological questions
A/HRC/4/74 (5 February 2007); available [https://undocs.org/en/A/HRC/4/74],
last accessed 25 February 2024.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn202" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref202" name="_ftn202" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn202;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[202]</span></span></span></span></a> OHCHR,
website: Special Representative of the Secretary-General on human rights and
transnational corporations and other business enterprises; available [https://www.ohchr.org/en/special-procedures/wg-business/special-representative-secretary-general-human-rights-and-transnational-corporations-and-other],
last accessed 2 March 2024 <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(“This report
describes principles and characteristics of human rights impact assessments for
business, including similarities to environmental and social impact
assessments, and provides updates on current initiatives.”)</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn203" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref203" name="_ftn203" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn203;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[203]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> 2007 SRSG Report Mapping 4/35, at ¶ 2.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn204" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref204" name="_ftn204" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn204;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[204]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;"> “Clearly, a more
fundamental institutional misalignment is present: between the scope and impact
of economic forces and actors, on the one hand, and the capacity of societies
to manage their adverse consequences, on the other. This misalignment creates the
permissive environment within which blameworthy acts by corporations may occur
without adequate sanctioning or reparation.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Ibid., at ¶ 3.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn205" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref205" name="_ftn205" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn205;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[205]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;"> Ibid., at ¶ 3-4.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“The permissive conditions for
business-related human rights abuses today are created by a misalignment
between economic forces and governance capacity. Only a realignment can fix the
problem.” Ibid., at ¶ 82.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn206" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref206" name="_ftn206" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn206;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[206]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid at ¶ 5.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn207" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref207" name="_ftn207" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn207;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[207]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid at ¶ 6.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Corporate responsibility is understood to be
“the legal, social or moral obligations imposed on companies” and corporate
accountability is understood to include “the mechanisms holding them to these
obligations.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ibid.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn208" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref208" name="_ftn208" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn208;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[208]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">It
is now clear how these five areas have now been tailored and developed into the
current PRR Framework.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>The first
cluster, the State Duty to Respect has not changed at all.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The second and third, Corporate
Responsibility and Accountability for International Crimes and Corporate
Responsibility for Other Human Rights Violation under International Law have
become the Corporate Responsibility to Respect in the new framework.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The fourth and fifth clusters,
Self-regulation and Soft-law Mechanisms have become the third part of the
framework, Access to Remedies; although the self-regulation cluster fits in
with the corporate responsibility to respect as well.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>See discussion, below at Part IV, infra.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn209" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref209" name="_ftn209" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn209;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[209]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;"> Ibid.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In line with the strong evIbidentiary basis
of principles development, the “report draws on some two-dozen research papers
produced by or for the SRSG.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He also
benefited from three regional multi-stakeholder consultations in Johannesburg,
Bangkok, and Bogotá; civil society consultations on five continents; visits to
the operations of firms in four industry sectors in developing countries.” Ibid.,
at at ¶ 7</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn210" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref210" name="_ftn210" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn210;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[210]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid at ¶ 10.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn211" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref211" name="_ftn211" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn211;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[211]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> This is permitted where the
actor or victim is a national, where the acts have substantial adverse effects
on the state, or where specific international crimes are involved.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ibid at ¶ 15.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn212" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref212" name="_ftn212" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn212;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[212]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Ibid at
¶ 16.</span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn213" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref213" name="_ftn213" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn213;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[213]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid at ¶ 15..</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn214" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref214" name="_ftn214" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn214;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[214]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid at ¶ 18.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It requires states to fulfill their duty as a
key player in regulation and adjudication or risk breaching their international
obligations.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn215" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref215" name="_ftn215" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn215;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[215]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid at ¶ 19.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Liability under the ICC statute is generally
in national courts within states that have adopted it into domestic law.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn216" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref216" name="_ftn216" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn216;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[216]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid at ¶ 24.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn217" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref217" name="_ftn217" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn217;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[217]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid at ¶ 28.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn218" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref218" name="_ftn218" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn218;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[218]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Similarly, in the United States, the US
Sentencing Guidelines take into account the corporate culture when assessing
money penalties.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ibid.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn219" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref219" name="_ftn219" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn219;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[219]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid at ¶ 29.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn220" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref220" name="_ftn220" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn220;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[220]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid at ¶ 33.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn221" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref221" name="_ftn221" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn221;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[221]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> An alternative view is that these
instruments impose direct legal responsibilities on corporations but just lack
direct accountability mechanisms to make them effective.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; mso-ansi-language: DA;">Ibid at ¶ 35.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn222" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref222" name="_ftn222" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn222;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[222]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; mso-ansi-language: DA;"> <span lang="DA">Ibid
at ¶ 44.</span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn223" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref223" name="_ftn223" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn223;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[223]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; mso-ansi-language: DA;"> <span lang="DA">Ibid
at ¶ 46.</span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn224" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref224" name="_ftn224" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn224;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[224]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; mso-ansi-language: DA;"> <span lang="DA">Ibid
at ¶ 46.</span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn225" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref225" name="_ftn225" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn225;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[225]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; mso-ansi-language: DA;"> <span lang="DA">Ibid
at ¶ 52.</span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn226" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref226" name="_ftn226" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn226;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[226]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; mso-ansi-language: DA;"> <span lang="DA">Ibid
at ¶ 54.</span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn227" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref227" name="_ftn227" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn227;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[227]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; mso-ansi-language: DA;"> <span lang="DA">Ibid
at ¶ 61.</span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn228" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref228" name="_ftn228" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn228;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[228]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; mso-ansi-language: DA;"> <span lang="DA">Ibid
at ¶ 76.</span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn229" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref229" name="_ftn229" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn229;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[229]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; mso-ansi-language: DA;"> <span lang="DA">Ibid
at ¶ 77.</span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn230" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref230" name="_ftn230" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn230;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[230]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; mso-ansi-language: DA;"> <span lang="DA">Ibid
at ¶ 78.</span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn231" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref231" name="_ftn231" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn231;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[231]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; mso-ansi-language: DA;"> <span lang="DA">Ibid
at ¶ 79-80.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">Assurance is also problematic when taking into
account suppliers as they are not always required to follow the same policies
and practices as the parent company.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn232" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref232" name="_ftn232" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn232;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[232]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid at ¶ 83.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn233" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref233" name="_ftn233" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn233;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[233]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid at ¶ 84.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The lack of consistency and harmonization
among national approaches leaves corporate regulation to other governance
forms—principally, the SRSG suggests, in courts of public opinion.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ibid.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn234" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref234" name="_ftn234" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn234;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[234]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;"> Ibid at ¶ 86.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“</span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Nor do
states seem to be taking full advantage of the many legal and policy tools at
their</span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">disposal
to meet their treaty obligations.</span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ibid.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn235" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref235" name="_ftn235" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn235;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[235]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;"> “For that to occur,
states need to more proactively structure business incentives and
disincentives, while accountability practices must be more deeply embedded
within market mechanisms themselves.” Ibid at ¶ 85.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn236" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref236" name="_ftn236" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn236;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[236]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid at ¶ 86.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn237" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref237" name="_ftn237" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn237;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[237]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> In a crucial paragraph, the SRSG
developed this Idea and the consequence—multiple jurisdictional basis for
regulation:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">Lack
of clarity regarding the implications of the duty to protect also affects how
corporate “sphere of influence” is understood. . . . [I]n exploring its
potential utility as a practical policy tool the SRSG has discovered that it
cannot easily be separated operationally from the state duty to protect. Where
governments lack capacity or abdicate their duties, the corporate sphere of
influence looms large by default, not due to any principled underpinning. . . .
The soft law hybrids have made a singular contribution by acknowledging that
for some purposes the most sensible solution is to base initiatives on the
notion of “shared responsibility” from the start. . . . </span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">Ibid at ¶ 87.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn238" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref238" name="_ftn238" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn238;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[238]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> “The extensive research and consultations
conducted for this mandate demonstrate that no single silver bullet can resolve
the business and human rights challenge.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Ibid., at ¶ 88.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn239" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref239" name="_ftn239" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn239;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[239]</span></span></span></span></a> 2007
SRSG Report Mapping 4/35 Addenda 1, Summary.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn240" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref240" name="_ftn240" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn240;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[240]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 2.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn241" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref241" name="_ftn241" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn241;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[241]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 1; generally ibid., ¶¶ 1-6. </p>
</div>
<div id="ftn242" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref242" name="_ftn242" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn242;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[242]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 7.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn243" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref243" name="_ftn243" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn243;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[243]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 8.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn244" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref244" name="_ftn244" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn244;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[244]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 10.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn245" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref245" name="_ftn245" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn245;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[245]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
11.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn246" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref246" name="_ftn246" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn246;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[246]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶¶ 12-17.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn247" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref247" name="_ftn247" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn247;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[247]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶¶18-38.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn248" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref248" name="_ftn248" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn248;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[248]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 12.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn249" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref249" name="_ftn249" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn249;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[249]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 16.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn250" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref250" name="_ftn250" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn250;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[250]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 17. </p>
</div>
<div id="ftn251" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref251" name="_ftn251" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn251;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[251]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 18.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn252" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref252" name="_ftn252" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn252;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[252]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶¶ 19-27.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn253" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref253" name="_ftn253" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn253;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[253]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 30.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn254" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref254" name="_ftn254" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn254;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[254]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 37.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn255" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref255" name="_ftn255" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn255;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[255]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶¶ 39-62.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn256" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref256" name="_ftn256" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn256;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[256]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 39.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn257" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref257" name="_ftn257" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn257;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[257]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 40 (including by National Human Rights Institutions; ibid., ¶ 41). </p>
</div>
<div id="ftn258" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref258" name="_ftn258" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn258;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[258]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶¶ 42-46.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn259" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref259" name="_ftn259" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn259;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[259]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶¶ 47-49.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn260" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref260" name="_ftn260" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn260;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[260]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 50.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn261" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref261" name="_ftn261" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn261;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[261]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶¶ 51-55.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn262" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref262" name="_ftn262" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn262;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[262]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶¶56-62. </p>
</div>
<div id="ftn263" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref263" name="_ftn263" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn263;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[263]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶¶ 63-67.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn264" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref264" name="_ftn264" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn264;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[264]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶¶ 68-71.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn265" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref265" name="_ftn265" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn265;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[265]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶¶ 72-80 (including state owned enterprises, ibid., ¶¶ 78-80).</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn266" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref266" name="_ftn266" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn266;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[266]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶¶ 81-92.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn267" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref267" name="_ftn267" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn267;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[267]</span></span></span></span></a> For an
introductory discussion, see Chapter 2, supra, at Section 2.2.2.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn268" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref268" name="_ftn268" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn268;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[268]</span></span></span></span></a> 2007
SRSG Report Mapping 4/35 Addenda 1, ¶ 84.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn269" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref269" name="_ftn269" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn269;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[269]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 93.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn270" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref270" name="_ftn270" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn270;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[270]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 94.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn271" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref271" name="_ftn271" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn271;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[271]</span></span></span></span></a> For
some of the complexities, see, e.g., Alexander Thompson. “The rational
enforcement of international law: solving the sanctioners’ dilemma,” (2009)
1(2) International Theory 307-321; Julia C. Morse, and Robert O. Kohane,
‘Contested Multilateralism,’ (2014) 9(4) The Review of International
Organizations 385-412.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn272" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref272" name="_ftn272" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn272;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[272]</span></span></span></span></a> 2007
SRSG Report 4/35 (Mapping) Addenda 1, ¶ 95.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn273" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref273" name="_ftn273" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn273;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[273]</span></span></span></span></a> 2007
SRSG Report Mapping Addenda 2.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn274" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref274" name="_ftn274" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn274;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[274]</span></span></span></span></a> The
four workshops were identified in the Introduction to Addendum 2 at ¶¶ 1-5. </p>
</div>
<div id="ftn275" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref275" name="_ftn275" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn275;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[275]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶¶ 7-34.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn276" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref276" name="_ftn276" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn276;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[276]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶¶ 35-74.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn277" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref277" name="_ftn277" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn277;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[277]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 6.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn278" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref278" name="_ftn278" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn278;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[278]</span></span></span></span></a> 2007
SRSG Report 4/35 (Mapping) Addenda 1.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn279" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref279" name="_ftn279" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn279;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[279]</span></span></span></span></a>
Discussed<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>immediately above.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn280" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref280" name="_ftn280" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn280;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[280]</span></span></span></span></a> 2007
SRSG Report 4/35 (Mapping) Addenda 2, ¶¶7-34. </p>
</div>
<div id="ftn281" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref281" name="_ftn281" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn281;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[281]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 7.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn282" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref282" name="_ftn282" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn282;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[282]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 8.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn283" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref283" name="_ftn283" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn283;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[283]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 9. </p>
</div>
<div id="ftn284" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref284" name="_ftn284" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn284;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[284]</span></span></span></span></a> See,
e.g., Larry Catá Backer and Flora Sapio (eds), ‘Commentary on the U.N.
Inter-Governmental Working Group (Geneva) 2019 Draft “Legally Binding
Instrument to Regulate, in International Human Rights Law, the Activities of
Corporations and Other Business Enterprises,2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>(2019) 14(2)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>Emancipating the
Mind in the New Era: Bulletin of the Coalition for Peace & Ethics </i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>149-351.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn285" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref285" name="_ftn285" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn285;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[285]</span></span></span></span></a> 2007
SRSG Report 4/35 (Mapping) Addenda 2, ¶ 10.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn286" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref286" name="_ftn286" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn286;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[286]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶¶ 10-11. </p>
</div>
<div id="ftn287" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref287" name="_ftn287" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn287;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[287]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.
¶¶ 12-14.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn288" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref288" name="_ftn288" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn288;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[288]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ibid., ¶¶ 15; and of course, the notion of
corporations as moral agents (ibid., ¶ 16). The moral duty perspective was
useful, certainly, as evidence of the possibility of regulatory structures,
perhaps with teeth, that did not relay on state based legality. </p>
</div>
<div id="ftn289" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref289" name="_ftn289" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn289;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[289]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶¶17-21.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn290" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref290" name="_ftn290" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn290;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[290]</span></span></span></span></a> The
underlying premises of Giorgio Agamben, <i>State of Exception: Homo Sacer II</i>
(University of Chibcao Press, 2003). </p>
</div>
<div id="ftn291" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref291" name="_ftn291" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn291;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[291]</span></span></span></span></a> 2007
SRSG Report 4/35 (Mapping) Addendum 2, ¶¶22-25.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn292" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref292" name="_ftn292" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn292;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[292]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶¶ 26-30. </p>
</div>
<div id="ftn293" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref293" name="_ftn293" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn293;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[293]</span></span></span></span></a> UNGP
Principle 12. Discussion at 2007 SRSG Report 4/35 (Mapping) Addendum 2, ¶ 27.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn294" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref294" name="_ftn294" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn294;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[294]</span></span></span></span></a> 2007
SRSG Report 4/35 (Mapping) Addendum 2, ¶¶ 33-34.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn295" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref295" name="_ftn295" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn295;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[295]</span></span></span></span></a> Iris
Marion Young, “Responsibility and global labour justice” (2004) 12(4) <i>Journal
of Political Philosophy</i> 365-388.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn296" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref296" name="_ftn296" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn296;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[296]</span></span></span></span></a> 2007
SRSG Report 4/35 (Mapping) Addenda 2, ¶¶35-73. </p>
</div>
<div id="ftn297" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref297" name="_ftn297" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn297;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[297]</span></span></span></span></a> On the
issue of the analytic and political challenges<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>caused by the fracturing of academic and policy silos, see, Larry Catá
Backer, Multinational Corporations,</p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText">Transnational Law: The United Nation’s Norms on the
Responsibilities of Transnational Corporations as a Harbinger</p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText">of Corporate Social Responsibility as International
Law, (2006) 37 <i>Columbia Human Rights Law Review</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(2006)</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn298" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref298" name="_ftn298" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn298;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[298]</span></span></span></span></a> 2007
SRSG Report 4/35 (Mapping) Addenda 2, ¶ 35.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn299" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref299" name="_ftn299" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn299;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[299]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 36. </p>
</div>
<div id="ftn300" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref300" name="_ftn300" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn300;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[300]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 37.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn301" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref301" name="_ftn301" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn301;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[301]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 38.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn302" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref302" name="_ftn302" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn302;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[302]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 46.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn303" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref303" name="_ftn303" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn303;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[303]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶¶ 48-49. </p>
</div>
<div id="ftn304" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref304" name="_ftn304" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn304;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[304]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶¶ 50-52.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn305" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref305" name="_ftn305" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn305;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[305]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶¶ 53-56. </p>
</div>
<div id="ftn306" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref306" name="_ftn306" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn306;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[306]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 56. </p>
</div>
<div id="ftn307" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref307" name="_ftn307" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn307;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[307]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 58.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn308" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref308" name="_ftn308" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn308;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[308]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 62.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn309" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref309" name="_ftn309" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn309;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[309]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 72 (“However, there was also a sense that home States might have a role to
play where remedies in the territorial State are unlikely to be effective.”
Ibid.).</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn310" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref310" name="_ftn310" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn310;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[310]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibd.,
¶ 73.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn311" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref311" name="_ftn311" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn311;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[311]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 73.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn312" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref312" name="_ftn312" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn312;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[312]</span></span></span></span></a> 2007
SRSG Report 4/35 (Mapping) Addenda 3, ¶ 2.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn313" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref313" name="_ftn313" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn313;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[313]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶¶5-64.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn314" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref314" name="_ftn314" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn314;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[314]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶¶ 65-103.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn315" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref315" name="_ftn315" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn315;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[315]</span></span></span></span></a> 2007
SRSG Report 4/35 (Mapping) Addenda 4, ¶ 6. This played a role in the analysis
of the more generalized but mission critical data presented in the succeeding
Addendum 4.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn316" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref316" name="_ftn316" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn316;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[316]</span></span></span></span></a> 2007
SRSG Report 4/35 (Mapping) Addenda 3, ¶ 2, ¶¶ 8-10.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn317" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref317" name="_ftn317" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn317;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[317]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 57 (“The low response rate means that the results of the survey may not be
representative. It also may mean that despite the importance that many States
claim to place on the issue, very few have acted upon their political
commitments. “).</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn318" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref318" name="_ftn318" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn318;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[318]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 58.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn319" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref319" name="_ftn319" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn319;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[319]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 59.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn320" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref320" name="_ftn320" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn320;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[320]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 60.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn321" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref321" name="_ftn321" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn321;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[321]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 61.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn322" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref322" name="_ftn322" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn322;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[322]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 62.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn323" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref323" name="_ftn323" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn323;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[323]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 63. </p>
</div>
<div id="ftn324" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref324" name="_ftn324" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn324;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[324]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 64.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn325" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref325" name="_ftn325" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn325;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[325]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 65. “The leading global companies report having core elements of human rights
policies or management practices in place.” Ibid., ¶ 66.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn326" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref326" name="_ftn326" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn326;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[326]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 68.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn327" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref327" name="_ftn327" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn327;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[327]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 69, the results appearing in 2007 SRSG Report 4/35 (Mapping) Addenda 4.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn328" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref328" name="_ftn328" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn328;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[328]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶¶ 99-103.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn329" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref329" name="_ftn329" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn329;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[329]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶¶99.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn330" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref330" name="_ftn330" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn330;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[330]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 99.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn331" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref331" name="_ftn331" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn331;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[331]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 100.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn332" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref332" name="_ftn332" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn332;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[332]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 101.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn333" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref333" name="_ftn333" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn333;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[333]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 102.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn334" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref334" name="_ftn334" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn334;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[334]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn335" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref335" name="_ftn335" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn335;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[335]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 103.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn336" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref336" name="_ftn336" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn336;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[336]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn337" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref337" name="_ftn337" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn337;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[337]</span></span></span></span></a> See,
e.g., UNGP Principles 16, 19.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn338" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref338" name="_ftn338" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn338;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[338]</span></span></span></span></a> 2007 SRSG
Report 4/35 (Mapping) Addenda 4, Summary p. 2.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn339" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref339" name="_ftn339" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn339;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[339]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 3. It differed from the data and analysis in Addendum 3 because it was based
on actual documentation, included a broader cross/section of companies,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and provided human rights based information
of a larger variety of business firms. Ibid., ¶ 2.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn340" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref340" name="_ftn340" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn340;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[340]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 4.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn341" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref341" name="_ftn341" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn341;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[341]</span></span></span></span></a> See,
UNGP Principle 12.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn342" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref342" name="_ftn342" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn342;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[342]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 5. </p>
</div>
<div id="ftn343" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref343" name="_ftn343" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn343;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[343]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.
Labor rights data were considered ibid., ¶¶ 17-44; non-labor rights at ¶¶
45-67; and accountability and external engagement at<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>68-95.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Anti-corruption efforts were considered at ¶¶ 96-99.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn344" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref344" name="_ftn344" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn344;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[344]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶¶119-202.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn345" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref345" name="_ftn345" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn345;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[345]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 113.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn346" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref346" name="_ftn346" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn346;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[346]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 114.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn347" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref347" name="_ftn347" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn347;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[347]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 115.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn348" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref348" name="_ftn348" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn348;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[348]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 116.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn349" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref349" name="_ftn349" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn349;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[349]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶¶ 117-118.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn350" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref350" name="_ftn350" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn350;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[350]</span></span></span></span></a> On
these points, see, e.g., Larry Catá Backer, ‘Transnational Corporations’
Outward Expression of Inward Self-Constitution: The Enforcement of Human Rights
by Apple, Inc.,’ (2013) 20(2) <i>Indiana J. Global L. Stud</i>. 805-879<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(2013); Larry Catá Backer, ‘Private Actors
and Public Governance Beyond the State:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The Multinational Corporation, the Financial Stability Board and the
Global Governance Order,’ (2011) <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>18(2) <i>Ind.
J. Global L Stud</i> 751-802 (2011); Larry Catá Backer, ‘Economic Globalization
and the Rise of Efficient Systems of Global Private Law Making:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Wal-Mart as Global Legislator,’ (2007) <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>39(4) <i>U. Conn. L Rev</i> 1739-1784.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn351" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref351" name="_ftn351" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn351;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[351]</span></span></span></span></a> 2007 SRSG
Report 4/35 (Mapping) Addenda 4, ¶¶120-123.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn352" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref352" name="_ftn352" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn352;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[352]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 209.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn353" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref353" name="_ftn353" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn353;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[353]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn354" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref354" name="_ftn354" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn354;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[354]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 210.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn355" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref355" name="_ftn355" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn355;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[355]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid,,
¶¶ 211-213.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn356" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref356" name="_ftn356" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn356;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[356]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 214.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn357" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref357" name="_ftn357" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn357;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[357]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.
¶ 216.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn358" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref358" name="_ftn358" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn358;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[358]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 217.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn359" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref359" name="_ftn359" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn359;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[359]</span></span></span></span></a>
Discussed infra at Section 3.3.1.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn360" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref360" name="_ftn360" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn360;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[360]</span></span></span></span></a> 2007
SRSG Report<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4/64, Summary.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn361" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref361" name="_ftn361" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn361;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[361]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶¶ 1-9.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn362" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref362" name="_ftn362" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn362;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[362]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶¶ 10-21.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn363" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref363" name="_ftn363" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn363;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[363]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶¶ 22-29.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn364" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref364" name="_ftn364" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn364;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[364]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 29.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn365" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref365" name="_ftn365" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn365;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[365]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶¶ 30-36.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn366" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref366" name="_ftn366" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn366;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[366]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶¶ 37-40. </p>
</div>
<div id="ftn367" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref367" name="_ftn367" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn367;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[367]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
Summary.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn368" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref368" name="_ftn368" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn368;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[368]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶¶ 1-9.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn369" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref369" name="_ftn369" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn369;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[369]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 2. </p>
</div>
<div id="ftn370" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref370" name="_ftn370" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn370;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[370]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn371" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref371" name="_ftn371" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn371;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[371]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid,
¶ 3.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn372" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref372" name="_ftn372" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn372;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[372]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶¶ 3-5.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn373" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref373" name="_ftn373" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn373;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[373]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid,
¶¶ 6-8.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn374" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref374" name="_ftn374" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn374;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[374]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
8-9 (noting the developments in the field).</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn375" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref375" name="_ftn375" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn375;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[375]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶¶ 10-21.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn376" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref376" name="_ftn376" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn376;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[376]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶¶ 11-20.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These include identifying
the activity or practice from which impacts emerge; using legal. Regulatory and
administrative standards and private law as a baseline against which impacts
may be measures; the assessments must be context specific; impacts ought to be
understood as a “delta” concept the change produced by the activity; human
rights impacts are prioritized in the assessment; recommendations are made on
the basis of that prioritization<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>that is
grounded on prevention as the highest goal; those recommendations then serve as
a basis<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>for changing the proposed
activity; provisions for monitoring implementation should be developed and
applied;<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>a measure of transparency is
required, and experts may be utilized; and they should serve as the basis for
generalizing the approach so that it may eventually harden into custom,
practice or rule. </p>
</div>
<div id="ftn377" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref377" name="_ftn377" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn377;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[377]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.
¶ 21.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn378" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref378" name="_ftn378" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn378;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[378]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶¶ 22-29.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn379" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref379" name="_ftn379" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn379;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[379]</span></span></span></span></a>
Compare UNGP Principle 12 (described in Chapter 2, supra, and discussed in
Chapter 8.1, infra, with 2007 SRSG Report 4/74<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>¶ 22. Both include the core principle that the identification of the
foundational applicable standards does not otherwise limit the application of
other context relevant human rights law/norms. </p>
</div>
<div id="ftn380" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref380" name="_ftn380" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn380;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[380]</span></span></span></span></a> 2007
SRSG Report Mapping 4/35, ¶ 25.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn381" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref381" name="_ftn381" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn381;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[381]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶¶ 26-27.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn382" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref382" name="_ftn382" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn382;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[382]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 28.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn383" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref383" name="_ftn383" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn383;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[383]</span></span></span></span></a> See
discussion Chapter 2, supra, Section 2.2.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn384" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref384" name="_ftn384" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn384;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[384]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 29.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn385" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref385" name="_ftn385" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn385;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[385]</span></span></span></span></a>
Ibid.,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>¶¶ 30-40.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn386" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref386" name="_ftn386" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn386;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[386]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶¶ 30-36.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn387" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref387" name="_ftn387" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn387;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[387]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
37.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn388" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref388" name="_ftn388" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn388;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[388]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 38 (as they become<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“more common, both
the costs and the benefits of the exercise should become clearer, hopefully
leading other business enterprises to experiment with HRIAs” ibid.).</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn389" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref389" name="_ftn389" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn389;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[389]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 39.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn390" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref390" name="_ftn390" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn390;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[390]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 40.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn391" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref391" name="_ftn391" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn391;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[391]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 40.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn392" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref392" name="_ftn392" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn392;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[392]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Special Representative of the
Secretary-General on the issue of human rights and transnational corporations
and other business enterprises.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Protect,
Respect and Remedy: a Framework for Business and Human Rights</span></i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">, U.N. Doc. A/HRC/8/5 (April 7, 2008),
available </span></span><a href="http://www.reports-and-materials.org/Ruggie-report-7-Apr-2008.pdf"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">http://www.reports-and-materials.org/Ruggie-report-7-Apr-2008.pdf</span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">. </span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn393" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref393" name="_ftn393" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn393;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[393]</span></span></span></span></a> Special
Representative of the Secretary-General on human rights and transnational
corporations and other business enterprises, Protect, Respect and Remedy: a
Framework for Business and Human Rights A/HRC/8/5 (7 April 2008); available
[https://undocs.org/en/A/HRC/8/5];<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>last
accessed 25 February 2024 (2008 SRSG Report 8/5 (Protect, Respect and Remedy)).</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn394" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref394" name="_ftn394" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn394;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[394]</span></span></span></span></a> Special
Representative of the Secretary-General on human rights and transnational
corporations and other business enterprises, Protect, Respect and Remedy: a
Framework for Business and Human Rights A/HRC/8/5 Addendum 1 A/HRC/8/5/Add.1
(23 April 2008); available [https://undocs.org/en/A/HRC/8/5/Add.1]; last
accessed 25 February 2024 (2008 SRSG Report 8/5 (Protect, Respect, Remedy)
Addendum 1 (Consultation Reports)).</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn395" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref395" name="_ftn395" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn395;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[395]</span></span></span></span></a> Special
Representative of the Secretary-General on human rights and transnational
corporations and other business enterprises, Protect, Respect and Remedy: a
Framework for Business and Human Rights A/HRC/8/5 (23 May 2008); available
[https://undocs.org/en/A/HRC/8/5/Add.2], last accessed 25 February 2024 (2008
SRSG Report 8/5 *Protect, Respect, Remedy( Addendum 2 (Corporate Abuse)).</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn396" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref396" name="_ftn396" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn396;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[396]</span></span></span></span></a> Special
Representative of the Secretary-General on human rights and transnational
corporations and other business enterprises, Clarifying the Concepts of “Sphere
of influence” and “Complicity”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>A/HRC/8/16 (15 May 2008); available [https://undocs.org/en/A/HRC/8/16];
last accessed 25 February 2024 (2008 SRSG Report 8/16 Clarifying Concepts).</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn397" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref397" name="_ftn397" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn397;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[397]</span></span></span></span></a> Special
Representative of the Secretary-General on human rights and transnational
corporations and other business enterprises, Report to the UN General Assembly:
Human rights and transnational corporations and other business enterprises
A/63/270 (12 August 2008); available [https://undocs.org/en/A/63/270]; last
accessed 25 February 2024 (2008 SRSG Report GA 63/270).</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn398" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref398" name="_ftn398" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn398;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[398]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Mr. Ruggie has pointed out that there are
three governance gaps.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The first is
structural as the global economy is comprised of globally integrated businesses
while there is a territorially fragmented system of public governance.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This limits the ability of any government
from having a significant effect on business and human rights.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The second stems from the fragmentation
within governments, or a lack of policy coherence.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This is comprised of the vertical and
horizontal incoherence contained in the report.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The last gap is capacity related, the state never implements the law or
adopts the necessary legislation because it lacks the means or fears the
consequences in the global economy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>John
Ruggie, UN Special Representative for the Secretary General for Business and
Human Rights, Keynote Address at the 3<sup>rd</sup> Annual Responsible
Investment Forum (Jan. 12, 2009) at 2.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn399" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref399" name="_ftn399" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn399;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[399]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Special Representative of the
Secretary-General on the issue of human rights and transnational corporations
and other business enterprises.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Protect,
Respect and Remedy: a Framework for Business and Human Rights</span></i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">, at ¶ 3, U.N. Doc. A/HRC/8/5 (April 7,
2008).</span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn400" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref400" name="_ftn400" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn400;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[400]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;"> “No industry, and no
region, has a monopoly on corporate abuses; all have been implicated. Moreover,
it is clear that companies can have adverse effects on virtually all
internationally recognized rights, not only a relatively narrow range of labor
standards or issues related to communities in the proximity of a business
operation.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>John Ruggie, UN Special
Representative for the Secretary General for Business and Human Rights, Remarks
at the Royal Institute of International Affairs, Chatham House (May 22, 2008)
at 2.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn401" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref401" name="_ftn401" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn401;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[401]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Supra</i>
note 75 at ¶ 33-40.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Horizontal
incoherence is present at two places, when dealing with host states and with
home states.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For host states, the
problem develops when there are groups within the government trying to attract
foreign investment and do not balance the need for foreign investment with an
interest in human rights.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn402" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref402" name="_ftn402" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn402;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[402]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid at ¶ 36.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn403" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref403" name="_ftn403" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn403;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[403]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid at ¶ 44.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn404" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref404" name="_ftn404" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn404;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[404]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> This also includes challenges present in
low income countries, countries that have just emerged from, or are still in,
conflict, and where the rule of law is weak and corruption is high.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Supra </i>note
5???????????????<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Chatham house speech.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn405" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref405" name="_ftn405" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn405;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[405]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> SRSG<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>notes that ‘States need to do more to “promote conflict-sensitive
practices in their business sectors”’.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ibid.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn406" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref406" name="_ftn406" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn406;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[406]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> “They could then provide or facilitate
access to information and advice … to help businesses address the heightened
human rights risks and ensure they act appropriately when engaging with local
actors.” Ibid at ¶ 49.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn407" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref407" name="_ftn407" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn407;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[407]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Supra</i>
note 75 at ¶ 51.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn408" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref408" name="_ftn408" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn408;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[408]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid at ¶ 55.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn409" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref409" name="_ftn409" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn409;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[409]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn410" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref410" name="_ftn410" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn410;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[410]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;"> The scope of due
diligence should include not only a company’s own activities, but also the
relationships connected with them—relationships with governments and other
non-state actors.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ruggie Chatham House
Remarks<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>CITE.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn411" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref411" name="_ftn411" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn411;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[411]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> adoption of human rights policies with
detailed guidance in specific areas to give meaning to it.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Supra note 75 at ¶ 60.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn412" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref412" name="_ftn412" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn412;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[412]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> companies must take proactive steps
before conducting any activities to determine if there will be any impact on
human rights.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If there will be an
effect, companies should refine their plans to avoid or mitigate the human
rights harms. Ibid at ¶ 61.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn413" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref413" name="_ftn413" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn413;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[413]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> companies must integrate the human rights
policy they develop into their overall policy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>They must be integrated into the entire company and not just one
department.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ibid at ¶ 62.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn414" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref414" name="_ftn414" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn414;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[414]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> monitoring and auditing performance is
important as it allows companies to track the performance of ongoing
developments in human rights policies.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ibid
at ¶ 63.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn415" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref415" name="_ftn415" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn415;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[415]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Supra</i>
note 75, at ¶ 66.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn416" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref416" name="_ftn416" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn416;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[416]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid at ¶ 78.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn417" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref417" name="_ftn417" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn417;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[417]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid at ¶ 73.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn418" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref418" name="_ftn418" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn418;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[418]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid at ¶ 82.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For if the grievance mechanism is
ineffective, or even non-existent, there is no incentive for states or
companies to protect or respect human rights.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn419" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref419" name="_ftn419" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn419;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[419]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid at ¶ 88-89.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn420" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref420" name="_ftn420" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn420;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[420]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid at ¶ 90.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn421" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref421" name="_ftn421" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn421;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[421]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn422" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref422" name="_ftn422" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn422;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[422]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">
</i>at ¶ 92.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn423" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref423" name="_ftn423" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn423;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[423]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid at ¶ 93.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The mechanism should focus on a direct or
mediated dialogue.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn424" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref424" name="_ftn424" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn424;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[424]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; mso-ansi-language: DA;"> <span lang="DA">Ibid
at ¶ 94.</span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn425" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref425" name="_ftn425" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn425;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[425]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; mso-ansi-language: DA;"> <span lang="DA">Ibid
at ¶ 97.</span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn426" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref426" name="_ftn426" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn426;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[426]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; mso-ansi-language: DA;"> <span lang="DA">Ibid
at ¶ 97.</span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn427" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref427" name="_ftn427" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn427;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[427]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn428" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref428" name="_ftn428" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn428;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[428]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid at ¶ 100.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn429" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref429" name="_ftn429" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn429;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[429]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid at ¶ 101.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn430" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref430" name="_ftn430" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn430;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[430]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid at ¶ 102.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn431" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref431" name="_ftn431" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn431;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[431]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid at ¶ 103.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn432" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref432" name="_ftn432" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn432;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[432]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn433" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref433" name="_ftn433" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn433;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[433]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid at ¶ 106.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn434" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref434" name="_ftn434" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn434;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[434]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> With a nod, again, to what the SRSG Identifies
as the fatal flaw in the conceptualization of the Norms, the SRSG acknowledges
that the “</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">UnitedNationsisnotacentralizedcommand-and-controlsystemthatcanimpose
its will on the world - indeed it has no “will” apart from that with which
Member States endow it. But it can and must lead intellectually and by setting
expectations and aspirations.</span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ibid., at ¶ 107.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn435" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref435" name="_ftn435" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn435;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[435]</span></span></span></span></a> 2008
SRSG Report 8/5 Addenda 1 (Summary Multi-Stakeholder Consultations).</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn436" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref436" name="_ftn436" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn436;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[436]</span></span></span></span></a> 2008
SRSG Report 8/5 Addenda 2 (Corporate Abuse).</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn437" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref437" name="_ftn437" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn437;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[437]</span></span></span></span></a> 2008
SRSG Report 8/5 Addenda 1 (Summary Multi-Stakeholder Consultations), Summary,
p. 2.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn438" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref438" name="_ftn438" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn438;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[438]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
p. 3, ¶¶ 1-3, 4-67.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn439" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref439" name="_ftn439" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn439;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[439]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
pp. 3-4, ¶¶ 100-152.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn440" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref440" name="_ftn440" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn440;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[440]</span></span></span></span></a> See discussion,
supra, § 3.2.3.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn441" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref441" name="_ftn441" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn441;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[441]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶¶ 68-99.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn442" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref442" name="_ftn442" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn442;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[442]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
pp. 4-5.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn443" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref443" name="_ftn443" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn443;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[443]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶¶ 4-67</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn444" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref444" name="_ftn444" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn444;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[444]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 8.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn445" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref445" name="_ftn445" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn445;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[445]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 9.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn446" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref446" name="_ftn446" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn446;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[446]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 10.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn447" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref447" name="_ftn447" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn447;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[447]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 66.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn448" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref448" name="_ftn448" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn448;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[448]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn449" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref449" name="_ftn449" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn449;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[449]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn450" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref450" name="_ftn450" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn450;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[450]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 67.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn451" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref451" name="_ftn451" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn451;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[451]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn452" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref452" name="_ftn452" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn452;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[452]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶¶ 68-99.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn453" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref453" name="_ftn453" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn453;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[453]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 68.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn454" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref454" name="_ftn454" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn454;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[454]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn455" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref455" name="_ftn455" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn455;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[455]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 69.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn456" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref456" name="_ftn456" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn456;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[456]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 70.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn457" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref457" name="_ftn457" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn457;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[457]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶¶ 71-73, 77. </p>
</div>
<div id="ftn458" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref458" name="_ftn458" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn458;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[458]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 99.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn459" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref459" name="_ftn459" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn459;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[459]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶¶ 100-152.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn460" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref460" name="_ftn460" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn460;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[460]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶¶ 104-107.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn461" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref461" name="_ftn461" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn461;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[461]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶¶ 11-115. The SRSG noted the use of due diligence in the United States, it
connection to fiduciary duty, and the need for further<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>research. Ibid. </p>
</div>
<div id="ftn462" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref462" name="_ftn462" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn462;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[462]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 152.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn463" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref463" name="_ftn463" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn463;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[463]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶¶ 153-218.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn464" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref464" name="_ftn464" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn464;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[464]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 153. The allusion to sporting venues was interesting and perhaps
illuminating. </p>
</div>
<div id="ftn465" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref465" name="_ftn465" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn465;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[465]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
where their institutional affiliations or vocations were identified. </p>
</div>
<div id="ftn466" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref466" name="_ftn466" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn466;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[466]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 154.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>See also SRSG Report 4/35
(Mapping) Addenda 4.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn467" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref467" name="_ftn467" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn467;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[467]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 156. </p>
</div>
<div id="ftn468" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref468" name="_ftn468" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn468;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[468]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 157. Also made available was Caroline Rees, Corporations and Human Rights:
Accountability Mechanisms for Resolving Complaints and Disputes. Report of 2nd
Multi-Stakeholder Workshop, 19-20 November, 2007.” Corporate Social
Responsibility Initiative, Report No. 27 (2008) (Cambridge, MA: John F. Kennedy
School of Government, Harvard</p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText">University); available [https://www.hks.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/centers/mrcbg/programs/cri/files/report_27_accountability%2Bmechanisms2.pdf],
last accessed 12 March 2024..</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn469" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref469" name="_ftn469" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn469;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[469]</span></span></span></span></a>
Considered 2008 SRSG Report 8/5 Addenda 1 (Summary Multi-Stakeholder
Consultations), ¶¶ 179-207.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn470" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref470" name="_ftn470" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn470;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[470]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 158. Considered, ibid., ¶¶ 219-259.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn471" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref471" name="_ftn471" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn471;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[471]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 260.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn472" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref472" name="_ftn472" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn472;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[472]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
Summary.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn473" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref473" name="_ftn473" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn473;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[473]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn474" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref474" name="_ftn474" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn474;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[474]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶¶ 95-100.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn475" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref475" name="_ftn475" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn475;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[475]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 95.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn476" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref476" name="_ftn476" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn476;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[476]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 96.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn477" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref477" name="_ftn477" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn477;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[477]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 97. </p>
</div>
<div id="ftn478" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref478" name="_ftn478" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn478;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[478]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 98.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn479" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref479" name="_ftn479" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn479;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[479]</span></span></span></span></a>
Ibid,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>99. It ought to be noted that this
connection has now been memorialized more generally. See, UNHRC Resolution: The
human right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment A/HRC/RES/48/13 (18
October 2021); The UNGA adopted a similar resolution in July 2022. </p>
</div>
<div id="ftn480" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref480" name="_ftn480" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn480;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[480]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.
¶ 100.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn481" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref481" name="_ftn481" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn481;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[481]</span></span></span></span></a> Special
Representative of the Secretary-General on human rights and transnational
corporations and other business enterprises, Clarifying the Concepts of “Sphere
of influence” and “Complicity”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>A/HRC/8/16 (15 May 2008); available [https://undocs.org/en/A/HRC/8/16];
last accessed 25 February 2024 (2008 SRSG Report 8/16 Clarifying Concepts).</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn482" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref482" name="_ftn482" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn482;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[482]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
Summary.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn483" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref483" name="_ftn483" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn483;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[483]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 4.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn484" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref484" name="_ftn484" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn484;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[484]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 19.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn485" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref485" name="_ftn485" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn485;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[485]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 3.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn486" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref486" name="_ftn486" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn486;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[486]</span></span></span></span></a> Special
Representative of the Secretary-General on human rights and transnational
corporations and other business enterprises, Business and human rights: Towards
operationalizing the “protect, respect and remedy” framework A/HRC/11/13 (22
April 2009); available [https://undocs.org/en/A/HRC/11/13]; last accessed 25
February 2024 (2009 SRSG Report 11/13 (Operationalizing)); ¶ 49.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn487" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref487" name="_ftn487" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn487;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[487]</span></span></span></span></a> 2008
SRSG Report 8/16 Clarifying Concepts, ¶ 6.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn488" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref488" name="_ftn488" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn488;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[488]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibd.,
¶¶ 7-9.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn489" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref489" name="_ftn489" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn489;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[489]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶¶ 10-18.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn490" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref490" name="_ftn490" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn490;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[490]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶¶19-25.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn491" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref491" name="_ftn491" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn491;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[491]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 19.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn492" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref492" name="_ftn492" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn492;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[492]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 71.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn493" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref493" name="_ftn493" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn493;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[493]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶¶ 26-32.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn494" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref494" name="_ftn494" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn494;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[494]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶¶ 33-53.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn495" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref495" name="_ftn495" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn495;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[495]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶¶ 54-69</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn496" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref496" name="_ftn496" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn496;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[496]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶¶ 70-72.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn497" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref497" name="_ftn497" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn497;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[497]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 70. </p>
</div>
<div id="ftn498" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref498" name="_ftn498" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn498;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[498]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn499" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref499" name="_ftn499" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn499;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[499]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 72.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn500" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref500" name="_ftn500" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn500;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[500]</span></span></span></span></a> Special
Representative of the Secretary-General on human rights and transnational
corporations and other business enterprises, Report to the UN General Assembly:
Human rights and transnational corporations and other business enterprises
A/63/270 (12 August 2008); available [https://undocs.org/en/A/63/270]; last
accessed 25 February 2024 (2008 SRSG Report GA 63/270).</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn501" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref501" name="_ftn501" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn501;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[501]</span></span></span></span></a> UNHRC
Resolution 8/7<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2008--Human Rights
Council, “Mandate of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on the
issue of human rights and transnational corporations and other business
enterprises” (A/HRC/Res/8/7 (18 June 2008))
[https://ap.ohchr.org/documents/E/HRC/resolutions/A_HRC_RES_8_7.pdf] (hereafter
the UNHRC 2008 Resolution), discussed infra, §3.3.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn502" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref502" name="_ftn502" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn502;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[502]</span></span></span></span></a> Special
Representative of the Secretary-General on human rights and transnational
corporations and other business enterprises, Business and human rights: Towards
operationalizing the “protect, respect and remedy” framework A/HRC/11/13 (22
April 2009); available [https://undocs.org/en/A/HRC/11/13]; last accessed 25
February 2024 (2009 SRSG Report 11/13 (Operationalizing)).</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn503" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref503" name="_ftn503" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn503;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[503]</span></span></span></span></a> 2008
SRSG Report GA 63/270, ¶¶ 1-2.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn504" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref504" name="_ftn504" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn504;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[504]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶¶ 3-14. The SRSG then described his “Next Steps.”</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn505" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref505" name="_ftn505" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn505;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[505]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶¶ 15-29.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn506" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref506" name="_ftn506" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn506;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[506]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶¶ 30-40. </p>
</div>
<div id="ftn507" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref507" name="_ftn507" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn507;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[507]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 41.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn508" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref508" name="_ftn508" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn508;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[508]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
(“he fully intends to continue to employ the methodology that has served the
mandate so well to date: objective research, inclusive consultations and the
engagement of a wide range of actors whose expertise and influence can turn
principles into practice.” Ibid.).</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn509" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref509" name="_ftn509" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn509;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[509]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 3.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn510" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref510" name="_ftn510" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn510;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[510]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 4.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn511" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref511" name="_ftn511" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn511;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[511]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 5.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn512" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref512" name="_ftn512" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn512;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[512]</span></span></span></span></a> Cf., Robert
Hodge and Gunther Kress, <i>Social Semiotics</i> (Cornell University Press, 1988);
Jan M. Broekman and Larry Catá Backer, <i>Signs In Law - A Source Book: The
Semiotics of Law in Legal Education III</i> (Dordrecht, Switzerland, Springer,
2015); Charles Kurzman, Introduction: Meaning-Making in Social Movements,’
(2008) 81(1) <i>Anthropological Quarterly</i> 5-15. </p>
</div>
<div id="ftn513" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref513" name="_ftn513" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn513;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[513]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶¶ 5-7.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn514" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref514" name="_ftn514" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn514;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[514]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 8.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn515" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref515" name="_ftn515" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn515;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[515]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 10.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn516" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref516" name="_ftn516" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn516;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[516]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 12.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn517" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref517" name="_ftn517" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn517;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[517]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 14.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn518" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref518" name="_ftn518" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn518;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[518]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 15.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn519" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref519" name="_ftn519" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn519;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[519]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶¶ 16-17.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn520" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref520" name="_ftn520" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn520;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[520]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶¶ 18-29.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn521" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref521" name="_ftn521" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn521;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[521]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 23.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn522" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref522" name="_ftn522" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn522;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[522]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶¶ 30-40.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn523" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref523" name="_ftn523" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn523;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[523]</span></span></span></span></a> Special
Representative of the Secretary-General on human rights and transnational
corporations and other business enterprises, Business and human rights: Towards
operationalizing the “protect, respect and remedy” framework A/HRC/11/13 (22
April 2009); available [https://undocs.org/en/A/HRC/11/13]; last accessed 25
February 2024.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn524" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref524" name="_ftn524" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn524;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[524]</span></span></span></span></a> Special
Representative of the Secretary-General on human rights and transnational
corporations and other business enterprises, Business and human rights: Towards
operationalizing the “protect, respect and remedy” framework,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Addendum: State obligations to provide access
to remedy for human rights abuses by third parties, including business: an
overview of international and regional provisions, commentary and decisions<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A/HRC/11/13/Add.1 (15 May 2009); available
[https://undocs.org/en/A/HRC/11/13/Add.1]; last accessed 25 February 2024 (2009
SRSG Report 11/13 (Operationalizing) Addendum 1).</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn525" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref525" name="_ftn525" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn525;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[525]</span></span></span></span></a> Special
Representative of the Secretary-General on human rights and transnational
corporations and other business enterprises, Report to the UN General Assembly:
Report of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on the issue of
human rights and transnational corporations and other business enterprises
A/64/216 (3 August 2009); available [https://undocs.org/en/A/64/216]; last
accessed 25 February 2024 (2009 SRSG GA Report 64/216).</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn526" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref526" name="_ftn526" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn526;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[526]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid. </p>
</div>
<div id="ftn527" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref527" name="_ftn527" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn527;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[527]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid., at ¶ 1. </span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn528" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref528" name="_ftn528" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn528;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[528]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid., at ¶3.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn529" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref529" name="_ftn529" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn529;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[529]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid., at ¶ 2.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn530" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref530" name="_ftn530" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn530;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[530]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn531" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref531" name="_ftn531" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn531;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[531]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn532" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref532" name="_ftn532" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn532;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[532]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid at ¶ 6.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn533" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref533" name="_ftn533" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn533;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[533]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid at ¶ 7.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn534" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref534" name="_ftn534" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn534;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[534]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> “However painful the near-term may be,
going forward elements of the business and human rights agenda should become
more clearly aligned with the world’s overall economic policy.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ibid., at ¶ 10.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“Because the business and human rights agenda
is tightly connected to these shifts, it both contributes to and gains from a
successful transition toward a more inclusive and sustainable model of economic
growth.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ibid.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn535" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref535" name="_ftn535" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn535;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[535]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid., at ¶11.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn536" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref536" name="_ftn536" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn536;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[536]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid., ¶ 12.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn537" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref537" name="_ftn537" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn537;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[537]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn538" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref538" name="_ftn538" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn538;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[538]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid ¶ 44.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn539" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref539" name="_ftn539" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn539;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[539]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid at ¶ 13.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn540" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref540" name="_ftn540" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn540;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[540]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn541" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref541" name="_ftn541" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn541;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[541]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn542" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref542" name="_ftn542" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn542;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[542]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid., at ¶ 15. </span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn543" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref543" name="_ftn543" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn543;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[543]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>“Within these parameters, some treaty bodies encourage home states to
take steps to prevent abuse abroad by corporations within their
jurisdictions.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ibid. , citing to
International<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Convention on the
Elimination of all forms of Racial Discrimination, Consideration of Reports
Submitted by States Parties Under Article 9 of the Convention, Concluding
Observations of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination,
CERD/USA/CO/6 (2008), available </span><a href="http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/CERDConcludingComments2008.pdf"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/CERDConcludingComments2008.pdf</span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn544" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref544" name="_ftn544" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn544;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[544]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> 2009 Report, supra, at ¶ 17. </span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn545" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref545" name="_ftn545" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn545;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[545]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid., at ¶ 17.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn546" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref546" name="_ftn546" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn546;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[546]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid at ¶ 18.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It would normally seem as if there should be
some accountability mechanism that requires countries that do adopt any
obligations to actually fulfill those obligations without the adopted human
rights program simply being viewed as tokenistic.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn547" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref547" name="_ftn547" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn547;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[547]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>This is more difficult to address as it deals with the internal workings
of a state government and policy makers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>This is a difficult area to consider for operationalizing the framework
as it then gets into the area of domestic policy creation which may be seen as
an affront to sovereignty.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn548" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref548" name="_ftn548" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn548;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[548]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; mso-ansi-language: DA;"> <span lang="DA">Ibid.,
at ¶ 19.</span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn549" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref549" name="_ftn549" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn549;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[549]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; mso-ansi-language: DA;"> <span lang="DA">Ibid.,
at ¶ 20.</span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn550" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref550" name="_ftn550" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn550;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[550]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; mso-ansi-language: DA;"> <span lang="DA">Ibid
at ¶ 21.</span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn551" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref551" name="_ftn551" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn551;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[551]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; mso-ansi-language: DA;"> <span lang="DA">Ibid
at ¶ 21.</span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn552" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref552" name="_ftn552" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn552;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[552]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; mso-ansi-language: DA;"> <span lang="DA">Ibid
at ¶ 23.</span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn553" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref553" name="_ftn553" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn553;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[553]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; mso-ansi-language: DA;"> <span lang="DA">Ibid
at ¶ 24.</span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn554" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref554" name="_ftn554" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn554;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[554]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>One example is publicly traded companies in the United States now being
required to have programs that assess, manage, and report on material risks,
which includes many human rights issues, even though not mentioned
specifically.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ibid at ¶ 26.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn555" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref555" name="_ftn555" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn555;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[555]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid., at ¶¶ 25-26.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn556" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref556" name="_ftn556" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn556;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[556]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid at ¶ 28.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn557" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref557" name="_ftn557" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn557;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[557]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid at ¶ 32.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn558" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref558" name="_ftn558" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn558;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[558]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn559" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref559" name="_ftn559" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn559;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[559]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn560" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref560" name="_ftn560" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn560;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[560]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid., at ¶ 38.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn561" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref561" name="_ftn561" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn561;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[561]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid at ¶ 39.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn562" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref562" name="_ftn562" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn562;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[562]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid at ¶ 41.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn563" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref563" name="_ftn563" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn563;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[563]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid at ¶ 43.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ruggie has found that all stakeholders want
some more guidance on how to prevent human rights abuses by companies in
conflict affected areas.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn564" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref564" name="_ftn564" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn564;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[564]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid at ¶ 46.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn565" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref565" name="_ftn565" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn565;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[565]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn566" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref566" name="_ftn566" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn566;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[566]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid at ¶ 49.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn567" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref567" name="_ftn567" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn567;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[567]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid at ¶ 50.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>All internationally recognized human rights
should be included in the substantive content of the due diligence process
known to companies. Ibid at ¶ 52.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn568" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref568" name="_ftn568" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn568;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[568]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid at ¶ 57-58.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn569" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref569" name="_ftn569" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn569;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[569]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid at ¶ 59.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This includes the requirement that a company
have a forum for complaints to be brought.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn570" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref570" name="_ftn570" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn570;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[570]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid at ¶ 61.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>What is required from companies is not what
is desired from them, though at the same time, if a company does what is
desired of them, it does not offset what is required of them.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn571" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref571" name="_ftn571" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn571;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[571]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid at ¶ 66.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>National authorities may demand compliance
with national law, while stakeholders and the company itself may prefer, due to
principle or company policy, adherence to international standards.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn572" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref572" name="_ftn572" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn572;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[572]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid at ¶ 71.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn573" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref573" name="_ftn573" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn573;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[573]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>This definition of life cycle is important as the due diligence process
will be more accurate and consIbiderate of all factors that may take place over
the entire life of a business activity that affects human rights.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn574" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref574" name="_ftn574" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn574;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[574]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; mso-ansi-language: DA;"> <span lang="DA">Ibid
at ¶ 72.</span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn575" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref575" name="_ftn575" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn575;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[575]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; mso-ansi-language: DA;"> <span lang="DA">Ibid
at ¶ 74.</span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn576" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref576" name="_ftn576" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn576;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[576]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; mso-ansi-language: DA;"> <span lang="DA">Ibid
at ¶ 75.</span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn577" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref577" name="_ftn577" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn577;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[577]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; mso-ansi-language: DA;"> <span lang="DA">Ibid
at ¶ 76.</span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn578" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref578" name="_ftn578" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn578;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[578]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; mso-ansi-language: DA;"> <span lang="DA">Ibid
at ¶ 77.</span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn579" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref579" name="_ftn579" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn579;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[579]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; mso-ansi-language: DA;"> <span lang="DA">Ibid
at ¶ 79.</span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn580" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref580" name="_ftn580" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn580;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[580]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; mso-ansi-language: DA;"> <span lang="DA">Ibid
at ¶ 80.</span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn581" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref581" name="_ftn581" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn581;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[581]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; mso-ansi-language: DA;"> <span lang="DA">Ibid
at ¶ 81.</span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn582" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref582" name="_ftn582" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn582;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[582]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; mso-ansi-language: DA;"> <span lang="DA">Ibid
at ¶ 83.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">Additionally, other social actors can
determine if a company facing criticism has undertaken a good faith effort to
avoIbid human rights violations, which would limit the harmful effect that
following the due diligence requirements may expose the company to.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn583" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref583" name="_ftn583" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn583;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[583]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Without these steps, the access to remedy
would be weak or even meaningless.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; mso-ansi-language: DA;">Ibid at ¶ 87.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn584" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref584" name="_ftn584" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn584;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[584]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; mso-ansi-language: DA;"> <span lang="DA">Ibid
at ¶ 88.</span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn585" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref585" name="_ftn585" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn585;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[585]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; mso-ansi-language: DA;"> <span lang="DA">Ibid
at ¶ 91.</span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn586" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref586" name="_ftn586" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn586;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[586]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; mso-ansi-language: DA;"> <span lang="DA">Ibid
at ¶ 93.</span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn587" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref587" name="_ftn587" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn587;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[587]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; mso-ansi-language: DA;"> <span lang="DA">Ibid
at ¶ 94.</span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn588" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref588" name="_ftn588" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn588;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[588]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid at ¶ 95.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn589" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref589" name="_ftn589" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn589;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[589]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Currently, there is very little that
victims can do about this situation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ibid
at ¶ 96.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn590" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref590" name="_ftn590" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn590;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[590]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid at ¶ 98.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn591" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref591" name="_ftn591" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn591;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[591]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Companies can even track complaints to Identify
systemic problems to prevent future harms.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Ibid at ¶ 100.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn592" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref592" name="_ftn592" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn592;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[592]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid., at ¶ 101.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn593" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref593" name="_ftn593" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn593;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[593]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid at ¶ 102.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn594" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref594" name="_ftn594" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn594;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[594]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid at ¶ 104.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>To ensure credibility, flexibility should be
limited by certain performance criteria outlined by the SRSG.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn595" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref595" name="_ftn595" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn595;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[595]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; mso-ansi-language: DA;"> <span lang="DA">Ibid.,
at ¶ 104.</span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn596" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref596" name="_ftn596" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn596;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[596]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; mso-ansi-language: DA;"> <span lang="DA">Ibid
at ¶ 106.</span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn597" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref597" name="_ftn597" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn597;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[597]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; mso-ansi-language: DA;"> <span lang="DA">Ibid
at ¶ 111.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">Arbitration is also an option that is
being given serious consideration.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn598" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref598" name="_ftn598" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn598;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[598]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid., at ¶ 115.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn599" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref599" name="_ftn599" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn599;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[599]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn600" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="#_ftnref600" name="_ftn600" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn600;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[600]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn601" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref601" name="_ftn601" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn601;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[601]</span></span></span></span></a> 2009
SRSG Report 11/13 (Operationalizing) Addendum 1, summary p. 2.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn602" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref602" name="_ftn602" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn602;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[602]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
Summary (“and unanimously endorsed by the Human Rights Council”).</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn603" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref603" name="_ftn603" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn603;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[603]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
p. 3.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn604" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref604" name="_ftn604" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn604;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[604]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
pp. 3-4; ¶¶ 10-101.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn605" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref605" name="_ftn605" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn605;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[605]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶¶ 102-110.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn606" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref606" name="_ftn606" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn606;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[606]</span></span></span></span></a> United
Nations Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation
for Victims of Gross Violations of International Human Rights Law and Serious
Violations of International Humanitarian Law<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>A/RES/60/147 (21 March 2006). See also General Assembly resolution 40/34
of 29 November 1985 (Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of
Crime and Abuse of Power);<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>General
Assembly resolution 56/83 of 12 December 2001 (Responsibility of States for
internationally wrongful acts); Updated Set of principles for the protection
and promotion of human rights through action to combat impunity (E/CN.4/2005/102/Add.1).</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn607" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref607" name="_ftn607" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn607;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[607]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 111.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn608" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref608" name="_ftn608" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn608;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[608]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 113.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn609" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref609" name="_ftn609" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn609;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[609]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> John G. Ruggie, Report of the SRSG:
“Business and Human Rights: Further Steps Toward the Operationalization of the
‘Protect, Respect and Remedy’ Framework,” UN Document A/HRC/14/27 (9 April
2010); available [https://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/trans_corporations/docs/a-hrc-14-27.pdf]
(hereafter “2010 Report”).</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn610" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref610" name="_ftn610" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn610;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[610]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> John G. Ruggie, Report of the SRSG:
“Business and Human Rights: Further Steps Toward the Operationalization of the
‘Protect, Respect and Remedy’ Framework,” UN Document A/HRC/14/27 (9 April
2010); available [https://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/trans_corporations/docs/a-hrc-14-27.pdf]
(hereafter “2010 Report”).</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn611" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref611" name="_ftn611" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn611;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[611]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> For a then contemporary taste of the gap
as advanced by academics and intellectuals see essays in<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn612" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref612" name="_ftn612" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn612;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[612]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> 2010 Report, infra, ¶ 1.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn613" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref613" name="_ftn613" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn613;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[613]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid., ¶ 2. </span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn614" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref614" name="_ftn614" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn614;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[614]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn615" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref615" name="_ftn615" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn615;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[615]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid., ¶ 3 (along with the promotion of
the guidance and its coordination with relevant institutional stakeholders). </span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn616" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref616" name="_ftn616" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn616;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[616]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid., ¶¶4-15 (“an unflinching commitment
to the principle of strengthening the promotion and protection of human rights
as it relates to business, coupled with a pragmatic attachment to what works
best in creating change where it matters most – in the daily lives of people” Ibid.,
¶ 4).</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn617" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref617" name="_ftn617" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn617;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[617]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;"></span></p>
</div>
</div>
<style>@font-face
{font-family:Helvetica;
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1342208091 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Courier;
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Tms Rmn";
panose-1:2 11 6 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Helv;
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"New York";
panose-1:2 11 6 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:System;
panose-1:2 11 6 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Wingdings;
panose-1:5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:decorative;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 -2147483647 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"MS Mincho";
panose-1:2 2 6 9 4 2 5 8 3 4;
mso-font-alt:"MS 明朝";
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1791491579 134217746 0 131231 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Batang;
panose-1:2 3 6 0 0 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-alt:바탕;
mso-font-charset:129;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1342176593 1775729915 48 0 524447 0;}@font-face
{font-family:SimSun;
panose-1:2 1 6 0 3 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-alt:宋体;
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:515 680460288 22 0 262145 0;}@font-face
{font-family:PMingLiU;
panose-1:2 2 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-alt:新細明體;
mso-font-charset:136;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 684719354 22 0 1048577 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"MS Gothic";
panose-1:2 11 6 9 7 2 5 8 2 4;
mso-font-alt:"MS ゴシック";
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1791491579 134217746 0 131231 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Dotum;
panose-1:2 11 6 0 0 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-alt:돋움;
mso-font-charset:129;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1342176593 1775729915 48 0 524447 0;}@font-face
{font-family:SimHei;
panose-1:2 1 6 9 6 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-alt:黑体;
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:-2147482945 953122042 22 0 262145 0;}@font-face
{font-family:MingLiU;
panose-1:2 2 5 9 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-alt:細明體;
mso-font-charset:136;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 684719354 22 0 1048577 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Mincho;
panose-1:2 11 6 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-alt:明朝;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:1 134676480 16 0 131072 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Gulim;
panose-1:2 11 6 0 0 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-alt:굴림;
mso-font-charset:129;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1342176593 1775729915 48 0 524447 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Century;
panose-1:2 4 6 4 5 5 5 2 3 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:647 0 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Angsana New";
panose-1:2 2 6 3 5 4 5 2 3 4;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2130706429 0 0 0 65537 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Cordia New";
panose-1:2 11 3 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2130706429 0 0 0 65537 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Mangal;
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 2 3 3 2 2;
mso-font-charset:1;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:40963 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Latha;
panose-1:2 11 6 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1048579 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Sylfaen;
panose-1:1 10 5 2 5 3 6 3 3 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:67110535 0 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Vrinda;
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 2 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:65539 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Raavi;
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 2 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:131075 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Shruti;
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 2 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:262147 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Sendnya;
panose-1:2 11 6 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:1;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:0 0 0 0 0 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Gautami;
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 2 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:2097155 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Tunga;
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 2 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:4194307 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Estrangelo Edessa";
panose-1:2 11 6 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:1;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:0 0 0 0 0 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1107305727 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Yu Gothic";
panose-1:2 11 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-alt:游ゴシック;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 717749759 22 0 131231 0;}@font-face
{font-family:DengXian;
panose-1:2 1 6 0 3 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-alt:等线;
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612033 953122042 22 0 262159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-469750017 -1073732485 9 0 511 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Calibri Light";
panose-1:2 15 3 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-469750017 -1073732485 9 0 511 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Palatino Linotype";
panose-1:2 4 5 2 5 5 5 3 3 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870265 1073741843 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Verdana;
panose-1:2 11 6 4 3 5 4 4 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1593833729 1073750107 16 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";
panose-1:2 11 6 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-134238209 -371195905 63 0 4129279 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"DengXian Light";
panose-1:2 1 6 0 3 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-alt:"等线 Light";
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612033 953122042 22 0 262159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Aptos Display";
panose-1:2 11 0 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536871559 3 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Aptos;
panose-1:2 11 0 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536871559 3 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Bodoni 72";
panose-1:0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Times New Roman \(Body CS\)";
panose-1:2 11 6 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-alt:"Times New Roman";
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536859905 -1073711039 9 0 511 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Times New Roman Bold";
panose-1:2 11 6 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-alt:"Times New Roman";
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536859905 -1073711039 9 0 511 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Cambria;
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536869121 1107305727 33554432 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Skia;
panose-1:2 13 5 2 2 2 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-alt:"Century Gothic";
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Arial Narrow";
panose-1:2 11 6 6 2 2 2 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:647 2048 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Lucida Grande";
panose-1:2 11 6 0 4 5 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-520090897 1342218751 0 0 447 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Minion Pro";
panose-1:2 11 6 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1610613383 1 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Bodoni 72 Book";
panose-1:0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-alt:"BODONI 72 BOOK";
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"ACADEMY ENGRAVED LET PLAIN\:1\.0";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483521 1073741834 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Adelle Sans Devanagari Thin";
panose-1:2 0 5 3 0 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:178;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:50372615 1 8 0 65747 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Adelle Sans Devanagari Light";
panose-1:2 0 5 3 0 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:178;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:50372615 1 8 0 65747 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Adelle Sans Devanagari";
panose-1:2 0 5 3 0 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:178;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:50372615 1 8 0 65747 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Adelle Sans Devanagari Semibold";
panose-1:2 0 5 3 0 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:178;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:50372615 1 8 0 65747 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Adelle Sans Devanagari Extrabol";
panose-1:0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:178;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:50372615 1 8 0 65747 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Adelle Sans Devanagari Heavy";
panose-1:0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:178;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:50372615 1 8 0 65747 0;}@font-face
{font-family:AkayaKanadaka;
panose-1:2 1 5 2 8 4 1 1 1 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:4194311 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:AkayaTelivigala;
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:2097159 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Al Bayan Plain";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-alt:"AL BAYAN PLAIN";
mso-font-charset:178;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:8193 0 8 0 64 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Al Bayan";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:178;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:8193 0 8 0 64 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Al Tarikh";
panose-1:0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:178;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:8195 0 0 0 65 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"American Typewriter Light";
panose-1:2 9 3 4 2 0 4 2 3 4;
mso-font-alt:"AMERICAN TYPEWRITER LIGHT";
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612625 25 0 0 273 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"American Typewriter Condensed L";
panose-1:2 9 3 6 2 0 4 2 3 4;
mso-font-alt:"AMERICAN TYPEWRITER CONDENSED L";
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612625 25 0 0 273 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"American Typewriter";
panose-1:2 9 6 4 2 0 4 2 3 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612625 25 0 0 273 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"American Typewriter Condensed";
panose-1:2 9 6 6 2 0 4 2 3 4;
mso-font-alt:"AMERICAN TYPEWRITER CONDENSED";
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612625 25 0 0 273 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"AMERICAN TYPEWRITER SEMIBOLD";
panose-1:2 9 6 4 2 0 4 2 3 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612625 25 0 0 273 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Andale Mono";
panose-1:2 11 5 9 0 0 0 0 0 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:647 0 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Annai MN";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:537952263 33554432 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Apple Chancery";
panose-1:3 2 7 2 4 5 6 6 5 4;
mso-font-alt:"APPLE CHANCERY";
mso-font-charset:177;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147481497 3 0 0 499 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Apple Braille";
panose-1:5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:decorative;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483581 0 262144 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Apple Braille Outline 6 Dot";
panose-1:5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-alt:"APPLE BRAILLE OUTLINE 6 DOT";
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:decorative;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483581 0 262144 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Apple Braille Outline 8 Dot";
panose-1:5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-alt:"APPLE BRAILLE OUTLINE 8 DOT";
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:decorative;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483581 0 262144 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Apple Braille Pinpoint 6 Dot";
panose-1:5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-alt:"APPLE BRAILLE PINPOINT 6 DOT";
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:decorative;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483581 0 262144 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Apple Braille Pinpoint 8 Dot";
panose-1:5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-alt:"APPLE BRAILLE PINPOINT 8 DOT";
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:decorative;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483581 0 262144 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Apple Color Emoji";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 402653184 335544320 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:AppleGothic;
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:129;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1 151388160 16 0 2621441 0;}@font-face
{font-family:AppleMyungjo;
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:129;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1 151388160 16 0 2621441 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Apple SD Gothic Neo Thin";
panose-1:2 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-alt:"APPLE SD GOTHIC NEO THIN";
mso-font-charset:129;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:515 701967376 16 0 2621445 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Apple SD Gothic Neo UltraLight";
panose-1:2 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-alt:"APPLE SD GOTHIC NEO ULTRALIGHT";
mso-font-charset:129;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:515 701967376 16 0 2621445 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Apple SD Gothic Neo Light";
panose-1:2 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-alt:"APPLE SD GOTHIC NEO LIGHT";
mso-font-charset:129;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:515 701967376 16 0 2621445 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Apple SD Gothic Neo";
panose-1:2 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:129;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:515 701967376 16 0 2621445 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Apple SD Gothic Neo Medium";
panose-1:2 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-alt:"APPLE SD GOTHIC NEO MEDIUM";
mso-font-charset:129;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:515 701967376 16 0 2621445 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"APPLE SD GOTHIC NEO SEMIBOLD";
panose-1:2 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:129;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:515 701967376 16 0 2621445 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"APPLE SD GOTHIC NEO EXTRABOLD";
panose-1:2 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:129;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:515 701967376 16 0 2621445 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"APPLE SD GOTHIC NEO HEAVY";
panose-1:2 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:129;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:515 701967376 16 0 2621445 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Apple Symbols";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:177;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147481437 134249451 25428020 0 507 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Arial Hebrew Light";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-alt:"ARIAL HEBREW LIGHT";
mso-font-charset:177;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147481533 1073741826 0 0 33 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Arial Hebrew";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:177;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147481533 1073741826 0 0 33 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Arial Hebrew Scholar Light";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-alt:"ARIAL HEBREW SCHOLAR LIGHT";
mso-font-charset:177;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147481533 1073741826 0 0 33 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Arial Hebrew Scholar";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:177;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147481533 1073741826 0 0 33 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Arima Koshi Thin";
panose-1:0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:545259527 1 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Arima Koshi ExtraLight";
panose-1:0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:545259527 1 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Arima Koshi Light";
panose-1:0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:545259527 1 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Arima Koshi";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:545259527 1 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Arima Koshi Medium";
panose-1:0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:545259527 1 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Arima Koshi ExtraBold";
panose-1:0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:545259527 1 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Arima Koshi Black";
panose-1:0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:545259527 1 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Arima Madurai Thin";
panose-1:0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:537919495 1 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Arima Madurai ExtraLight";
panose-1:0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:537919495 1 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Arima Madurai Light";
panose-1:0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:537919495 1 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Arima Madurai";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:537919495 1 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Arima Madurai Medium";
panose-1:0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:537919495 1 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Arima Madurai Semi Bold";
panose-1:0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:537919495 1 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Arima Madurai Bold";
panose-1:0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:537919495 1 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Arima Madurai Black";
panose-1:0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:537919495 1 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Avenir Light";
panose-1:2 11 4 2 2 2 3 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483473 1342185546 0 0 155 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"AVENIR LIGHT OBLIQUE";
panose-1:2 11 4 2 2 2 3 9 2 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483473 1342185546 0 0 155 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Avenir Book";
panose-1:2 0 5 3 2 0 0 2 0 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483473 1342185546 0 0 155 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Avenir;
panose-1:2 0 5 3 2 0 0 2 0 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483473 1342185546 0 0 155 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"AVENIR BOOK OBLIQUE";
panose-1:2 0 5 3 2 0 0 2 0 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483473 1342185546 0 0 155 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"AVENIR OBLIQUE";
panose-1:2 11 5 3 2 2 3 9 2 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483473 1342185546 0 0 155 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Avenir Medium";
panose-1:2 0 6 3 2 0 0 2 0 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483473 1342185546 0 0 155 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"AVENIR MEDIUM OBLIQUE";
panose-1:2 0 6 3 2 0 0 2 0 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483473 1342185546 0 0 155 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Avenir Black";
panose-1:2 11 8 3 2 2 3 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483473 1342185546 0 0 155 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Avenir Black Oblique";
panose-1:2 11 8 3 2 2 3 9 2 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483473 1342185546 0 0 155 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Avenir Heavy";
panose-1:2 11 7 3 2 2 3 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483473 1342185546 0 0 155 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"AVENIR HEAVY OBLIQUE";
panose-1:2 11 7 3 2 2 3 9 2 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483473 1342185546 0 0 155 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Avenir Next Ultra Light";
panose-1:2 11 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483473 1342185546 0 0 155 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Avenir Next";
panose-1:2 11 5 3 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 1342185546 0 0 155 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Avenir Next Medium";
panose-1:2 11 6 3 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 1342185546 0 0 155 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Avenir Next Demi Bold";
panose-1:2 11 7 3 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 1342185546 0 0 155 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Avenir Next Heavy";
panose-1:2 11 9 3 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483473 1342185546 0 0 155 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Avenir Next Condensed Ultra Lig";
panose-1:2 11 2 6 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483473 1342185546 0 0 155 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Avenir Next Condensed";
panose-1:2 11 5 6 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 1342185546 0 0 155 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Avenir Next Condensed Medium";
panose-1:2 11 6 6 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 1342185546 0 0 155 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Avenir Next Condensed Demi Bold";
panose-1:2 11 7 6 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 1342185546 0 0 155 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Avenir Next Condensed Heavy";
panose-1:2 11 9 6 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483473 1342185546 0 0 155 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Ayuthaya;
panose-1:0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1593834753 1342185546 32 0 65943 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"BIZ UDGothic";
panose-1:2 11 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:-536870153 717745656 18 0 131081 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"BIZ UDMincho";
panose-1:2 2 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:-536870153 717745656 18 0 131081 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"BM DoHyeon OTF";
panose-1:2 11 6 0 0 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:129;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-format:other;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:515 701967376 16 0 2621445 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"BM HANNA 11yrs old OTF";
panose-1:2 11 6 0 0 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:129;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-format:other;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:515 701967376 16 0 2621445 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"BM HANNA Air OTF";
panose-1:2 11 6 0 0 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:129;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-format:other;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482969 702020859 16 0 2621445 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"BM HANNA Pro OTF";
panose-1:2 11 6 0 0 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:129;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-format:other;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482969 702020859 16 0 2621445 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"BM JUA OTF";
panose-1:2 2 6 3 2 1 1 2 1 1;
mso-font-charset:129;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-format:other;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:515 701967376 16 0 2621445 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"BM KIRANGHAERANG OTF";
panose-1:2 11 6 0 0 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:129;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-format:other;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482969 702020859 16 0 2621445 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"BM YEONSUNG OTF";
panose-1:2 11 6 0 0 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:129;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-format:other;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:515 701967376 16 0 2621445 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Baghdad;
panose-1:1 0 5 0 0 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:178;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147475453 -2147483648 8 0 64 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Bai Jamjuree ExtraLight";
panose-1:0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Bai Jamjuree Light";
panose-1:0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Bai Jamjuree";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Bai Jamjuree Medium";
panose-1:0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Bai Jamjuree SemiBold";
panose-1:0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Baloo 2";
panose-1:3 8 5 2 4 3 2 2 2 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610579841 1073750139 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Baloo 2 Medium";
panose-1:3 8 6 2 4 3 2 2 2 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610579841 1073750139 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Baloo 2 SemiBold";
panose-1:3 8 7 2 4 3 2 2 2 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610579841 1073750139 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Baloo 2 ExtraBold";
panose-1:3 8 9 2 4 3 2 2 2 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610579841 1073750139 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Baloo Bhai 2";
panose-1:3 8 5 2 4 3 2 2 2 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610350465 1073750139 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Baloo Bhai 2 Medium";
panose-1:3 8 6 2 4 3 2 2 2 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610350465 1073750139 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Baloo Bhai 2 SemiBold";
panose-1:3 8 7 2 4 3 2 2 2 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610350465 1073750139 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Baloo Bhai 2 ExtraBold";
panose-1:3 8 9 2 4 3 2 2 2 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610350465 1073750139 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Baloo Bhaijaan";
panose-1:3 8 9 2 4 3 2 2 2 0;
mso-font-charset:178;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610604417 1073750139 0 0 467 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Baloo Bhaina 2";
panose-1:3 8 5 2 4 3 2 2 2 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610088321 1073750139 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Baloo Bhaina 2 Medium";
panose-1:3 8 6 2 4 3 2 2 2 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610088321 1073750139 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Baloo Bhaina 2 SemiBold";
panose-1:3 8 7 2 4 3 2 2 2 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610088321 1073750139 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Baloo Bhaina 2 ExtraBold";
panose-1:3 8 9 2 4 3 2 2 2 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610088321 1073750139 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Baloo Chettan 2";
panose-1:3 8 5 2 4 3 2 2 2 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1602224001 1073750139 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Baloo Chettan 2 Medium";
panose-1:3 8 6 2 4 3 2 2 2 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1602224001 1073750139 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Baloo Chettan 2 SemiBold";
panose-1:3 8 7 2 4 3 2 2 2 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1602224001 1073750139 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Baloo Chettan 2 ExtraBold";
panose-1:3 8 9 2 4 3 2 2 2 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1602224001 1073750139 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Baloo Da 2";
panose-1:3 8 5 2 4 3 2 2 2 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610547073 1073750139 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Baloo Da 2 Medium";
panose-1:3 8 6 2 4 3 2 2 2 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610547073 1073750139 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Baloo Da 2 SemiBold";
panose-1:3 8 7 2 4 3 2 2 2 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610547073 1073750139 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Baloo Da 2 ExtraBold";
panose-1:3 8 9 2 4 3 2 2 2 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610547073 1073750139 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Baloo Paaji 2";
panose-1:3 8 5 2 4 3 2 2 2 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610481537 1073750139 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Baloo Paaji 2 Medium";
panose-1:3 8 6 2 4 3 2 2 2 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610481537 1073750139 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Baloo Paaji 2 SemiBold";
panose-1:3 8 7 2 4 3 2 2 2 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610481537 1073750139 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Baloo Paaji 2 ExtraBold";
panose-1:3 8 9 2 4 3 2 2 2 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610481537 1073750139 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Baloo Tamma 2";
panose-1:3 8 5 2 4 3 2 2 2 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1606418305 1073750139 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Baloo Tamma 2 Medium";
panose-1:3 8 6 2 4 3 2 2 2 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1606418305 1073750139 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Baloo Tamma 2 SemiBold";
panose-1:3 8 7 2 4 3 2 2 2 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1606418305 1073750139 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Baloo Tamma 2 ExtraBold";
panose-1:3 8 9 2 4 3 2 2 2 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1606418305 1073750139 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Baloo Tammudu 2";
panose-1:3 8 5 2 4 3 2 2 2 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1608515457 1073750139 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Baloo Tammudu 2 Medium";
panose-1:3 8 6 2 4 3 2 2 2 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1608515457 1073750139 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Baloo Tammudu 2 SemiBold";
panose-1:3 8 7 2 4 3 2 2 2 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1608515457 1073750139 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Baloo Tammudu 2 ExtraBold";
panose-1:3 8 9 2 4 3 2 2 2 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1608515457 1073750139 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Baloo Thambi 2";
panose-1:3 8 5 2 4 3 2 2 2 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610481537 1073750139 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Baloo Thambi 2 Medium";
panose-1:3 8 6 2 4 3 2 2 2 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610481537 1073750139 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Baloo Thambi 2 SemiBold";
panose-1:3 8 7 2 4 3 2 2 2 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610481537 1073750139 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Baloo Thambi 2 ExtraBold";
panose-1:3 8 9 2 4 3 2 2 2 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610481537 1073750139 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Bangla MN";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:65539 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Bangla Sangam MN";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2139095037 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Baskerville;
panose-1:2 2 5 2 7 4 1 2 3 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483545 33554432 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"BASKERVILLE SEMIBOLD";
panose-1:2 2 7 2 7 4 0 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483545 33554496 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Beirut;
panose-1:0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:178;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:8195 0 0 0 65 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"BiauKaiHK Regular";
panose-1:3 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:136;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 986709498 22 0 1048589 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"BiauKaiTC Regular";
panose-1:3 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:136;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483421 953154938 22 0 1048589 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Big Caslon Medium";
panose-1:2 0 6 3 9 0 0 2 0 3;
mso-font-alt:"BIG CASLON MEDIUM";
mso-font-charset:177;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147481501 0 0 0 507 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Bodoni Ornaments";
panose-1:0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483517 134217800 335544320 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Bodoni 72 Oldstyle Book";
panose-1:0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-alt:"BODONI 72 OLDSTYLE BOOK";
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Bodoni 72 Oldstyle";
panose-1:0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Bodoni 72 Smallcaps Book";
panose-1:0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-alt:"BODONI 72 SMALLCAPS BOOK";
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Bradley Hand";
panose-1:0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483393 1342185546 0 0 273 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Brush Script MT";
panose-1:3 6 8 2 4 4 6 7 3 4;
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1 135135232 16 0 2424891 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Cambay Devanagari";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32775 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Chakra Petch ExtraLight";
panose-1:0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Chakra Petch Light";
panose-1:0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Chakra Petch";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Chakra Petch Medium";
panose-1:0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Chakra Petch SemiBold";
panose-1:0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Chalkboard;
panose-1:3 5 6 2 4 2 2 2 2 5;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483613 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Chalkboard SE Light";
panose-1:3 5 6 2 4 2 2 2 2 5;
mso-font-alt:"CHALKBOARD SE LIGHT";
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483613 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Chalkboard SE";
panose-1:3 5 6 2 4 2 2 2 2 5;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483613 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Chalkduster;
panose-1:3 5 6 2 4 2 2 2 2 5;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483613 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Charm;
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Charmonman;
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Charter Roman";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 5 6 2 2 3;
mso-font-alt:"CHARTER ROMAN";
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483473 268443722 0 0 17 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Charter;
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 5 6 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483473 268443722 0 0 17 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Charter Black";
panose-1:2 4 8 3 5 5 6 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483473 268443722 0 0 17 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Cochin;
panose-1:2 0 6 3 2 0 0 2 0 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482881 1073741898 0 0 7 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Comic Sans MS";
panose-1:3 15 7 2 3 3 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:647 0 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Copperplate Light";
panose-1:2 0 6 4 3 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-alt:"COPPERPLATE LIGHT";
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483545 0 0 0 273 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Copperplate;
panose-1:2 0 5 4 0 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483545 0 0 0 273 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Corsiva Hebrew";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:177;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147481533 1073741826 0 0 33 0;}@font-face
{font-family:BiauKai;
panose-1:2 1 6 1 0 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:136;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1 134742016 16 0 1048577 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Wawati SC";
panose-1:4 11 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:decorative;
mso-font-format:other;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 953122043 22 0 262147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Wawati TC";
panose-1:4 11 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:136;
mso-generic-font-family:decorative;
mso-font-format:other;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 1485404283 22 0 1048579 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"DIN Alternate";
panose-1:2 11 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 268435528 0 0 273 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"DIN Condensed";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483473 1342185546 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"DecoType Naskh";
panose-1:0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:178;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147475455 -2147483648 8 0 64 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Devanagari MT";
panose-1:2 0 5 0 2 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147450877 268484800 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Devanagari Sangam MN";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147450877 8256 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Didot;
panose-1:2 0 5 3 0 0 0 2 0 3;
mso-font-charset:177;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147481497 0 0 0 507 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Diwan Kufi";
panose-1:0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:178;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:8195 0 0 0 65 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Mishafi Gold";
panose-1:0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:178;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:8195 -2147483648 8 0 65 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Diwan Thuluth";
panose-1:0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:178;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:8195 0 0 0 65 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Euphemia UCAS";
panose-1:2 11 5 3 4 1 2 2 1 4;
mso-font-charset:177;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147481501 0 8192 0 499 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Lantinghei SC Extralight";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-alt:"LANTINGHEI SC EXTRALIGHT";
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1 135135232 16 0 262144 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"LANTINGHEI SC DEMIBOLD";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1 135135232 16 0 262144 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"LANTINGHEI SC HEAVY";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1 135135232 16 0 262144 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Lantinghei TC Extralight";
panose-1:3 0 5 9 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-alt:"LANTINGHEI TC EXTRALIGHT";
mso-font-charset:136;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1 135135232 16 0 1048576 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"LANTINGHEI TC DEMIBOLD";
panose-1:3 0 5 9 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:136;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1 135135232 16 0 1048576 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"LANTINGHEI TC HEAVY";
panose-1:3 0 5 9 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:136;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1 135135232 16 0 1048576 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Fahkwang ExtraLight";
panose-1:0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Fahkwang Light";
panose-1:0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Fahkwang;
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Fahkwang Medium";
panose-1:0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Fahkwang SemiBold";
panose-1:0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Farisi;
panose-1:0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:178;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:8193 0 0 0 65 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Futura Medium";
panose-1:2 11 6 2 2 2 4 2 3 3;
mso-font-alt:"FUTURA MEDIUM";
mso-font-charset:177;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147481497 0 0 0 507 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Futura Condensed Medium";
panose-1:2 11 5 6 2 2 4 3 2 4;
mso-font-alt:"FUTURA CONDENSED MEDIUM";
mso-font-charset:177;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147481497 0 0 0 507 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Futura;
panose-1:2 11 6 2 2 2 4 2 3 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612049 1342185802 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"FUTURA CONDENSED EXTRABOLD";
panose-1:2 11 8 6 2 2 4 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:177;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147481497 0 0 0 507 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Galvji;
panose-1:2 11 5 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612497 1342185546 4096 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"GALVJI OBLIQUE";
panose-1:2 11 5 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612497 1342185546 4096 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:GALVJI-BOLDOBLIQUE;
panose-1:2 11 5 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612497 1073750090 4096 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Geeza Pro";
panose-1:2 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:178;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147475455 -2147483648 8 0 65 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Geneva;
panose-1:2 11 5 3 3 4 4 4 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1375739999 10534912 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Georgia;
panose-1:2 4 5 2 5 4 5 2 3 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:647 0 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Gill Sans Light";
panose-1:2 11 3 2 2 1 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-alt:"GILL SANS LIGHT";
mso-font-charset:177;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147480985 0 0 0 503 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Gill Sans";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 2 1 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:177;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147480985 0 0 0 503 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"GILL SANS SEMIBOLD";
panose-1:2 11 7 2 2 1 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483025 1342177354 0 0 5 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Gotu;
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610579841 8315 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Tamil Sangam MN Light";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-alt:"TAMIL SANGAM MN LIGHT";
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1081347 33554436 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Tamil Sangam MN";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1081347 33554436 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Tamil Sangam MN Medium";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-alt:"TAMIL SANGAM MN MEDIUM";
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1081347 33554436 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"TAMIL SANGAM MN DEMIBOLD";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1081347 33554436 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"TAMIL SANGAM MN BLACK";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1081347 33554436 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Grantha Sangam MN";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1081347 33554436 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Gujarati MT";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 7 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147188733 268484801 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Gujarati Sangam MN";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:262147 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Gurmukhi MN";
panose-1:2 2 6 0 5 4 5 2 3 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2146435069 8192 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Gurmukhi Sangam MN";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:131075 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hannotate SC";
panose-1:3 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 2060418299 22 0 262145 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hannotate TC";
panose-1:3 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:136;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 2060418299 22 0 1310721 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"HanziPen SC";
panose-1:3 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 2060418299 22 0 262145 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"HanziPen TC";
panose-1:3 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:136;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 2060418299 22 0 1310721 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Helvetica Light";
panose-1:2 11 4 3 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-alt:"HELVETICA LIGHT";
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483473 1073750090 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"HELVETICA LIGHT OBLIQUE";
panose-1:2 11 4 3 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483473 1073750090 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"HELVETICA OBLIQUE";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1342208091 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"HELVETICA BOLD OBLIQUE";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1375762523 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Helvetica Neue UltraLight";
panose-1:2 0 2 6 0 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-alt:"HELVETICA NEUE ULTRALIGHT";
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 1342185563 2 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Helvetica Neue Thin";
panose-1:2 11 4 3 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-alt:"HELVETICA NEUE THIN";
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870161 1342185563 2 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Helvetica Neue Light";
panose-1:2 0 4 3 0 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-alt:"HELVETICA NEUE LIGHT";
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 1342185563 2 0 7 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Helvetica Neue";
panose-1:2 0 5 3 0 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-452984065 1342208475 16 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Helvetica Neue Medium";
panose-1:2 11 6 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-alt:"HELVETICA NEUE MEDIUM";
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 1342185563 2 0 155 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"HELVETICA NEUE CONDENSED";
panose-1:2 0 8 6 0 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 1342185562 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"HELVETICA NEUE CONDENSED BLACK";
panose-1:2 0 10 6 0 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 1342185562 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Herculanum;
panose-1:2 0 5 5 0 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483545 0 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hiragino Maru Gothic Pro W4";
panose-1:2 15 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 2059927551 18 0 131085 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hiragino Maru Gothic ProN W4";
panose-1:2 15 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 2059927551 18 0 131085 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hiragino Mincho ProN W3";
panose-1:2 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 2059927551 18 0 131085 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hiragino Mincho ProN W6";
panose-1:2 2 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 2059927551 18 0 131085 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hiragino Mincho Pro W3";
panose-1:2 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 2059927551 18 0 131085 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hiragino Mincho Pro W6";
panose-1:2 2 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 2059927551 18 0 131085 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hiragino Sans W0";
panose-1:2 11 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482929 1791491324 18 0 131085 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hiragino Sans W1";
panose-1:2 11 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 2059927551 18 0 131085 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hiragino Sans W2";
panose-1:2 11 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 2059927551 18 0 131085 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hiragino Sans W3";
panose-1:2 11 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 2059927551 18 0 131085 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hiragino Sans W4";
panose-1:2 11 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 2059927551 18 0 131085 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hiragino Sans W5";
panose-1:2 11 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 2059927551 18 0 131085 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hiragino Sans W6";
panose-1:2 11 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 2059927551 18 0 131085 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hiragino Sans W7";
panose-1:2 11 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482929 1791491324 18 0 131085 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hiragino Sans W8";
panose-1:2 11 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482929 1791491324 18 0 131085 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hiragino Sans W9";
panose-1:2 11 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482929 1791491324 18 0 131085 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hiragino Kaku Gothic ProN W3";
panose-1:2 11 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 2059927551 18 0 131085 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hiragino Kaku Gothic ProN W6";
panose-1:2 11 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 2059927551 18 0 131085 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro W3";
panose-1:2 11 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 2059927551 18 0 131085 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro W6";
panose-1:2 11 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 2059927551 18 0 131085 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hiragino Kaku Gothic Std W8";
panose-1:2 11 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482929 1757936892 18 0 131085 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hiragino Kaku Gothic StdN W8";
panose-1:2 11 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482929 1791491324 18 0 131085 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hiragino Sans CNS W3";
panose-1:2 11 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1 437197056 22 0 1179653 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hiragino Sans CNS W6";
panose-1:2 11 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1 437197056 22 0 1179653 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hiragino Sans GB W3";
panose-1:2 11 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612033 449805562 22 0 393223 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hiragino Sans GB W6";
panose-1:2 11 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612033 449805562 22 0 393223 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hoefler Text";
panose-1:2 3 6 2 5 5 6 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482881 1342185547 4 0 407 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hoefler Text Ornaments";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-alt:"HOEFLER TEXT ORNAMENTS";
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"HOEFLER TEXT BLACK";
panose-1:2 3 8 2 6 7 6 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483409 1342185547 4 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Hubballi;
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-format:other;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:4194311 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:ITFDEVANAGARI-LIGHT;
panose-1:0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32771 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:ITFDEVANAGARI-BOOK;
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32771 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:ITFDEVANAGARI-MEDIUM;
panose-1:0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32771 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:ITFDEVANAGARI-DEMI;
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32771 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"ITF Devanagari";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32771 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"ITFDEVANAGARI MARATHI LIGHT";
panose-1:0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32771 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"ITFDEVANAGARI MARATHI-BOOK";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32771 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"ITF Devanagari Marathi Medium";
panose-1:0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-alt:"ITF DEVANAGARI MARATHI MEDIUM";
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32771 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"ITFDEVANAGARI MARATHI-DEMI";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32771 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"ITF Devanagari Marathi";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32771 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Impact;
panose-1:2 11 8 6 3 9 2 5 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:647 0 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:InaiMathi;
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1048579 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:HeadLineA;
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:129;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1879048125 420872194 16 0 2621441 0;}@font-face
{font-family:PilGi;
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:129;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1879047449 433585407 20 0 2621441 0;}@font-face
{font-family:GungSeo;
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:129;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1 151388160 16 0 2621441 0;}@font-face
{font-family:PCMyungjo;
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:129;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1879047449 970456319 20 0 2621441 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Jaini;
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147450877 8266 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Jaini Purva";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147450877 8266 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"K2D Thin";
panose-1:0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"K2D ExtraLight";
panose-1:0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"K2D Light";
panose-1:0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:K2D;
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"K2D Medium";
panose-1:0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"K2D SemiBold";
panose-1:0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"K2D ExtraBold";
panose-1:0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Kailasa;
panose-1:2 0 5 0 0 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 64 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Kannada MN";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:4194307 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Kannada Sangam MN";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:4194307 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Katari;
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32771 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Katari Medium";
panose-1:0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-alt:"KATARI MEDIUM";
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:7 1 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"KATARI BLACK";
panose-1:0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:7 1 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Kavivanar;
panose-1:2 0 5 3 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2146402065 1073750091 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Kefa;
panose-1:2 0 5 6 0 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483473 1073750091 2048 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Khmer MN";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Khmer Sangam MN";
panose-1:2 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 8256 65536 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Klee Medium";
panose-1:2 2 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:131 717691921 18 0 131077 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Klee Demibold";
panose-1:2 2 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:131 717691921 18 0 131077 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"KoHo ExtraLight";
panose-1:0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"KoHo Light";
panose-1:0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:KoHo;
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"KoHo Medium";
panose-1:0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"KoHo SemiBold";
panose-1:0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Kodchasan ExtraLight";
panose-1:0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Kodchasan Light";
panose-1:0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Kodchasan;
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Kodchasan Medium";
panose-1:0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Kodchasan SemiBold";
panose-1:0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Kohinoor Bangla Light";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-alt:"KOHINOOR BANGLA LIGHT";
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:65543 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Kohinoor Bangla";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:65543 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Kohinoor Bangla Medium";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-alt:"KOHINOOR BANGLA MEDIUM";
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:65543 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"KOHINOOR BANGLA SEMIBOLD";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:65543 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Kohinoor Devanagari Light";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-alt:"KOHINOOR DEVANAGARI LIGHT";
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32775 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Kohinoor Devanagari";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32775 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Kohinoor Devanagari Medium";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-alt:"KOHINOOR DEVANAGARI MEDIUM";
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32775 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"KOHINOOR DEVANAGARI SEMIBOLD";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32775 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Kohinoor Gujarati Light";
panose-1:0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-alt:"KOHINOOR GUJARATI LIGHT";
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:262147 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Kohinoor Gujarati";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:262147 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Kohinoor Gujarati Medium";
panose-1:0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-alt:"KOHINOOR GUJARATI MEDIUM";
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:262147 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"KOHINOOR GUJARATI SEMIBOLD";
panose-1:0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:262147 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Kohinoor Telugu Light";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-alt:"KOHINOOR TELUGU LIGHT";
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:2097159 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Kohinoor Telugu";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:2097159 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Kohinoor Telugu Medium";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-alt:"KOHINOOR TELUGU MEDIUM";
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:2097159 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"KOHINOOR TELUGU SEMIBOLD";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:2097159 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Kokonor;
panose-1:1 0 5 0 0 0 0 2 0 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 64 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Krub ExtraLight";
panose-1:0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Krub Light";
panose-1:0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Krub;
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Krub Medium";
panose-1:0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Krub SemiBold";
panose-1:0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Krungthep;
panose-1:2 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2130706177 1342185546 32 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:KufiStandardGK;
panose-1:0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:178;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:8193 0 0 0 64 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Lahore Gurmukhi Light";
panose-1:0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:131075 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Lahore Gurmukhi";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:131075 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Lahore Gurmukhi Medium";
panose-1:0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:131075 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Lahore Gurmukhi SemiBold";
panose-1:0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:131075 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Lahore Gurmukhi Bold";
panose-1:0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:131075 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Lao MN";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:33554435 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Lao Sangam MN";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:33554435 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Lava Devanagari";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32771 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Lava Devanagari Medium";
panose-1:0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32771 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Lava Devanagari Heavy";
panose-1:0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32771 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Lava Kannada Regular";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2143289309 66 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Lava Kannada Medium";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2143289309 66 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Lava Kannada Bold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2143289309 66 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Lava Kannada Heavy";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2143289309 66 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Lava Telugu Regular";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2145386461 66 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Lava Telugu Medium";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2145386461 66 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Lava Telugu Bold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2145386461 66 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Lava Telugu Heavy";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2145386461 66 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Apple LiGothic Medium";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-alt:"APPLE LIGOTHIC MEDIUM";
mso-font-charset:136;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483421 952727672 22 0 1048577 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"LIHEI PRO";
panose-1:2 11 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:136;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483647 671684608 22 0 1048577 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"LISONG PRO";
panose-1:2 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:136;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483647 671684608 22 0 1048577 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Apple LiSung Light";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-alt:"APPLE LISUNG LIGHT";
mso-font-charset:136;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483421 952727672 22 0 1048577 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Luminari;
panose-1:2 0 5 5 0 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1342185546 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"LingWai SC Medium";
panose-1:3 5 6 2 4 3 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-alt:"LINGWAI SC MEDIUM";
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-format:other;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 2060418299 30 0 262145 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"LingWai TC Medium";
panose-1:3 5 6 2 4 3 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-alt:"LINGWAI TC MEDIUM";
mso-font-charset:136;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-format:other;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 2060451067 30 0 1311107 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Maku;
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536904327 33554432 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Maku Bold";
panose-1:0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536904327 33554432 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Malayalam MN";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:8388611 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Malayalam Sangam MN";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:8388611 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Mali ExtraLight";
panose-1:0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Mali Light";
panose-1:0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Mali;
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Mali Medium";
panose-1:0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Mali SemiBold";
panose-1:0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Marker Felt Thin";
panose-1:2 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-alt:"MARKER FELT THIN";
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483549 64 0 0 273 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"MARKER FELT WIDE";
panose-1:2 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483549 64 0 0 273 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Menlo;
panose-1:2 11 6 9 3 8 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:-436198657 -771687941 33554472 0 479 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";
panose-1:2 11 6 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-520082689 -1073741822 8 0 66047 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Modak;
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147450833 1073750090 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Monaco;
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 1342192123 0 0 407 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Gurmukhi MT";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147319805 268484800 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Mshtakan;
panose-1:2 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482613 1073758282 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"MSHTAKAN OBLIQUE";
panose-1:2 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482613 1073758282 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"MSHTAKAN BOLDOBLIQUE";
panose-1:2 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482613 1073758282 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Mukta ExtraLight";
panose-1:2 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610579921 1073750091 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Mukta Light";
panose-1:2 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610579921 1073750091 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Mukta Regular";
panose-1:2 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610579921 1073750091 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Mukta Medium";
panose-1:2 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610579921 1073750091 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Mukta SemiBold";
panose-1:2 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610579921 1073750091 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Mukta Bold";
panose-1:2 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610579921 1073750091 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Mukta ExtraBold";
panose-1:2 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610579921 1073750091 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"MuktaMahee ExtraLight";
panose-1:2 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610481617 1073750091 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"MuktaMahee Light";
panose-1:2 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610481617 1073750091 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"MuktaMahee Regular";
panose-1:2 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610481617 1073750091 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"MuktaMahee Medium";
panose-1:2 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610481617 1073750091 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"MuktaMahee SemiBold";
panose-1:2 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610481617 1073750091 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"MuktaMahee Bold";
panose-1:2 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610481617 1073750091 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"MuktaMahee ExtraBold";
panose-1:2 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610481617 1073750091 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Mukta Malar ExtraLight";
panose-1:2 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1609564113 1073750091 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Mukta Malar Light";
panose-1:2 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1609564113 1073750091 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Mukta Malar Regular";
panose-1:2 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1609564113 1073750091 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Mukta Malar Medium";
panose-1:2 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1609564113 1073750091 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Mukta Malar SemiBold";
panose-1:2 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1609564113 1073750091 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Mukta Malar Bold";
panose-1:2 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1609564113 1073750091 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Mukta Malar ExtraBold";
panose-1:2 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1609564113 1073750091 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Mukta Vaani ExtraLight";
panose-1:2 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610350545 1073750091 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Mukta Vaani Light";
panose-1:2 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610350545 1073750091 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Mukta Vaani Regular";
panose-1:2 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610350545 1073750091 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Mukta Vaani Medium";
panose-1:2 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610350545 1073750091 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Mukta Vaani SemiBold";
panose-1:2 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610350545 1073750091 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Mukta Vaani Bold";
panose-1:2 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610350545 1073750091 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Mukta Vaani ExtraBold";
panose-1:2 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610350545 1073750091 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Muna;
panose-1:0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:178;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:8195 0 0 0 65 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"MUNA BLACK";
panose-1:0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:178;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:8195 0 0 0 65 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Nadeem;
panose-1:0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:178;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147475453 -2147483648 8 0 64 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Nanum Brush Script";
panose-1:3 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:129;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482969 165149947 16 0 2621441 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Nanum Pen Script";
panose-1:3 4 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:129;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482969 165149947 16 0 2621441 0;}@font-face
{font-family:NanumGothic;
panose-1:2 13 6 4 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:129;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1879047513 702020859 16 0 2621441 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"NANUMGOTHIC EXTRABOLD";
panose-1:2 13 9 4 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:129;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1879047513 702020859 16 0 2621441 0;}@font-face
{font-family:NanumMyeongjo;
panose-1:2 2 6 3 2 1 1 2 1 1;
mso-font-charset:129;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482969 165149947 16 0 2621441 0;}@font-face
{font-family:NANUMMYEONGJOEXTRABOLD;
panose-1:2 2 6 3 2 1 1 2 1 1;
mso-font-charset:129;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482969 165149947 16 0 2621441 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"New Peninim MT";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:177;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147481533 1073741826 0 0 33 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"NEW PENINIM MT INCLINED";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:177;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147481533 1073741826 0 0 33 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"NEW PENINIM MT BOLD INCLINED";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:177;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147481533 1073741826 0 0 33 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Niramit ExtraLight";
panose-1:0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Niramit Light";
panose-1:0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Niramit;
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Niramit Medium";
panose-1:0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Niramit SemiBold";
panose-1:0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noteworthy Light";
panose-1:2 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-alt:"NOTEWORTHY LIGHT";
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483537 134217800 341835776 0 273 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Noteworthy;
panose-1:2 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483537 134217800 341835776 0 273 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Nastaliq Urdu";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:178;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147475453 -2147475392 0 0 65 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Batak";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 8192 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Kannada Thin";
panose-1:2 11 2 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2143256573 8258 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Kannada ExtraLight";
panose-1:2 11 3 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2143256573 8258 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Kannada Light";
panose-1:2 11 4 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2143256573 8258 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Kannada";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2143256573 8258 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Kannada Medium";
panose-1:2 11 6 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2143256573 8258 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Kannada SemiBold";
panose-1:2 11 7 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2143256573 8258 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Kannada ExtraBold";
panose-1:2 11 9 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2143256573 8258 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Kannada Black";
panose-1:2 11 10 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2143256573 8258 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Myanmar Thin";
panose-1:2 11 2 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 8192 134218752 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Myanmar ExtLt";
panose-1:2 11 3 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 8192 134218752 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Myanmar Light";
panose-1:2 11 4 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 8192 134218752 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Myanmar";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 8192 134218752 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Myanmar Med";
panose-1:2 11 6 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 8192 134218752 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Myanmar SemBd";
panose-1:2 11 7 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 8192 134218752 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Myanmar ExtBd";
panose-1:2 11 9 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 8192 134218752 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Myanmar Blk";
panose-1:2 11 10 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 8192 134218752 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Zawgyi Thin";
panose-1:2 11 2 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 8192 134218752 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Zawgyi ExtLt";
panose-1:2 11 3 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 8192 134218752 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Zawgyi Light";
panose-1:2 11 4 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 8192 134218752 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Zawgyi";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 8192 134218752 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Zawgyi Med";
panose-1:2 11 6 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 8192 134218752 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Zawgyi SemBd";
panose-1:2 11 7 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 8192 134218752 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Zawgyi ExtBd";
panose-1:2 11 9 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 8192 134218752 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Zawgyi Blk";
panose-1:2 11 10 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 8192 134218752 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans NKo";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147475453 -2147475456 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Oriya";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:524291 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Tagalog";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 8192 1048576 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Serif Kannada Thin";
panose-1:2 2 2 2 6 5 5 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2143256573 8258 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Serif Kannada ExtraLight";
panose-1:2 2 3 2 6 5 5 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2143256573 8258 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Serif Kannada Light";
panose-1:2 2 4 2 6 5 5 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2143256573 8258 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Serif Kannada";
panose-1:2 2 5 2 6 5 5 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2143256573 8258 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Serif Kannada Medium";
panose-1:2 2 6 2 6 5 5 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2143256573 8258 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Serif Kannada SemiBold";
panose-1:2 2 7 2 6 5 5 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2143256573 8258 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Serif Kannada ExtraBold";
panose-1:2 2 9 2 6 5 5 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2143256573 8258 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Serif Kannada Black";
panose-1:2 2 10 2 6 5 5 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2143256573 8258 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Serif Myanmar Thin";
panose-1:2 2 2 2 6 5 5 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 8192 134218752 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Serif Myanmar ExtLt";
panose-1:2 2 3 2 6 5 5 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 8192 134218752 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Serif Myanmar Light";
panose-1:2 2 4 2 6 5 5 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 8192 134218752 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Serif Myanmar";
panose-1:2 2 5 2 6 5 5 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 8192 134218752 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Serif Myanmar Med";
panose-1:2 2 6 2 6 5 5 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 8192 134218752 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Serif Myanmar SemBd";
panose-1:2 2 7 2 6 5 5 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 8192 134218752 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Serif Myanmar ExtBd";
panose-1:2 2 9 2 6 5 5 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 8192 134218752 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Serif Myanmar Blk";
panose-1:2 2 10 2 6 5 5 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 8192 134218752 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"October Compressed Devanagari H";
panose-1:0 0 9 8 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32771 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"October Compressed Devanagari T";
panose-1:0 0 2 8 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32771 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"October Compressed Devanagari E";
panose-1:0 0 3 8 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32771 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"October Compressed Devanagari L";
panose-1:0 0 5 8 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32771 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"October Compressed Devanagari";
panose-1:0 0 5 8 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32771 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"October Compressed Devanagari M";
panose-1:0 0 6 8 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32771 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"October Compressed Devanagari B";
panose-1:0 0 8 8 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32771 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"October Compressed Tamil Hairli";
panose-1:0 0 1 8 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1048579 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"October Compressed Tamil Thin";
panose-1:0 0 2 8 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1048579 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"October Compressed Tamil ExtraL";
panose-1:0 0 3 8 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1048579 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"October Compressed Tamil Light";
panose-1:0 0 4 8 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1048579 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"October Compressed Tamil";
panose-1:0 0 5 8 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1048579 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"October Compressed Tamil Medium";
panose-1:0 0 6 8 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1048579 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"October Compressed Tamil Heavy";
panose-1:0 0 9 8 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1048579 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"October Compressed Tamil Black";
panose-1:0 0 10 8 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1048579 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"October Condensed Devanagari Ha";
panose-1:0 0 1 6 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32771 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"October Condensed Devanagari Th";
panose-1:0 0 2 6 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32771 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"October Condensed Devanagari Ex";
panose-1:0 0 3 6 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32771 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"October Condensed Devanagari Li";
panose-1:0 0 4 6 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32771 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"October Condensed Devanagari";
panose-1:0 0 5 6 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32771 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"October Condensed Devanagari Me";
panose-1:0 0 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32771 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"October Condensed Devanagari He";
panose-1:0 0 9 6 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32771 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"October Condensed Devanagari Bl";
panose-1:0 0 10 6 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32771 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"October Condensed Tamil Hairlin";
panose-1:0 0 1 6 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1048579 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"October Condensed Tamil Thin";
panose-1:0 0 2 6 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1048579 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"October Condensed Tamil ExtraLi";
panose-1:0 0 3 6 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1048579 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"October Condensed Tamil Light";
panose-1:0 0 4 6 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1048579 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"October Condensed Tamil";
panose-1:0 0 5 6 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1048579 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"October Condensed Tamil Medium";
panose-1:0 0 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1048579 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"October Condensed Tamil Heavy";
panose-1:0 0 9 6 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1048579 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"October Condensed Tamil Black";
panose-1:0 0 10 6 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1048579 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"October Devanagari Hairline";
panose-1:0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32771 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"October Devanagari Thin";
panose-1:0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32771 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"October Devanagari ExtraLight";
panose-1:0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32771 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"October Devanagari Light";
panose-1:0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32771 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"October Devanagari";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32771 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"October Devanagari Medium";
panose-1:0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32771 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"October Devanagari Heavy";
panose-1:0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32771 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"October Devanagari Black";
panose-1:0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32771 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"October Tamil Hairline";
panose-1:0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1048579 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"October Tamil Thin";
panose-1:0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1048579 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"October Tamil ExtraLight";
panose-1:0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1048579 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"October Tamil Light";
panose-1:0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1048579 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"October Tamil";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1048579 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"October Tamil Medium";
panose-1:0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1048579 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"October Tamil Heavy";
panose-1:0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1048579 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"October Tamil Black";
panose-1:0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1048579 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Optima;
panose-1:2 0 5 3 6 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483545 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"OPTIMA EXTRABLACK";
panose-1:2 0 11 3 0 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483545 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Oriya MN";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:524291 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Oriya Sangam MN";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:524291 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Osaka;
panose-1:2 11 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1 134676480 16 0 131219 0;}@font-face
{font-family:OSAKA-MONO;
panose-1:2 11 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:1 134676480 16 0 131219 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"PSL Ornanong Pro Light";
panose-1:2 0 5 6 0 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-alt:"PSL ORNANONG PRO LIGHT";
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1593835473 1342185546 0 0 65667 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"PSL Ornanong Pro";
panose-1:2 0 5 6 0 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1593835473 1342185546 0 0 65667 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"PSL ORNANONG PRO DEMIBOLD";
panose-1:2 0 5 6 0 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1593835473 1342185546 0 0 65667 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"PT Mono";
panose-1:2 6 5 9 2 2 5 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1342208235 0 0 151 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"PT Sans";
panose-1:2 11 5 3 2 2 3 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1342185547 0 0 151 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"PT Sans Narrow";
panose-1:2 11 5 6 2 2 3 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1342185547 0 0 151 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"PT Sans Caption";
panose-1:2 11 6 3 2 2 3 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1342185547 0 0 151 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"PT Serif";
panose-1:2 10 6 3 4 5 5 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1342185547 0 0 151 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"PT Serif Caption";
panose-1:2 6 6 3 5 5 5 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1342185547 0 0 151 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Padyakke Expanded One";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-format:other;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:4194311 33554432 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Palatino;
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 2013274202 341835776 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Papyrus;
panose-1:2 11 6 2 4 2 0 2 3 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612609 1073750107 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Papyrus Condensed";
panose-1:2 11 6 2 4 2 0 2 3 3;
mso-font-alt:"PAPYRUS CONDENSED";
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612609 1073750107 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Party LET Plain";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-alt:"PARTY LET PLAIN";
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1342177307 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Phosphate Inline";
panose-1:2 0 5 6 5 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-alt:"PHOSPHATE INLINE";
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612497 1342185547 64 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Phosphate Solid";
panose-1:2 0 5 6 5 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-alt:"PHOSPHATE SOLID";
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612497 1342185547 64 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"PingFang HK Ultralight";
panose-1:2 11 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-alt:"PINGFANG HK ULTRALIGHT";
mso-font-charset:136;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 2060451323 23 0 1048577 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"PingFang HK Thin";
panose-1:2 11 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-alt:"PINGFANG HK THIN";
mso-font-charset:136;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 2060451323 23 0 1048577 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"PingFang HK Light";
panose-1:2 11 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-alt:"PINGFANG HK LIGHT";
mso-font-charset:136;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 2060451323 23 0 1048577 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"PingFang HK";
panose-1:2 11 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:136;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 2060451323 23 0 1048577 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"PingFang HK Medium";
panose-1:2 11 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-alt:"PINGFANG HK MEDIUM";
mso-font-charset:136;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 2060451323 23 0 1048577 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"PINGFANG HK SEMIBOLD";
panose-1:2 11 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:136;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 2060451323 23 0 1048577 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"PingFang TC Ultralight";
panose-1:2 11 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-alt:"PINGFANG TC ULTRALIGHT";
mso-font-charset:136;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 2060451323 23 0 1048577 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"PingFang TC Thin";
panose-1:2 11 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-alt:"PINGFANG TC THIN";
mso-font-charset:136;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 2060451323 23 0 1048577 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"PingFang TC Light";
panose-1:2 11 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-alt:"PINGFANG TC LIGHT";
mso-font-charset:136;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 2060451323 23 0 1048577 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"PingFang TC";
panose-1:2 11 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:136;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 2060451323 23 0 1048577 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"PingFang TC Medium";
panose-1:2 11 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-alt:"PINGFANG TC MEDIUM";
mso-font-charset:136;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 2060451323 23 0 1048577 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"PINGFANG TC SEMIBOLD";
panose-1:2 11 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:136;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 2060451323 23 0 1048577 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"PingFang SC Ultralight";
panose-1:2 11 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-alt:"PINGFANG SC ULTRALIGHT";
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 2060451323 23 0 262145 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"PingFang SC Thin";
panose-1:2 11 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-alt:"PINGFANG SC THIN";
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 2060451323 23 0 262145 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"PingFang SC Light";
panose-1:2 11 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-alt:"PINGFANG SC LIGHT";
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 2060451323 23 0 262145 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"PingFang SC";
panose-1:2 11 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 2060451323 23 0 262145 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"PingFang SC Medium";
panose-1:2 11 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-alt:"PINGFANG SC MEDIUM";
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 2060451323 23 0 262145 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"PINGFANG SC SEMIBOLD";
panose-1:2 11 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 2060451323 23 0 262145 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Plantagenet Cherokee";
panose-1:2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:177;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147481597 0 4096 0 499 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Raanana;
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:177;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147481533 1073741826 0 0 33 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Hei;
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1 135135232 16 0 262145 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Kai;
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1 135135232 16 0 262145 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Baoli SC";
panose-1:2 1 6 0 4 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483001 672087122 22 0 262175 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Baoli TC";
panose-1:2 1 6 0 4 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:136;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483001 672087122 22 0 1310751 0;}@font-face
{font-family:STHeiti;
panose-1:2 1 6 0 4 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:647 135200768 16 0 262303 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Heiti TC Light";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-alt:"HEITI TC LIGHT";
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 134676554 16 0 4063233 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Heiti TC Medium";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-alt:"HEITI TC MEDIUM";
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 134676554 16 0 4063233 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Heiti SC Light";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-alt:"HEITI SC LIGHT";
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 134676554 16 0 4063233 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Heiti SC Medium";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-alt:"HEITI SC MEDIUM";
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 134676554 16 0 4063233 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"STIX Two Math";
panose-1:2 2 6 3 5 4 5 2 3 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-format:other;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 1073806847 33554464 0 511 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"STIX Two Text";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 31 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"STIX Two Text Medium";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 31 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"STIX Two Text SemiBold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 31 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Kaiti SC";
panose-1:2 1 6 0 4 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483001 672087122 22 0 262175 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"KAITI SC BLACK";
panose-1:2 1 6 0 4 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483001 672087122 22 0 262175 0;}@font-face
{font-family:STKaiti;
panose-1:2 1 6 0 4 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483001 672087122 22 0 262175 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Kaiti TC";
panose-1:2 1 6 0 4 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:136;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483001 672087122 22 0 1310751 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"KAITI TC BLACK";
panose-1:2 1 6 0 4 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:136;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483001 672087122 22 0 1310751 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Libian SC";
panose-1:2 1 6 0 4 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483001 672087122 22 0 262175 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Libian TC";
panose-1:2 1 6 0 4 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:136;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483001 672087122 22 0 1310751 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Songti SC Light";
panose-1:2 1 6 0 4 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-alt:"SONGTI SC LIGHT";
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483001 672087122 22 0 262175 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Songti SC";
panose-1:2 1 6 0 4 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:647 135200768 16 0 262303 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"SONGTI SC BLACK";
panose-1:2 1 8 0 4 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1 135200768 16 0 262144 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Songti TC Light";
panose-1:2 1 6 0 4 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-alt:"SONGTI TC LIGHT";
mso-font-charset:136;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483001 672087122 22 0 1310751 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Songti TC";
panose-1:2 1 6 0 4 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:136;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:647 135200768 16 0 1310879 0;}@font-face
{font-family:STSong;
panose-1:2 1 6 0 4 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483001 672087122 22 0 262175 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Xingkai SC Light";
panose-1:2 1 6 0 4 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-alt:"XINGKAI SC LIGHT";
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:647 135200768 16 0 262303 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Xingkai SC";
panose-1:2 1 6 0 4 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1 135200768 16 0 262144 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Xingkai TC Light";
panose-1:2 1 6 0 4 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-alt:"XINGKAI TC LIGHT";
mso-font-charset:136;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:647 135200768 16 0 1310879 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Xingkai TC";
panose-1:2 1 6 0 4 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:136;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1 135200768 16 0 1310720 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Yuanti SC Light";
panose-1:2 1 6 0 4 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-alt:"YUANTI SC LIGHT";
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483001 672087122 22 0 262175 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Yuanti SC";
panose-1:2 1 6 0 4 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483001 672087122 22 0 262175 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Yuanti TC Light";
panose-1:2 1 6 0 4 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-alt:"YUANTI TC LIGHT";
mso-font-charset:136;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483001 672087122 22 0 1310751 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Yuanti TC";
panose-1:2 1 6 0 4 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:136;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483001 672087122 22 0 1310751 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Sama Devanagari Book";
panose-1:2 15 5 3 4 5 7 6 3 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147450877 8266 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Sama Devanagari";
panose-1:2 15 5 3 4 5 7 6 3 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147450877 8266 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Sama Devanagari Medium";
panose-1:2 15 7 3 4 5 7 6 3 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147450877 8266 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Sama Devanagari SemiBold";
panose-1:2 15 8 3 4 5 7 6 3 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147450877 8266 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Sama Devanagari ExtraBold";
panose-1:3 8 10 2 4 3 2 2 2 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147450877 8266 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Sama Gujarati Book";
panose-1:2 15 5 3 4 5 7 6 3 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147221501 8266 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Sama Gujarati";
panose-1:2 15 6 3 4 5 7 6 3 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147221501 8266 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Sama Gujarati Medium";
panose-1:2 15 7 3 4 5 7 6 3 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147221501 8266 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Sama Gujarati SemiBold";
panose-1:2 15 8 3 4 5 7 6 3 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147221501 8266 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Sama Gujarati ExtraBold";
panose-1:2 15 10 3 4 5 7 6 3 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147221501 8266 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Sama Gurmukhi Book";
panose-1:2 15 5 3 4 5 7 6 3 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147352573 8266 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Sama Gurmukhi";
panose-1:2 15 5 3 4 5 7 6 3 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147352573 8266 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Sama Gurmukhi Medium";
panose-1:2 15 7 3 4 5 7 6 3 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147352573 8266 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Sama Gurmukhi SemiBold";
panose-1:2 15 8 3 4 5 7 6 3 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147352573 8266 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Sama Gurmukhi ExtraBold";
panose-1:3 8 10 2 4 3 2 2 2 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147352573 8266 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Sama Kannada Book";
panose-1:2 15 5 3 4 5 7 6 3 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2143289341 8266 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Sama Kannada";
panose-1:2 15 5 3 4 5 7 6 3 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2143289341 8266 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Sama Kannada Medium";
panose-1:2 15 7 3 4 5 7 6 3 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2143289341 8266 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Sama Kannada SemiBold";
panose-1:2 15 8 3 4 5 7 6 3 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2143289341 8266 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Sama Kannada ExtraBold";
panose-1:3 8 10 2 4 3 2 2 2 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2143289341 8266 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Sama Malayalam Book";
panose-1:2 15 5 3 4 5 7 6 3 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2139095037 8266 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Sama Malayalam";
panose-1:2 15 6 3 4 5 7 6 3 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2139095037 8266 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Sama Malayalam Medium";
panose-1:2 15 7 3 4 5 7 6 3 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2139095037 8266 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Sama Malayalam SemiBold";
panose-1:2 15 8 3 4 5 7 6 3 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2139095037 8266 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Sama Malayalam ExtraBold";
panose-1:2 15 10 3 4 5 7 6 3 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2139095037 8266 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Sama Tamil Book";
panose-1:3 8 9 2 4 3 2 2 2 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147352529 1073750090 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Sama Tamil";
panose-1:3 8 9 2 4 3 2 2 2 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147352529 1073750090 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Sama Tamil Medium";
panose-1:3 8 9 2 4 3 2 2 2 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147352529 1073750090 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Sama Tamil SemiBold";
panose-1:3 8 9 2 4 3 2 2 2 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147352529 1073750090 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Sama Tamil ExtraBold";
panose-1:3 8 9 2 4 3 2 2 2 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147352529 1073750090 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Sana;
panose-1:0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:178;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:8195 0 0 0 65 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Sarabun Thin";
panose-1:0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Sarabun ExtraLight";
panose-1:0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Sarabun Light";
panose-1:0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Sarabun;
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Sarabun Medium";
panose-1:0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Sarabun SemiBold";
panose-1:0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Sarabun ExtraBold";
panose-1:0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Sathu;
panose-1:0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:16777217 0 0 0 65943 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"SAVOYE LET PLAIN\:1\.0";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 1342177371 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Shobhika Regular";
panose-1:2 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610579921 1342185547 0 0 151 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Shobhika Bold";
panose-1:2 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610579921 1342185547 0 0 151 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Shree Devanagari 714";
panose-1:2 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147450877 0 0 0 3 0;}@font-face
{font-family:SignPainter-HouseScript;
panose-1:2 0 0 6 7 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483473 74 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"SIGNPAINTER-HOUSESCRIPT SEMIBOL";
panose-1:2 0 0 6 7 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483473 74 0 0 273 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Silom;
panose-1:0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1593835265 1342185562 32 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:SimSong;
panose-1:2 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482945 953122042 22 0 262157 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Sinhala MN";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Sinhala Sangam MN";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Snell Roundhand";
panose-1:2 0 6 3 8 0 0 9 0 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483609 0 0 0 273 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"SNELL ROUNDHAND BLACK";
panose-1:2 0 10 4 9 0 0 9 0 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483609 0 0 0 273 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Srisakdi;
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:SUKHUMVITSET-THIN;
panose-1:2 0 5 6 0 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2130706385 1342177354 0 0 65539 0;}@font-face
{font-family:SUKHUMVITSET-LIGHT;
panose-1:2 0 5 6 0 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2130706385 1342177354 0 0 65539 0;}@font-face
{font-family:SUKHUMVITSET-TEXT;
panose-1:2 0 5 6 0 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2130706385 1342177354 0 0 65539 0;}@font-face
{font-family:SUKHUMVITSET-MEDIUM;
panose-1:2 0 5 6 0 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2130706385 1342177354 0 0 65539 0;}@font-face
{font-family:SUKHUMVITSET-SEMIBOLD;
panose-1:2 0 5 6 0 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2130706385 1342177354 0 0 65539 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Sukhumvit Set";
panose-1:2 0 5 6 0 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2130706385 1342177354 0 0 65539 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Tamil MN";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1048579 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Telugu MN";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:2097155 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Telugu Sangam MN";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:2097155 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Tiro Bangla";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:98307 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Tiro Devanagari Hindi";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610579857 8202 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Tiro Devanagari Marathi";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32771 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Tiro Devanagari Sanskrit";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32771 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Tiro Gurmukhi";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610448785 8202 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Tiro Kannada";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1606385553 8202 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Tiro Tamil";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1609531281 33562634 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Tiro Telugu";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1608515473 8202 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Toppan Bunkyu Gothic Regular";
panose-1:2 11 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:727 717700113 18 0 131231 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Toppan Bunkyu Midashi Gothic Ex";
panose-1:2 11 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-format:other;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 717691920 18 0 131077 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Toppan Bunkyu Midashi Mincho Ex";
panose-1:2 2 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-format:other;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 717691920 18 0 131077 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Toppan Bunkyu Mincho Regular";
panose-1:2 2 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-format:other;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:727 717700113 18 0 131231 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Trattatello;
panose-1:2 15 4 3 2 2 0 2 3 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 8192 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Trebuchet MS";
panose-1:2 11 6 3 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:647 0 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Tsukushi A Round Gothic Regular";
panose-1:2 2 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 180821008 18 0 131077 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Tsukushi A Round Gothic Bold";
panose-1:2 2 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 180821008 18 0 131077 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Tsukushi B Round Gothic Regular";
panose-1:2 2 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 180821008 18 0 131077 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Tsukushi B Round Gothic Bold";
panose-1:2 2 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 180821008 18 0 131077 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Waseem Light";
panose-1:0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-alt:"WASEEM LIGHT";
mso-font-charset:178;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:8193 0 0 0 64 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Waseem;
panose-1:0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:178;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:8193 0 0 0 64 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"YuKyokasho Yoko Medium";
panose-1:2 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-alt:"YUKYOKASHO YOKO MEDIUM";
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:711 717691920 18 0 131085 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"YuKyokasho Yoko";
panose-1:2 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:711 717691920 18 0 131085 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"YuKyokasho Medium";
panose-1:2 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-alt:"YUKYOKASHO MEDIUM";
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:711 717691920 18 0 131085 0;}@font-face
{font-family:YuKyokasho;
panose-1:2 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:711 717691920 18 0 131085 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"YuMincho +36p Kana Medium";
panose-1:2 2 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:727 717700113 18 0 131231 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"YuMincho +36p Kana Demibold";
panose-1:2 2 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:727 717700113 18 0 131231 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"YuMincho +36p Kana Extrabold";
panose-1:2 2 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 717691920 18 0 131077 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Yuppy SC";
panose-1:2 15 6 3 4 2 7 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-format:other;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 2060418299 30 0 262145 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Yuppy TC";
panose-1:2 15 6 3 4 2 7 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:136;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-format:other;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 2060451067 30 0 1311127 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Zapfino;
panose-1:3 3 3 0 4 7 7 7 12 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483545 1073741889 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Abadi MT Condensed Light";
panose-1:2 11 3 6 3 1 1 1 1 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Abadi MT Condensed Extra Bold";
panose-1:2 11 10 6 3 1 1 1 1 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Aptos Light";
panose-1:2 11 0 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536871559 3 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Aptos SemiBold";
panose-1:2 11 0 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536871559 3 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Aptos ExtraBold";
panose-1:2 11 0 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536871559 3 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Aptos Black";
panose-1:2 11 0 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536871559 3 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Aptos Narrow";
panose-1:2 11 0 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536871559 3 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Arial Black";
panose-1:2 11 10 4 2 1 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612049 1073772795 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Arial Rounded MT Bold";
panose-1:2 15 7 4 3 5 4 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Baskerville Old Face";
panose-1:2 2 6 2 8 5 5 2 3 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:BatangChe;
panose-1:2 3 6 9 0 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:129;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:-1342176593 1775729915 48 0 524447 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Gungsuh;
panose-1:2 3 6 0 0 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:129;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1342176593 1775729915 48 0 524447 0;}@font-face
{font-family:GungsuhChe;
panose-1:2 3 6 9 0 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:129;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:-1342176593 1775729915 48 0 524447 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Bauhaus 93";
panose-1:4 3 9 5 2 11 2 2 12 2;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:decorative;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Bell MT";
panose-1:2 2 5 3 6 3 5 2 3 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Bernard MT Condensed";
panose-1:2 5 8 6 6 9 5 2 4 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Book Antiqua";
panose-1:2 4 6 2 5 3 5 3 3 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:647 0 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Bookman Old Style";
panose-1:2 5 6 4 5 5 5 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:647 0 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Bookshelf Symbol 7";
panose-1:5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:2;
mso-generic-font-family:decorative;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:0 268435456 0 0 -2147483648 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Braggadocio;
panose-1:4 3 11 7 13 11 2 2 4 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:decorative;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Britannic Bold";
panose-1:2 11 9 3 6 7 3 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Calisto MT";
panose-1:2 4 6 3 5 5 5 3 3 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Candara;
panose-1:2 14 5 2 3 3 3 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1073783883 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Century Gothic";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:647 0 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Century Schoolbook";
panose-1:2 4 6 4 5 5 5 2 3 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:647 0 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Colonna MT";
panose-1:4 2 8 5 6 2 2 3 2 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:decorative;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Consolas;
panose-1:2 11 6 9 2 2 4 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:-520092929 1073806591 9 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Constantia;
panose-1:2 3 6 2 5 3 6 3 3 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1073750091 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Cooper Black";
panose-1:2 8 9 4 4 3 11 2 4 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Copperplate Gothic Bold";
panose-1:2 14 7 5 2 2 6 2 4 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Corbel;
panose-1:2 11 5 3 2 2 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1073783883 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:CordiaUPC;
panose-1:2 11 3 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2130706429 0 0 0 65537 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Curlz MT";
panose-1:4 4 4 4 5 7 2 2 2 2;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:decorative;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:David;
panose-1:2 14 5 2 6 4 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:177;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:2051 0 0 0 33 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Desdemona;
panose-1:4 2 5 5 2 14 3 4 5 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:decorative;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Dubai Light";
panose-1:2 11 3 3 3 4 3 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:178;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147475353 -2147483648 8 0 65 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Dubai;
panose-1:2 11 5 3 3 4 3 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:178;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147475353 -2147483648 8 0 65 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Dubai Medium";
panose-1:2 11 6 3 3 4 3 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:178;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147475353 -2147483648 8 0 65 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Edwardian Script ITC";
panose-1:3 3 3 2 4 7 7 13 8 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Engravers MT";
panose-1:2 9 7 7 8 5 5 2 3 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Eurostile;
panose-1:2 11 5 4 2 2 2 5 2 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:FangSong;
panose-1:2 1 6 9 6 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:-2147482945 953122042 22 0 262145 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Footlight MT Light";
panose-1:2 4 6 2 6 3 10 2 3 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Franklin Gothic Book";
panose-1:2 11 5 3 2 1 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:647 0 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Franklin Gothic Medium";
panose-1:2 11 6 3 2 1 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:647 0 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Franklin Gothic Medium Cond";
panose-1:2 11 6 6 3 4 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:647 0 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Franklin Gothic Demi";
panose-1:2 11 7 3 2 1 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:647 0 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Franklin Gothic Demi Cond";
panose-1:2 11 7 6 3 4 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:647 0 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Franklin Gothic Heavy";
panose-1:2 11 9 3 2 1 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:647 0 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Gabriola;
panose-1:4 4 6 5 5 16 2 2 13 2;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:decorative;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870161 1342185547 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Garamond;
panose-1:2 2 4 4 3 3 1 1 8 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:647 2 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Gill Sans MT";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 2 1 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 3 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Gill Sans MT Condensed";
panose-1:2 11 5 6 2 1 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 3 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Gill Sans MT Ext Condensed Bold";
panose-1:2 11 9 2 2 1 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 3 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Gill Sans Ultra Bold";
panose-1:2 11 10 2 2 1 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 3 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Gloucester MT Extra Condensed";
panose-1:2 3 8 8 2 6 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Goudy Old Style";
panose-1:2 2 5 2 5 3 5 2 3 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:GulimChe;
panose-1:2 11 6 9 0 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:129;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:-1342176593 1775729915 48 0 524447 0;}@font-face
{font-family:DotumChe;
panose-1:2 11 6 9 0 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:129;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:-1342176593 1775729915 48 0 524447 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Haettenschweiler;
panose-1:2 11 7 6 4 9 2 6 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Harrington;
panose-1:4 4 5 5 5 10 2 2 7 2;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:decorative;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:HGGothicE;
panose-1:2 11 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1791491579 18 0 131231 0;}@font-face
{font-family:HGPGothicE;
panose-1:2 11 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1791491579 18 0 131231 0;}@font-face
{font-family:HGSGothicE;
panose-1:2 11 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1791491579 18 0 131231 0;}@font-face
{font-family:HGMinchoE;
panose-1:2 2 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1791491579 18 0 131231 0;}@font-face
{font-family:HGPMinchoE;
panose-1:2 2 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1791491579 18 0 131231 0;}@font-face
{font-family:HGSMinchoE;
panose-1:2 2 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1791491579 18 0 131231 0;}@font-face
{font-family:HGSoeiKakugothicUB;
panose-1:2 11 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1791491579 18 0 131231 0;}@font-face
{font-family:HGPSoeiKakugothicUB;
panose-1:2 11 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1791491579 18 0 131231 0;}@font-face
{font-family:HGSSoeiKakugothicUB;
panose-1:2 11 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1791491579 18 0 131231 0;}@font-face
{font-family:HGMaruGothicMPRO;
panose-1:2 15 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1791491579 18 0 131231 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Microsoft Himalaya";
panose-1:1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 65536 64 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Imprint MT Shadow";
panose-1:4 2 6 5 6 3 3 3 2 2;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:decorative;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:KaiTi;
panose-1:2 1 6 9 6 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:-2147482945 953122042 22 0 262145 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Kartika;
panose-1:2 2 5 3 3 4 4 6 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:8388611 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Kino MT";
panose-1:4 3 7 5 13 12 2 2 7 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:decorative;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Lucida Console";
panose-1:2 11 6 9 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:-2147482993 6144 0 0 31 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Lucida Sans";
panose-1:2 11 6 2 3 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Lucida Sans Unicode";
panose-1:2 11 6 2 3 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147480833 14699 0 0 191 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Lucida Blackletter";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Lucida Bright";
panose-1:2 4 6 2 5 5 5 2 3 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Lucida Calligraphy";
panose-1:3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Lucida Fax";
panose-1:2 6 6 2 5 5 5 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Lucida Handwriting";
panose-1:3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Lucida Sans Typewriter";
panose-1:2 11 5 9 3 5 4 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Malgun Gothic Semilight";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 2 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1879047505 165117179 18 0 4063677 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Malgun Gothic";
panose-1:2 11 5 3 2 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:129;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1879048145 701988091 18 0 524289 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Marlett;
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:2;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:0 268435456 0 0 -2147483648 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Matura MT Script Capitals";
panose-1:3 2 8 2 6 6 2 7 2 2;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Meiryo;
panose-1:2 11 6 4 3 5 4 4 2 4;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1791492095 134217746 0 131231 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Meiryo UI";
panose-1:2 11 6 4 3 5 4 4 2 4;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1791492095 134217746 0 131231 0;}@font-face
{font-family:MingLiU_HKSCS;
panose-1:2 2 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:136;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 953154810 22 0 1048577 0;}@font-face
{font-family:MingLiU-ExtB;
panose-1:2 2 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:136;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 168296456 16 0 1048577 0;}@font-face
{font-family:PMingLiU-ExtB;
panose-1:2 2 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:136;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 168296456 16 0 1048577 0;}@font-face
{font-family:MingLiU_HKSCS-ExtB;
panose-1:2 2 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:136;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 168296456 16 0 1048577 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Mistral;
panose-1:3 9 7 2 3 4 7 2 4 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:647 0 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Myanmar Text";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 2 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 0 1024 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Modern No\. 20";
panose-1:2 7 7 4 7 5 5 2 3 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Mongolian Baiti";
panose-1:3 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483613 0 131072 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Monotype Corsiva";
panose-1:3 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Monotype Sorts";
panose-1:1 1 6 1 1 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:2;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:0 268435456 0 0 -2147483648 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"MS Reference Sans Serif";
panose-1:2 11 6 4 3 5 4 4 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:647 0 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"MS Reference Specialty";
panose-1:5 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:2;
mso-generic-font-family:decorative;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:0 268435456 0 0 -2147483648 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"MS UI Gothic";
panose-1:2 11 6 0 7 2 5 8 2 4;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1791491579 134217746 0 131231 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"MS PGothic";
panose-1:2 11 6 0 7 2 5 8 2 4;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1791491579 134217746 0 131231 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Microsoft JhengHei";
panose-1:2 11 6 4 3 5 4 4 2 4;
mso-font-charset:136;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:135 680476672 22 0 1048585 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"MS PMincho";
panose-1:2 2 6 0 4 2 5 8 3 4;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1791491579 134217746 0 131231 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Microsoft YaHei Light";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 2 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483001 718209040 22 0 262175 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Microsoft YaHei";
panose-1:2 11 5 3 2 2 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483001 718224464 22 0 262175 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Microsoft YaHei UI Light";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 2 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483001 718209040 22 0 262175 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Microsoft YaHei UI";
panose-1:2 11 5 3 2 2 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483001 718224464 22 0 262175 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Microsoft Yi Baiti";
panose-1:3 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 66562 524290 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"MT Extra";
panose-1:5 5 1 2 1 2 5 2 2 2;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:decorative;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"News Gothic MT";
panose-1:2 11 5 3 2 1 3 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Microsoft New Tai Lue";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 2 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 -2147483648 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Nyala;
panose-1:2 0 5 4 7 3 0 2 0 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612625 0 2048 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Onyx;
panose-1:4 5 6 2 8 7 2 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:decorative;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Perpetua;
panose-1:2 2 5 2 6 4 1 2 3 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Perpetua Titling MT";
panose-1:2 2 5 2 6 5 5 2 8 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Rockwell;
panose-1:2 6 6 3 2 2 5 2 4 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Rockwell Condensed";
panose-1:2 6 6 3 5 4 5 2 1 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Rockwell Extra Bold";
panose-1:2 6 9 3 4 5 5 2 4 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe Print";
panose-1:2 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:655 0 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe Script";
panose-1:3 11 8 4 2 0 0 0 0 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:655 0 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe UI Historic";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 2 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483153 33554434 6340736 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe UI Symbol";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 2 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483165 302055407 262144 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:NSimSun;
panose-1:2 1 6 9 3 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:515 680460288 22 0 262145 0;}@font-face
{font-family:SimSun-ExtB;
panose-1:2 1 6 9 6 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:1 168689664 16 0 262145 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Stencil;
panose-1:4 4 9 5 13 8 2 2 4 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:decorative;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:STHupo;
panose-1:2 1 8 0 4 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1 135200768 16 0 262144 0;}@font-face
{font-family:STLiti;
panose-1:2 1 8 0 4 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1 135200768 16 0 262144 0;}@font-face
{font-family:STXingkai;
panose-1:2 1 8 0 4 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1 135200768 16 0 262144 0;}@font-face
{font-family:STXinwei;
panose-1:2 1 8 0 4 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1 135200768 16 0 262144 0;}@font-face
{font-family:STZhongsong;
panose-1:2 1 6 0 4 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:647 135200768 16 0 262303 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Tahoma;
panose-1:2 11 6 4 3 5 4 4 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-520081665 -1073717157 41 0 66047 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Microsoft Tai Le";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 2 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 1073741824 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"TH SarabunPSK";
panose-1:2 11 5 0 4 2 0 2 0 3;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:16777219 0 0 0 65809 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Tw Cen MT";
panose-1:2 11 6 2 2 1 4 2 6 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 3 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Tw Cen MT Condensed";
panose-1:2 11 6 6 2 1 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 3 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Tw Cen MT Condensed Extra Bold";
panose-1:2 11 8 3 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 3 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Webdings;
panose-1:5 3 1 2 1 5 9 6 7 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:decorative;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 -2147483647 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Wide Latin";
panose-1:2 10 10 7 5 5 5 2 4 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Wingdings 2";
panose-1:5 2 1 2 1 5 7 7 7 7;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:decorative;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 -2147483647 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Wingdings 3";
panose-1:5 4 1 2 1 8 7 7 7 7;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:decorative;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 -2147483647 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Yu Gothic Light";
panose-1:2 11 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 717749759 22 0 131231 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Yu Gothic Medium";
panose-1:2 11 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 717749759 22 0 131231 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Yu Gothic UI Light";
panose-1:2 11 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 717749759 22 0 131231 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Yu Gothic UI Semilight";
panose-1:2 11 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 717749759 22 0 131231 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Yu Gothic UI";
panose-1:2 11 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 717749759 22 0 131231 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Yu Gothic UI Semibold";
panose-1:2 11 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 717749759 22 0 131231 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Yu Mincho Light";
panose-1:2 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482905 717749503 18 0 131231 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Yu Mincho";
panose-1:2 2 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482905 717749503 18 0 131231 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Yu Mincho Demibold";
panose-1:2 2 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482905 717749503 18 0 131231 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Abadi Extra Light";
panose-1:2 11 2 4 2 1 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Abadi;
panose-1:2 11 6 4 2 1 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Abel;
panose-1:2 0 5 6 3 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Abril Fatface";
panose-1:2 0 5 3 0 0 0 2 0 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612569 1342185563 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"ADLaM Display";
panose-1:2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147475345 1107296330 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Agency FB";
panose-1:2 11 5 3 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Aharoni;
panose-1:2 1 8 3 2 1 4 3 2 3;
mso-font-charset:177;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:2051 0 0 0 33 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Al Fresco";
panose-1:2 0 5 7 7 0 0 2 0 2;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483473 268435530 0 0 3 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Alasassy Caps";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483409 1073750091 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Aldhabi;
panose-1:1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:178;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147475449 -2147483648 8 0 65 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Alef;
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:177;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:2055 1073741824 0 0 179 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Aleo Light";
panose-1:0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:7 0 0 0 131 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Aleo;
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:7 0 0 0 131 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Algerian;
panose-1:4 2 7 5 4 10 2 6 7 2;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:decorative;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Amasis MT Pro Light";
panose-1:2 4 3 4 5 0 5 2 3 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612561 1073750107 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Amasis MT Pro";
panose-1:2 4 5 4 5 0 5 2 3 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612561 1073750107 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Amasis MT Pro Medium";
panose-1:2 4 6 4 5 0 5 2 3 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612561 1073750107 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Amasis MT Pro Black";
panose-1:2 4 10 4 5 0 5 2 3 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612561 1073750107 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Amatic SC";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:177;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536873487 1073741826 0 0 439 0;}@font-face
{font-family:AngsanaUPC;
panose-1:2 2 6 3 5 4 5 2 3 4;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2130706429 0 0 0 65537 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Anton;
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 1073750139 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Aparajita;
panose-1:2 2 6 3 5 4 5 2 3 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32771 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Aptos Mono";
panose-1:2 11 0 9 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:536871559 3 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Aptos Serif";
panose-1:2 2 6 4 7 4 5 2 3 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1592449281 -1073681157 65536 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Arabic Typesetting";
panose-1:3 2 4 2 4 4 6 3 2 3;
mso-font-charset:178;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147475449 -2147483648 8 0 211 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Aref Ruqaa";
panose-1:2 0 5 3 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:178;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147475345 -2147483573 0 0 65 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Arial Nova Cond Light";
panose-1:2 11 3 6 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:655 2 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Arial Nova Light";
panose-1:2 11 3 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:655 2 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Arial Nova Cond";
panose-1:2 11 5 6 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:655 2 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Arial Nova";
panose-1:2 11 5 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:655 2 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Assistant ExtraLight";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:177;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610610433 1073750091 0 0 33 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Assistant Light";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:177;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610610433 1073750091 0 0 33 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Assistant;
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:177;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610610433 1073750091 0 0 33 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Assistant SemiBold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:177;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610610433 1073750091 0 0 33 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Assistant ExtraBold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:177;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610610433 1073750091 0 0 33 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Athiti ExtraLight";
panose-1:0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Athiti Light";
panose-1:0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Athiti;
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Athiti Medium";
panose-1:0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Athiti SemiBold";
panose-1:0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Avenir Next LT Pro Light";
panose-1:2 11 3 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612497 1342185547 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Avenir Next LT Pro";
panose-1:2 11 5 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483409 1342185546 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Avenir Next LT Pro Demi";
panose-1:2 11 7 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483409 1342185546 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Baguet Script";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:7 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Bahnschrift Light Condensed";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 2 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612025 2 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Bahnschrift Light SemiCondensed";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 2 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612025 2 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Bahnschrift Light";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 2 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612025 2 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Bahnschrift SemiLight Condensed";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 2 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612025 2 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Bahnschrift SemiLight";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 2 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612025 2 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Bahnschrift Condensed";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 2 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612025 2 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Bahnschrift SemiCondensed";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 2 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612025 2 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Bahnschrift;
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 2 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612025 2 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Bahnschrift SemiBold Condensed";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 2 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612025 2 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Bahnschrift SemiBold";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 2 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612025 2 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Barlow Condensed Thin";
panose-1:0 0 3 6 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536870919 0 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Barlow Semi Condensed Thin";
panose-1:0 0 3 6 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536870919 0 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Barlow Thin";
panose-1:0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536870919 0 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Barlow Condensed ExtraLight";
panose-1:0 0 3 6 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536870919 0 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Barlow Semi Condensed ExLight";
panose-1:0 0 3 6 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536870919 0 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Barlow ExtraLight";
panose-1:0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536870919 0 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Barlow Condensed Light";
panose-1:0 0 4 6 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536870919 0 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Barlow Semi Condensed Light";
panose-1:0 0 4 6 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536870919 0 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Barlow Light";
panose-1:0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536870919 0 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Barlow Condensed";
panose-1:0 0 5 6 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536870919 0 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Barlow Semi Condensed";
panose-1:0 0 5 6 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536870919 0 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Barlow;
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536870919 0 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Barlow Condensed Medium";
panose-1:0 0 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536870919 0 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Barlow Semi Condensed Medium";
panose-1:0 0 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536870919 0 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Barlow Medium";
panose-1:0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536870919 0 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Barlow Condensed SemiBold";
panose-1:0 0 7 6 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536870919 0 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Barlow Semi Condensed SemiBold";
panose-1:0 0 7 6 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536870919 0 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Barlow SemiBold";
panose-1:0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536870919 0 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Barlow Condensed ExtraBold";
panose-1:0 0 9 6 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536870919 0 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Barlow Semi Condensed ExtraBold";
panose-1:0 0 9 6 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536870919 0 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Barlow ExtraBold";
panose-1:0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536870919 0 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Barlow Condensed Black";
panose-1:0 0 10 6 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536870919 0 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Barlow Semi Condensed Black";
panose-1:0 0 10 6 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536870919 0 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Barlow Black";
panose-1:0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536870919 0 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Bebas Neue";
panose-1:2 11 6 6 2 2 2 5 2 1;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:7 1 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Bembo;
panose-1:2 2 5 2 5 2 1 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Berlin Sans FB";
panose-1:2 14 6 2 2 5 2 2 3 6;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Berlin Sans FB Demi";
panose-1:2 14 8 2 2 5 2 2 3 6;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Bierstadt;
panose-1:2 11 0 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 1 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Bierstadt Display";
panose-1:2 11 0 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 1 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:BierstadtAlt;
panose-1:2 11 0 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536871559 3 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"BierstadtAlt2 Cond";
panose-1:2 11 0 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536871559 3 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"BierstadtAlt3 Cond";
panose-1:2 11 0 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536871559 3 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"BierstadtAlt4 Cond";
panose-1:2 11 0 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536871559 3 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:BierstadtAlt5;
panose-1:2 11 0 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536871559 3 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Cond;
panose-1:2 11 0 4 2 2 2 9 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536871559 3 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Biome Light";
panose-1:2 11 3 3 3 2 4 2 8 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1592449281 -2147483638 65536 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Biome;
panose-1:2 11 5 3 3 2 4 2 8 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1592449281 -2147483638 65536 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Blackadder ITC";
panose-1:4 2 5 5 5 0 7 2 13 2;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:decorative;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Bodoni MT Condensed";
panose-1:2 7 6 6 8 6 6 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Bodoni MT";
panose-1:2 7 6 3 8 6 6 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Bodoni MT Black";
panose-1:2 7 10 3 8 6 6 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Bodoni MT Poster Compressed";
panose-1:2 7 7 6 8 6 1 5 2 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 17 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Boucherie Block";
panose-1:2 0 5 6 0 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:7 0 0 0 3 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Boucherie Sans";
panose-1:2 0 5 6 0 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483473 268443722 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Bradley Hand ITC";
panose-1:3 7 4 2 5 3 2 3 2 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Broadway;
panose-1:4 4 9 5 8 0 2 2 5 2;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:decorative;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Browallia New";
panose-1:2 11 6 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2130706429 0 0 0 65537 0;}@font-face
{font-family:BrowalliaUPC;
panose-1:2 11 6 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2130706429 0 0 0 65537 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Buxton Sketch";
panose-1:3 8 5 0 0 5 0 0 0 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612049 1073750235 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Californian FB";
panose-1:2 7 4 3 6 8 11 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Castellar;
panose-1:2 10 4 2 6 4 6 1 3 1;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Caveat Brush";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 1342185563 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Cavolini;
panose-1:3 0 5 2 4 3 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1592449281 -2147483638 65536 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Centaur;
panose-1:2 3 5 4 5 2 5 2 3 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Chamberi Super Display";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 8 5 5 2 3 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:7 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Chilgok Gwon Anja";
panose-1:2 2 6 3 2 1 1 2 1 1;
mso-font-charset:129;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483409 152518731 16 0 2621441 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Chilgok Kim Yeongbun";
panose-1:2 2 6 3 2 1 1 2 1 1;
mso-font-charset:129;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483409 152518731 16 0 2621441 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Chilgok Lee Jonghui";
panose-1:2 2 6 3 2 1 1 2 1 1;
mso-font-charset:129;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483409 152518731 16 0 2621441 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Chilgok Lee Wonsun";
panose-1:2 2 6 3 2 1 1 2 1 1;
mso-font-charset:129;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483409 152518731 16 0 2621441 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Chiller;
panose-1:4 2 4 4 3 16 7 2 6 2;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:decorative;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Chonburi;
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Cochocib Script Latin Pro";
panose-1:2 0 5 3 0 0 0 2 0 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612561 1342177354 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Concert One";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483609 67 0 0 273 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Congenial UltraLight";
panose-1:2 0 5 3 4 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 268443739 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Congenial Light";
panose-1:2 0 5 3 4 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 268443739 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Congenial;
panose-1:2 0 5 3 4 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 268443739 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Congenial SemiBold";
panose-1:2 0 5 3 4 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 268443739 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Congenial Black";
panose-1:2 0 5 3 4 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 268443739 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Convection Condensed";
panose-1:2 11 6 4 4 5 1 4 2 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 145 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Convection;
panose-1:2 11 6 4 4 5 1 4 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482961 1342177354 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Convection Extra Bold";
panose-1:2 11 9 4 4 5 1 4 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482961 1342177354 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Convection Symbol";
panose-1:5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:2;
mso-generic-font-family:decorative;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:0 268435456 0 0 -2147483648 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Convection UI";
panose-1:2 11 6 4 4 5 1 4 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483473 1342177354 0 0 155 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Dante;
panose-1:2 2 5 2 5 2 0 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:DaunPenh;
panose-1:1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 0 65536 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Daytona Condensed Light";
panose-1:2 11 3 6 3 5 3 4 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 10 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Daytona Light";
panose-1:2 11 3 4 3 5 3 4 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 10 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Daytona Condensed";
panose-1:2 11 5 6 3 5 3 4 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 10 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Daytona;
panose-1:2 11 6 4 3 5 0 4 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482897 10 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Didact Gothic";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1610613455 2 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:DilleniaUPC;
panose-1:2 2 6 3 5 4 5 2 3 4;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2130706429 0 0 0 65537 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"DM Mono Light";
panose-1:2 11 3 9 4 2 1 4 1 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:7 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"DM Mono";
panose-1:2 11 5 9 4 2 1 4 1 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:7 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"DM Mono Medium";
panose-1:2 11 6 9 4 2 1 4 1 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:7 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"DM Sans";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 1342185563 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"DM Sans Medium";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 1342185563 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"DM Serif Display";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483537 75 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"DM Serif Text";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483537 75 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:DokChampa;
panose-1:2 11 6 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2097151997 0 0 0 65537 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Dosis ExtraLight";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612545 1073750139 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Dosis Light";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612545 1073750139 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Dosis;
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612545 1073750139 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Dosis Medium";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612545 1073750139 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Dosis SemiBold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612545 1073750139 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Dosis ExtraBold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612545 1073750139 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Dreaming Outloud Pro";
panose-1:3 5 5 2 4 3 2 3 5 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483409 10 8 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Dreaming Outloud Script Pro";
panose-1:3 5 5 2 4 3 4 5 7 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483409 10 8 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"EB Garamond";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 33555475 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"EB Garamond Medium";
panose-1:0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 33555475 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"EB Garamond SemiBold";
panose-1:0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 33555475 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"EB Garamond ExtraBold";
panose-1:0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 33555475 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Ebrima;
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612641 33554497 2048 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Elephant;
panose-1:2 2 9 4 9 5 5 2 3 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Elephant Pro";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536871559 2 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Eras Light ITC";
panose-1:2 11 4 2 3 5 4 2 8 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Eras Medium ITC";
panose-1:2 11 6 2 3 5 4 2 8 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Eras Demi ITC";
panose-1:2 11 8 5 3 5 4 2 8 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Eras Bold ITC";
panose-1:2 11 9 7 3 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:EucrosiaUPC;
panose-1:2 2 6 3 5 4 5 2 3 4;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2130706429 0 0 0 65537 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Euphemia;
panose-1:2 11 5 3 4 1 2 2 1 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483537 74 8192 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Fairwater Script Light";
panose-1:2 0 5 7 0 0 0 2 0 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612689 268435531 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Fairwater Script";
panose-1:2 0 5 7 0 0 0 2 0 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612689 268435531 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Fave Script Bold Pro";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 1342177354 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Felix Titling";
panose-1:4 6 5 5 6 2 2 2 10 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:decorative;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Fira Code Light";
panose-1:2 11 8 9 5 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:-536870161 302053627 8 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Fira Code";
panose-1:2 11 8 9 5 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:-536870161 302053627 8 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Fira Code Medium";
panose-1:2 11 8 9 5 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:-536870161 302053627 8 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Fira Code Retina";
panose-1:2 11 8 9 5 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:-536870161 302053627 8 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Fira Mono";
panose-1:2 11 5 9 5 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:1073742471 33568769 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Fira Mono Medium";
panose-1:2 11 6 9 5 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:1073742471 33568769 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Fira Sans Extra Condensed Thin";
panose-1:2 11 3 3 5 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1610613503 1 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Fira Sans Condensed Thin";
panose-1:2 11 3 3 5 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1610613503 1 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Fira Sans Thin";
panose-1:2 11 3 3 5 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1610613503 1 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Fira Sans Condensed ExtraLight";
panose-1:2 11 4 3 5 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1610613503 1 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Fira Sans ExtraLight";
panose-1:2 11 4 3 5 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1610613503 1 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Fira Sans Extra Condensed Light";
panose-1:2 11 4 3 5 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1610613503 1 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Fira Sans Condensed Light";
panose-1:2 11 4 3 5 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1610613503 1 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Fira Sans Light";
panose-1:2 11 4 3 5 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1610613503 1 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Fira Sans Extra Condensed";
panose-1:2 11 5 3 5 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1610613503 1 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Fira Sans Condensed";
panose-1:2 11 5 3 5 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1610613503 1 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Fira Sans";
panose-1:2 11 5 3 5 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1610613503 1 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Fira Sans Condensed Medium";
panose-1:2 11 6 3 5 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1610613503 1 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Fira Sans Medium";
panose-1:2 11 6 3 5 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1610613503 1 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Fira Sans Condensed SemiBold";
panose-1:2 11 6 3 5 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1610613503 1 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Fira Sans SemiBold";
panose-1:2 11 6 3 5 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1610613503 1 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Fira Sans Condensed ExtraBold";
panose-1:2 11 9 3 5 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1610613503 1 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Fira Sans ExtraBold";
panose-1:2 11 9 3 5 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1610613503 1 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Fira Sans Extra Condensed Black";
panose-1:2 11 10 3 5 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1610613503 1 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Fira Sans Condensed Black";
panose-1:2 11 10 3 5 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1610613503 1 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Fira Sans Black";
panose-1:2 11 10 3 5 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1610613503 1 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Fjalla One";
panose-1:2 0 5 6 4 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483457 1073741899 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Forte;
panose-1:3 6 9 2 4 5 2 7 2 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Forte Forward";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 1342201931 8 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Frank Ruhl Libre Light";
panose-1:0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:177;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:2055 1073741825 0 0 163 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Frank Ruhl Libre";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:177;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:2055 1073741825 0 0 163 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Frank Ruhl Libre Medium";
panose-1:0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:177;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:2055 1073741825 0 0 163 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Frank Ruhl Libre Black";
panose-1:0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:177;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:2055 1073741825 0 0 163 0;}@font-face
{font-family:FrankRuehl;
panose-1:2 14 5 3 6 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:177;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:2051 0 0 0 33 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Fredoka One";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 1073741898 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:FreesiaUPC;
panose-1:2 11 6 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2130706429 0 0 0 65537 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Freestyle Script";
panose-1:3 8 4 2 3 2 5 11 4 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"French Script MT";
panose-1:3 2 4 2 4 6 7 4 6 5;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Gabriela;
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:515 0 0 0 5 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Gadugi;
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 2 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 33554432 12288 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Gaegu Light";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 17825794 16 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Gaegu;
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 17825794 16 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Georgia Pro Cond Light";
panose-1:2 4 3 6 5 4 5 2 3 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482961 3 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Georgia Pro Light";
panose-1:2 4 3 2 5 4 5 2 3 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482961 3 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Georgia Pro Cond";
panose-1:2 4 5 6 5 4 5 2 3 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482961 3 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Georgia Pro";
panose-1:2 4 5 2 5 4 5 2 3 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482961 3 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Georgia Pro Cond Semibold";
panose-1:2 4 7 6 5 4 5 2 3 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482961 3 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Georgia Pro Semibold";
panose-1:2 4 7 2 5 4 5 2 3 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482961 3 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Georgia Pro Cond Black";
panose-1:2 4 10 6 5 4 5 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482961 3 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Georgia Pro Black";
panose-1:2 4 10 2 5 4 5 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482961 3 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Gigi;
panose-1:4 4 5 4 6 0 7 2 13 2;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:decorative;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Gill Sans Nova Cond Lt";
panose-1:2 11 3 6 2 1 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483001 2 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Gill Sans Nova Light";
panose-1:2 11 3 2 2 1 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483001 2 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Gill Sans Nova Cond";
panose-1:2 11 6 6 2 1 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483001 2 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Gill Sans Nova";
panose-1:2 11 6 2 2 1 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483001 2 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Gill Sans Nova Cond XBd";
panose-1:2 11 10 6 2 1 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483001 2 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Gill Sans Nova Cond Ultra Bold";
panose-1:2 11 11 4 2 1 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483001 2 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Gill Sans Nova Ultra Bold";
panose-1:2 11 11 2 2 1 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483001 2 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Gisha;
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 2 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:177;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147481593 1073741890 0 0 33 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Goudy Stout";
panose-1:2 2 9 4 7 3 11 2 4 1;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Goudy Type";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:7 1 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Grandview;
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 2 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612025 2 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Grandview Display";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 2 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612025 2 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Grotesque Light";
panose-1:2 11 3 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Grotesque;
panose-1:2 11 5 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hadassah Friedlaender";
panose-1:2 2 6 3 5 4 5 2 3 4;
mso-font-charset:177;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:2051 0 0 0 33 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hammersmith One";
panose-1:2 1 7 3 3 5 1 6 5 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612561 1073750090 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Heebo Thin";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:177;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610610457 1073741891 0 0 33 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Heebo Light";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:177;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610610457 1073741891 0 0 33 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Heebo;
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:177;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610610457 1073741891 0 0 33 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Heebo Medium";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:177;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610610457 1073741891 0 0 33 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Heebo ExtraBold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:177;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610610457 1073741891 0 0 33 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Heebo Black";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:177;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610610457 1073741891 0 0 33 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"High Tower Text";
panose-1:2 4 5 2 5 5 6 3 3 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hind Light";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32775 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Hind;
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32775 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hind Medium";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32775 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hind SemiBold";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32775 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hind Colombo Light";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:7 0 512 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hind Colombo";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:7 0 512 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hind Colombo Medium";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:7 0 512 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hind Colombo SemiBold";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:7 0 512 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hind Guntur Light";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:2097159 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hind Guntur";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:2097159 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hind Guntur Medium";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:2097159 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hind Guntur SemiBold";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:2097159 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hind Jalandhar Light";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:131079 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hind Jalandhar";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:131079 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hind Jalandhar Medium";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:131079 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hind Jalandhar SemiBold";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:131079 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hind Kochi Light";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:8388615 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hind Kochi";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:8388615 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hind Kochi Medium";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:8388615 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hind Kochi SemiBold";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:8388615 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hind Madurai Light";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1048583 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hind Madurai";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1048583 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hind Madurai Medium";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1048583 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hind Madurai SemiBold";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1048583 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hind Mysuru Light";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:4194307 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hind Mysuru";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:4194307 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hind Mysuru Medium";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:4194307 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hind Mysuru SemiBold";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:4194307 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hind Siliguri Light";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:65543 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hind Siliguri";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:65543 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hind Siliguri Medium";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:65543 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hind Siliguri SemiBold";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:65543 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hind Vadodara Light";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:262151 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hind Vadodara";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:262151 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hind Vadodara Medium";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:262151 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hind Vadodara SemiBold";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:262151 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"IBM Plex Mono Thin";
panose-1:2 11 3 9 5 2 3 0 2 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:-1610612113 1342185595 0 0 407 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"IBM Plex Mono ExtraLight";
panose-1:2 11 3 9 5 2 3 0 2 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:-1610612113 1342185595 0 0 407 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"IBM Plex Mono Light";
panose-1:2 11 4 9 5 2 3 0 2 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:-1610612113 1342185595 0 0 407 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"IBM Plex Mono";
panose-1:2 11 5 9 5 2 3 0 2 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:-1610612113 1342185595 0 0 407 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"IBM Plex Mono Medium";
panose-1:2 11 6 9 5 2 3 0 2 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:-1610612113 1342185595 0 0 407 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"IBM Plex Mono SemiBold";
panose-1:2 11 7 9 5 2 3 0 2 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:-1610612113 1342185595 0 0 407 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"IBM Plex Sans Condensed Thin";
panose-1:2 11 2 6 5 2 3 0 2 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612625 1342185595 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"IBM Plex Sans Thin";
panose-1:2 11 2 3 5 2 3 0 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1342185595 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"IBM Plex Sans ExtraLight";
panose-1:2 11 3 3 5 2 3 0 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1342185595 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"IBM Plex Sans Condensed Light";
panose-1:2 11 4 6 5 2 3 0 2 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612625 1342185595 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"IBM Plex Sans Light";
panose-1:2 11 4 3 5 2 3 0 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1342185595 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"IBM Plex Sans Condensed";
panose-1:2 11 5 6 5 2 3 0 2 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612625 1342185595 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"IBM Plex Sans";
panose-1:2 11 5 3 5 2 3 0 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1342185595 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"IBM Plex Sans Condensed Medium";
panose-1:2 11 6 6 5 2 3 0 2 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612625 1342185595 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"IBM Plex Sans Medium";
panose-1:2 11 6 3 5 2 3 0 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1342185595 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"IBM Plex Sans SemiBold";
panose-1:2 11 7 3 5 2 3 0 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1342185595 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"IBM Plex Serif Thin";
panose-1:2 6 2 3 5 4 6 0 2 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612113 1342185531 0 0 407 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"IBM Plex Serif ExtraLight";
panose-1:2 6 3 3 5 4 6 0 2 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612113 1342185531 0 0 407 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"IBM Plex Serif Light";
panose-1:2 6 4 3 5 4 6 0 2 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612113 1342185531 0 0 407 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"IBM Plex Serif";
panose-1:2 6 5 3 5 4 6 0 2 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612113 1342185531 0 0 407 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"IBM Plex Serif Medium";
panose-1:2 6 6 3 5 4 6 0 2 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612113 1342185531 0 0 407 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"IBM Plex Serif SemiBold";
panose-1:2 6 7 3 5 4 6 0 2 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612113 1342185531 0 0 407 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Inconsolata ExtraLight";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 63979 32 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Inconsolata Expanded ExtraLight";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 63979 32 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Inconsolata Condensed Light";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 63979 32 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Inconsolata SemiCondensed Light";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 63979 32 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Inconsolata Light";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 63979 32 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Inconsolata SemiExpanded Light";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 63979 32 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Inconsolata Expanded Light";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 63979 32 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Inconsolata ExtraExpanded Light";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 63979 32 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Inconsolata UltraExpanded Light";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 63979 32 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Inconsolata UltraCondensed";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 63979 32 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Inconsolata ExtraCondensed";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 63979 32 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Inconsolata Condensed";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 63979 32 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Inconsolata SemiCondensed";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 63979 32 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Inconsolata;
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 63979 32 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Inconsolata SemiExpanded";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 63979 32 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Inconsolata Expanded";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 63979 32 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Inconsolata ExtraExpanded";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 63979 32 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Inconsolata UltraExpanded";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 63979 32 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Inconsolata Condensed Medium";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 63979 32 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Inconsolata Medium";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 63979 32 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Inconsolata SemiExpanded Medium";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 63979 32 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Inconsolata Expanded Medium";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 63979 32 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Inconsolata Condensed SemiBold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 63979 32 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Inconsolata SemiBold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 63979 32 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Inconsolata Expanded SemiBold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 63979 32 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Inconsolata UltraCondensed Bold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 63979 32 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Inconsolata ExtraCondensed Bold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 63979 32 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Inconsolata Condensed Bold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 63979 32 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Inconsolata SemiCondensed Bold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 63979 32 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Inconsolata Bold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 63979 32 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Inconsolata SemiExpanded Bold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 63979 32 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Inconsolata Expanded Bold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 63979 32 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Inconsolata ExtraExpanded Bold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 63979 32 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Inconsolata UltraExpanded Bold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 63979 32 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Inconsolata Condensed ExtraBold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 63979 32 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Inconsolata ExtraBold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 63979 32 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Inconsolata Expanded ExtraBold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 63979 32 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Inconsolata Condensed Black";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 63979 32 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Inconsolata SemiCondensed Black";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 63979 32 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Inconsolata Black";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 63979 32 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Inconsolata SemiExpanded Black";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 63979 32 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Inconsolata Expanded Black";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 63979 32 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Inconsolata ExtraExpanded Black";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 63979 32 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Inconsolata UltraExpanded Black";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 63979 32 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Ink Free";
panose-1:3 8 4 2 0 5 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1679 1073741834 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:IrisUPC;
panose-1:2 11 6 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2130706429 0 0 0 65537 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Iskoola Pota";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 2 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 512 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Italianno;
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:JasmineUPC;
panose-1:2 2 6 3 5 4 5 2 3 4;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2130706429 0 0 0 65537 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Javanese Text";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 8192 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Jokerman;
panose-1:4 9 6 5 6 0 6 2 7 2;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:decorative;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Josefin Sans Thin";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 1073750091 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Josefin Sans Light";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 1073750091 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Josefin Sans";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 1073750091 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Josefin Sans SemiBold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 1073750091 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Josefin Sans Bold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 1073750091 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Josefin Slab Thin";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 4 0 0 17 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Josefin Slab Light";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 4 0 0 17 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Josefin Slab";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 4 0 0 17 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Josefin Slab SemiBold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 4 0 0 17 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Juice ITC";
panose-1:4 4 4 3 4 0 2 2 2 2;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:decorative;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Jumble;
panose-1:2 0 5 3 0 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 268435530 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Kalinga;
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 2 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:524291 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Karla ExtraLight";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612497 1073750107 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Karla Light";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612497 1073750107 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Karla;
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612497 1073750107 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Karla Medium";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612497 1073750107 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Karla ExtraBold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612497 1073750107 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Karla Tamil Inclined";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2146435037 134217794 335544320 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Karla Tamil Upright";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2146435037 134217794 335544320 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Kermit Thin Condensed";
panose-1:2 15 5 3 4 0 0 6 0 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482961 1342185546 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Kermit Thin";
panose-1:2 15 5 3 4 0 0 6 0 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482961 1342185546 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Kermit Thin Expanded";
panose-1:2 15 5 3 4 0 0 6 0 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482961 1342185546 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Kermit Extralight Condensed";
panose-1:2 15 5 3 4 0 0 6 0 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482961 1342185546 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Kermit Extralight";
panose-1:2 15 5 3 4 0 0 6 0 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482961 1342185546 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Kermit Extralight Expanded";
panose-1:2 15 5 3 4 0 0 6 0 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482961 1342185546 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Kermit Light Condensed";
panose-1:2 15 5 3 4 0 0 6 0 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482961 1342185546 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Kermit Light";
panose-1:2 15 5 3 4 0 0 6 0 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482961 1342185546 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Kermit Light Expanded";
panose-1:2 15 5 3 4 0 0 6 0 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482961 1342185546 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Kermit Condensed";
panose-1:2 15 5 3 4 0 0 6 0 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482961 1342185546 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Kermit;
panose-1:2 15 5 3 4 0 0 6 0 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482961 1342185546 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Kermit Expanded";
panose-1:2 15 5 3 4 0 0 6 0 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482961 1342185546 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Kermit Semibold Condensed";
panose-1:2 15 5 3 4 0 0 6 0 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482961 1342185546 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Kermit Semibold";
panose-1:2 15 5 3 4 0 0 6 0 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482961 1342185546 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Kermit Semibold Expanded";
panose-1:2 15 5 3 4 0 0 6 0 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482961 1342185546 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Kermit Extrabold Condensed";
panose-1:2 15 5 3 4 0 0 6 0 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482961 1342185546 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Kermit Extrabold";
panose-1:2 15 5 3 4 0 0 6 0 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482961 1342185546 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Kermit Extrabold Expanded";
panose-1:2 15 5 3 4 0 0 6 0 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482961 1342185546 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Khmer UI";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 2 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 0 65536 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Kigelia Light";
panose-1:2 11 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1609226497 -1040187317 67584 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Kigelia;
panose-1:2 11 5 3 4 5 2 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1609226497 -1040187317 67584 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Kigelia Arabic Light";
panose-1:2 11 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:178;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610603905 -2147483645 8 0 471 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Kigelia Arabic";
panose-1:2 11 5 3 4 5 2 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:178;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610603905 -2147483645 8 0 471 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Klee One";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1791491327 82 0 1179653 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Klee One SemiBold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1791491327 82 0 1179653 0;}@font-face
{font-family:KodchiangUPC;
panose-1:2 2 6 3 5 4 5 2 3 4;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2130706429 0 0 0 65537 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Kokila;
panose-1:2 11 6 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32771 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Kristen ITC";
panose-1:3 5 5 2 4 2 2 3 2 2;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Kunstler Script";
panose-1:3 3 4 2 2 6 7 13 13 6;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Lalezar;
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:178;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536879111 0 8 0 467 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Lao UI";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 2 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2113929213 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Lato Thin";
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-520092929 1342237951 33 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Lato ExtraLight";
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-520092929 1342237951 33 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Lato Light";
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-520092929 1342237951 33 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Lato;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-520092929 1342237951 33 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Lato Medium";
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-520092929 1342237951 33 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Lato SemiBold";
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-520092929 1342237951 33 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Lato ExtraBold";
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-520092929 1342237951 33 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Lato Black";
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-520092929 1342237951 33 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Leelawadee;
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 2 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2130706429 0 0 0 65537 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Leelawadee UI Semilight";
panose-1:2 11 4 2 4 2 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2097151997 0 65536 0 65793 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Leelawadee UI";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 2 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2097151997 0 65536 0 65793 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Levenim MT";
panose-1:2 1 5 2 6 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:177;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:2051 0 0 0 33 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Libre Barcode 128";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Libre Barcode 128 Text";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Libre Barcode 39";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Libre Barcode 39 Extended";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Libre Barcode 39 Text";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Libre Barcode 39 Extended Text";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Libre Barcode EAN13 Text";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483609 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Libre Baskerville";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612545 1342177371 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Libre Franklin Thin";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 1073750107 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Libre Franklin ExtraLight";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 1073750107 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Libre Franklin Light";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 1073750107 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Libre Franklin";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 1073750107 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Libre Franklin Medium";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 1073750107 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Libre Franklin SemiBold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 1073750107 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Libre Franklin ExtraBold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 1073750107 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Libre Franklin Black";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 1073750107 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Ligconsolata;
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 63979 32 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:LilyUPC;
panose-1:2 11 6 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2130706429 0 0 0 65537 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Livvic Thin";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 1073750091 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Livvic ExtraLight";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 1073750091 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Livvic Light";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 1073750091 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Livvic;
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 1073750091 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Livvic Medium";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 1073750091 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Livvic SemiBold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 1073750091 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Livvic Black";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 1073750091 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Lobster;
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536871431 1 0 0 407 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Lobster Two";
panose-1:2 0 5 6 0 0 0 2 0 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 1073741898 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Lora;
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 1342185547 0 0 151 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Lora Medium";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 1342185547 0 0 151 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Magneto;
panose-1:4 3 8 5 5 8 2 2 13 2;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:decorative;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Maiandra GD";
panose-1:2 14 5 2 3 3 8 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Mangal Pro";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32771 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Meddon;
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612561 1342185546 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Merriweather Light";
panose-1:0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536871431 2 0 0 407 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Merriweather;
panose-1:2 11 6 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536871431 2 0 0 407 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Merriweather Black";
panose-1:0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536871431 2 0 0 407 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Merriweather Sans Light";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611457 1073750139 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Merriweather Sans";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611457 1073750139 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Merriweather Sans ExtraBold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611457 1073750139 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Microsoft GothicNeo Light";
panose-1:2 11 3 0 0 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:129;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482945 701998203 16 0 2687135 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Microsoft GothicNeo";
panose-1:2 11 5 0 0 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:129;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482945 701998203 16 0 2687135 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Microsoft JhengHei UI Light";
panose-1:2 11 3 4 3 5 4 4 2 4;
mso-font-charset:136;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482969 684672000 22 0 1048585 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Microsoft JhengHei UI";
panose-1:2 11 6 4 3 5 4 4 2 4;
mso-font-charset:136;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:679 684672000 22 0 1048585 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Microsoft PhagsPa";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 2 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 134217728 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Microsoft Uighur";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:178;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147475453 -2147483648 8 0 65 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Miriam;
panose-1:2 11 5 2 5 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:177;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:2051 0 0 0 33 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Miriam Fixed";
panose-1:2 11 5 9 5 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:177;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:2051 0 0 0 33 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Miriam Libre";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:177;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:2055 1073741824 0 0 179 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Mitr ExtraLight";
panose-1:0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Mitr Light";
panose-1:0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Mitr;
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Mitr Medium";
panose-1:0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Mitr SemiBold";
panose-1:0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Modern Love";
panose-1:4 9 8 5 8 16 5 2 6 1;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:decorative;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 10 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Modern Love Caps";
panose-1:4 7 8 5 8 16 1 2 10 1;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:decorative;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 10 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Modern Love Grunge";
panose-1:4 7 8 5 8 16 5 2 6 1;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:decorative;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 10 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Montserrat Thin";
panose-1:0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536871439 3 0 0 407 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Montserrat ExtraLight";
panose-1:0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536871439 3 0 0 407 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Montserrat Light";
panose-1:0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536871439 3 0 0 407 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Montserrat;
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536871439 3 0 0 407 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Montserrat Medium";
panose-1:0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536871439 3 0 0 407 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Montserrat SemiBold";
panose-1:0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536871439 3 0 0 407 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Montserrat ExtraBold";
panose-1:0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536871439 3 0 0 407 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Montserrat Black";
panose-1:0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536871439 3 0 0 407 0;}@font-face
{font-family:MoolBoran;
panose-1:2 11 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 0 65536 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Mr Gabe";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:7 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"MS Outlook";
panose-1:5 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:2;
mso-generic-font-family:decorative;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:0 268435456 0 0 -2147483648 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"MV Boli";
panose-1:2 0 5 0 3 2 0 9 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 256 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Mystical Woods Rough Script";
panose-1:2 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536870927 268435456 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Mystical Woods Smooth Script";
panose-1:2 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536870927 268435456 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Nanum Pen";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:129;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 165149931 16 0 524289 0;}@font-face
{font-family:NanumGothicExtraBold;
panose-1:2 13 9 4 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:129;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 165149931 16 0 524289 0;}@font-face
{font-family:NanumGothicCoding;
panose-1:2 13 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:129;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:-2147482969 702020859 16 0 524301 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Narkisim;
panose-1:2 14 5 2 5 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:177;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:2051 0 0 0 33 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Neue Haas Grotesk Text Pro";
panose-1:2 11 5 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:7 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Niagara Engraved";
panose-1:4 2 5 2 7 7 3 3 2 2;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:decorative;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Niagara Solid";
panose-1:4 2 5 2 7 7 2 2 2 2;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:decorative;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Nina;
panose-1:2 11 6 6 3 5 4 4 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:647 0 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Nirmala Text Semilight";
panose-1:2 11 4 2 4 2 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2130739165 33554506 512 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Nirmala Text";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 2 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2130739165 33554506 512 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Nirmala UI Semilight";
panose-1:2 11 4 2 4 2 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2130739165 33554506 512 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Nirmala UI";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 2 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2130739165 33554506 512 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Nordique Inline";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Music";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 33579008 16777216 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536837377 1073772799 33 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans AnatoHiero";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 33554432 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Avestan";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 33554432 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Bassa Vah";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 33562624 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Bhaiksuki";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 33562624 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Brahmi";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 33562624 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Buginese";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 8192 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Buhid";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 8192 1048576 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Carian";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 33554432 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans CaucAlban";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:67 33562624 1 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Chakma";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147418109 33562624 1024 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Coptic";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483197 33562624 1 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Cuneiform";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 33554432 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Cypriot";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 33554432 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Deseret";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 33554432 8388608 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Devanagari Thin";
panose-1:2 11 2 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147450845 8262 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Devanagari ExtraLight";
panose-1:2 11 3 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147450845 8262 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Devanagari Light";
panose-1:2 11 4 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147450845 8262 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Devanagari";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147450845 8262 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Devanagari Medium";
panose-1:2 11 6 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147450845 8262 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Devanagari SemiBold";
panose-1:2 11 7 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147450845 8262 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Devanagari ExtraBold";
panose-1:2 11 9 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147450845 8262 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Devanagari Black";
panose-1:2 11 10 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147450845 8262 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Devanagari UI Thin";
panose-1:2 11 2 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147450845 8262 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Devanagari UI Light";
panose-1:2 11 4 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147450845 8262 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Devanagari UI";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147450845 8262 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Devanagari UI Medium";
panose-1:2 11 6 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147450845 8262 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Devanagari UI Black";
panose-1:2 11 10 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147450845 8262 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Duployan";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 33562624 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans EgyptHiero";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 33562624 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Elbasan";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:195 33562624 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Elymaic";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 33554432 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Glagolitic";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:579 33554432 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Gothic";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:67 33554432 4194304 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Grantha";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2146402301 33562628 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Gujarati Thin";
panose-1:2 11 2 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147188733 8258 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Gujarati ExtraLight";
panose-1:2 11 3 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147188733 8258 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Gujarati Light";
panose-1:2 11 4 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147188733 8258 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Gujarati";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147188733 8258 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Gujarati Medium";
panose-1:2 11 6 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147188733 8258 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Gujarati SemiBold";
panose-1:2 11 7 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147188733 8258 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Gujarati ExtraBold";
panose-1:2 11 9 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147188733 8258 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Gujarati Black";
panose-1:2 11 10 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147188733 8258 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Gujarati UI Thin";
panose-1:2 11 2 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147188733 8258 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Gujarati UI Light";
panose-1:2 11 4 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147188733 8258 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Gujarati UI";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147188733 8258 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Gujarati UI Medium";
panose-1:2 11 6 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147188733 8258 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Gujarati UI SemiBold";
panose-1:2 11 7 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147188733 8258 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Gujarati UI ExtraBold";
panose-1:2 11 9 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147188733 8258 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Gujarati UI Black";
panose-1:2 11 10 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147188733 8258 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Gunjala Gondi";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 33562688 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Hanunoo";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 8192 1048576 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Hatran";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 33554432 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans ImpAramaic";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 33554432 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Indic Siyaq Numbers";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:178;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:8195 33554432 0 0 65 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans InsPahlavi";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 33554432 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans InsParthi";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 33554432 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Javanese";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 8192 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Kaithi";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147450877 33562624 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Kharoshthi";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 33562624 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Khojki";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147221501 33562624 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Khudawadi";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147450877 33562624 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Lepcha";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 8192 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Limbu";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147450877 8192 536870912 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Linear A";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 33554432 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Linear B";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 33554432 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Lycian";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 33554432 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Lydian";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 33554432 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Mahajani";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147450877 33562624 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Mandaic";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147475453 8192 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Manichaean";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147475453 33562624 134217728 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Marchen";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 33562624 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Masaram Gondi";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147450877 33562688 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Math";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483453 33580268 33554448 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Mayan Numerals";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 33554432 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Mende Kikakui";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 33562624 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Meroitic";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 33554432 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Miao";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 33562624 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Modi";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 33562624 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Mongolian";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 33629184 131074 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Mro";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 33554432 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Multani";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:131075 33554432 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Myanmar UI Thin";
panose-1:2 11 2 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 8192 134218752 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Myanmar UI ExtraLight";
panose-1:2 11 3 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 8192 134218752 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Myanmar UI Light";
panose-1:2 11 4 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 8192 134218752 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Myanmar UI";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 8192 134218752 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Myanmar UI Medium";
panose-1:2 11 6 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 8192 134218752 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Myanmar UI SemiBold";
panose-1:2 11 7 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 8192 134218752 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Myanmar UI ExtraBold";
panose-1:2 11 9 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 8192 134218752 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Myanmar UI Black";
panose-1:2 11 10 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 8192 134218752 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Nabataean";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 33554432 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans NewTaiLue";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 8192 -2147483648 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Newa";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483581 33562624 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Nushu";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 33562624 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Ogham";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 16384 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans OldHung";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Old Italic";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 33554432 2097152 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans OldNorArab";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 33554432 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Old Permic";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:579 33562628 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans OldPersian";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 33554432 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans OldSogdian";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 33554432 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans OldSouArab";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 33554432 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Old Turkic";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 33554432 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Oriya UI Thin";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:524291 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Oriya UI";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:524291 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Oriya UI Blk";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:524291 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Osage";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:67 33562624 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Osmanya";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 33554432 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Pahawh Hmong";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 33562624 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Palmyrene";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 33554432 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans PauCinHau";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 33554432 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans PhagsPa";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 73728 134348800 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Phoenician";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 33554432 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans PsaPahlavi";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147475453 33562624 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Rejang";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 8192 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Runic";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 32768 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Samaritan";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Saurashtra";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 8192 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Sharada";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147450877 33562624 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Shavian";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 33554432 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Siddham";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 33562624 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Sogdian";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147475453 33562624 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Soyombo";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 33562624 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Syloti Nagri";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147385341 8192 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Symbols2";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 33612772 262176 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Syriac Thin";
panose-1:2 11 2 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147475389 24640 128 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Syriac";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147475389 24640 128 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Syriac Black";
panose-1:2 11 10 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147475389 24640 128 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Tagbanwa";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 8192 1048576 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Tai Le";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483581 73728 1073742848 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Tai Viet";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612733 8192 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Takri";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147450877 33562624 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Tamil Supplement";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1048579 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Thai Looped Thin";
panose-1:2 11 2 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:16777217 0 0 0 65536 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Thai Looped ExtLight";
panose-1:2 11 3 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:16777217 0 0 0 65536 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Thai Looped Light";
panose-1:2 11 4 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:16777217 0 0 0 65536 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Thai Looped Regular";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:16777217 0 0 0 65536 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Thai Looped Medium";
panose-1:2 11 6 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:16777217 0 0 0 65536 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Thai Looped Semibold";
panose-1:2 11 7 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:16777217 0 0 0 65536 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Thai Looped Bold";
panose-1:2 11 8 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:16777217 0 0 0 65536 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Thai Looped Extrabold";
panose-1:2 11 9 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:16777217 0 0 0 65536 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Thai Looped Black";
panose-1:2 11 10 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:16777217 0 0 0 65536 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Tifinagh";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483581 8192 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Tirhuta";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147385341 33562624 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Ugaritic";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 33554432 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Vai";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Wancho";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 33562624 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans WarangCiti";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 33554432 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Yi";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 327680 524304 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Zanabazar";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 33562624 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Serif";
panose-1:2 2 6 0 6 5 0 2 2 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1342208255 41 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Serif Ahom";
panose-1:2 2 5 2 6 5 5 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 33562624 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Serif Balinese";
panose-1:2 2 5 2 6 5 5 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 8192 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Serif Dogra";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147450877 33562624 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Serif Grantha";
panose-1:2 2 5 2 6 5 5 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2146402301 33562628 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Serif Tangut";
panose-1:2 2 5 2 6 5 5 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 33554432 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Traditional Nushu";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 167772160 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Nunito ExtraLight";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 1342185547 0 0 407 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Nunito Light";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 1342185547 0 0 407 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Nunito;
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 1342185547 0 0 407 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Nunito SemiBold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 1342185547 0 0 407 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Nunito ExtraBold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 1342185547 0 0 407 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Nunito Black";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 1342185547 0 0 407 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Nunito Sans ExtraLight";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 1342185547 0 0 407 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Nunito Sans Light";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 1342185547 0 0 407 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Nunito Sans";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 1342185547 0 0 407 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Nunito Sans SemiBold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 1342185547 0 0 407 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Nunito Sans ExtraBold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 1342185547 0 0 407 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Nunito Sans Black";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 1342185547 0 0 407 0;}@font-face
{font-family:OCRB;
panose-1:2 11 6 9 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Old English Text MT";
panose-1:3 4 9 2 4 5 8 3 8 6;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Open Sans Light";
panose-1:2 11 3 6 3 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870161 1073750107 40 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Open Sans";
panose-1:2 11 6 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870161 1073750107 40 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Open Sans SemiBold";
panose-1:2 11 7 6 3 8 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870161 1073750107 40 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Open Sans ExtraBold";
panose-1:2 11 9 6 3 8 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870161 1073750107 40 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Oranienbaum;
panose-1:2 0 5 6 8 0 0 2 0 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483089 10 0 0 151 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Oswald ExtraLight";
panose-1:0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536871439 0 0 0 407 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Oswald Light";
panose-1:0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536871439 0 0 0 407 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Oswald;
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536871439 0 0 0 407 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Oswald Medium";
panose-1:0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536871439 0 0 0 407 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Oswald SemiBold";
panose-1:0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536871439 0 0 0 407 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Oxygen Light";
panose-1:2 0 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483537 1073750089 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Oxygen;
panose-1:2 0 5 3 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612497 1073750091 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Oxygen Mono";
panose-1:2 0 5 9 3 0 0 9 0 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 8266 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Pacifico;
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536871431 2 0 0 407 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Palace Script MT";
panose-1:3 3 3 2 2 6 7 12 11 5;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Palanquin Thin";
panose-1:2 11 0 4 2 2 3 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147450705 1342185546 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Palanquin ExtraLight";
panose-1:2 11 0 4 2 2 3 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147450705 1342185546 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Palanquin Light";
panose-1:2 11 0 4 2 2 3 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147450705 1342185546 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Palanquin;
panose-1:2 11 0 4 2 2 3 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147450705 1342185546 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Palanquin Medium";
panose-1:2 11 0 4 2 2 3 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147450705 1342185546 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Palanquin SemiBold";
panose-1:2 11 0 4 2 2 3 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147450705 1342185546 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Parchment;
panose-1:3 4 6 2 4 7 8 4 8 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Patrick Hand";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536870919 0 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Patrick Hand SC";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536870919 0 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Petit Formal Script";
panose-1:3 2 6 2 4 8 7 8 11 6;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612545 1342177371 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Playbill;
panose-1:4 5 6 3 0 6 2 2 2 2;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:decorative;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Playfair Display";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536871431 0 0 0 407 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Playfair Display Black";
panose-1:0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536871431 0 0 0 407 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Playfair Display SC";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536871431 0 0 0 407 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Playfair Display SC Black";
panose-1:0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536871431 0 0 0 407 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Poiret One";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536871431 2 0 0 407 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Poor Richard";
panose-1:2 8 5 2 5 5 5 2 7 2;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Poppins Thin";
panose-1:0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32775 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Poppins ExtraLight";
panose-1:0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32775 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Poppins Light";
panose-1:0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32775 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Poppins;
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32775 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Poppins Medium";
panose-1:0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32775 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Poppins SemiBold";
panose-1:0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32775 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Poppins ExtraBold";
panose-1:0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32775 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Poppins Black";
panose-1:0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32775 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Posterama;
panose-1:2 11 5 4 2 2 0 2 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1592449281 -805298101 65536 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Pridi ExtraLight";
panose-1:0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Pridi Light";
panose-1:0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Pridi;
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Pridi Medium";
panose-1:0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Pridi SemiBold";
panose-1:0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Pristina;
panose-1:3 6 4 2 4 4 6 8 2 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Prompt Thin";
panose-1:0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Prompt ExtraLight";
panose-1:0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Prompt Light";
panose-1:0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Prompt;
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Prompt Medium";
panose-1:0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Prompt SemiBold";
panose-1:0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Prompt ExtraBold";
panose-1:0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Prompt Black";
panose-1:0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Quattrocento;
panose-1:2 2 5 2 3 0 0 0 4 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483457 1073741899 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Quattrocento Sans";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 5 0 0 2 0 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483457 1073741915 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Questrial;
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1073750047 134217769 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Quire Sans Light";
panose-1:2 11 3 2 4 4 0 2 0 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 10 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Quire Sans";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 4 0 2 0 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1592449281 -2147483638 65536 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Quire Sans Pro Light";
panose-1:2 11 3 2 4 4 0 2 0 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 10 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Rage Italic";
panose-1:3 7 5 2 4 5 7 7 3 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Raleway Thin";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 1342185563 0 0 407 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Raleway ExtraLight";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 1342185563 0 0 407 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Raleway Light";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 1342185563 0 0 407 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Raleway;
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 1342185563 0 0 407 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Raleway Medium";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 1342185563 0 0 407 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Raleway SemiBold";
panose-1:2 11 6 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 1342185563 0 0 407 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Raleway ExtraBold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 1342185563 0 0 407 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Raleway Black";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 1342185563 0 0 407 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Rastanty Cortez";
panose-1:2 0 5 6 0 0 0 2 0 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483609 268435530 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Ravie;
panose-1:4 4 8 5 5 8 9 2 6 2;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:decorative;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Reem Kufi";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Roboto Thin";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536868097 1342185855 33 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Roboto Condensed Light";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536868097 1342185855 33 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Roboto Light";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536868097 1342185855 33 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Roboto Condensed";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536868097 1342185855 33 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Roboto;
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536868097 1342185855 33 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Roboto Condensed Medium";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536868097 1342185855 33 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Roboto Medium";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536868097 1342185855 33 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Roboto Black";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536868097 1342185855 33 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Roboto Mono Thin";
panose-1:0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 268443739 32 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Roboto Mono Light";
panose-1:0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 268443739 32 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Roboto Mono";
panose-1:0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 268443739 32 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Roboto Mono Medium";
panose-1:0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 268443739 32 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Roboto Serif 20pt Thin";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1593835265 1342203515 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Roboto Serif 20pt ExtraLight";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1593835265 1342203515 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Roboto Serif 20pt Light";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1593835265 1342203515 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Roboto Serif 20pt";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1593835265 1342203515 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Roboto Serif 20pt Medium";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1593835265 1342203515 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Roboto Serif 20pt SemiBold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1593835265 1342203515 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Roboto Serif 20pt ExtraBold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1593835265 1342203515 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Roboto Serif 20pt Black";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1593835265 1342203515 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Roboto Slab Thin";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1279 -2147467169 34 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Roboto Slab ExtraLight";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1279 -2147467169 34 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Roboto Slab Light";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1279 -2147467169 34 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Roboto Slab";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1279 -2147467169 34 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Roboto Slab Medium";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1279 -2147467169 34 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Roboto Slab SemiBold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1279 -2147467169 34 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Roboto Slab ExtraBold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1279 -2147467169 34 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Roboto Slab Black";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1279 -2147467169 34 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Rockwell Nova Cond Light";
panose-1:2 6 3 6 2 2 5 2 4 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483001 2 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Rockwell Nova Light";
panose-1:2 6 3 3 2 2 5 2 4 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483001 2 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Rockwell Nova Cond";
panose-1:2 6 5 6 2 2 5 2 4 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483001 2 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Rockwell Nova";
panose-1:2 6 5 3 2 2 5 2 4 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483001 2 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Rockwell Nova Extra Bold";
panose-1:2 6 9 3 2 2 5 2 4 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483001 2 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Rod;
panose-1:2 3 5 9 5 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:177;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:2051 0 0 0 33 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Sabon Next LT";
panose-1:2 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1592449281 -805306357 65536 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Sacramento;
panose-1:2 0 5 7 0 0 0 2 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612497 1073741898 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Sagona ExtraLight";
panose-1:2 2 3 3 5 5 5 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 10 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Sagona;
panose-1:2 1 0 4 4 1 1 1 1 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 10 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Sagona Book";
panose-1:2 2 5 3 5 5 5 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 10 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Sakkal Majalla";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:178;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147475449 -2147483648 8 0 211 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Sans Serif Collection";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:178;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1604869393 33579086 688914433 0 211 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Sanskrit Text";
panose-1:2 2 5 3 5 4 5 2 3 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610579897 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Script MT Bold";
panose-1:3 4 6 2 4 6 7 8 9 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Seaford;
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 1 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Seaford Display";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 1 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Secular One";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:177;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:2055 1073741824 0 0 179 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe Marker";
panose-1:3 8 6 2 4 3 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 1073750091 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe Pro Light";
panose-1:2 11 3 2 4 5 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612049 1073750107 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe Pro Cond";
panose-1:2 11 5 6 4 5 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612049 1073750107 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe Pro";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612049 1073750107 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe Pro Semibold";
panose-1:2 11 7 2 4 5 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612049 1073750107 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe Pro Black";
panose-1:2 11 10 2 4 5 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612049 1073750107 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe Pro Display Light";
panose-1:2 11 3 2 4 5 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612049 1073750107 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe Pro Display";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612049 1073750107 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe Pro Display Semibold";
panose-1:2 11 7 2 4 5 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612049 1073750107 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe Pro Display SemiLight";
panose-1:2 11 4 2 4 2 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612049 1073750107 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe Pro SemiLight";
panose-1:2 11 4 2 4 2 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612049 1073750107 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe Sans Display Hairline";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-469750017 -1073683329 9 0 511 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe Sans Display Thin";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-469750017 -1073683329 9 0 511 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe Sans Display Light";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-469750017 -1073683329 9 0 511 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe Sans Display Semilight";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-469750017 -1073683329 9 0 511 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe Sans Display";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-469750017 -1073683329 9 0 511 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe Sans Display Semibold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-469750017 -1073683329 9 0 511 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe Sans Display ExtraBold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-469750017 -1073683329 9 0 511 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe Sans Display Black";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-469750017 -1073683329 9 0 511 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe Sans Small Hairline";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-469750017 -1073683329 9 0 511 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe Sans Small Thin";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-469750017 -1073683329 9 0 511 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe Sans Small Light";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-469750017 -1073683329 9 0 511 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe Sans Small Semilight";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-469750017 -1073683329 9 0 511 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe Sans Small";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-469750017 -1073683329 9 0 511 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe Sans Small Semibold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-469750017 -1073683329 9 0 511 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe Sans Small ExtraBold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-469750017 -1073683329 9 0 511 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe Sans Small Black";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-469750017 -1073683329 9 0 511 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe Sans Text Hairline";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-469750017 -1073683329 9 0 511 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe Sans Text Thin";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-469750017 -1073683329 9 0 511 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe Sans Text Light";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-469750017 -1073683329 9 0 511 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe Sans Text Semilight";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-469750017 -1073683329 9 0 511 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe Sans Text";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-469750017 -1073683329 9 0 511 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe Sans Text Semibold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-469750017 -1073683329 9 0 511 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe Sans Text ExtraBold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-469750017 -1073683329 9 0 511 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe Sans Text Black";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-469750017 -1073683329 9 0 511 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe Serif Banner Light";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 11 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe Serif Banner Semilight";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 11 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe Serif Banner";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 11 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe Serif Banner Semibold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 11 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe Serif Display Light";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 11 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe Serif Display Semilight";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 11 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe Serif Display";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 11 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe Serif Display Semibold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 11 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe Serif Text Light";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 11 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe Serif Text Semilight";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 11 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe Serif Text";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 11 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe Serif Text Semibold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 11 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe UI Light";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 2 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-469750017 -1073683329 9 0 511 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe UI Semilight";
panose-1:2 11 4 2 4 2 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-469750017 -1073683329 9 0 511 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe UI";
panose-1:2 11 6 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-469750017 -1073683329 9 0 511 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe UI Semibold";
panose-1:2 11 7 2 4 2 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-469750017 -1073683329 9 0 511 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe UI Black";
panose-1:2 11 10 2 4 2 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1073800319 33 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe UI Emoji";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 2 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 33554432 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe UI Emoji L";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 2 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 33554432 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe UI Variable Display Light";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 11 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe UI Variable Display";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 11 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe UI Variable Small Light";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 11 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe UI Variable Small";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 11 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe UI Variable Text Light";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 11 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe UI Variable Text";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 11 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe Xbox Symbol";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 2 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 301989888 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Selawik Light";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 2 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:7 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Selawik;
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 2 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:7 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Selawik Semibold";
panose-1:2 11 7 2 4 2 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:7 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Shadows Into Light Two";
panose-1:2 0 5 6 0 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612561 1342177354 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Shonar Bangla";
panose-1:2 2 6 3 5 4 5 2 3 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:65539 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Showcard Gothic";
panose-1:4 2 9 4 2 1 2 2 6 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:decorative;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Simplified Arabic";
panose-1:2 2 6 3 5 4 5 2 3 4;
mso-font-charset:178;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:8195 -2147483648 8 0 65 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Simplified Arabic Fixed";
panose-1:2 7 3 9 2 2 5 2 4 4;
mso-font-charset:178;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:8195 0 8 0 65 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Sitka Banner";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1073750091 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Sitka Banner Semibold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1073750091 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Sitka Display";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1073750091 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Sitka Display Semibold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1073750091 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Sitka Heading";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1073750091 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Sitka Heading Semibold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1073750091 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Sitka Small";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1073750091 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Sitka Small Semibold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1073750091 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Sitka Subheading";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1073750091 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Sitka Subheading Semibold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1073750091 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Sitka Text";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1073750091 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Sitka Text Semibold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1073750091 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Skeena;
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 1 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Skeena Display";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 1 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Snap ITC";
panose-1:4 4 10 7 6 10 2 2 2 2;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:decorative;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Source Code Pro ExtraLight";
panose-1:2 11 3 9 3 4 3 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:536871671 33568771 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Source Code Pro Light";
panose-1:2 11 4 9 3 4 3 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:536871671 33568771 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Source Code Pro";
panose-1:2 11 5 9 3 4 3 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:536871671 33568771 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Source Code Pro Medium";
panose-1:2 11 5 9 3 4 3 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:536871671 33568771 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Source Code Pro Semibold";
panose-1:2 11 6 9 3 4 3 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:536871671 33568771 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Source Code Pro Black";
panose-1:2 11 8 9 3 4 3 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:536871671 33568771 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Source Sans Pro ExtraLight";
panose-1:2 11 3 3 3 4 3 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1610613495 33554433 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Source Sans Pro Light";
panose-1:2 11 4 3 3 4 3 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1610613495 33554433 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Source Sans Pro";
panose-1:2 11 5 3 3 4 3 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1610613495 33554433 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Source Sans Pro SemiBold";
panose-1:2 11 6 3 3 4 3 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1610613495 33554433 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Source Sans Pro Black";
panose-1:2 11 8 3 3 4 3 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1610613495 33554433 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Source Serif Pro ExtraLight";
panose-1:2 4 2 3 5 4 5 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536871559 33554435 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Source Serif Pro Light";
panose-1:2 4 3 3 5 4 5 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536871559 33554435 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Source Serif Pro";
panose-1:2 4 6 3 5 4 5 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536871559 33554435 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Source Serif Pro SemiBold";
panose-1:2 4 7 3 5 4 5 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536871559 33554435 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Source Serif Pro Black";
panose-1:2 4 9 3 5 4 5 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536871559 33554435 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Speak Pro Light";
panose-1:2 11 3 4 2 1 1 2 1 2;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 10 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Speak Pro";
panose-1:2 11 5 4 2 1 1 2 1 2;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 10 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Staatliches;
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612497 1073750091 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:STCaiyun;
panose-1:2 1 8 0 4 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1 953090296 22 0 262145 0;}@font-face
{font-family:STFangsong;
panose-1:2 1 6 0 4 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:647 135200768 16 0 262303 0;}@font-face
{font-family:STXihei;
panose-1:2 1 6 0 4 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:647 135200768 16 0 262303 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Suez One";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:177;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:2055 1073741824 0 0 179 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Tempus Sans ITC";
panose-1:4 2 4 4 3 0 7 2 2 2;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:decorative;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Tenorite;
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 1 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Tenorite Display";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 1 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"The Hand Light";
panose-1:3 7 3 2 3 5 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 10 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"The Hand";
panose-1:3 7 5 2 3 5 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 10 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"The Hand Black";
panose-1:3 7 9 2 3 5 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 10 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"The Hand Extrablack";
panose-1:3 7 10 2 3 5 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 10 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"The Serif Hand Light";
panose-1:3 7 3 2 3 5 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 10 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"The Serif Hand";
panose-1:3 7 5 2 3 5 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 10 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"The Serif Hand Black";
panose-1:3 7 9 2 3 5 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 10 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"The Serif Hand Extrablack";
panose-1:3 7 11 2 3 5 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 10 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Tisa Offc Serif Pro Thin";
panose-1:2 1 4 4 3 1 1 1 1 2;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482905 2 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Tisa Offc Serif Pro";
panose-1:2 1 5 4 3 1 1 2 1 2;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482905 2 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Titillium Web ExtraLight";
panose-1:0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:7 1 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Titillium Web Light";
panose-1:0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:7 1 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Titillium Web";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:7 1 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Titillium Web SemiBold";
panose-1:0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:7 1 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Titillium Web Black";
panose-1:0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:7 1 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Trade Gothic Inline";
panose-1:2 11 5 4 3 2 3 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 10 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Trade Gothic Next Light";
panose-1:2 11 4 3 4 3 3 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 10 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Trade Gothic Next Cond";
panose-1:2 11 5 6 4 3 3 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 10 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Trade Gothic Next";
panose-1:2 11 5 3 4 3 3 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 10 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Trade Gothic Next HvyCd";
panose-1:2 11 9 6 4 3 3 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 10 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Trade Gothic Next Heavy";
panose-1:2 11 9 3 4 3 3 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 10 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Trade Gothic Next Rounded";
panose-1:2 15 5 3 4 3 3 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 10 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Traditional Arabic";
panose-1:2 2 6 3 5 4 5 2 3 4;
mso-font-charset:178;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:8195 -2147483648 8 0 65 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Trirong Thin";
panose-1:0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Trirong ExtraLight";
panose-1:0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Trirong Light";
panose-1:0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Trirong;
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Trirong Medium";
panose-1:0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Trirong SemiBold";
panose-1:0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Trirong ExtraBold";
panose-1:0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Trirong Black";
panose-1:0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Ubuntu Light";
panose-1:2 11 3 4 3 6 2 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1342185563 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Ubuntu Condensed";
panose-1:2 11 5 6 3 6 2 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1342185563 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Ubuntu;
panose-1:2 11 5 4 3 6 2 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1342185563 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Ubuntu Medium";
panose-1:2 11 6 4 3 6 2 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1342185563 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Ubuntu Mono";
panose-1:2 11 5 9 3 6 2 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1342185563 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"UD Digi Kyokasho N-B";
panose-1:2 2 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482973 717745402 16 0 131072 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"UD Digi Kyokasho N-R";
panose-1:2 2 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482973 717745402 16 0 131072 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"UD Digi Kyokasho NK-B";
panose-1:2 2 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482973 717745402 16 0 131072 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"UD Digi Kyokasho NK-R";
panose-1:2 2 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482973 717745402 16 0 131072 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"UD Digi Kyokasho NP-B";
panose-1:2 2 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482973 717745402 16 0 131072 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"UD Digi Kyokasho NP-R";
panose-1:2 2 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482973 717745402 16 0 131072 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Univers Condensed Light";
panose-1:2 11 3 6 2 2 2 4 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483001 0 0 0 15 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Univers Light";
panose-1:2 11 4 3 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483001 0 0 0 15 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Univers Condensed";
panose-1:2 11 5 6 2 2 2 5 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483001 0 0 0 15 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Univers;
panose-1:2 11 5 3 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483001 0 0 0 15 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Urdu Typesetting";
panose-1:3 2 4 2 4 4 6 3 2 3;
mso-font-charset:178;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:8195 -2147483648 8 0 65 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Utsaah;
panose-1:2 11 6 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32771 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Vani;
panose-1:2 4 5 2 5 4 5 2 3 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:2097155 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Varela Round";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:177;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536872967 3 0 0 435 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Verdana Pro Cond Light";
panose-1:2 11 3 6 3 5 4 4 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483001 67 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Verdana Pro Light";
panose-1:2 11 3 4 3 5 4 4 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483001 67 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Verdana Pro Cond";
panose-1:2 11 6 6 3 5 4 4 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483001 67 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Verdana Pro";
panose-1:2 11 6 4 3 5 4 4 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483001 67 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Verdana Pro Cond Semibold";
panose-1:2 11 7 6 3 5 4 4 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483001 67 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Verdana Pro Semibold";
panose-1:2 11 7 4 3 5 4 4 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483001 67 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Verdana Pro Cond Black";
panose-1:2 11 10 6 3 5 4 4 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483001 67 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Verdana Pro Black";
panose-1:2 11 10 4 3 5 4 4 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483001 67 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Vijaya;
panose-1:2 2 6 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1048579 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Viner Hand ITC";
panose-1:3 7 5 2 3 5 2 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Vivaldi;
panose-1:3 2 6 2 5 5 6 9 8 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Vladimir Script";
panose-1:3 5 4 2 4 4 7 7 3 5;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Walbaum Display Light";
panose-1:2 7 3 3 9 7 3 2 3 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 10 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Walbaum Display";
panose-1:2 7 5 3 9 7 3 2 3 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 10 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Walbaum Display SemiBold";
panose-1:2 7 7 3 9 7 3 2 3 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 10 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Walbaum Display Heavy";
panose-1:2 7 10 3 9 7 3 2 3 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 10 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Walbaum Heading";
panose-1:2 7 3 3 9 7 3 2 3 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 10 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Walbaum Text";
panose-1:2 7 5 3 8 7 3 2 3 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 10 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Wandohope;
panose-1:2 3 6 3 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482897 165117179 16 0 655365 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Work Sans Thin";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 1342234747 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Work Sans ExtraLight";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 1342234747 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Work Sans Light";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 1342234747 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Work Sans";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 1342234747 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Work Sans Medium";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 1342234747 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Work Sans SemiBold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 1342234747 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Work Sans ExtraBold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 1342234747 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Work Sans Black";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 1342234747 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Yesteryear;
panose-1:3 2 8 2 4 6 7 7 8 2;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612497 1073741898 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Times;
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 2 0 0;
mso-font-alt:"Times New Roman";
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:TimesNewRomanPSMT;
panose-1:2 11 6 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-alt:"Times New Roman";
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-format:other;
mso-font-pitch:auto;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"\@DengXian";
panose-1:2 1 6 0 3 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612033 953122042 22 0 262159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:-webkit-standard;
panose-1:2 11 6 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-alt:Cambria;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:auto;
mso-font-signature:0 0 0 0 0 0;}p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin:0in;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Bodoni 72";
mso-fareast-font-family:DengXian;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman \(Body CS\)";}p.MsoFootnoteText, li.MsoFootnoteText, div.MsoFootnoteText
{mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-link:"Footnote Text Char";
margin:0in;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Bodoni 72";
mso-fareast-font-family:DengXian;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman \(Body CS\)";}p.MsoHeader, li.MsoHeader, div.MsoHeader
{mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-link:"Header Char";
margin:0in;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
tab-stops:center 3.25in right 6.5in;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Bodoni 72";
mso-fareast-font-family:DengXian;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman \(Body CS\)";}p.MsoFooter, li.MsoFooter, div.MsoFooter
{mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-link:"Footer Char";
margin:0in;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
tab-stops:center 3.25in right 6.5in;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Bodoni 72";
mso-fareast-font-family:DengXian;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman \(Body CS\)";}p.MsoCaption, li.MsoCaption, div.MsoCaption
{mso-style-priority:35;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-next:Normal;
margin-top:0in;
margin-right:0in;
margin-bottom:10.0pt;
margin-left:0in;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:9.0pt;
font-family:"Bodoni 72";
mso-fareast-font-family:DengXian;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman \(Body CS\)";
color:#44546A;
mso-themecolor:text2;
font-style:italic;}span.MsoFootnoteReference
{mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-unhide:no;
vertical-align:super;}a:link, span.MsoHyperlink
{mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-unhide:no;
color:blue;
text-decoration:underline;
text-underline:single;}a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed
{mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
color:#954F72;
mso-themecolor:followedhyperlink;
text-decoration:underline;
text-underline:single;}strong
{mso-style-priority:22;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";}p
{margin:0in;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:DengXian;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;}span.FootnoteTextChar
{mso-style-name:"Footnote Text Char";
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-locked:yes;
mso-style-link:"Footnote Text";
mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
mso-font-kerning:0pt;
mso-ligatures:none;}span.HeaderChar
{mso-style-name:"Header Char";
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-locked:yes;
mso-style-link:Header;
mso-font-kerning:0pt;
mso-ligatures:none;}span.FooterChar
{mso-style-name:"Footer Char";
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-locked:yes;
mso-style-link:Footer;
mso-font-kerning:0pt;
mso-ligatures:none;}span.msoIns
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-style-name:"";
text-decoration:underline;
text-underline:single;
color:teal;}span.msoDel
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-style-name:"";
text-decoration:line-through;
color:red;}.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
mso-ascii-font-family:"Bodoni 72";
mso-fareast-font-family:DengXian;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-font-family:"Bodoni 72";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman \(Body CS\)";}div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}ol
{margin-bottom:0in;}ul
{margin-bottom:0in;}</style><div id="ftn617" style="mso-element: footnote;"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"> </p></div><p><style>@font-face
{font-family:Helvetica;
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1342208091 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Courier;
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Tms Rmn";
panose-1:2 11 6 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Helv;
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"New York";
panose-1:2 11 6 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:System;
panose-1:2 11 6 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Wingdings;
panose-1:5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:decorative;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 -2147483647 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"MS Mincho";
panose-1:2 2 6 9 4 2 5 8 3 4;
mso-font-alt:"MS 明朝";
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1791491579 134217746 0 131231 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Batang;
panose-1:2 3 6 0 0 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-alt:바탕;
mso-font-charset:129;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1342176593 1775729915 48 0 524447 0;}@font-face
{font-family:SimSun;
panose-1:2 1 6 0 3 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-alt:宋体;
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:515 680460288 22 0 262145 0;}@font-face
{font-family:PMingLiU;
panose-1:2 2 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-alt:新細明體;
mso-font-charset:136;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 684719354 22 0 1048577 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"MS Gothic";
panose-1:2 11 6 9 7 2 5 8 2 4;
mso-font-alt:"MS ゴシック";
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1791491579 134217746 0 131231 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Dotum;
panose-1:2 11 6 0 0 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-alt:돋움;
mso-font-charset:129;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1342176593 1775729915 48 0 524447 0;}@font-face
{font-family:SimHei;
panose-1:2 1 6 9 6 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-alt:黑体;
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:-2147482945 953122042 22 0 262145 0;}@font-face
{font-family:MingLiU;
panose-1:2 2 5 9 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-alt:細明體;
mso-font-charset:136;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 684719354 22 0 1048577 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Mincho;
panose-1:2 11 6 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-alt:明朝;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:1 134676480 16 0 131072 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Gulim;
panose-1:2 11 6 0 0 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-alt:굴림;
mso-font-charset:129;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1342176593 1775729915 48 0 524447 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Century;
panose-1:2 4 6 4 5 5 5 2 3 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:647 0 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Angsana New";
panose-1:2 2 6 3 5 4 5 2 3 4;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2130706429 0 0 0 65537 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Cordia New";
panose-1:2 11 3 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2130706429 0 0 0 65537 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Mangal;
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 2 3 3 2 2;
mso-font-charset:1;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:40963 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Latha;
panose-1:2 11 6 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1048579 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Sylfaen;
panose-1:1 10 5 2 5 3 6 3 3 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:67110535 0 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Vrinda;
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 2 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:65539 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Raavi;
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 2 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:131075 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Shruti;
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 2 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:262147 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Sendnya;
panose-1:2 11 6 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:1;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:0 0 0 0 0 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Gautami;
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 2 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:2097155 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Tunga;
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 2 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:4194307 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Estrangelo Edessa";
panose-1:2 11 6 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:1;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:0 0 0 0 0 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1107305727 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Yu Gothic";
panose-1:2 11 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-alt:游ゴシック;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 717749759 22 0 131231 0;}@font-face
{font-family:DengXian;
panose-1:2 1 6 0 3 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-alt:等线;
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612033 953122042 22 0 262159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-469750017 -1073732485 9 0 511 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Calibri Light";
panose-1:2 15 3 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-469750017 -1073732485 9 0 511 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Palatino Linotype";
panose-1:2 4 5 2 5 5 5 3 3 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870265 1073741843 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Verdana;
panose-1:2 11 6 4 3 5 4 4 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1593833729 1073750107 16 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";
panose-1:2 11 6 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-134238209 -371195905 63 0 4129279 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"DengXian Light";
panose-1:2 1 6 0 3 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-alt:"等线 Light";
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612033 953122042 22 0 262159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Aptos Display";
panose-1:2 11 0 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536871559 3 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Aptos;
panose-1:2 11 0 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536871559 3 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Bodoni 72";
panose-1:0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Times New Roman \(Body CS\)";
panose-1:2 11 6 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-alt:"Times New Roman";
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536859905 -1073711039 9 0 511 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Times New Roman Bold";
panose-1:2 11 6 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-alt:"Times New Roman";
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536859905 -1073711039 9 0 511 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Cambria;
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536869121 1107305727 33554432 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Skia;
panose-1:2 13 5 2 2 2 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-alt:"Century Gothic";
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Arial Narrow";
panose-1:2 11 6 6 2 2 2 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:647 2048 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Lucida Grande";
panose-1:2 11 6 0 4 5 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-520090897 1342218751 0 0 447 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Minion Pro";
panose-1:2 11 6 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1610613383 1 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Bodoni 72 Book";
panose-1:0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-alt:"BODONI 72 BOOK";
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"ACADEMY ENGRAVED LET PLAIN\:1\.0";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483521 1073741834 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Adelle Sans Devanagari Thin";
panose-1:2 0 5 3 0 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:178;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:50372615 1 8 0 65747 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Adelle Sans Devanagari Light";
panose-1:2 0 5 3 0 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:178;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:50372615 1 8 0 65747 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Adelle Sans Devanagari";
panose-1:2 0 5 3 0 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:178;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:50372615 1 8 0 65747 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Adelle Sans Devanagari Semibold";
panose-1:2 0 5 3 0 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:178;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:50372615 1 8 0 65747 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Adelle Sans Devanagari Extrabol";
panose-1:0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:178;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:50372615 1 8 0 65747 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Adelle Sans Devanagari Heavy";
panose-1:0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:178;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:50372615 1 8 0 65747 0;}@font-face
{font-family:AkayaKanadaka;
panose-1:2 1 5 2 8 4 1 1 1 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:4194311 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:AkayaTelivigala;
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:2097159 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Al Bayan Plain";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-alt:"AL BAYAN PLAIN";
mso-font-charset:178;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:8193 0 8 0 64 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Al Bayan";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:178;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:8193 0 8 0 64 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Al Tarikh";
panose-1:0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:178;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:8195 0 0 0 65 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"American Typewriter Light";
panose-1:2 9 3 4 2 0 4 2 3 4;
mso-font-alt:"AMERICAN TYPEWRITER LIGHT";
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612625 25 0 0 273 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"American Typewriter Condensed L";
panose-1:2 9 3 6 2 0 4 2 3 4;
mso-font-alt:"AMERICAN TYPEWRITER CONDENSED L";
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612625 25 0 0 273 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"American Typewriter";
panose-1:2 9 6 4 2 0 4 2 3 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612625 25 0 0 273 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"American Typewriter Condensed";
panose-1:2 9 6 6 2 0 4 2 3 4;
mso-font-alt:"AMERICAN TYPEWRITER CONDENSED";
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612625 25 0 0 273 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"AMERICAN TYPEWRITER SEMIBOLD";
panose-1:2 9 6 4 2 0 4 2 3 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612625 25 0 0 273 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Andale Mono";
panose-1:2 11 5 9 0 0 0 0 0 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:647 0 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Annai MN";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:537952263 33554432 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Apple Chancery";
panose-1:3 2 7 2 4 5 6 6 5 4;
mso-font-alt:"APPLE CHANCERY";
mso-font-charset:177;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147481497 3 0 0 499 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Apple Braille";
panose-1:5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:decorative;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483581 0 262144 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Apple Braille Outline 6 Dot";
panose-1:5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-alt:"APPLE BRAILLE OUTLINE 6 DOT";
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:decorative;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483581 0 262144 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Apple Braille Outline 8 Dot";
panose-1:5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-alt:"APPLE BRAILLE OUTLINE 8 DOT";
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:decorative;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483581 0 262144 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Apple Braille Pinpoint 6 Dot";
panose-1:5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-alt:"APPLE BRAILLE PINPOINT 6 DOT";
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:decorative;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483581 0 262144 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Apple Braille Pinpoint 8 Dot";
panose-1:5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-alt:"APPLE BRAILLE PINPOINT 8 DOT";
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:decorative;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483581 0 262144 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Apple Color Emoji";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 402653184 335544320 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:AppleGothic;
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:129;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1 151388160 16 0 2621441 0;}@font-face
{font-family:AppleMyungjo;
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:129;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1 151388160 16 0 2621441 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Apple SD Gothic Neo Thin";
panose-1:2 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-alt:"APPLE SD GOTHIC NEO THIN";
mso-font-charset:129;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:515 701967376 16 0 2621445 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Apple SD Gothic Neo UltraLight";
panose-1:2 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-alt:"APPLE SD GOTHIC NEO ULTRALIGHT";
mso-font-charset:129;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:515 701967376 16 0 2621445 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Apple SD Gothic Neo Light";
panose-1:2 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-alt:"APPLE SD GOTHIC NEO LIGHT";
mso-font-charset:129;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:515 701967376 16 0 2621445 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Apple SD Gothic Neo";
panose-1:2 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:129;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:515 701967376 16 0 2621445 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Apple SD Gothic Neo Medium";
panose-1:2 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-alt:"APPLE SD GOTHIC NEO MEDIUM";
mso-font-charset:129;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:515 701967376 16 0 2621445 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"APPLE SD GOTHIC NEO SEMIBOLD";
panose-1:2 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:129;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:515 701967376 16 0 2621445 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"APPLE SD GOTHIC NEO EXTRABOLD";
panose-1:2 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:129;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:515 701967376 16 0 2621445 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"APPLE SD GOTHIC NEO HEAVY";
panose-1:2 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:129;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:515 701967376 16 0 2621445 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Apple Symbols";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:177;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147481437 134249451 25428020 0 507 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Arial Hebrew Light";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-alt:"ARIAL HEBREW LIGHT";
mso-font-charset:177;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147481533 1073741826 0 0 33 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Arial Hebrew";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:177;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147481533 1073741826 0 0 33 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Arial Hebrew Scholar Light";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-alt:"ARIAL HEBREW SCHOLAR LIGHT";
mso-font-charset:177;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147481533 1073741826 0 0 33 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Arial Hebrew Scholar";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:177;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147481533 1073741826 0 0 33 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Arima Koshi Thin";
panose-1:0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:545259527 1 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Arima Koshi ExtraLight";
panose-1:0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:545259527 1 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Arima Koshi Light";
panose-1:0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:545259527 1 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Arima Koshi";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:545259527 1 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Arima Koshi Medium";
panose-1:0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:545259527 1 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Arima Koshi ExtraBold";
panose-1:0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:545259527 1 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Arima Koshi Black";
panose-1:0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:545259527 1 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Arima Madurai Thin";
panose-1:0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:537919495 1 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Arima Madurai ExtraLight";
panose-1:0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:537919495 1 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Arima Madurai Light";
panose-1:0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:537919495 1 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Arima Madurai";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:537919495 1 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Arima Madurai Medium";
panose-1:0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:537919495 1 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Arima Madurai Semi Bold";
panose-1:0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:537919495 1 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Arima Madurai Bold";
panose-1:0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:537919495 1 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Arima Madurai Black";
panose-1:0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:537919495 1 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Avenir Light";
panose-1:2 11 4 2 2 2 3 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483473 1342185546 0 0 155 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"AVENIR LIGHT OBLIQUE";
panose-1:2 11 4 2 2 2 3 9 2 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483473 1342185546 0 0 155 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Avenir Book";
panose-1:2 0 5 3 2 0 0 2 0 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483473 1342185546 0 0 155 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Avenir;
panose-1:2 0 5 3 2 0 0 2 0 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483473 1342185546 0 0 155 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"AVENIR BOOK OBLIQUE";
panose-1:2 0 5 3 2 0 0 2 0 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483473 1342185546 0 0 155 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"AVENIR OBLIQUE";
panose-1:2 11 5 3 2 2 3 9 2 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483473 1342185546 0 0 155 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Avenir Medium";
panose-1:2 0 6 3 2 0 0 2 0 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483473 1342185546 0 0 155 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"AVENIR MEDIUM OBLIQUE";
panose-1:2 0 6 3 2 0 0 2 0 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483473 1342185546 0 0 155 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Avenir Black";
panose-1:2 11 8 3 2 2 3 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483473 1342185546 0 0 155 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Avenir Black Oblique";
panose-1:2 11 8 3 2 2 3 9 2 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483473 1342185546 0 0 155 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Avenir Heavy";
panose-1:2 11 7 3 2 2 3 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483473 1342185546 0 0 155 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"AVENIR HEAVY OBLIQUE";
panose-1:2 11 7 3 2 2 3 9 2 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483473 1342185546 0 0 155 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Avenir Next Ultra Light";
panose-1:2 11 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483473 1342185546 0 0 155 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Avenir Next";
panose-1:2 11 5 3 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 1342185546 0 0 155 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Avenir Next Medium";
panose-1:2 11 6 3 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 1342185546 0 0 155 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Avenir Next Demi Bold";
panose-1:2 11 7 3 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 1342185546 0 0 155 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Avenir Next Heavy";
panose-1:2 11 9 3 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483473 1342185546 0 0 155 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Avenir Next Condensed Ultra Lig";
panose-1:2 11 2 6 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483473 1342185546 0 0 155 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Avenir Next Condensed";
panose-1:2 11 5 6 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 1342185546 0 0 155 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Avenir Next Condensed Medium";
panose-1:2 11 6 6 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 1342185546 0 0 155 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Avenir Next Condensed Demi Bold";
panose-1:2 11 7 6 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 1342185546 0 0 155 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Avenir Next Condensed Heavy";
panose-1:2 11 9 6 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483473 1342185546 0 0 155 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Ayuthaya;
panose-1:0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1593834753 1342185546 32 0 65943 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"BIZ UDGothic";
panose-1:2 11 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:-536870153 717745656 18 0 131081 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"BIZ UDMincho";
panose-1:2 2 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:-536870153 717745656 18 0 131081 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"BM DoHyeon OTF";
panose-1:2 11 6 0 0 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:129;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-format:other;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:515 701967376 16 0 2621445 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"BM HANNA 11yrs old OTF";
panose-1:2 11 6 0 0 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:129;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-format:other;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:515 701967376 16 0 2621445 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"BM HANNA Air OTF";
panose-1:2 11 6 0 0 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:129;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-format:other;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482969 702020859 16 0 2621445 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"BM HANNA Pro OTF";
panose-1:2 11 6 0 0 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:129;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-format:other;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482969 702020859 16 0 2621445 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"BM JUA OTF";
panose-1:2 2 6 3 2 1 1 2 1 1;
mso-font-charset:129;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-format:other;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:515 701967376 16 0 2621445 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"BM KIRANGHAERANG OTF";
panose-1:2 11 6 0 0 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:129;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-format:other;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482969 702020859 16 0 2621445 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"BM YEONSUNG OTF";
panose-1:2 11 6 0 0 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:129;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-format:other;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:515 701967376 16 0 2621445 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Baghdad;
panose-1:1 0 5 0 0 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:178;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147475453 -2147483648 8 0 64 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Bai Jamjuree ExtraLight";
panose-1:0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Bai Jamjuree Light";
panose-1:0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Bai Jamjuree";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Bai Jamjuree Medium";
panose-1:0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Bai Jamjuree SemiBold";
panose-1:0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Baloo 2";
panose-1:3 8 5 2 4 3 2 2 2 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610579841 1073750139 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Baloo 2 Medium";
panose-1:3 8 6 2 4 3 2 2 2 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610579841 1073750139 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Baloo 2 SemiBold";
panose-1:3 8 7 2 4 3 2 2 2 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610579841 1073750139 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Baloo 2 ExtraBold";
panose-1:3 8 9 2 4 3 2 2 2 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610579841 1073750139 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Baloo Bhai 2";
panose-1:3 8 5 2 4 3 2 2 2 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610350465 1073750139 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Baloo Bhai 2 Medium";
panose-1:3 8 6 2 4 3 2 2 2 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610350465 1073750139 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Baloo Bhai 2 SemiBold";
panose-1:3 8 7 2 4 3 2 2 2 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610350465 1073750139 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Baloo Bhai 2 ExtraBold";
panose-1:3 8 9 2 4 3 2 2 2 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610350465 1073750139 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Baloo Bhaijaan";
panose-1:3 8 9 2 4 3 2 2 2 0;
mso-font-charset:178;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610604417 1073750139 0 0 467 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Baloo Bhaina 2";
panose-1:3 8 5 2 4 3 2 2 2 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610088321 1073750139 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Baloo Bhaina 2 Medium";
panose-1:3 8 6 2 4 3 2 2 2 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610088321 1073750139 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Baloo Bhaina 2 SemiBold";
panose-1:3 8 7 2 4 3 2 2 2 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610088321 1073750139 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Baloo Bhaina 2 ExtraBold";
panose-1:3 8 9 2 4 3 2 2 2 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610088321 1073750139 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Baloo Chettan 2";
panose-1:3 8 5 2 4 3 2 2 2 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1602224001 1073750139 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Baloo Chettan 2 Medium";
panose-1:3 8 6 2 4 3 2 2 2 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1602224001 1073750139 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Baloo Chettan 2 SemiBold";
panose-1:3 8 7 2 4 3 2 2 2 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1602224001 1073750139 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Baloo Chettan 2 ExtraBold";
panose-1:3 8 9 2 4 3 2 2 2 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1602224001 1073750139 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Baloo Da 2";
panose-1:3 8 5 2 4 3 2 2 2 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610547073 1073750139 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Baloo Da 2 Medium";
panose-1:3 8 6 2 4 3 2 2 2 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610547073 1073750139 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Baloo Da 2 SemiBold";
panose-1:3 8 7 2 4 3 2 2 2 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610547073 1073750139 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Baloo Da 2 ExtraBold";
panose-1:3 8 9 2 4 3 2 2 2 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610547073 1073750139 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Baloo Paaji 2";
panose-1:3 8 5 2 4 3 2 2 2 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610481537 1073750139 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Baloo Paaji 2 Medium";
panose-1:3 8 6 2 4 3 2 2 2 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610481537 1073750139 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Baloo Paaji 2 SemiBold";
panose-1:3 8 7 2 4 3 2 2 2 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610481537 1073750139 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Baloo Paaji 2 ExtraBold";
panose-1:3 8 9 2 4 3 2 2 2 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610481537 1073750139 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Baloo Tamma 2";
panose-1:3 8 5 2 4 3 2 2 2 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1606418305 1073750139 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Baloo Tamma 2 Medium";
panose-1:3 8 6 2 4 3 2 2 2 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1606418305 1073750139 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Baloo Tamma 2 SemiBold";
panose-1:3 8 7 2 4 3 2 2 2 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1606418305 1073750139 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Baloo Tamma 2 ExtraBold";
panose-1:3 8 9 2 4 3 2 2 2 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1606418305 1073750139 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Baloo Tammudu 2";
panose-1:3 8 5 2 4 3 2 2 2 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1608515457 1073750139 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Baloo Tammudu 2 Medium";
panose-1:3 8 6 2 4 3 2 2 2 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1608515457 1073750139 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Baloo Tammudu 2 SemiBold";
panose-1:3 8 7 2 4 3 2 2 2 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1608515457 1073750139 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Baloo Tammudu 2 ExtraBold";
panose-1:3 8 9 2 4 3 2 2 2 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1608515457 1073750139 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Baloo Thambi 2";
panose-1:3 8 5 2 4 3 2 2 2 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610481537 1073750139 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Baloo Thambi 2 Medium";
panose-1:3 8 6 2 4 3 2 2 2 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610481537 1073750139 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Baloo Thambi 2 SemiBold";
panose-1:3 8 7 2 4 3 2 2 2 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610481537 1073750139 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Baloo Thambi 2 ExtraBold";
panose-1:3 8 9 2 4 3 2 2 2 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610481537 1073750139 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Bangla MN";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:65539 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Bangla Sangam MN";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2139095037 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Baskerville;
panose-1:2 2 5 2 7 4 1 2 3 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483545 33554432 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"BASKERVILLE SEMIBOLD";
panose-1:2 2 7 2 7 4 0 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483545 33554496 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Beirut;
panose-1:0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:178;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:8195 0 0 0 65 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"BiauKaiHK Regular";
panose-1:3 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:136;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 986709498 22 0 1048589 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"BiauKaiTC Regular";
panose-1:3 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:136;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483421 953154938 22 0 1048589 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Big Caslon Medium";
panose-1:2 0 6 3 9 0 0 2 0 3;
mso-font-alt:"BIG CASLON MEDIUM";
mso-font-charset:177;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147481501 0 0 0 507 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Bodoni Ornaments";
panose-1:0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483517 134217800 335544320 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Bodoni 72 Oldstyle Book";
panose-1:0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-alt:"BODONI 72 OLDSTYLE BOOK";
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Bodoni 72 Oldstyle";
panose-1:0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Bodoni 72 Smallcaps Book";
panose-1:0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-alt:"BODONI 72 SMALLCAPS BOOK";
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Bradley Hand";
panose-1:0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483393 1342185546 0 0 273 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Brush Script MT";
panose-1:3 6 8 2 4 4 6 7 3 4;
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1 135135232 16 0 2424891 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Cambay Devanagari";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32775 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Chakra Petch ExtraLight";
panose-1:0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Chakra Petch Light";
panose-1:0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Chakra Petch";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Chakra Petch Medium";
panose-1:0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Chakra Petch SemiBold";
panose-1:0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Chalkboard;
panose-1:3 5 6 2 4 2 2 2 2 5;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483613 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Chalkboard SE Light";
panose-1:3 5 6 2 4 2 2 2 2 5;
mso-font-alt:"CHALKBOARD SE LIGHT";
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483613 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Chalkboard SE";
panose-1:3 5 6 2 4 2 2 2 2 5;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483613 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Chalkduster;
panose-1:3 5 6 2 4 2 2 2 2 5;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483613 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Charm;
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Charmonman;
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Charter Roman";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 5 6 2 2 3;
mso-font-alt:"CHARTER ROMAN";
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483473 268443722 0 0 17 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Charter;
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 5 6 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483473 268443722 0 0 17 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Charter Black";
panose-1:2 4 8 3 5 5 6 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483473 268443722 0 0 17 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Cochin;
panose-1:2 0 6 3 2 0 0 2 0 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482881 1073741898 0 0 7 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Comic Sans MS";
panose-1:3 15 7 2 3 3 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:647 0 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Copperplate Light";
panose-1:2 0 6 4 3 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-alt:"COPPERPLATE LIGHT";
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483545 0 0 0 273 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Copperplate;
panose-1:2 0 5 4 0 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483545 0 0 0 273 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Corsiva Hebrew";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:177;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147481533 1073741826 0 0 33 0;}@font-face
{font-family:BiauKai;
panose-1:2 1 6 1 0 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:136;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1 134742016 16 0 1048577 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Wawati SC";
panose-1:4 11 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:decorative;
mso-font-format:other;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 953122043 22 0 262147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Wawati TC";
panose-1:4 11 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:136;
mso-generic-font-family:decorative;
mso-font-format:other;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 1485404283 22 0 1048579 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"DIN Alternate";
panose-1:2 11 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 268435528 0 0 273 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"DIN Condensed";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483473 1342185546 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"DecoType Naskh";
panose-1:0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:178;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147475455 -2147483648 8 0 64 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Devanagari MT";
panose-1:2 0 5 0 2 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147450877 268484800 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Devanagari Sangam MN";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147450877 8256 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Didot;
panose-1:2 0 5 3 0 0 0 2 0 3;
mso-font-charset:177;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147481497 0 0 0 507 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Diwan Kufi";
panose-1:0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:178;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:8195 0 0 0 65 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Mishafi Gold";
panose-1:0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:178;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:8195 -2147483648 8 0 65 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Diwan Thuluth";
panose-1:0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:178;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:8195 0 0 0 65 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Euphemia UCAS";
panose-1:2 11 5 3 4 1 2 2 1 4;
mso-font-charset:177;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147481501 0 8192 0 499 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Lantinghei SC Extralight";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-alt:"LANTINGHEI SC EXTRALIGHT";
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1 135135232 16 0 262144 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"LANTINGHEI SC DEMIBOLD";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1 135135232 16 0 262144 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"LANTINGHEI SC HEAVY";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1 135135232 16 0 262144 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Lantinghei TC Extralight";
panose-1:3 0 5 9 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-alt:"LANTINGHEI TC EXTRALIGHT";
mso-font-charset:136;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1 135135232 16 0 1048576 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"LANTINGHEI TC DEMIBOLD";
panose-1:3 0 5 9 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:136;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1 135135232 16 0 1048576 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"LANTINGHEI TC HEAVY";
panose-1:3 0 5 9 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:136;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1 135135232 16 0 1048576 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Fahkwang ExtraLight";
panose-1:0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Fahkwang Light";
panose-1:0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Fahkwang;
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Fahkwang Medium";
panose-1:0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Fahkwang SemiBold";
panose-1:0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Farisi;
panose-1:0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:178;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:8193 0 0 0 65 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Futura Medium";
panose-1:2 11 6 2 2 2 4 2 3 3;
mso-font-alt:"FUTURA MEDIUM";
mso-font-charset:177;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147481497 0 0 0 507 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Futura Condensed Medium";
panose-1:2 11 5 6 2 2 4 3 2 4;
mso-font-alt:"FUTURA CONDENSED MEDIUM";
mso-font-charset:177;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147481497 0 0 0 507 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Futura;
panose-1:2 11 6 2 2 2 4 2 3 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612049 1342185802 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"FUTURA CONDENSED EXTRABOLD";
panose-1:2 11 8 6 2 2 4 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:177;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147481497 0 0 0 507 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Galvji;
panose-1:2 11 5 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612497 1342185546 4096 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"GALVJI OBLIQUE";
panose-1:2 11 5 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612497 1342185546 4096 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:GALVJI-BOLDOBLIQUE;
panose-1:2 11 5 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612497 1073750090 4096 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Geeza Pro";
panose-1:2 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:178;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147475455 -2147483648 8 0 65 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Geneva;
panose-1:2 11 5 3 3 4 4 4 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1375739999 10534912 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Georgia;
panose-1:2 4 5 2 5 4 5 2 3 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:647 0 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Gill Sans Light";
panose-1:2 11 3 2 2 1 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-alt:"GILL SANS LIGHT";
mso-font-charset:177;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147480985 0 0 0 503 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Gill Sans";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 2 1 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:177;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147480985 0 0 0 503 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"GILL SANS SEMIBOLD";
panose-1:2 11 7 2 2 1 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483025 1342177354 0 0 5 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Gotu;
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610579841 8315 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Tamil Sangam MN Light";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-alt:"TAMIL SANGAM MN LIGHT";
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1081347 33554436 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Tamil Sangam MN";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1081347 33554436 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Tamil Sangam MN Medium";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-alt:"TAMIL SANGAM MN MEDIUM";
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1081347 33554436 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"TAMIL SANGAM MN DEMIBOLD";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1081347 33554436 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"TAMIL SANGAM MN BLACK";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1081347 33554436 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Grantha Sangam MN";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1081347 33554436 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Gujarati MT";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 7 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147188733 268484801 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Gujarati Sangam MN";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:262147 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Gurmukhi MN";
panose-1:2 2 6 0 5 4 5 2 3 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2146435069 8192 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Gurmukhi Sangam MN";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:131075 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hannotate SC";
panose-1:3 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 2060418299 22 0 262145 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hannotate TC";
panose-1:3 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:136;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 2060418299 22 0 1310721 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"HanziPen SC";
panose-1:3 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 2060418299 22 0 262145 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"HanziPen TC";
panose-1:3 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:136;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 2060418299 22 0 1310721 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Helvetica Light";
panose-1:2 11 4 3 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-alt:"HELVETICA LIGHT";
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483473 1073750090 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"HELVETICA LIGHT OBLIQUE";
panose-1:2 11 4 3 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483473 1073750090 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"HELVETICA OBLIQUE";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1342208091 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"HELVETICA BOLD OBLIQUE";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1375762523 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Helvetica Neue UltraLight";
panose-1:2 0 2 6 0 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-alt:"HELVETICA NEUE ULTRALIGHT";
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 1342185563 2 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Helvetica Neue Thin";
panose-1:2 11 4 3 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-alt:"HELVETICA NEUE THIN";
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870161 1342185563 2 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Helvetica Neue Light";
panose-1:2 0 4 3 0 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-alt:"HELVETICA NEUE LIGHT";
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 1342185563 2 0 7 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Helvetica Neue";
panose-1:2 0 5 3 0 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-452984065 1342208475 16 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Helvetica Neue Medium";
panose-1:2 11 6 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-alt:"HELVETICA NEUE MEDIUM";
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 1342185563 2 0 155 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"HELVETICA NEUE CONDENSED";
panose-1:2 0 8 6 0 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 1342185562 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"HELVETICA NEUE CONDENSED BLACK";
panose-1:2 0 10 6 0 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 1342185562 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Herculanum;
panose-1:2 0 5 5 0 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483545 0 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hiragino Maru Gothic Pro W4";
panose-1:2 15 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 2059927551 18 0 131085 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hiragino Maru Gothic ProN W4";
panose-1:2 15 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 2059927551 18 0 131085 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hiragino Mincho ProN W3";
panose-1:2 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 2059927551 18 0 131085 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hiragino Mincho ProN W6";
panose-1:2 2 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 2059927551 18 0 131085 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hiragino Mincho Pro W3";
panose-1:2 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 2059927551 18 0 131085 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hiragino Mincho Pro W6";
panose-1:2 2 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 2059927551 18 0 131085 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hiragino Sans W0";
panose-1:2 11 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482929 1791491324 18 0 131085 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hiragino Sans W1";
panose-1:2 11 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 2059927551 18 0 131085 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hiragino Sans W2";
panose-1:2 11 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 2059927551 18 0 131085 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hiragino Sans W3";
panose-1:2 11 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 2059927551 18 0 131085 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hiragino Sans W4";
panose-1:2 11 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 2059927551 18 0 131085 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hiragino Sans W5";
panose-1:2 11 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 2059927551 18 0 131085 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hiragino Sans W6";
panose-1:2 11 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 2059927551 18 0 131085 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hiragino Sans W7";
panose-1:2 11 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482929 1791491324 18 0 131085 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hiragino Sans W8";
panose-1:2 11 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482929 1791491324 18 0 131085 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hiragino Sans W9";
panose-1:2 11 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482929 1791491324 18 0 131085 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hiragino Kaku Gothic ProN W3";
panose-1:2 11 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 2059927551 18 0 131085 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hiragino Kaku Gothic ProN W6";
panose-1:2 11 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 2059927551 18 0 131085 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro W3";
panose-1:2 11 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 2059927551 18 0 131085 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro W6";
panose-1:2 11 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 2059927551 18 0 131085 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hiragino Kaku Gothic Std W8";
panose-1:2 11 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482929 1757936892 18 0 131085 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hiragino Kaku Gothic StdN W8";
panose-1:2 11 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482929 1791491324 18 0 131085 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hiragino Sans CNS W3";
panose-1:2 11 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1 437197056 22 0 1179653 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hiragino Sans CNS W6";
panose-1:2 11 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1 437197056 22 0 1179653 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hiragino Sans GB W3";
panose-1:2 11 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612033 449805562 22 0 393223 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hiragino Sans GB W6";
panose-1:2 11 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612033 449805562 22 0 393223 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hoefler Text";
panose-1:2 3 6 2 5 5 6 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482881 1342185547 4 0 407 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hoefler Text Ornaments";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-alt:"HOEFLER TEXT ORNAMENTS";
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"HOEFLER TEXT BLACK";
panose-1:2 3 8 2 6 7 6 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483409 1342185547 4 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Hubballi;
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-format:other;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:4194311 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:ITFDEVANAGARI-LIGHT;
panose-1:0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32771 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:ITFDEVANAGARI-BOOK;
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32771 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:ITFDEVANAGARI-MEDIUM;
panose-1:0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32771 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:ITFDEVANAGARI-DEMI;
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32771 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"ITF Devanagari";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32771 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"ITFDEVANAGARI MARATHI LIGHT";
panose-1:0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32771 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"ITFDEVANAGARI MARATHI-BOOK";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32771 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"ITF Devanagari Marathi Medium";
panose-1:0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-alt:"ITF DEVANAGARI MARATHI MEDIUM";
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32771 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"ITFDEVANAGARI MARATHI-DEMI";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32771 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"ITF Devanagari Marathi";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32771 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Impact;
panose-1:2 11 8 6 3 9 2 5 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:647 0 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:InaiMathi;
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1048579 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:HeadLineA;
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:129;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1879048125 420872194 16 0 2621441 0;}@font-face
{font-family:PilGi;
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:129;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1879047449 433585407 20 0 2621441 0;}@font-face
{font-family:GungSeo;
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:129;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1 151388160 16 0 2621441 0;}@font-face
{font-family:PCMyungjo;
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:129;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1879047449 970456319 20 0 2621441 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Jaini;
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147450877 8266 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Jaini Purva";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147450877 8266 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"K2D Thin";
panose-1:0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"K2D ExtraLight";
panose-1:0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"K2D Light";
panose-1:0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:K2D;
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"K2D Medium";
panose-1:0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"K2D SemiBold";
panose-1:0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"K2D ExtraBold";
panose-1:0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Kailasa;
panose-1:2 0 5 0 0 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 64 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Kannada MN";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:4194307 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Kannada Sangam MN";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:4194307 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Katari;
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32771 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Katari Medium";
panose-1:0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-alt:"KATARI MEDIUM";
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:7 1 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"KATARI BLACK";
panose-1:0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:7 1 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Kavivanar;
panose-1:2 0 5 3 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2146402065 1073750091 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Kefa;
panose-1:2 0 5 6 0 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483473 1073750091 2048 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Khmer MN";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Khmer Sangam MN";
panose-1:2 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 8256 65536 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Klee Medium";
panose-1:2 2 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:131 717691921 18 0 131077 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Klee Demibold";
panose-1:2 2 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:131 717691921 18 0 131077 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"KoHo ExtraLight";
panose-1:0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"KoHo Light";
panose-1:0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:KoHo;
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"KoHo Medium";
panose-1:0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"KoHo SemiBold";
panose-1:0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Kodchasan ExtraLight";
panose-1:0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Kodchasan Light";
panose-1:0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Kodchasan;
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Kodchasan Medium";
panose-1:0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Kodchasan SemiBold";
panose-1:0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Kohinoor Bangla Light";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-alt:"KOHINOOR BANGLA LIGHT";
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:65543 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Kohinoor Bangla";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:65543 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Kohinoor Bangla Medium";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-alt:"KOHINOOR BANGLA MEDIUM";
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:65543 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"KOHINOOR BANGLA SEMIBOLD";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:65543 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Kohinoor Devanagari Light";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-alt:"KOHINOOR DEVANAGARI LIGHT";
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32775 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Kohinoor Devanagari";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32775 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Kohinoor Devanagari Medium";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-alt:"KOHINOOR DEVANAGARI MEDIUM";
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32775 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"KOHINOOR DEVANAGARI SEMIBOLD";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32775 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Kohinoor Gujarati Light";
panose-1:0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-alt:"KOHINOOR GUJARATI LIGHT";
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:262147 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Kohinoor Gujarati";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:262147 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Kohinoor Gujarati Medium";
panose-1:0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-alt:"KOHINOOR GUJARATI MEDIUM";
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:262147 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"KOHINOOR GUJARATI SEMIBOLD";
panose-1:0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:262147 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Kohinoor Telugu Light";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-alt:"KOHINOOR TELUGU LIGHT";
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:2097159 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Kohinoor Telugu";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:2097159 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Kohinoor Telugu Medium";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-alt:"KOHINOOR TELUGU MEDIUM";
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:2097159 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"KOHINOOR TELUGU SEMIBOLD";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:2097159 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Kokonor;
panose-1:1 0 5 0 0 0 0 2 0 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 64 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Krub ExtraLight";
panose-1:0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Krub Light";
panose-1:0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Krub;
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Krub Medium";
panose-1:0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Krub SemiBold";
panose-1:0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Krungthep;
panose-1:2 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2130706177 1342185546 32 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:KufiStandardGK;
panose-1:0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:178;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:8193 0 0 0 64 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Lahore Gurmukhi Light";
panose-1:0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:131075 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Lahore Gurmukhi";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:131075 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Lahore Gurmukhi Medium";
panose-1:0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:131075 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Lahore Gurmukhi SemiBold";
panose-1:0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:131075 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Lahore Gurmukhi Bold";
panose-1:0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:131075 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Lao MN";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:33554435 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Lao Sangam MN";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:33554435 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Lava Devanagari";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32771 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Lava Devanagari Medium";
panose-1:0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32771 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Lava Devanagari Heavy";
panose-1:0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32771 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Lava Kannada Regular";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2143289309 66 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Lava Kannada Medium";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2143289309 66 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Lava Kannada Bold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2143289309 66 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Lava Kannada Heavy";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2143289309 66 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Lava Telugu Regular";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2145386461 66 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Lava Telugu Medium";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2145386461 66 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Lava Telugu Bold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2145386461 66 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Lava Telugu Heavy";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2145386461 66 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Apple LiGothic Medium";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-alt:"APPLE LIGOTHIC MEDIUM";
mso-font-charset:136;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483421 952727672 22 0 1048577 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"LIHEI PRO";
panose-1:2 11 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:136;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483647 671684608 22 0 1048577 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"LISONG PRO";
panose-1:2 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:136;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483647 671684608 22 0 1048577 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Apple LiSung Light";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-alt:"APPLE LISUNG LIGHT";
mso-font-charset:136;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483421 952727672 22 0 1048577 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Luminari;
panose-1:2 0 5 5 0 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1342185546 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"LingWai SC Medium";
panose-1:3 5 6 2 4 3 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-alt:"LINGWAI SC MEDIUM";
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-format:other;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 2060418299 30 0 262145 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"LingWai TC Medium";
panose-1:3 5 6 2 4 3 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-alt:"LINGWAI TC MEDIUM";
mso-font-charset:136;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-format:other;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 2060451067 30 0 1311107 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Maku;
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536904327 33554432 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Maku Bold";
panose-1:0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536904327 33554432 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Malayalam MN";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:8388611 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Malayalam Sangam MN";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:8388611 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Mali ExtraLight";
panose-1:0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Mali Light";
panose-1:0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Mali;
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Mali Medium";
panose-1:0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Mali SemiBold";
panose-1:0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Marker Felt Thin";
panose-1:2 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-alt:"MARKER FELT THIN";
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483549 64 0 0 273 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"MARKER FELT WIDE";
panose-1:2 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483549 64 0 0 273 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Menlo;
panose-1:2 11 6 9 3 8 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:-436198657 -771687941 33554472 0 479 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";
panose-1:2 11 6 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-520082689 -1073741822 8 0 66047 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Modak;
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147450833 1073750090 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Monaco;
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 1342192123 0 0 407 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Gurmukhi MT";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147319805 268484800 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Mshtakan;
panose-1:2 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482613 1073758282 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"MSHTAKAN OBLIQUE";
panose-1:2 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482613 1073758282 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"MSHTAKAN BOLDOBLIQUE";
panose-1:2 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482613 1073758282 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Mukta ExtraLight";
panose-1:2 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610579921 1073750091 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Mukta Light";
panose-1:2 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610579921 1073750091 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Mukta Regular";
panose-1:2 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610579921 1073750091 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Mukta Medium";
panose-1:2 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610579921 1073750091 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Mukta SemiBold";
panose-1:2 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610579921 1073750091 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Mukta Bold";
panose-1:2 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610579921 1073750091 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Mukta ExtraBold";
panose-1:2 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610579921 1073750091 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"MuktaMahee ExtraLight";
panose-1:2 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610481617 1073750091 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"MuktaMahee Light";
panose-1:2 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610481617 1073750091 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"MuktaMahee Regular";
panose-1:2 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610481617 1073750091 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"MuktaMahee Medium";
panose-1:2 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610481617 1073750091 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"MuktaMahee SemiBold";
panose-1:2 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610481617 1073750091 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"MuktaMahee Bold";
panose-1:2 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610481617 1073750091 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"MuktaMahee ExtraBold";
panose-1:2 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610481617 1073750091 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Mukta Malar ExtraLight";
panose-1:2 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1609564113 1073750091 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Mukta Malar Light";
panose-1:2 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1609564113 1073750091 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Mukta Malar Regular";
panose-1:2 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1609564113 1073750091 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Mukta Malar Medium";
panose-1:2 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1609564113 1073750091 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Mukta Malar SemiBold";
panose-1:2 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1609564113 1073750091 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Mukta Malar Bold";
panose-1:2 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1609564113 1073750091 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Mukta Malar ExtraBold";
panose-1:2 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1609564113 1073750091 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Mukta Vaani ExtraLight";
panose-1:2 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610350545 1073750091 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Mukta Vaani Light";
panose-1:2 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610350545 1073750091 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Mukta Vaani Regular";
panose-1:2 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610350545 1073750091 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Mukta Vaani Medium";
panose-1:2 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610350545 1073750091 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Mukta Vaani SemiBold";
panose-1:2 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610350545 1073750091 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Mukta Vaani Bold";
panose-1:2 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610350545 1073750091 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Mukta Vaani ExtraBold";
panose-1:2 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610350545 1073750091 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Muna;
panose-1:0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:178;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:8195 0 0 0 65 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"MUNA BLACK";
panose-1:0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:178;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:8195 0 0 0 65 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Nadeem;
panose-1:0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:178;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147475453 -2147483648 8 0 64 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Nanum Brush Script";
panose-1:3 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:129;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482969 165149947 16 0 2621441 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Nanum Pen Script";
panose-1:3 4 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:129;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482969 165149947 16 0 2621441 0;}@font-face
{font-family:NanumGothic;
panose-1:2 13 6 4 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:129;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1879047513 702020859 16 0 2621441 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"NANUMGOTHIC EXTRABOLD";
panose-1:2 13 9 4 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:129;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1879047513 702020859 16 0 2621441 0;}@font-face
{font-family:NanumMyeongjo;
panose-1:2 2 6 3 2 1 1 2 1 1;
mso-font-charset:129;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482969 165149947 16 0 2621441 0;}@font-face
{font-family:NANUMMYEONGJOEXTRABOLD;
panose-1:2 2 6 3 2 1 1 2 1 1;
mso-font-charset:129;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482969 165149947 16 0 2621441 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"New Peninim MT";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:177;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147481533 1073741826 0 0 33 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"NEW PENINIM MT INCLINED";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:177;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147481533 1073741826 0 0 33 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"NEW PENINIM MT BOLD INCLINED";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:177;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147481533 1073741826 0 0 33 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Niramit ExtraLight";
panose-1:0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Niramit Light";
panose-1:0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Niramit;
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Niramit Medium";
panose-1:0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Niramit SemiBold";
panose-1:0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noteworthy Light";
panose-1:2 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-alt:"NOTEWORTHY LIGHT";
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483537 134217800 341835776 0 273 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Noteworthy;
panose-1:2 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483537 134217800 341835776 0 273 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Nastaliq Urdu";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:178;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147475453 -2147475392 0 0 65 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Batak";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 8192 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Kannada Thin";
panose-1:2 11 2 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2143256573 8258 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Kannada ExtraLight";
panose-1:2 11 3 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2143256573 8258 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Kannada Light";
panose-1:2 11 4 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2143256573 8258 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Kannada";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2143256573 8258 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Kannada Medium";
panose-1:2 11 6 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2143256573 8258 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Kannada SemiBold";
panose-1:2 11 7 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2143256573 8258 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Kannada ExtraBold";
panose-1:2 11 9 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2143256573 8258 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Kannada Black";
panose-1:2 11 10 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2143256573 8258 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Myanmar Thin";
panose-1:2 11 2 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 8192 134218752 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Myanmar ExtLt";
panose-1:2 11 3 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 8192 134218752 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Myanmar Light";
panose-1:2 11 4 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 8192 134218752 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Myanmar";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 8192 134218752 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Myanmar Med";
panose-1:2 11 6 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 8192 134218752 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Myanmar SemBd";
panose-1:2 11 7 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 8192 134218752 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Myanmar ExtBd";
panose-1:2 11 9 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 8192 134218752 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Myanmar Blk";
panose-1:2 11 10 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 8192 134218752 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Zawgyi Thin";
panose-1:2 11 2 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 8192 134218752 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Zawgyi ExtLt";
panose-1:2 11 3 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 8192 134218752 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Zawgyi Light";
panose-1:2 11 4 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 8192 134218752 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Zawgyi";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 8192 134218752 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Zawgyi Med";
panose-1:2 11 6 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 8192 134218752 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Zawgyi SemBd";
panose-1:2 11 7 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 8192 134218752 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Zawgyi ExtBd";
panose-1:2 11 9 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 8192 134218752 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Zawgyi Blk";
panose-1:2 11 10 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 8192 134218752 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans NKo";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147475453 -2147475456 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Oriya";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:524291 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Tagalog";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 8192 1048576 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Serif Kannada Thin";
panose-1:2 2 2 2 6 5 5 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2143256573 8258 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Serif Kannada ExtraLight";
panose-1:2 2 3 2 6 5 5 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2143256573 8258 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Serif Kannada Light";
panose-1:2 2 4 2 6 5 5 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2143256573 8258 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Serif Kannada";
panose-1:2 2 5 2 6 5 5 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2143256573 8258 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Serif Kannada Medium";
panose-1:2 2 6 2 6 5 5 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2143256573 8258 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Serif Kannada SemiBold";
panose-1:2 2 7 2 6 5 5 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2143256573 8258 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Serif Kannada ExtraBold";
panose-1:2 2 9 2 6 5 5 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2143256573 8258 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Serif Kannada Black";
panose-1:2 2 10 2 6 5 5 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2143256573 8258 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Serif Myanmar Thin";
panose-1:2 2 2 2 6 5 5 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 8192 134218752 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Serif Myanmar ExtLt";
panose-1:2 2 3 2 6 5 5 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 8192 134218752 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Serif Myanmar Light";
panose-1:2 2 4 2 6 5 5 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 8192 134218752 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Serif Myanmar";
panose-1:2 2 5 2 6 5 5 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 8192 134218752 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Serif Myanmar Med";
panose-1:2 2 6 2 6 5 5 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 8192 134218752 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Serif Myanmar SemBd";
panose-1:2 2 7 2 6 5 5 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 8192 134218752 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Serif Myanmar ExtBd";
panose-1:2 2 9 2 6 5 5 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 8192 134218752 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Serif Myanmar Blk";
panose-1:2 2 10 2 6 5 5 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 8192 134218752 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"October Compressed Devanagari H";
panose-1:0 0 9 8 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32771 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"October Compressed Devanagari T";
panose-1:0 0 2 8 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32771 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"October Compressed Devanagari E";
panose-1:0 0 3 8 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32771 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"October Compressed Devanagari L";
panose-1:0 0 5 8 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32771 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"October Compressed Devanagari";
panose-1:0 0 5 8 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32771 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"October Compressed Devanagari M";
panose-1:0 0 6 8 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32771 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"October Compressed Devanagari B";
panose-1:0 0 8 8 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32771 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"October Compressed Tamil Hairli";
panose-1:0 0 1 8 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1048579 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"October Compressed Tamil Thin";
panose-1:0 0 2 8 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1048579 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"October Compressed Tamil ExtraL";
panose-1:0 0 3 8 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1048579 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"October Compressed Tamil Light";
panose-1:0 0 4 8 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1048579 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"October Compressed Tamil";
panose-1:0 0 5 8 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1048579 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"October Compressed Tamil Medium";
panose-1:0 0 6 8 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1048579 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"October Compressed Tamil Heavy";
panose-1:0 0 9 8 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1048579 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"October Compressed Tamil Black";
panose-1:0 0 10 8 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1048579 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"October Condensed Devanagari Ha";
panose-1:0 0 1 6 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32771 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"October Condensed Devanagari Th";
panose-1:0 0 2 6 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32771 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"October Condensed Devanagari Ex";
panose-1:0 0 3 6 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32771 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"October Condensed Devanagari Li";
panose-1:0 0 4 6 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32771 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"October Condensed Devanagari";
panose-1:0 0 5 6 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32771 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"October Condensed Devanagari Me";
panose-1:0 0 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32771 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"October Condensed Devanagari He";
panose-1:0 0 9 6 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32771 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"October Condensed Devanagari Bl";
panose-1:0 0 10 6 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32771 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"October Condensed Tamil Hairlin";
panose-1:0 0 1 6 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1048579 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"October Condensed Tamil Thin";
panose-1:0 0 2 6 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1048579 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"October Condensed Tamil ExtraLi";
panose-1:0 0 3 6 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1048579 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"October Condensed Tamil Light";
panose-1:0 0 4 6 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1048579 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"October Condensed Tamil";
panose-1:0 0 5 6 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1048579 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"October Condensed Tamil Medium";
panose-1:0 0 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1048579 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"October Condensed Tamil Heavy";
panose-1:0 0 9 6 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1048579 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"October Condensed Tamil Black";
panose-1:0 0 10 6 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1048579 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"October Devanagari Hairline";
panose-1:0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32771 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"October Devanagari Thin";
panose-1:0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32771 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"October Devanagari ExtraLight";
panose-1:0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32771 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"October Devanagari Light";
panose-1:0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32771 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"October Devanagari";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32771 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"October Devanagari Medium";
panose-1:0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32771 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"October Devanagari Heavy";
panose-1:0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32771 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"October Devanagari Black";
panose-1:0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32771 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"October Tamil Hairline";
panose-1:0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1048579 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"October Tamil Thin";
panose-1:0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1048579 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"October Tamil ExtraLight";
panose-1:0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1048579 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"October Tamil Light";
panose-1:0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1048579 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"October Tamil";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1048579 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"October Tamil Medium";
panose-1:0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1048579 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"October Tamil Heavy";
panose-1:0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1048579 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"October Tamil Black";
panose-1:0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1048579 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Optima;
panose-1:2 0 5 3 6 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483545 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"OPTIMA EXTRABLACK";
panose-1:2 0 11 3 0 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483545 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Oriya MN";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:524291 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Oriya Sangam MN";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:524291 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Osaka;
panose-1:2 11 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1 134676480 16 0 131219 0;}@font-face
{font-family:OSAKA-MONO;
panose-1:2 11 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:1 134676480 16 0 131219 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"PSL Ornanong Pro Light";
panose-1:2 0 5 6 0 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-alt:"PSL ORNANONG PRO LIGHT";
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1593835473 1342185546 0 0 65667 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"PSL Ornanong Pro";
panose-1:2 0 5 6 0 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1593835473 1342185546 0 0 65667 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"PSL ORNANONG PRO DEMIBOLD";
panose-1:2 0 5 6 0 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1593835473 1342185546 0 0 65667 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"PT Mono";
panose-1:2 6 5 9 2 2 5 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1342208235 0 0 151 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"PT Sans";
panose-1:2 11 5 3 2 2 3 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1342185547 0 0 151 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"PT Sans Narrow";
panose-1:2 11 5 6 2 2 3 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1342185547 0 0 151 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"PT Sans Caption";
panose-1:2 11 6 3 2 2 3 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1342185547 0 0 151 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"PT Serif";
panose-1:2 10 6 3 4 5 5 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1342185547 0 0 151 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"PT Serif Caption";
panose-1:2 6 6 3 5 5 5 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1342185547 0 0 151 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Padyakke Expanded One";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-format:other;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:4194311 33554432 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Palatino;
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 2013274202 341835776 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Papyrus;
panose-1:2 11 6 2 4 2 0 2 3 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612609 1073750107 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Papyrus Condensed";
panose-1:2 11 6 2 4 2 0 2 3 3;
mso-font-alt:"PAPYRUS CONDENSED";
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612609 1073750107 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Party LET Plain";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-alt:"PARTY LET PLAIN";
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1342177307 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Phosphate Inline";
panose-1:2 0 5 6 5 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-alt:"PHOSPHATE INLINE";
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612497 1342185547 64 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Phosphate Solid";
panose-1:2 0 5 6 5 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-alt:"PHOSPHATE SOLID";
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612497 1342185547 64 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"PingFang HK Ultralight";
panose-1:2 11 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-alt:"PINGFANG HK ULTRALIGHT";
mso-font-charset:136;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 2060451323 23 0 1048577 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"PingFang HK Thin";
panose-1:2 11 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-alt:"PINGFANG HK THIN";
mso-font-charset:136;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 2060451323 23 0 1048577 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"PingFang HK Light";
panose-1:2 11 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-alt:"PINGFANG HK LIGHT";
mso-font-charset:136;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 2060451323 23 0 1048577 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"PingFang HK";
panose-1:2 11 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:136;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 2060451323 23 0 1048577 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"PingFang HK Medium";
panose-1:2 11 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-alt:"PINGFANG HK MEDIUM";
mso-font-charset:136;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 2060451323 23 0 1048577 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"PINGFANG HK SEMIBOLD";
panose-1:2 11 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:136;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 2060451323 23 0 1048577 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"PingFang TC Ultralight";
panose-1:2 11 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-alt:"PINGFANG TC ULTRALIGHT";
mso-font-charset:136;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 2060451323 23 0 1048577 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"PingFang TC Thin";
panose-1:2 11 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-alt:"PINGFANG TC THIN";
mso-font-charset:136;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 2060451323 23 0 1048577 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"PingFang TC Light";
panose-1:2 11 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-alt:"PINGFANG TC LIGHT";
mso-font-charset:136;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 2060451323 23 0 1048577 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"PingFang TC";
panose-1:2 11 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:136;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 2060451323 23 0 1048577 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"PingFang TC Medium";
panose-1:2 11 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-alt:"PINGFANG TC MEDIUM";
mso-font-charset:136;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 2060451323 23 0 1048577 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"PINGFANG TC SEMIBOLD";
panose-1:2 11 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:136;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 2060451323 23 0 1048577 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"PingFang SC Ultralight";
panose-1:2 11 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-alt:"PINGFANG SC ULTRALIGHT";
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 2060451323 23 0 262145 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"PingFang SC Thin";
panose-1:2 11 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-alt:"PINGFANG SC THIN";
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 2060451323 23 0 262145 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"PingFang SC Light";
panose-1:2 11 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-alt:"PINGFANG SC LIGHT";
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 2060451323 23 0 262145 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"PingFang SC";
panose-1:2 11 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 2060451323 23 0 262145 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"PingFang SC Medium";
panose-1:2 11 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-alt:"PINGFANG SC MEDIUM";
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 2060451323 23 0 262145 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"PINGFANG SC SEMIBOLD";
panose-1:2 11 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 2060451323 23 0 262145 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Plantagenet Cherokee";
panose-1:2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:177;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147481597 0 4096 0 499 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Raanana;
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:177;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147481533 1073741826 0 0 33 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Hei;
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1 135135232 16 0 262145 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Kai;
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1 135135232 16 0 262145 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Baoli SC";
panose-1:2 1 6 0 4 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483001 672087122 22 0 262175 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Baoli TC";
panose-1:2 1 6 0 4 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:136;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483001 672087122 22 0 1310751 0;}@font-face
{font-family:STHeiti;
panose-1:2 1 6 0 4 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:647 135200768 16 0 262303 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Heiti TC Light";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-alt:"HEITI TC LIGHT";
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 134676554 16 0 4063233 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Heiti TC Medium";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-alt:"HEITI TC MEDIUM";
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 134676554 16 0 4063233 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Heiti SC Light";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-alt:"HEITI SC LIGHT";
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 134676554 16 0 4063233 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Heiti SC Medium";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-alt:"HEITI SC MEDIUM";
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 134676554 16 0 4063233 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"STIX Two Math";
panose-1:2 2 6 3 5 4 5 2 3 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-format:other;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 1073806847 33554464 0 511 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"STIX Two Text";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 31 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"STIX Two Text Medium";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 31 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"STIX Two Text SemiBold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 31 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Kaiti SC";
panose-1:2 1 6 0 4 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483001 672087122 22 0 262175 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"KAITI SC BLACK";
panose-1:2 1 6 0 4 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483001 672087122 22 0 262175 0;}@font-face
{font-family:STKaiti;
panose-1:2 1 6 0 4 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483001 672087122 22 0 262175 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Kaiti TC";
panose-1:2 1 6 0 4 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:136;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483001 672087122 22 0 1310751 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"KAITI TC BLACK";
panose-1:2 1 6 0 4 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:136;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483001 672087122 22 0 1310751 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Libian SC";
panose-1:2 1 6 0 4 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483001 672087122 22 0 262175 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Libian TC";
panose-1:2 1 6 0 4 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:136;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483001 672087122 22 0 1310751 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Songti SC Light";
panose-1:2 1 6 0 4 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-alt:"SONGTI SC LIGHT";
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483001 672087122 22 0 262175 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Songti SC";
panose-1:2 1 6 0 4 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:647 135200768 16 0 262303 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"SONGTI SC BLACK";
panose-1:2 1 8 0 4 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1 135200768 16 0 262144 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Songti TC Light";
panose-1:2 1 6 0 4 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-alt:"SONGTI TC LIGHT";
mso-font-charset:136;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483001 672087122 22 0 1310751 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Songti TC";
panose-1:2 1 6 0 4 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:136;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:647 135200768 16 0 1310879 0;}@font-face
{font-family:STSong;
panose-1:2 1 6 0 4 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483001 672087122 22 0 262175 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Xingkai SC Light";
panose-1:2 1 6 0 4 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-alt:"XINGKAI SC LIGHT";
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:647 135200768 16 0 262303 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Xingkai SC";
panose-1:2 1 6 0 4 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1 135200768 16 0 262144 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Xingkai TC Light";
panose-1:2 1 6 0 4 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-alt:"XINGKAI TC LIGHT";
mso-font-charset:136;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:647 135200768 16 0 1310879 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Xingkai TC";
panose-1:2 1 6 0 4 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:136;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1 135200768 16 0 1310720 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Yuanti SC Light";
panose-1:2 1 6 0 4 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-alt:"YUANTI SC LIGHT";
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483001 672087122 22 0 262175 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Yuanti SC";
panose-1:2 1 6 0 4 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483001 672087122 22 0 262175 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Yuanti TC Light";
panose-1:2 1 6 0 4 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-alt:"YUANTI TC LIGHT";
mso-font-charset:136;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483001 672087122 22 0 1310751 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Yuanti TC";
panose-1:2 1 6 0 4 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:136;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483001 672087122 22 0 1310751 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Sama Devanagari Book";
panose-1:2 15 5 3 4 5 7 6 3 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147450877 8266 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Sama Devanagari";
panose-1:2 15 5 3 4 5 7 6 3 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147450877 8266 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Sama Devanagari Medium";
panose-1:2 15 7 3 4 5 7 6 3 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147450877 8266 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Sama Devanagari SemiBold";
panose-1:2 15 8 3 4 5 7 6 3 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147450877 8266 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Sama Devanagari ExtraBold";
panose-1:3 8 10 2 4 3 2 2 2 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147450877 8266 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Sama Gujarati Book";
panose-1:2 15 5 3 4 5 7 6 3 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147221501 8266 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Sama Gujarati";
panose-1:2 15 6 3 4 5 7 6 3 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147221501 8266 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Sama Gujarati Medium";
panose-1:2 15 7 3 4 5 7 6 3 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147221501 8266 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Sama Gujarati SemiBold";
panose-1:2 15 8 3 4 5 7 6 3 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147221501 8266 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Sama Gujarati ExtraBold";
panose-1:2 15 10 3 4 5 7 6 3 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147221501 8266 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Sama Gurmukhi Book";
panose-1:2 15 5 3 4 5 7 6 3 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147352573 8266 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Sama Gurmukhi";
panose-1:2 15 5 3 4 5 7 6 3 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147352573 8266 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Sama Gurmukhi Medium";
panose-1:2 15 7 3 4 5 7 6 3 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147352573 8266 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Sama Gurmukhi SemiBold";
panose-1:2 15 8 3 4 5 7 6 3 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147352573 8266 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Sama Gurmukhi ExtraBold";
panose-1:3 8 10 2 4 3 2 2 2 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147352573 8266 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Sama Kannada Book";
panose-1:2 15 5 3 4 5 7 6 3 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2143289341 8266 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Sama Kannada";
panose-1:2 15 5 3 4 5 7 6 3 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2143289341 8266 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Sama Kannada Medium";
panose-1:2 15 7 3 4 5 7 6 3 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2143289341 8266 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Sama Kannada SemiBold";
panose-1:2 15 8 3 4 5 7 6 3 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2143289341 8266 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Sama Kannada ExtraBold";
panose-1:3 8 10 2 4 3 2 2 2 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2143289341 8266 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Sama Malayalam Book";
panose-1:2 15 5 3 4 5 7 6 3 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2139095037 8266 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Sama Malayalam";
panose-1:2 15 6 3 4 5 7 6 3 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2139095037 8266 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Sama Malayalam Medium";
panose-1:2 15 7 3 4 5 7 6 3 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2139095037 8266 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Sama Malayalam SemiBold";
panose-1:2 15 8 3 4 5 7 6 3 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2139095037 8266 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Sama Malayalam ExtraBold";
panose-1:2 15 10 3 4 5 7 6 3 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2139095037 8266 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Sama Tamil Book";
panose-1:3 8 9 2 4 3 2 2 2 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147352529 1073750090 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Sama Tamil";
panose-1:3 8 9 2 4 3 2 2 2 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147352529 1073750090 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Sama Tamil Medium";
panose-1:3 8 9 2 4 3 2 2 2 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147352529 1073750090 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Sama Tamil SemiBold";
panose-1:3 8 9 2 4 3 2 2 2 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147352529 1073750090 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Sama Tamil ExtraBold";
panose-1:3 8 9 2 4 3 2 2 2 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147352529 1073750090 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Sana;
panose-1:0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:178;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:8195 0 0 0 65 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Sarabun Thin";
panose-1:0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Sarabun ExtraLight";
panose-1:0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Sarabun Light";
panose-1:0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Sarabun;
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Sarabun Medium";
panose-1:0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Sarabun SemiBold";
panose-1:0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Sarabun ExtraBold";
panose-1:0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Sathu;
panose-1:0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:16777217 0 0 0 65943 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"SAVOYE LET PLAIN\:1\.0";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 1342177371 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Shobhika Regular";
panose-1:2 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610579921 1342185547 0 0 151 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Shobhika Bold";
panose-1:2 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610579921 1342185547 0 0 151 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Shree Devanagari 714";
panose-1:2 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147450877 0 0 0 3 0;}@font-face
{font-family:SignPainter-HouseScript;
panose-1:2 0 0 6 7 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483473 74 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"SIGNPAINTER-HOUSESCRIPT SEMIBOL";
panose-1:2 0 0 6 7 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483473 74 0 0 273 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Silom;
panose-1:0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1593835265 1342185562 32 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:SimSong;
panose-1:2 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482945 953122042 22 0 262157 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Sinhala MN";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Sinhala Sangam MN";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Snell Roundhand";
panose-1:2 0 6 3 8 0 0 9 0 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483609 0 0 0 273 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"SNELL ROUNDHAND BLACK";
panose-1:2 0 10 4 9 0 0 9 0 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483609 0 0 0 273 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Srisakdi;
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:SUKHUMVITSET-THIN;
panose-1:2 0 5 6 0 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2130706385 1342177354 0 0 65539 0;}@font-face
{font-family:SUKHUMVITSET-LIGHT;
panose-1:2 0 5 6 0 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2130706385 1342177354 0 0 65539 0;}@font-face
{font-family:SUKHUMVITSET-TEXT;
panose-1:2 0 5 6 0 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2130706385 1342177354 0 0 65539 0;}@font-face
{font-family:SUKHUMVITSET-MEDIUM;
panose-1:2 0 5 6 0 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2130706385 1342177354 0 0 65539 0;}@font-face
{font-family:SUKHUMVITSET-SEMIBOLD;
panose-1:2 0 5 6 0 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2130706385 1342177354 0 0 65539 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Sukhumvit Set";
panose-1:2 0 5 6 0 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2130706385 1342177354 0 0 65539 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Tamil MN";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1048579 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Telugu MN";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:2097155 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Telugu Sangam MN";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:2097155 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Tiro Bangla";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:98307 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Tiro Devanagari Hindi";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610579857 8202 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Tiro Devanagari Marathi";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32771 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Tiro Devanagari Sanskrit";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32771 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Tiro Gurmukhi";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610448785 8202 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Tiro Kannada";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1606385553 8202 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Tiro Tamil";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1609531281 33562634 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Tiro Telugu";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1608515473 8202 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Toppan Bunkyu Gothic Regular";
panose-1:2 11 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:727 717700113 18 0 131231 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Toppan Bunkyu Midashi Gothic Ex";
panose-1:2 11 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-format:other;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 717691920 18 0 131077 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Toppan Bunkyu Midashi Mincho Ex";
panose-1:2 2 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-format:other;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 717691920 18 0 131077 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Toppan Bunkyu Mincho Regular";
panose-1:2 2 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-format:other;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:727 717700113 18 0 131231 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Trattatello;
panose-1:2 15 4 3 2 2 0 2 3 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 8192 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Trebuchet MS";
panose-1:2 11 6 3 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:647 0 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Tsukushi A Round Gothic Regular";
panose-1:2 2 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 180821008 18 0 131077 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Tsukushi A Round Gothic Bold";
panose-1:2 2 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 180821008 18 0 131077 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Tsukushi B Round Gothic Regular";
panose-1:2 2 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 180821008 18 0 131077 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Tsukushi B Round Gothic Bold";
panose-1:2 2 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 180821008 18 0 131077 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Waseem Light";
panose-1:0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-alt:"WASEEM LIGHT";
mso-font-charset:178;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:8193 0 0 0 64 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Waseem;
panose-1:0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:178;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:8193 0 0 0 64 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"YuKyokasho Yoko Medium";
panose-1:2 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-alt:"YUKYOKASHO YOKO MEDIUM";
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:711 717691920 18 0 131085 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"YuKyokasho Yoko";
panose-1:2 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:711 717691920 18 0 131085 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"YuKyokasho Medium";
panose-1:2 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-alt:"YUKYOKASHO MEDIUM";
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:711 717691920 18 0 131085 0;}@font-face
{font-family:YuKyokasho;
panose-1:2 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:711 717691920 18 0 131085 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"YuMincho +36p Kana Medium";
panose-1:2 2 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:727 717700113 18 0 131231 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"YuMincho +36p Kana Demibold";
panose-1:2 2 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:727 717700113 18 0 131231 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"YuMincho +36p Kana Extrabold";
panose-1:2 2 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 717691920 18 0 131077 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Yuppy SC";
panose-1:2 15 6 3 4 2 7 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-format:other;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 2060418299 30 0 262145 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Yuppy TC";
panose-1:2 15 6 3 4 2 7 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:136;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-format:other;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 2060451067 30 0 1311127 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Zapfino;
panose-1:3 3 3 0 4 7 7 7 12 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483545 1073741889 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Abadi MT Condensed Light";
panose-1:2 11 3 6 3 1 1 1 1 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Abadi MT Condensed Extra Bold";
panose-1:2 11 10 6 3 1 1 1 1 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Aptos Light";
panose-1:2 11 0 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536871559 3 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Aptos SemiBold";
panose-1:2 11 0 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536871559 3 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Aptos ExtraBold";
panose-1:2 11 0 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536871559 3 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Aptos Black";
panose-1:2 11 0 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536871559 3 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Aptos Narrow";
panose-1:2 11 0 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536871559 3 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Arial Black";
panose-1:2 11 10 4 2 1 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612049 1073772795 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Arial Rounded MT Bold";
panose-1:2 15 7 4 3 5 4 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Baskerville Old Face";
panose-1:2 2 6 2 8 5 5 2 3 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:BatangChe;
panose-1:2 3 6 9 0 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:129;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:-1342176593 1775729915 48 0 524447 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Gungsuh;
panose-1:2 3 6 0 0 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:129;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1342176593 1775729915 48 0 524447 0;}@font-face
{font-family:GungsuhChe;
panose-1:2 3 6 9 0 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:129;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:-1342176593 1775729915 48 0 524447 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Bauhaus 93";
panose-1:4 3 9 5 2 11 2 2 12 2;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:decorative;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Bell MT";
panose-1:2 2 5 3 6 3 5 2 3 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Bernard MT Condensed";
panose-1:2 5 8 6 6 9 5 2 4 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Book Antiqua";
panose-1:2 4 6 2 5 3 5 3 3 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:647 0 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Bookman Old Style";
panose-1:2 5 6 4 5 5 5 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:647 0 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Bookshelf Symbol 7";
panose-1:5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:2;
mso-generic-font-family:decorative;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:0 268435456 0 0 -2147483648 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Braggadocio;
panose-1:4 3 11 7 13 11 2 2 4 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:decorative;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Britannic Bold";
panose-1:2 11 9 3 6 7 3 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Calisto MT";
panose-1:2 4 6 3 5 5 5 3 3 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Candara;
panose-1:2 14 5 2 3 3 3 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1073783883 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Century Gothic";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:647 0 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Century Schoolbook";
panose-1:2 4 6 4 5 5 5 2 3 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:647 0 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Colonna MT";
panose-1:4 2 8 5 6 2 2 3 2 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:decorative;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Consolas;
panose-1:2 11 6 9 2 2 4 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:-520092929 1073806591 9 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Constantia;
panose-1:2 3 6 2 5 3 6 3 3 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1073750091 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Cooper Black";
panose-1:2 8 9 4 4 3 11 2 4 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Copperplate Gothic Bold";
panose-1:2 14 7 5 2 2 6 2 4 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Corbel;
panose-1:2 11 5 3 2 2 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1073783883 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:CordiaUPC;
panose-1:2 11 3 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2130706429 0 0 0 65537 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Curlz MT";
panose-1:4 4 4 4 5 7 2 2 2 2;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:decorative;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:David;
panose-1:2 14 5 2 6 4 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:177;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:2051 0 0 0 33 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Desdemona;
panose-1:4 2 5 5 2 14 3 4 5 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:decorative;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Dubai Light";
panose-1:2 11 3 3 3 4 3 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:178;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147475353 -2147483648 8 0 65 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Dubai;
panose-1:2 11 5 3 3 4 3 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:178;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147475353 -2147483648 8 0 65 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Dubai Medium";
panose-1:2 11 6 3 3 4 3 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:178;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147475353 -2147483648 8 0 65 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Edwardian Script ITC";
panose-1:3 3 3 2 4 7 7 13 8 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Engravers MT";
panose-1:2 9 7 7 8 5 5 2 3 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Eurostile;
panose-1:2 11 5 4 2 2 2 5 2 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:FangSong;
panose-1:2 1 6 9 6 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:-2147482945 953122042 22 0 262145 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Footlight MT Light";
panose-1:2 4 6 2 6 3 10 2 3 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Franklin Gothic Book";
panose-1:2 11 5 3 2 1 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:647 0 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Franklin Gothic Medium";
panose-1:2 11 6 3 2 1 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:647 0 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Franklin Gothic Medium Cond";
panose-1:2 11 6 6 3 4 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:647 0 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Franklin Gothic Demi";
panose-1:2 11 7 3 2 1 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:647 0 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Franklin Gothic Demi Cond";
panose-1:2 11 7 6 3 4 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:647 0 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Franklin Gothic Heavy";
panose-1:2 11 9 3 2 1 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:647 0 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Gabriola;
panose-1:4 4 6 5 5 16 2 2 13 2;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:decorative;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870161 1342185547 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Garamond;
panose-1:2 2 4 4 3 3 1 1 8 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:647 2 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Gill Sans MT";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 2 1 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 3 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Gill Sans MT Condensed";
panose-1:2 11 5 6 2 1 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 3 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Gill Sans MT Ext Condensed Bold";
panose-1:2 11 9 2 2 1 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 3 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Gill Sans Ultra Bold";
panose-1:2 11 10 2 2 1 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 3 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Gloucester MT Extra Condensed";
panose-1:2 3 8 8 2 6 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Goudy Old Style";
panose-1:2 2 5 2 5 3 5 2 3 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:GulimChe;
panose-1:2 11 6 9 0 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:129;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:-1342176593 1775729915 48 0 524447 0;}@font-face
{font-family:DotumChe;
panose-1:2 11 6 9 0 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:129;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:-1342176593 1775729915 48 0 524447 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Haettenschweiler;
panose-1:2 11 7 6 4 9 2 6 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Harrington;
panose-1:4 4 5 5 5 10 2 2 7 2;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:decorative;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:HGGothicE;
panose-1:2 11 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1791491579 18 0 131231 0;}@font-face
{font-family:HGPGothicE;
panose-1:2 11 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1791491579 18 0 131231 0;}@font-face
{font-family:HGSGothicE;
panose-1:2 11 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1791491579 18 0 131231 0;}@font-face
{font-family:HGMinchoE;
panose-1:2 2 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1791491579 18 0 131231 0;}@font-face
{font-family:HGPMinchoE;
panose-1:2 2 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1791491579 18 0 131231 0;}@font-face
{font-family:HGSMinchoE;
panose-1:2 2 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1791491579 18 0 131231 0;}@font-face
{font-family:HGSoeiKakugothicUB;
panose-1:2 11 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1791491579 18 0 131231 0;}@font-face
{font-family:HGPSoeiKakugothicUB;
panose-1:2 11 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1791491579 18 0 131231 0;}@font-face
{font-family:HGSSoeiKakugothicUB;
panose-1:2 11 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1791491579 18 0 131231 0;}@font-face
{font-family:HGMaruGothicMPRO;
panose-1:2 15 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1791491579 18 0 131231 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Microsoft Himalaya";
panose-1:1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 65536 64 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Imprint MT Shadow";
panose-1:4 2 6 5 6 3 3 3 2 2;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:decorative;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:KaiTi;
panose-1:2 1 6 9 6 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:-2147482945 953122042 22 0 262145 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Kartika;
panose-1:2 2 5 3 3 4 4 6 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:8388611 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Kino MT";
panose-1:4 3 7 5 13 12 2 2 7 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:decorative;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Lucida Console";
panose-1:2 11 6 9 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:-2147482993 6144 0 0 31 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Lucida Sans";
panose-1:2 11 6 2 3 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Lucida Sans Unicode";
panose-1:2 11 6 2 3 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147480833 14699 0 0 191 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Lucida Blackletter";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Lucida Bright";
panose-1:2 4 6 2 5 5 5 2 3 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Lucida Calligraphy";
panose-1:3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Lucida Fax";
panose-1:2 6 6 2 5 5 5 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Lucida Handwriting";
panose-1:3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Lucida Sans Typewriter";
panose-1:2 11 5 9 3 5 4 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Malgun Gothic Semilight";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 2 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1879047505 165117179 18 0 4063677 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Malgun Gothic";
panose-1:2 11 5 3 2 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:129;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1879048145 701988091 18 0 524289 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Marlett;
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:2;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:0 268435456 0 0 -2147483648 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Matura MT Script Capitals";
panose-1:3 2 8 2 6 6 2 7 2 2;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Meiryo;
panose-1:2 11 6 4 3 5 4 4 2 4;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1791492095 134217746 0 131231 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Meiryo UI";
panose-1:2 11 6 4 3 5 4 4 2 4;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1791492095 134217746 0 131231 0;}@font-face
{font-family:MingLiU_HKSCS;
panose-1:2 2 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:136;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 953154810 22 0 1048577 0;}@font-face
{font-family:MingLiU-ExtB;
panose-1:2 2 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:136;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 168296456 16 0 1048577 0;}@font-face
{font-family:PMingLiU-ExtB;
panose-1:2 2 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:136;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 168296456 16 0 1048577 0;}@font-face
{font-family:MingLiU_HKSCS-ExtB;
panose-1:2 2 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:136;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 168296456 16 0 1048577 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Mistral;
panose-1:3 9 7 2 3 4 7 2 4 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:647 0 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Myanmar Text";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 2 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 0 1024 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Modern No\. 20";
panose-1:2 7 7 4 7 5 5 2 3 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Mongolian Baiti";
panose-1:3 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483613 0 131072 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Monotype Corsiva";
panose-1:3 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Monotype Sorts";
panose-1:1 1 6 1 1 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:2;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:0 268435456 0 0 -2147483648 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"MS Reference Sans Serif";
panose-1:2 11 6 4 3 5 4 4 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:647 0 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"MS Reference Specialty";
panose-1:5 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:2;
mso-generic-font-family:decorative;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:0 268435456 0 0 -2147483648 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"MS UI Gothic";
panose-1:2 11 6 0 7 2 5 8 2 4;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1791491579 134217746 0 131231 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"MS PGothic";
panose-1:2 11 6 0 7 2 5 8 2 4;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1791491579 134217746 0 131231 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Microsoft JhengHei";
panose-1:2 11 6 4 3 5 4 4 2 4;
mso-font-charset:136;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:135 680476672 22 0 1048585 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"MS PMincho";
panose-1:2 2 6 0 4 2 5 8 3 4;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1791491579 134217746 0 131231 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Microsoft YaHei Light";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 2 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483001 718209040 22 0 262175 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Microsoft YaHei";
panose-1:2 11 5 3 2 2 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483001 718224464 22 0 262175 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Microsoft YaHei UI Light";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 2 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483001 718209040 22 0 262175 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Microsoft YaHei UI";
panose-1:2 11 5 3 2 2 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483001 718224464 22 0 262175 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Microsoft Yi Baiti";
panose-1:3 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 66562 524290 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"MT Extra";
panose-1:5 5 1 2 1 2 5 2 2 2;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:decorative;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"News Gothic MT";
panose-1:2 11 5 3 2 1 3 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Microsoft New Tai Lue";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 2 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 -2147483648 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Nyala;
panose-1:2 0 5 4 7 3 0 2 0 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612625 0 2048 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Onyx;
panose-1:4 5 6 2 8 7 2 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:decorative;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Perpetua;
panose-1:2 2 5 2 6 4 1 2 3 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Perpetua Titling MT";
panose-1:2 2 5 2 6 5 5 2 8 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Rockwell;
panose-1:2 6 6 3 2 2 5 2 4 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Rockwell Condensed";
panose-1:2 6 6 3 5 4 5 2 1 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Rockwell Extra Bold";
panose-1:2 6 9 3 4 5 5 2 4 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe Print";
panose-1:2 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:655 0 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe Script";
panose-1:3 11 8 4 2 0 0 0 0 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:655 0 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe UI Historic";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 2 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483153 33554434 6340736 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe UI Symbol";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 2 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483165 302055407 262144 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:NSimSun;
panose-1:2 1 6 9 3 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:515 680460288 22 0 262145 0;}@font-face
{font-family:SimSun-ExtB;
panose-1:2 1 6 9 6 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:1 168689664 16 0 262145 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Stencil;
panose-1:4 4 9 5 13 8 2 2 4 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:decorative;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:STHupo;
panose-1:2 1 8 0 4 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1 135200768 16 0 262144 0;}@font-face
{font-family:STLiti;
panose-1:2 1 8 0 4 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1 135200768 16 0 262144 0;}@font-face
{font-family:STXingkai;
panose-1:2 1 8 0 4 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1 135200768 16 0 262144 0;}@font-face
{font-family:STXinwei;
panose-1:2 1 8 0 4 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1 135200768 16 0 262144 0;}@font-face
{font-family:STZhongsong;
panose-1:2 1 6 0 4 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:647 135200768 16 0 262303 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Tahoma;
panose-1:2 11 6 4 3 5 4 4 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-520081665 -1073717157 41 0 66047 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Microsoft Tai Le";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 2 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 1073741824 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"TH SarabunPSK";
panose-1:2 11 5 0 4 2 0 2 0 3;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:16777219 0 0 0 65809 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Tw Cen MT";
panose-1:2 11 6 2 2 1 4 2 6 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 3 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Tw Cen MT Condensed";
panose-1:2 11 6 6 2 1 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 3 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Tw Cen MT Condensed Extra Bold";
panose-1:2 11 8 3 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 3 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Webdings;
panose-1:5 3 1 2 1 5 9 6 7 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:decorative;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 -2147483647 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Wide Latin";
panose-1:2 10 10 7 5 5 5 2 4 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Wingdings 2";
panose-1:5 2 1 2 1 5 7 7 7 7;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:decorative;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 -2147483647 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Wingdings 3";
panose-1:5 4 1 2 1 8 7 7 7 7;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:decorative;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 -2147483647 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Yu Gothic Light";
panose-1:2 11 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 717749759 22 0 131231 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Yu Gothic Medium";
panose-1:2 11 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 717749759 22 0 131231 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Yu Gothic UI Light";
panose-1:2 11 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 717749759 22 0 131231 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Yu Gothic UI Semilight";
panose-1:2 11 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 717749759 22 0 131231 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Yu Gothic UI";
panose-1:2 11 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 717749759 22 0 131231 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Yu Gothic UI Semibold";
panose-1:2 11 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 717749759 22 0 131231 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Yu Mincho Light";
panose-1:2 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482905 717749503 18 0 131231 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Yu Mincho";
panose-1:2 2 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482905 717749503 18 0 131231 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Yu Mincho Demibold";
panose-1:2 2 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482905 717749503 18 0 131231 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Abadi Extra Light";
panose-1:2 11 2 4 2 1 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Abadi;
panose-1:2 11 6 4 2 1 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Abel;
panose-1:2 0 5 6 3 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Abril Fatface";
panose-1:2 0 5 3 0 0 0 2 0 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612569 1342185563 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"ADLaM Display";
panose-1:2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147475345 1107296330 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Agency FB";
panose-1:2 11 5 3 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Aharoni;
panose-1:2 1 8 3 2 1 4 3 2 3;
mso-font-charset:177;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:2051 0 0 0 33 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Al Fresco";
panose-1:2 0 5 7 7 0 0 2 0 2;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483473 268435530 0 0 3 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Alasassy Caps";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483409 1073750091 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Aldhabi;
panose-1:1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:178;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147475449 -2147483648 8 0 65 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Alef;
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:177;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:2055 1073741824 0 0 179 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Aleo Light";
panose-1:0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:7 0 0 0 131 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Aleo;
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:7 0 0 0 131 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Algerian;
panose-1:4 2 7 5 4 10 2 6 7 2;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:decorative;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Amasis MT Pro Light";
panose-1:2 4 3 4 5 0 5 2 3 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612561 1073750107 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Amasis MT Pro";
panose-1:2 4 5 4 5 0 5 2 3 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612561 1073750107 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Amasis MT Pro Medium";
panose-1:2 4 6 4 5 0 5 2 3 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612561 1073750107 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Amasis MT Pro Black";
panose-1:2 4 10 4 5 0 5 2 3 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612561 1073750107 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Amatic SC";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:177;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536873487 1073741826 0 0 439 0;}@font-face
{font-family:AngsanaUPC;
panose-1:2 2 6 3 5 4 5 2 3 4;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2130706429 0 0 0 65537 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Anton;
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 1073750139 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Aparajita;
panose-1:2 2 6 3 5 4 5 2 3 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32771 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Aptos Mono";
panose-1:2 11 0 9 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:536871559 3 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Aptos Serif";
panose-1:2 2 6 4 7 4 5 2 3 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1592449281 -1073681157 65536 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Arabic Typesetting";
panose-1:3 2 4 2 4 4 6 3 2 3;
mso-font-charset:178;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147475449 -2147483648 8 0 211 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Aref Ruqaa";
panose-1:2 0 5 3 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:178;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147475345 -2147483573 0 0 65 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Arial Nova Cond Light";
panose-1:2 11 3 6 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:655 2 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Arial Nova Light";
panose-1:2 11 3 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:655 2 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Arial Nova Cond";
panose-1:2 11 5 6 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:655 2 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Arial Nova";
panose-1:2 11 5 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:655 2 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Assistant ExtraLight";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:177;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610610433 1073750091 0 0 33 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Assistant Light";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:177;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610610433 1073750091 0 0 33 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Assistant;
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:177;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610610433 1073750091 0 0 33 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Assistant SemiBold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:177;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610610433 1073750091 0 0 33 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Assistant ExtraBold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:177;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610610433 1073750091 0 0 33 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Athiti ExtraLight";
panose-1:0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Athiti Light";
panose-1:0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Athiti;
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Athiti Medium";
panose-1:0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Athiti SemiBold";
panose-1:0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Avenir Next LT Pro Light";
panose-1:2 11 3 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612497 1342185547 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Avenir Next LT Pro";
panose-1:2 11 5 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483409 1342185546 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Avenir Next LT Pro Demi";
panose-1:2 11 7 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483409 1342185546 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Baguet Script";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:7 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Bahnschrift Light Condensed";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 2 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612025 2 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Bahnschrift Light SemiCondensed";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 2 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612025 2 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Bahnschrift Light";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 2 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612025 2 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Bahnschrift SemiLight Condensed";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 2 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612025 2 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Bahnschrift SemiLight";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 2 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612025 2 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Bahnschrift Condensed";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 2 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612025 2 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Bahnschrift SemiCondensed";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 2 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612025 2 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Bahnschrift;
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 2 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612025 2 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Bahnschrift SemiBold Condensed";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 2 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612025 2 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Bahnschrift SemiBold";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 2 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612025 2 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Barlow Condensed Thin";
panose-1:0 0 3 6 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536870919 0 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Barlow Semi Condensed Thin";
panose-1:0 0 3 6 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536870919 0 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Barlow Thin";
panose-1:0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536870919 0 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Barlow Condensed ExtraLight";
panose-1:0 0 3 6 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536870919 0 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Barlow Semi Condensed ExLight";
panose-1:0 0 3 6 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536870919 0 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Barlow ExtraLight";
panose-1:0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536870919 0 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Barlow Condensed Light";
panose-1:0 0 4 6 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536870919 0 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Barlow Semi Condensed Light";
panose-1:0 0 4 6 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536870919 0 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Barlow Light";
panose-1:0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536870919 0 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Barlow Condensed";
panose-1:0 0 5 6 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536870919 0 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Barlow Semi Condensed";
panose-1:0 0 5 6 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536870919 0 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Barlow;
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536870919 0 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Barlow Condensed Medium";
panose-1:0 0 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536870919 0 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Barlow Semi Condensed Medium";
panose-1:0 0 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536870919 0 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Barlow Medium";
panose-1:0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536870919 0 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Barlow Condensed SemiBold";
panose-1:0 0 7 6 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536870919 0 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Barlow Semi Condensed SemiBold";
panose-1:0 0 7 6 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536870919 0 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Barlow SemiBold";
panose-1:0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536870919 0 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Barlow Condensed ExtraBold";
panose-1:0 0 9 6 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536870919 0 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Barlow Semi Condensed ExtraBold";
panose-1:0 0 9 6 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536870919 0 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Barlow ExtraBold";
panose-1:0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536870919 0 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Barlow Condensed Black";
panose-1:0 0 10 6 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536870919 0 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Barlow Semi Condensed Black";
panose-1:0 0 10 6 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536870919 0 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Barlow Black";
panose-1:0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536870919 0 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Bebas Neue";
panose-1:2 11 6 6 2 2 2 5 2 1;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:7 1 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Bembo;
panose-1:2 2 5 2 5 2 1 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Berlin Sans FB";
panose-1:2 14 6 2 2 5 2 2 3 6;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Berlin Sans FB Demi";
panose-1:2 14 8 2 2 5 2 2 3 6;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Bierstadt;
panose-1:2 11 0 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 1 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Bierstadt Display";
panose-1:2 11 0 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 1 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:BierstadtAlt;
panose-1:2 11 0 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536871559 3 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"BierstadtAlt2 Cond";
panose-1:2 11 0 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536871559 3 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"BierstadtAlt3 Cond";
panose-1:2 11 0 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536871559 3 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"BierstadtAlt4 Cond";
panose-1:2 11 0 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536871559 3 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:BierstadtAlt5;
panose-1:2 11 0 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536871559 3 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Cond;
panose-1:2 11 0 4 2 2 2 9 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536871559 3 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Biome Light";
panose-1:2 11 3 3 3 2 4 2 8 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1592449281 -2147483638 65536 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Biome;
panose-1:2 11 5 3 3 2 4 2 8 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1592449281 -2147483638 65536 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Blackadder ITC";
panose-1:4 2 5 5 5 0 7 2 13 2;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:decorative;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Bodoni MT Condensed";
panose-1:2 7 6 6 8 6 6 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Bodoni MT";
panose-1:2 7 6 3 8 6 6 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Bodoni MT Black";
panose-1:2 7 10 3 8 6 6 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Bodoni MT Poster Compressed";
panose-1:2 7 7 6 8 6 1 5 2 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 17 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Boucherie Block";
panose-1:2 0 5 6 0 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:7 0 0 0 3 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Boucherie Sans";
panose-1:2 0 5 6 0 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483473 268443722 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Bradley Hand ITC";
panose-1:3 7 4 2 5 3 2 3 2 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Broadway;
panose-1:4 4 9 5 8 0 2 2 5 2;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:decorative;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Browallia New";
panose-1:2 11 6 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2130706429 0 0 0 65537 0;}@font-face
{font-family:BrowalliaUPC;
panose-1:2 11 6 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2130706429 0 0 0 65537 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Buxton Sketch";
panose-1:3 8 5 0 0 5 0 0 0 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612049 1073750235 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Californian FB";
panose-1:2 7 4 3 6 8 11 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Castellar;
panose-1:2 10 4 2 6 4 6 1 3 1;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Caveat Brush";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 1342185563 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Cavolini;
panose-1:3 0 5 2 4 3 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1592449281 -2147483638 65536 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Centaur;
panose-1:2 3 5 4 5 2 5 2 3 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Chamberi Super Display";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 8 5 5 2 3 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:7 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Chilgok Gwon Anja";
panose-1:2 2 6 3 2 1 1 2 1 1;
mso-font-charset:129;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483409 152518731 16 0 2621441 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Chilgok Kim Yeongbun";
panose-1:2 2 6 3 2 1 1 2 1 1;
mso-font-charset:129;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483409 152518731 16 0 2621441 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Chilgok Lee Jonghui";
panose-1:2 2 6 3 2 1 1 2 1 1;
mso-font-charset:129;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483409 152518731 16 0 2621441 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Chilgok Lee Wonsun";
panose-1:2 2 6 3 2 1 1 2 1 1;
mso-font-charset:129;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483409 152518731 16 0 2621441 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Chiller;
panose-1:4 2 4 4 3 16 7 2 6 2;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:decorative;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Chonburi;
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Cochocib Script Latin Pro";
panose-1:2 0 5 3 0 0 0 2 0 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612561 1342177354 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Concert One";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483609 67 0 0 273 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Congenial UltraLight";
panose-1:2 0 5 3 4 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 268443739 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Congenial Light";
panose-1:2 0 5 3 4 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 268443739 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Congenial;
panose-1:2 0 5 3 4 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 268443739 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Congenial SemiBold";
panose-1:2 0 5 3 4 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 268443739 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Congenial Black";
panose-1:2 0 5 3 4 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 268443739 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Convection Condensed";
panose-1:2 11 6 4 4 5 1 4 2 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 145 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Convection;
panose-1:2 11 6 4 4 5 1 4 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482961 1342177354 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Convection Extra Bold";
panose-1:2 11 9 4 4 5 1 4 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482961 1342177354 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Convection Symbol";
panose-1:5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:2;
mso-generic-font-family:decorative;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:0 268435456 0 0 -2147483648 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Convection UI";
panose-1:2 11 6 4 4 5 1 4 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483473 1342177354 0 0 155 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Dante;
panose-1:2 2 5 2 5 2 0 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:DaunPenh;
panose-1:1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 0 65536 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Daytona Condensed Light";
panose-1:2 11 3 6 3 5 3 4 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 10 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Daytona Light";
panose-1:2 11 3 4 3 5 3 4 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 10 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Daytona Condensed";
panose-1:2 11 5 6 3 5 3 4 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 10 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Daytona;
panose-1:2 11 6 4 3 5 0 4 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482897 10 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Didact Gothic";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1610613455 2 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:DilleniaUPC;
panose-1:2 2 6 3 5 4 5 2 3 4;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2130706429 0 0 0 65537 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"DM Mono Light";
panose-1:2 11 3 9 4 2 1 4 1 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:7 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"DM Mono";
panose-1:2 11 5 9 4 2 1 4 1 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:7 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"DM Mono Medium";
panose-1:2 11 6 9 4 2 1 4 1 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:7 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"DM Sans";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 1342185563 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"DM Sans Medium";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 1342185563 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"DM Serif Display";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483537 75 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"DM Serif Text";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483537 75 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:DokChampa;
panose-1:2 11 6 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2097151997 0 0 0 65537 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Dosis ExtraLight";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612545 1073750139 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Dosis Light";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612545 1073750139 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Dosis;
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612545 1073750139 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Dosis Medium";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612545 1073750139 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Dosis SemiBold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612545 1073750139 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Dosis ExtraBold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612545 1073750139 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Dreaming Outloud Pro";
panose-1:3 5 5 2 4 3 2 3 5 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483409 10 8 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Dreaming Outloud Script Pro";
panose-1:3 5 5 2 4 3 4 5 7 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483409 10 8 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"EB Garamond";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 33555475 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"EB Garamond Medium";
panose-1:0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 33555475 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"EB Garamond SemiBold";
panose-1:0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 33555475 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"EB Garamond ExtraBold";
panose-1:0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 33555475 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Ebrima;
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612641 33554497 2048 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Elephant;
panose-1:2 2 9 4 9 5 5 2 3 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Elephant Pro";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536871559 2 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Eras Light ITC";
panose-1:2 11 4 2 3 5 4 2 8 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Eras Medium ITC";
panose-1:2 11 6 2 3 5 4 2 8 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Eras Demi ITC";
panose-1:2 11 8 5 3 5 4 2 8 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Eras Bold ITC";
panose-1:2 11 9 7 3 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:EucrosiaUPC;
panose-1:2 2 6 3 5 4 5 2 3 4;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2130706429 0 0 0 65537 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Euphemia;
panose-1:2 11 5 3 4 1 2 2 1 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483537 74 8192 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Fairwater Script Light";
panose-1:2 0 5 7 0 0 0 2 0 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612689 268435531 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Fairwater Script";
panose-1:2 0 5 7 0 0 0 2 0 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612689 268435531 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Fave Script Bold Pro";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 1342177354 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Felix Titling";
panose-1:4 6 5 5 6 2 2 2 10 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:decorative;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Fira Code Light";
panose-1:2 11 8 9 5 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:-536870161 302053627 8 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Fira Code";
panose-1:2 11 8 9 5 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:-536870161 302053627 8 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Fira Code Medium";
panose-1:2 11 8 9 5 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:-536870161 302053627 8 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Fira Code Retina";
panose-1:2 11 8 9 5 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:-536870161 302053627 8 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Fira Mono";
panose-1:2 11 5 9 5 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:1073742471 33568769 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Fira Mono Medium";
panose-1:2 11 6 9 5 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:1073742471 33568769 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Fira Sans Extra Condensed Thin";
panose-1:2 11 3 3 5 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1610613503 1 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Fira Sans Condensed Thin";
panose-1:2 11 3 3 5 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1610613503 1 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Fira Sans Thin";
panose-1:2 11 3 3 5 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1610613503 1 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Fira Sans Condensed ExtraLight";
panose-1:2 11 4 3 5 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1610613503 1 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Fira Sans ExtraLight";
panose-1:2 11 4 3 5 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1610613503 1 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Fira Sans Extra Condensed Light";
panose-1:2 11 4 3 5 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1610613503 1 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Fira Sans Condensed Light";
panose-1:2 11 4 3 5 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1610613503 1 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Fira Sans Light";
panose-1:2 11 4 3 5 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1610613503 1 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Fira Sans Extra Condensed";
panose-1:2 11 5 3 5 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1610613503 1 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Fira Sans Condensed";
panose-1:2 11 5 3 5 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1610613503 1 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Fira Sans";
panose-1:2 11 5 3 5 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1610613503 1 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Fira Sans Condensed Medium";
panose-1:2 11 6 3 5 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1610613503 1 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Fira Sans Medium";
panose-1:2 11 6 3 5 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1610613503 1 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Fira Sans Condensed SemiBold";
panose-1:2 11 6 3 5 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1610613503 1 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Fira Sans SemiBold";
panose-1:2 11 6 3 5 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1610613503 1 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Fira Sans Condensed ExtraBold";
panose-1:2 11 9 3 5 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1610613503 1 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Fira Sans ExtraBold";
panose-1:2 11 9 3 5 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1610613503 1 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Fira Sans Extra Condensed Black";
panose-1:2 11 10 3 5 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1610613503 1 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Fira Sans Condensed Black";
panose-1:2 11 10 3 5 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1610613503 1 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Fira Sans Black";
panose-1:2 11 10 3 5 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1610613503 1 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Fjalla One";
panose-1:2 0 5 6 4 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483457 1073741899 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Forte;
panose-1:3 6 9 2 4 5 2 7 2 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Forte Forward";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 1342201931 8 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Frank Ruhl Libre Light";
panose-1:0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:177;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:2055 1073741825 0 0 163 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Frank Ruhl Libre";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:177;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:2055 1073741825 0 0 163 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Frank Ruhl Libre Medium";
panose-1:0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:177;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:2055 1073741825 0 0 163 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Frank Ruhl Libre Black";
panose-1:0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:177;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:2055 1073741825 0 0 163 0;}@font-face
{font-family:FrankRuehl;
panose-1:2 14 5 3 6 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:177;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:2051 0 0 0 33 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Fredoka One";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 1073741898 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:FreesiaUPC;
panose-1:2 11 6 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2130706429 0 0 0 65537 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Freestyle Script";
panose-1:3 8 4 2 3 2 5 11 4 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"French Script MT";
panose-1:3 2 4 2 4 6 7 4 6 5;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Gabriela;
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:515 0 0 0 5 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Gadugi;
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 2 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 33554432 12288 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Gaegu Light";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 17825794 16 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Gaegu;
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 17825794 16 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Georgia Pro Cond Light";
panose-1:2 4 3 6 5 4 5 2 3 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482961 3 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Georgia Pro Light";
panose-1:2 4 3 2 5 4 5 2 3 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482961 3 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Georgia Pro Cond";
panose-1:2 4 5 6 5 4 5 2 3 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482961 3 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Georgia Pro";
panose-1:2 4 5 2 5 4 5 2 3 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482961 3 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Georgia Pro Cond Semibold";
panose-1:2 4 7 6 5 4 5 2 3 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482961 3 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Georgia Pro Semibold";
panose-1:2 4 7 2 5 4 5 2 3 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482961 3 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Georgia Pro Cond Black";
panose-1:2 4 10 6 5 4 5 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482961 3 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Georgia Pro Black";
panose-1:2 4 10 2 5 4 5 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482961 3 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Gigi;
panose-1:4 4 5 4 6 0 7 2 13 2;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:decorative;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Gill Sans Nova Cond Lt";
panose-1:2 11 3 6 2 1 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483001 2 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Gill Sans Nova Light";
panose-1:2 11 3 2 2 1 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483001 2 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Gill Sans Nova Cond";
panose-1:2 11 6 6 2 1 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483001 2 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Gill Sans Nova";
panose-1:2 11 6 2 2 1 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483001 2 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Gill Sans Nova Cond XBd";
panose-1:2 11 10 6 2 1 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483001 2 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Gill Sans Nova Cond Ultra Bold";
panose-1:2 11 11 4 2 1 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483001 2 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Gill Sans Nova Ultra Bold";
panose-1:2 11 11 2 2 1 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483001 2 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Gisha;
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 2 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:177;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147481593 1073741890 0 0 33 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Goudy Stout";
panose-1:2 2 9 4 7 3 11 2 4 1;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Goudy Type";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:7 1 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Grandview;
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 2 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612025 2 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Grandview Display";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 2 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612025 2 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Grotesque Light";
panose-1:2 11 3 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Grotesque;
panose-1:2 11 5 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hadassah Friedlaender";
panose-1:2 2 6 3 5 4 5 2 3 4;
mso-font-charset:177;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:2051 0 0 0 33 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hammersmith One";
panose-1:2 1 7 3 3 5 1 6 5 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612561 1073750090 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Heebo Thin";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:177;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610610457 1073741891 0 0 33 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Heebo Light";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:177;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610610457 1073741891 0 0 33 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Heebo;
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:177;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610610457 1073741891 0 0 33 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Heebo Medium";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:177;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610610457 1073741891 0 0 33 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Heebo ExtraBold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:177;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610610457 1073741891 0 0 33 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Heebo Black";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:177;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610610457 1073741891 0 0 33 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"High Tower Text";
panose-1:2 4 5 2 5 5 6 3 3 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hind Light";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32775 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Hind;
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32775 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hind Medium";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32775 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hind SemiBold";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32775 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hind Colombo Light";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:7 0 512 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hind Colombo";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:7 0 512 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hind Colombo Medium";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:7 0 512 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hind Colombo SemiBold";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:7 0 512 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hind Guntur Light";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:2097159 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hind Guntur";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:2097159 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hind Guntur Medium";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:2097159 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hind Guntur SemiBold";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:2097159 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hind Jalandhar Light";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:131079 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hind Jalandhar";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:131079 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hind Jalandhar Medium";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:131079 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hind Jalandhar SemiBold";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:131079 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hind Kochi Light";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:8388615 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hind Kochi";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:8388615 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hind Kochi Medium";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:8388615 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hind Kochi SemiBold";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:8388615 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hind Madurai Light";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1048583 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hind Madurai";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1048583 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hind Madurai Medium";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1048583 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hind Madurai SemiBold";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1048583 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hind Mysuru Light";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:4194307 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hind Mysuru";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:4194307 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hind Mysuru Medium";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:4194307 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hind Mysuru SemiBold";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:4194307 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hind Siliguri Light";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:65543 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hind Siliguri";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:65543 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hind Siliguri Medium";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:65543 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hind Siliguri SemiBold";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:65543 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hind Vadodara Light";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:262151 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hind Vadodara";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:262151 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hind Vadodara Medium";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:262151 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Hind Vadodara SemiBold";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:262151 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"IBM Plex Mono Thin";
panose-1:2 11 3 9 5 2 3 0 2 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:-1610612113 1342185595 0 0 407 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"IBM Plex Mono ExtraLight";
panose-1:2 11 3 9 5 2 3 0 2 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:-1610612113 1342185595 0 0 407 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"IBM Plex Mono Light";
panose-1:2 11 4 9 5 2 3 0 2 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:-1610612113 1342185595 0 0 407 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"IBM Plex Mono";
panose-1:2 11 5 9 5 2 3 0 2 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:-1610612113 1342185595 0 0 407 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"IBM Plex Mono Medium";
panose-1:2 11 6 9 5 2 3 0 2 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:-1610612113 1342185595 0 0 407 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"IBM Plex Mono SemiBold";
panose-1:2 11 7 9 5 2 3 0 2 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:-1610612113 1342185595 0 0 407 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"IBM Plex Sans Condensed Thin";
panose-1:2 11 2 6 5 2 3 0 2 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612625 1342185595 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"IBM Plex Sans Thin";
panose-1:2 11 2 3 5 2 3 0 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1342185595 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"IBM Plex Sans ExtraLight";
panose-1:2 11 3 3 5 2 3 0 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1342185595 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"IBM Plex Sans Condensed Light";
panose-1:2 11 4 6 5 2 3 0 2 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612625 1342185595 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"IBM Plex Sans Light";
panose-1:2 11 4 3 5 2 3 0 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1342185595 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"IBM Plex Sans Condensed";
panose-1:2 11 5 6 5 2 3 0 2 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612625 1342185595 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"IBM Plex Sans";
panose-1:2 11 5 3 5 2 3 0 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1342185595 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"IBM Plex Sans Condensed Medium";
panose-1:2 11 6 6 5 2 3 0 2 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612625 1342185595 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"IBM Plex Sans Medium";
panose-1:2 11 6 3 5 2 3 0 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1342185595 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"IBM Plex Sans SemiBold";
panose-1:2 11 7 3 5 2 3 0 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1342185595 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"IBM Plex Serif Thin";
panose-1:2 6 2 3 5 4 6 0 2 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612113 1342185531 0 0 407 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"IBM Plex Serif ExtraLight";
panose-1:2 6 3 3 5 4 6 0 2 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612113 1342185531 0 0 407 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"IBM Plex Serif Light";
panose-1:2 6 4 3 5 4 6 0 2 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612113 1342185531 0 0 407 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"IBM Plex Serif";
panose-1:2 6 5 3 5 4 6 0 2 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612113 1342185531 0 0 407 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"IBM Plex Serif Medium";
panose-1:2 6 6 3 5 4 6 0 2 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612113 1342185531 0 0 407 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"IBM Plex Serif SemiBold";
panose-1:2 6 7 3 5 4 6 0 2 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612113 1342185531 0 0 407 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Inconsolata ExtraLight";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 63979 32 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Inconsolata Expanded ExtraLight";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 63979 32 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Inconsolata Condensed Light";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 63979 32 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Inconsolata SemiCondensed Light";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 63979 32 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Inconsolata Light";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 63979 32 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Inconsolata SemiExpanded Light";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 63979 32 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Inconsolata Expanded Light";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 63979 32 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Inconsolata ExtraExpanded Light";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 63979 32 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Inconsolata UltraExpanded Light";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 63979 32 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Inconsolata UltraCondensed";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 63979 32 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Inconsolata ExtraCondensed";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 63979 32 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Inconsolata Condensed";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 63979 32 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Inconsolata SemiCondensed";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 63979 32 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Inconsolata;
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 63979 32 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Inconsolata SemiExpanded";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 63979 32 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Inconsolata Expanded";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 63979 32 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Inconsolata ExtraExpanded";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 63979 32 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Inconsolata UltraExpanded";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 63979 32 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Inconsolata Condensed Medium";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 63979 32 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Inconsolata Medium";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 63979 32 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Inconsolata SemiExpanded Medium";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 63979 32 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Inconsolata Expanded Medium";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 63979 32 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Inconsolata Condensed SemiBold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 63979 32 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Inconsolata SemiBold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 63979 32 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Inconsolata Expanded SemiBold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 63979 32 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Inconsolata UltraCondensed Bold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 63979 32 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Inconsolata ExtraCondensed Bold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 63979 32 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Inconsolata Condensed Bold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 63979 32 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Inconsolata SemiCondensed Bold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 63979 32 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Inconsolata Bold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 63979 32 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Inconsolata SemiExpanded Bold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 63979 32 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Inconsolata Expanded Bold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 63979 32 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Inconsolata ExtraExpanded Bold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 63979 32 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Inconsolata UltraExpanded Bold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 63979 32 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Inconsolata Condensed ExtraBold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 63979 32 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Inconsolata ExtraBold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 63979 32 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Inconsolata Expanded ExtraBold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 63979 32 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Inconsolata Condensed Black";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 63979 32 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Inconsolata SemiCondensed Black";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 63979 32 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Inconsolata Black";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 63979 32 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Inconsolata SemiExpanded Black";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 63979 32 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Inconsolata Expanded Black";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 63979 32 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Inconsolata ExtraExpanded Black";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 63979 32 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Inconsolata UltraExpanded Black";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 63979 32 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Ink Free";
panose-1:3 8 4 2 0 5 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1679 1073741834 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:IrisUPC;
panose-1:2 11 6 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2130706429 0 0 0 65537 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Iskoola Pota";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 2 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 512 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Italianno;
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:JasmineUPC;
panose-1:2 2 6 3 5 4 5 2 3 4;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2130706429 0 0 0 65537 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Javanese Text";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 8192 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Jokerman;
panose-1:4 9 6 5 6 0 6 2 7 2;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:decorative;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Josefin Sans Thin";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 1073750091 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Josefin Sans Light";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 1073750091 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Josefin Sans";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 1073750091 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Josefin Sans SemiBold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 1073750091 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Josefin Sans Bold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 1073750091 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Josefin Slab Thin";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 4 0 0 17 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Josefin Slab Light";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 4 0 0 17 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Josefin Slab";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 4 0 0 17 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Josefin Slab SemiBold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 4 0 0 17 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Juice ITC";
panose-1:4 4 4 3 4 0 2 2 2 2;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:decorative;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Jumble;
panose-1:2 0 5 3 0 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 268435530 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Kalinga;
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 2 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:524291 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Karla ExtraLight";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612497 1073750107 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Karla Light";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612497 1073750107 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Karla;
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612497 1073750107 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Karla Medium";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612497 1073750107 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Karla ExtraBold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612497 1073750107 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Karla Tamil Inclined";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2146435037 134217794 335544320 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Karla Tamil Upright";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2146435037 134217794 335544320 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Kermit Thin Condensed";
panose-1:2 15 5 3 4 0 0 6 0 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482961 1342185546 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Kermit Thin";
panose-1:2 15 5 3 4 0 0 6 0 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482961 1342185546 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Kermit Thin Expanded";
panose-1:2 15 5 3 4 0 0 6 0 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482961 1342185546 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Kermit Extralight Condensed";
panose-1:2 15 5 3 4 0 0 6 0 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482961 1342185546 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Kermit Extralight";
panose-1:2 15 5 3 4 0 0 6 0 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482961 1342185546 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Kermit Extralight Expanded";
panose-1:2 15 5 3 4 0 0 6 0 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482961 1342185546 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Kermit Light Condensed";
panose-1:2 15 5 3 4 0 0 6 0 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482961 1342185546 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Kermit Light";
panose-1:2 15 5 3 4 0 0 6 0 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482961 1342185546 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Kermit Light Expanded";
panose-1:2 15 5 3 4 0 0 6 0 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482961 1342185546 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Kermit Condensed";
panose-1:2 15 5 3 4 0 0 6 0 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482961 1342185546 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Kermit;
panose-1:2 15 5 3 4 0 0 6 0 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482961 1342185546 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Kermit Expanded";
panose-1:2 15 5 3 4 0 0 6 0 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482961 1342185546 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Kermit Semibold Condensed";
panose-1:2 15 5 3 4 0 0 6 0 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482961 1342185546 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Kermit Semibold";
panose-1:2 15 5 3 4 0 0 6 0 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482961 1342185546 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Kermit Semibold Expanded";
panose-1:2 15 5 3 4 0 0 6 0 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482961 1342185546 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Kermit Extrabold Condensed";
panose-1:2 15 5 3 4 0 0 6 0 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482961 1342185546 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Kermit Extrabold";
panose-1:2 15 5 3 4 0 0 6 0 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482961 1342185546 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Kermit Extrabold Expanded";
panose-1:2 15 5 3 4 0 0 6 0 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482961 1342185546 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Khmer UI";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 2 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 0 65536 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Kigelia Light";
panose-1:2 11 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1609226497 -1040187317 67584 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Kigelia;
panose-1:2 11 5 3 4 5 2 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1609226497 -1040187317 67584 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Kigelia Arabic Light";
panose-1:2 11 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:178;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610603905 -2147483645 8 0 471 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Kigelia Arabic";
panose-1:2 11 5 3 4 5 2 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:178;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610603905 -2147483645 8 0 471 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Klee One";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1791491327 82 0 1179653 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Klee One SemiBold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1791491327 82 0 1179653 0;}@font-face
{font-family:KodchiangUPC;
panose-1:2 2 6 3 5 4 5 2 3 4;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2130706429 0 0 0 65537 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Kokila;
panose-1:2 11 6 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32771 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Kristen ITC";
panose-1:3 5 5 2 4 2 2 3 2 2;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Kunstler Script";
panose-1:3 3 4 2 2 6 7 13 13 6;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Lalezar;
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:178;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536879111 0 8 0 467 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Lao UI";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 2 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2113929213 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Lato Thin";
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-520092929 1342237951 33 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Lato ExtraLight";
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-520092929 1342237951 33 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Lato Light";
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-520092929 1342237951 33 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Lato;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-520092929 1342237951 33 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Lato Medium";
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-520092929 1342237951 33 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Lato SemiBold";
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-520092929 1342237951 33 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Lato ExtraBold";
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-520092929 1342237951 33 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Lato Black";
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-520092929 1342237951 33 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Leelawadee;
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 2 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2130706429 0 0 0 65537 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Leelawadee UI Semilight";
panose-1:2 11 4 2 4 2 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2097151997 0 65536 0 65793 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Leelawadee UI";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 2 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2097151997 0 65536 0 65793 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Levenim MT";
panose-1:2 1 5 2 6 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:177;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:2051 0 0 0 33 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Libre Barcode 128";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Libre Barcode 128 Text";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Libre Barcode 39";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Libre Barcode 39 Extended";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Libre Barcode 39 Text";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Libre Barcode 39 Extended Text";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Libre Barcode EAN13 Text";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483609 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Libre Baskerville";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612545 1342177371 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Libre Franklin Thin";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 1073750107 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Libre Franklin ExtraLight";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 1073750107 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Libre Franklin Light";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 1073750107 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Libre Franklin";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 1073750107 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Libre Franklin Medium";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 1073750107 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Libre Franklin SemiBold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 1073750107 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Libre Franklin ExtraBold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 1073750107 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Libre Franklin Black";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 1073750107 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Ligconsolata;
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 63979 32 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:LilyUPC;
panose-1:2 11 6 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2130706429 0 0 0 65537 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Livvic Thin";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 1073750091 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Livvic ExtraLight";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 1073750091 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Livvic Light";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 1073750091 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Livvic;
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 1073750091 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Livvic Medium";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 1073750091 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Livvic SemiBold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 1073750091 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Livvic Black";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 1073750091 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Lobster;
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536871431 1 0 0 407 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Lobster Two";
panose-1:2 0 5 6 0 0 0 2 0 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 1073741898 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Lora;
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 1342185547 0 0 151 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Lora Medium";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 1342185547 0 0 151 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Magneto;
panose-1:4 3 8 5 5 8 2 2 13 2;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:decorative;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Maiandra GD";
panose-1:2 14 5 2 3 3 8 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Mangal Pro";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32771 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Meddon;
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612561 1342185546 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Merriweather Light";
panose-1:0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536871431 2 0 0 407 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Merriweather;
panose-1:2 11 6 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536871431 2 0 0 407 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Merriweather Black";
panose-1:0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536871431 2 0 0 407 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Merriweather Sans Light";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611457 1073750139 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Merriweather Sans";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611457 1073750139 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Merriweather Sans ExtraBold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611457 1073750139 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Microsoft GothicNeo Light";
panose-1:2 11 3 0 0 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:129;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482945 701998203 16 0 2687135 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Microsoft GothicNeo";
panose-1:2 11 5 0 0 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:129;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482945 701998203 16 0 2687135 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Microsoft JhengHei UI Light";
panose-1:2 11 3 4 3 5 4 4 2 4;
mso-font-charset:136;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482969 684672000 22 0 1048585 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Microsoft JhengHei UI";
panose-1:2 11 6 4 3 5 4 4 2 4;
mso-font-charset:136;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:679 684672000 22 0 1048585 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Microsoft PhagsPa";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 2 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 134217728 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Microsoft Uighur";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:178;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147475453 -2147483648 8 0 65 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Miriam;
panose-1:2 11 5 2 5 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:177;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:2051 0 0 0 33 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Miriam Fixed";
panose-1:2 11 5 9 5 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:177;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:2051 0 0 0 33 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Miriam Libre";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:177;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:2055 1073741824 0 0 179 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Mitr ExtraLight";
panose-1:0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Mitr Light";
panose-1:0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Mitr;
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Mitr Medium";
panose-1:0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Mitr SemiBold";
panose-1:0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Modern Love";
panose-1:4 9 8 5 8 16 5 2 6 1;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:decorative;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 10 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Modern Love Caps";
panose-1:4 7 8 5 8 16 1 2 10 1;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:decorative;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 10 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Modern Love Grunge";
panose-1:4 7 8 5 8 16 5 2 6 1;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:decorative;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 10 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Montserrat Thin";
panose-1:0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536871439 3 0 0 407 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Montserrat ExtraLight";
panose-1:0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536871439 3 0 0 407 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Montserrat Light";
panose-1:0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536871439 3 0 0 407 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Montserrat;
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536871439 3 0 0 407 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Montserrat Medium";
panose-1:0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536871439 3 0 0 407 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Montserrat SemiBold";
panose-1:0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536871439 3 0 0 407 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Montserrat ExtraBold";
panose-1:0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536871439 3 0 0 407 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Montserrat Black";
panose-1:0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536871439 3 0 0 407 0;}@font-face
{font-family:MoolBoran;
panose-1:2 11 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 0 65536 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Mr Gabe";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:7 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"MS Outlook";
panose-1:5 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:2;
mso-generic-font-family:decorative;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:0 268435456 0 0 -2147483648 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"MV Boli";
panose-1:2 0 5 0 3 2 0 9 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 256 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Mystical Woods Rough Script";
panose-1:2 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536870927 268435456 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Mystical Woods Smooth Script";
panose-1:2 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536870927 268435456 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Nanum Pen";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:129;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 165149931 16 0 524289 0;}@font-face
{font-family:NanumGothicExtraBold;
panose-1:2 13 9 4 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:129;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 165149931 16 0 524289 0;}@font-face
{font-family:NanumGothicCoding;
panose-1:2 13 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:129;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:-2147482969 702020859 16 0 524301 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Narkisim;
panose-1:2 14 5 2 5 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:177;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:2051 0 0 0 33 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Neue Haas Grotesk Text Pro";
panose-1:2 11 5 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:7 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Niagara Engraved";
panose-1:4 2 5 2 7 7 3 3 2 2;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:decorative;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Niagara Solid";
panose-1:4 2 5 2 7 7 2 2 2 2;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:decorative;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Nina;
panose-1:2 11 6 6 3 5 4 4 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:647 0 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Nirmala Text Semilight";
panose-1:2 11 4 2 4 2 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2130739165 33554506 512 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Nirmala Text";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 2 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2130739165 33554506 512 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Nirmala UI Semilight";
panose-1:2 11 4 2 4 2 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2130739165 33554506 512 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Nirmala UI";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 2 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2130739165 33554506 512 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Nordique Inline";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Music";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 33579008 16777216 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536837377 1073772799 33 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans AnatoHiero";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 33554432 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Avestan";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 33554432 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Bassa Vah";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 33562624 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Bhaiksuki";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 33562624 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Brahmi";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 33562624 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Buginese";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 8192 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Buhid";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 8192 1048576 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Carian";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 33554432 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans CaucAlban";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:67 33562624 1 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Chakma";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147418109 33562624 1024 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Coptic";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483197 33562624 1 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Cuneiform";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 33554432 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Cypriot";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 33554432 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Deseret";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 33554432 8388608 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Devanagari Thin";
panose-1:2 11 2 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147450845 8262 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Devanagari ExtraLight";
panose-1:2 11 3 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147450845 8262 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Devanagari Light";
panose-1:2 11 4 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147450845 8262 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Devanagari";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147450845 8262 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Devanagari Medium";
panose-1:2 11 6 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147450845 8262 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Devanagari SemiBold";
panose-1:2 11 7 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147450845 8262 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Devanagari ExtraBold";
panose-1:2 11 9 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147450845 8262 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Devanagari Black";
panose-1:2 11 10 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147450845 8262 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Devanagari UI Thin";
panose-1:2 11 2 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147450845 8262 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Devanagari UI Light";
panose-1:2 11 4 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147450845 8262 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Devanagari UI";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147450845 8262 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Devanagari UI Medium";
panose-1:2 11 6 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147450845 8262 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Devanagari UI Black";
panose-1:2 11 10 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147450845 8262 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Duployan";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 33562624 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans EgyptHiero";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 33562624 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Elbasan";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:195 33562624 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Elymaic";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 33554432 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Glagolitic";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:579 33554432 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Gothic";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:67 33554432 4194304 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Grantha";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2146402301 33562628 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Gujarati Thin";
panose-1:2 11 2 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147188733 8258 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Gujarati ExtraLight";
panose-1:2 11 3 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147188733 8258 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Gujarati Light";
panose-1:2 11 4 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147188733 8258 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Gujarati";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147188733 8258 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Gujarati Medium";
panose-1:2 11 6 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147188733 8258 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Gujarati SemiBold";
panose-1:2 11 7 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147188733 8258 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Gujarati ExtraBold";
panose-1:2 11 9 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147188733 8258 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Gujarati Black";
panose-1:2 11 10 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147188733 8258 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Gujarati UI Thin";
panose-1:2 11 2 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147188733 8258 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Gujarati UI Light";
panose-1:2 11 4 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147188733 8258 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Gujarati UI";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147188733 8258 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Gujarati UI Medium";
panose-1:2 11 6 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147188733 8258 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Gujarati UI SemiBold";
panose-1:2 11 7 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147188733 8258 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Gujarati UI ExtraBold";
panose-1:2 11 9 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147188733 8258 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Gujarati UI Black";
panose-1:2 11 10 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147188733 8258 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Gunjala Gondi";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 33562688 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Hanunoo";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 8192 1048576 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Hatran";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 33554432 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans ImpAramaic";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 33554432 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Indic Siyaq Numbers";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:178;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:8195 33554432 0 0 65 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans InsPahlavi";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 33554432 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans InsParthi";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 33554432 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Javanese";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 8192 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Kaithi";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147450877 33562624 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Kharoshthi";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 33562624 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Khojki";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147221501 33562624 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Khudawadi";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147450877 33562624 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Lepcha";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 8192 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Limbu";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147450877 8192 536870912 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Linear A";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 33554432 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Linear B";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 33554432 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Lycian";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 33554432 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Lydian";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 33554432 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Mahajani";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147450877 33562624 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Mandaic";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147475453 8192 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Manichaean";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147475453 33562624 134217728 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Marchen";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 33562624 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Masaram Gondi";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147450877 33562688 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Math";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483453 33580268 33554448 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Mayan Numerals";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 33554432 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Mende Kikakui";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 33562624 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Meroitic";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 33554432 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Miao";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 33562624 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Modi";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 33562624 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Mongolian";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 33629184 131074 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Mro";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 33554432 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Multani";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:131075 33554432 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Myanmar UI Thin";
panose-1:2 11 2 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 8192 134218752 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Myanmar UI ExtraLight";
panose-1:2 11 3 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 8192 134218752 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Myanmar UI Light";
panose-1:2 11 4 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 8192 134218752 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Myanmar UI";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 8192 134218752 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Myanmar UI Medium";
panose-1:2 11 6 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 8192 134218752 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Myanmar UI SemiBold";
panose-1:2 11 7 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 8192 134218752 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Myanmar UI ExtraBold";
panose-1:2 11 9 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 8192 134218752 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Myanmar UI Black";
panose-1:2 11 10 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 8192 134218752 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Nabataean";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 33554432 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans NewTaiLue";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 8192 -2147483648 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Newa";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483581 33562624 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Nushu";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 33562624 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Ogham";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 16384 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans OldHung";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Old Italic";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 33554432 2097152 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans OldNorArab";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 33554432 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Old Permic";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:579 33562628 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans OldPersian";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 33554432 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans OldSogdian";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 33554432 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans OldSouArab";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 33554432 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Old Turkic";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 33554432 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Oriya UI Thin";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:524291 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Oriya UI";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:524291 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Oriya UI Blk";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:524291 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Osage";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:67 33562624 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Osmanya";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 33554432 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Pahawh Hmong";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 33562624 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Palmyrene";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 33554432 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans PauCinHau";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 33554432 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans PhagsPa";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 73728 134348800 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Phoenician";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 33554432 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans PsaPahlavi";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147475453 33562624 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Rejang";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 8192 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Runic";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 32768 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Samaritan";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Saurashtra";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 8192 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Sharada";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147450877 33562624 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Shavian";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 33554432 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Siddham";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 33562624 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Sogdian";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147475453 33562624 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Soyombo";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 33562624 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Syloti Nagri";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147385341 8192 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Symbols2";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 33612772 262176 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Syriac Thin";
panose-1:2 11 2 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147475389 24640 128 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Syriac";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147475389 24640 128 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Syriac Black";
panose-1:2 11 10 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147475389 24640 128 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Tagbanwa";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 8192 1048576 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Tai Le";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483581 73728 1073742848 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Tai Viet";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612733 8192 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Takri";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147450877 33562624 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Tamil Supplement";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1048579 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Thai Looped Thin";
panose-1:2 11 2 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:16777217 0 0 0 65536 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Thai Looped ExtLight";
panose-1:2 11 3 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:16777217 0 0 0 65536 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Thai Looped Light";
panose-1:2 11 4 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:16777217 0 0 0 65536 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Thai Looped Regular";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:16777217 0 0 0 65536 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Thai Looped Medium";
panose-1:2 11 6 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:16777217 0 0 0 65536 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Thai Looped Semibold";
panose-1:2 11 7 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:16777217 0 0 0 65536 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Thai Looped Bold";
panose-1:2 11 8 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:16777217 0 0 0 65536 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Thai Looped Extrabold";
panose-1:2 11 9 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:16777217 0 0 0 65536 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Thai Looped Black";
panose-1:2 11 10 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:16777217 0 0 0 65536 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Tifinagh";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483581 8192 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Tirhuta";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147385341 33562624 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Ugaritic";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 33554432 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Vai";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Wancho";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 33562624 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans WarangCiti";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 33554432 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Yi";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 327680 524304 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Sans Zanabazar";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 33562624 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Serif";
panose-1:2 2 6 0 6 5 0 2 2 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1342208255 41 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Serif Ahom";
panose-1:2 2 5 2 6 5 5 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 33562624 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Serif Balinese";
panose-1:2 2 5 2 6 5 5 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 8192 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Serif Dogra";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147450877 33562624 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Serif Grantha";
panose-1:2 2 5 2 6 5 5 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2146402301 33562628 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Serif Tangut";
panose-1:2 2 5 2 6 5 5 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 33554432 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Noto Traditional Nushu";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 167772160 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Nunito ExtraLight";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 1342185547 0 0 407 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Nunito Light";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 1342185547 0 0 407 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Nunito;
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 1342185547 0 0 407 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Nunito SemiBold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 1342185547 0 0 407 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Nunito ExtraBold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 1342185547 0 0 407 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Nunito Black";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 1342185547 0 0 407 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Nunito Sans ExtraLight";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 1342185547 0 0 407 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Nunito Sans Light";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 1342185547 0 0 407 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Nunito Sans";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 1342185547 0 0 407 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Nunito Sans SemiBold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 1342185547 0 0 407 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Nunito Sans ExtraBold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 1342185547 0 0 407 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Nunito Sans Black";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 1342185547 0 0 407 0;}@font-face
{font-family:OCRB;
panose-1:2 11 6 9 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Old English Text MT";
panose-1:3 4 9 2 4 5 8 3 8 6;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Open Sans Light";
panose-1:2 11 3 6 3 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870161 1073750107 40 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Open Sans";
panose-1:2 11 6 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870161 1073750107 40 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Open Sans SemiBold";
panose-1:2 11 7 6 3 8 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870161 1073750107 40 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Open Sans ExtraBold";
panose-1:2 11 9 6 3 8 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870161 1073750107 40 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Oranienbaum;
panose-1:2 0 5 6 8 0 0 2 0 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483089 10 0 0 151 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Oswald ExtraLight";
panose-1:0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536871439 0 0 0 407 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Oswald Light";
panose-1:0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536871439 0 0 0 407 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Oswald;
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536871439 0 0 0 407 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Oswald Medium";
panose-1:0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536871439 0 0 0 407 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Oswald SemiBold";
panose-1:0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536871439 0 0 0 407 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Oxygen Light";
panose-1:2 0 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483537 1073750089 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Oxygen;
panose-1:2 0 5 3 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612497 1073750091 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Oxygen Mono";
panose-1:2 0 5 9 3 0 0 9 0 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 8266 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Pacifico;
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536871431 2 0 0 407 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Palace Script MT";
panose-1:3 3 3 2 2 6 7 12 11 5;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Palanquin Thin";
panose-1:2 11 0 4 2 2 3 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147450705 1342185546 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Palanquin ExtraLight";
panose-1:2 11 0 4 2 2 3 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147450705 1342185546 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Palanquin Light";
panose-1:2 11 0 4 2 2 3 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147450705 1342185546 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Palanquin;
panose-1:2 11 0 4 2 2 3 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147450705 1342185546 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Palanquin Medium";
panose-1:2 11 0 4 2 2 3 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147450705 1342185546 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Palanquin SemiBold";
panose-1:2 11 0 4 2 2 3 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147450705 1342185546 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Parchment;
panose-1:3 4 6 2 4 7 8 4 8 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Patrick Hand";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536870919 0 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Patrick Hand SC";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536870919 0 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Petit Formal Script";
panose-1:3 2 6 2 4 8 7 8 11 6;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612545 1342177371 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Playbill;
panose-1:4 5 6 3 0 6 2 2 2 2;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:decorative;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Playfair Display";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536871431 0 0 0 407 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Playfair Display Black";
panose-1:0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536871431 0 0 0 407 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Playfair Display SC";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536871431 0 0 0 407 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Playfair Display SC Black";
panose-1:0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536871431 0 0 0 407 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Poiret One";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536871431 2 0 0 407 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Poor Richard";
panose-1:2 8 5 2 5 5 5 2 7 2;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Poppins Thin";
panose-1:0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32775 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Poppins ExtraLight";
panose-1:0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32775 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Poppins Light";
panose-1:0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32775 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Poppins;
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32775 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Poppins Medium";
panose-1:0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32775 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Poppins SemiBold";
panose-1:0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32775 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Poppins ExtraBold";
panose-1:0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32775 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Poppins Black";
panose-1:0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32775 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Posterama;
panose-1:2 11 5 4 2 2 0 2 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1592449281 -805298101 65536 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Pridi ExtraLight";
panose-1:0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Pridi Light";
panose-1:0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Pridi;
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Pridi Medium";
panose-1:0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Pridi SemiBold";
panose-1:0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Pristina;
panose-1:3 6 4 2 4 4 6 8 2 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Prompt Thin";
panose-1:0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Prompt ExtraLight";
panose-1:0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Prompt Light";
panose-1:0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Prompt;
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Prompt Medium";
panose-1:0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Prompt SemiBold";
panose-1:0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Prompt ExtraBold";
panose-1:0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Prompt Black";
panose-1:0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Quattrocento;
panose-1:2 2 5 2 3 0 0 0 4 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483457 1073741899 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Quattrocento Sans";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 5 0 0 2 0 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483457 1073741915 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Questrial;
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1073750047 134217769 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Quire Sans Light";
panose-1:2 11 3 2 4 4 0 2 0 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 10 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Quire Sans";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 4 0 2 0 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1592449281 -2147483638 65536 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Quire Sans Pro Light";
panose-1:2 11 3 2 4 4 0 2 0 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 10 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Rage Italic";
panose-1:3 7 5 2 4 5 7 7 3 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Raleway Thin";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 1342185563 0 0 407 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Raleway ExtraLight";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 1342185563 0 0 407 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Raleway Light";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 1342185563 0 0 407 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Raleway;
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 1342185563 0 0 407 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Raleway Medium";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 1342185563 0 0 407 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Raleway SemiBold";
panose-1:2 11 6 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 1342185563 0 0 407 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Raleway ExtraBold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 1342185563 0 0 407 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Raleway Black";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 1342185563 0 0 407 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Rastanty Cortez";
panose-1:2 0 5 6 0 0 0 2 0 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483609 268435530 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Ravie;
panose-1:4 4 8 5 5 8 9 2 6 2;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:decorative;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Reem Kufi";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Roboto Thin";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536868097 1342185855 33 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Roboto Condensed Light";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536868097 1342185855 33 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Roboto Light";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536868097 1342185855 33 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Roboto Condensed";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536868097 1342185855 33 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Roboto;
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536868097 1342185855 33 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Roboto Condensed Medium";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536868097 1342185855 33 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Roboto Medium";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536868097 1342185855 33 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Roboto Black";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536868097 1342185855 33 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Roboto Mono Thin";
panose-1:0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 268443739 32 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Roboto Mono Light";
panose-1:0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 268443739 32 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Roboto Mono";
panose-1:0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 268443739 32 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Roboto Mono Medium";
panose-1:0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 268443739 32 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Roboto Serif 20pt Thin";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1593835265 1342203515 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Roboto Serif 20pt ExtraLight";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1593835265 1342203515 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Roboto Serif 20pt Light";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1593835265 1342203515 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Roboto Serif 20pt";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1593835265 1342203515 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Roboto Serif 20pt Medium";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1593835265 1342203515 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Roboto Serif 20pt SemiBold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1593835265 1342203515 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Roboto Serif 20pt ExtraBold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1593835265 1342203515 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Roboto Serif 20pt Black";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1593835265 1342203515 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Roboto Slab Thin";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1279 -2147467169 34 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Roboto Slab ExtraLight";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1279 -2147467169 34 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Roboto Slab Light";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1279 -2147467169 34 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Roboto Slab";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1279 -2147467169 34 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Roboto Slab Medium";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1279 -2147467169 34 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Roboto Slab SemiBold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1279 -2147467169 34 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Roboto Slab ExtraBold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1279 -2147467169 34 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Roboto Slab Black";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1279 -2147467169 34 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Rockwell Nova Cond Light";
panose-1:2 6 3 6 2 2 5 2 4 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483001 2 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Rockwell Nova Light";
panose-1:2 6 3 3 2 2 5 2 4 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483001 2 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Rockwell Nova Cond";
panose-1:2 6 5 6 2 2 5 2 4 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483001 2 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Rockwell Nova";
panose-1:2 6 5 3 2 2 5 2 4 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483001 2 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Rockwell Nova Extra Bold";
panose-1:2 6 9 3 2 2 5 2 4 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483001 2 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Rod;
panose-1:2 3 5 9 5 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:177;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:2051 0 0 0 33 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Sabon Next LT";
panose-1:2 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1592449281 -805306357 65536 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Sacramento;
panose-1:2 0 5 7 0 0 0 2 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612497 1073741898 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Sagona ExtraLight";
panose-1:2 2 3 3 5 5 5 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 10 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Sagona;
panose-1:2 1 0 4 4 1 1 1 1 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 10 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Sagona Book";
panose-1:2 2 5 3 5 5 5 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 10 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Sakkal Majalla";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:178;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147475449 -2147483648 8 0 211 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Sans Serif Collection";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:178;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1604869393 33579086 688914433 0 211 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Sanskrit Text";
panose-1:2 2 5 3 5 4 5 2 3 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610579897 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Script MT Bold";
panose-1:3 4 6 2 4 6 7 8 9 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Seaford;
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 1 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Seaford Display";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 1 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Secular One";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:177;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:2055 1073741824 0 0 179 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe Marker";
panose-1:3 8 6 2 4 3 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 1073750091 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe Pro Light";
panose-1:2 11 3 2 4 5 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612049 1073750107 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe Pro Cond";
panose-1:2 11 5 6 4 5 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612049 1073750107 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe Pro";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612049 1073750107 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe Pro Semibold";
panose-1:2 11 7 2 4 5 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612049 1073750107 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe Pro Black";
panose-1:2 11 10 2 4 5 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612049 1073750107 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe Pro Display Light";
panose-1:2 11 3 2 4 5 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612049 1073750107 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe Pro Display";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 5 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612049 1073750107 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe Pro Display Semibold";
panose-1:2 11 7 2 4 5 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612049 1073750107 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe Pro Display SemiLight";
panose-1:2 11 4 2 4 2 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612049 1073750107 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe Pro SemiLight";
panose-1:2 11 4 2 4 2 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612049 1073750107 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe Sans Display Hairline";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-469750017 -1073683329 9 0 511 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe Sans Display Thin";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-469750017 -1073683329 9 0 511 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe Sans Display Light";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-469750017 -1073683329 9 0 511 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe Sans Display Semilight";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-469750017 -1073683329 9 0 511 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe Sans Display";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-469750017 -1073683329 9 0 511 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe Sans Display Semibold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-469750017 -1073683329 9 0 511 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe Sans Display ExtraBold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-469750017 -1073683329 9 0 511 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe Sans Display Black";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-469750017 -1073683329 9 0 511 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe Sans Small Hairline";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-469750017 -1073683329 9 0 511 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe Sans Small Thin";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-469750017 -1073683329 9 0 511 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe Sans Small Light";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-469750017 -1073683329 9 0 511 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe Sans Small Semilight";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-469750017 -1073683329 9 0 511 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe Sans Small";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-469750017 -1073683329 9 0 511 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe Sans Small Semibold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-469750017 -1073683329 9 0 511 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe Sans Small ExtraBold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-469750017 -1073683329 9 0 511 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe Sans Small Black";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-469750017 -1073683329 9 0 511 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe Sans Text Hairline";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-469750017 -1073683329 9 0 511 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe Sans Text Thin";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-469750017 -1073683329 9 0 511 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe Sans Text Light";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-469750017 -1073683329 9 0 511 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe Sans Text Semilight";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-469750017 -1073683329 9 0 511 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe Sans Text";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-469750017 -1073683329 9 0 511 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe Sans Text Semibold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-469750017 -1073683329 9 0 511 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe Sans Text ExtraBold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-469750017 -1073683329 9 0 511 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe Sans Text Black";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-469750017 -1073683329 9 0 511 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe Serif Banner Light";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 11 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe Serif Banner Semilight";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 11 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe Serif Banner";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 11 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe Serif Banner Semibold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 11 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe Serif Display Light";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 11 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe Serif Display Semilight";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 11 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe Serif Display";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 11 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe Serif Display Semibold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 11 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe Serif Text Light";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 11 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe Serif Text Semilight";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 11 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe Serif Text";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 11 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe Serif Text Semibold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 11 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe UI Light";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 2 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-469750017 -1073683329 9 0 511 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe UI Semilight";
panose-1:2 11 4 2 4 2 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-469750017 -1073683329 9 0 511 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe UI";
panose-1:2 11 6 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-469750017 -1073683329 9 0 511 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe UI Semibold";
panose-1:2 11 7 2 4 2 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-469750017 -1073683329 9 0 511 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe UI Black";
panose-1:2 11 10 2 4 2 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1073800319 33 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe UI Emoji";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 2 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 33554432 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe UI Emoji L";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 2 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 33554432 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe UI Variable Display Light";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 11 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe UI Variable Display";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 11 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe UI Variable Small Light";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 11 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe UI Variable Small";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 11 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe UI Variable Text Light";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 11 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe UI Variable Text";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 11 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Segoe Xbox Symbol";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 2 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 301989888 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Selawik Light";
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 2 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:7 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Selawik;
panose-1:2 11 5 2 4 2 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:7 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Selawik Semibold";
panose-1:2 11 7 2 4 2 4 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:7 0 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Shadows Into Light Two";
panose-1:2 0 5 6 0 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612561 1342177354 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Shonar Bangla";
panose-1:2 2 6 3 5 4 5 2 3 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:65539 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Showcard Gothic";
panose-1:4 2 9 4 2 1 2 2 6 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:decorative;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Simplified Arabic";
panose-1:2 2 6 3 5 4 5 2 3 4;
mso-font-charset:178;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:8195 -2147483648 8 0 65 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Simplified Arabic Fixed";
panose-1:2 7 3 9 2 2 5 2 4 4;
mso-font-charset:178;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:8195 0 8 0 65 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Sitka Banner";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1073750091 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Sitka Banner Semibold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1073750091 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Sitka Display";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1073750091 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Sitka Display Semibold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1073750091 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Sitka Heading";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1073750091 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Sitka Heading Semibold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1073750091 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Sitka Small";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1073750091 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Sitka Small Semibold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1073750091 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Sitka Subheading";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1073750091 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Sitka Subheading Semibold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1073750091 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Sitka Text";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1073750091 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Sitka Text Semibold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1073750091 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Skeena;
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 1 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Skeena Display";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 1 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Snap ITC";
panose-1:4 4 10 7 6 10 2 2 2 2;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:decorative;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Source Code Pro ExtraLight";
panose-1:2 11 3 9 3 4 3 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:536871671 33568771 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Source Code Pro Light";
panose-1:2 11 4 9 3 4 3 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:536871671 33568771 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Source Code Pro";
panose-1:2 11 5 9 3 4 3 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:536871671 33568771 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Source Code Pro Medium";
panose-1:2 11 5 9 3 4 3 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:536871671 33568771 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Source Code Pro Semibold";
panose-1:2 11 6 9 3 4 3 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:536871671 33568771 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Source Code Pro Black";
panose-1:2 11 8 9 3 4 3 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:536871671 33568771 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Source Sans Pro ExtraLight";
panose-1:2 11 3 3 3 4 3 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1610613495 33554433 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Source Sans Pro Light";
panose-1:2 11 4 3 3 4 3 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1610613495 33554433 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Source Sans Pro";
panose-1:2 11 5 3 3 4 3 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1610613495 33554433 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Source Sans Pro SemiBold";
panose-1:2 11 6 3 3 4 3 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1610613495 33554433 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Source Sans Pro Black";
panose-1:2 11 8 3 3 4 3 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1610613495 33554433 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Source Serif Pro ExtraLight";
panose-1:2 4 2 3 5 4 5 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536871559 33554435 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Source Serif Pro Light";
panose-1:2 4 3 3 5 4 5 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536871559 33554435 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Source Serif Pro";
panose-1:2 4 6 3 5 4 5 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536871559 33554435 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Source Serif Pro SemiBold";
panose-1:2 4 7 3 5 4 5 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536871559 33554435 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Source Serif Pro Black";
panose-1:2 4 9 3 5 4 5 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536871559 33554435 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Speak Pro Light";
panose-1:2 11 3 4 2 1 1 2 1 2;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 10 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Speak Pro";
panose-1:2 11 5 4 2 1 1 2 1 2;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 10 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Staatliches;
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612497 1073750091 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:STCaiyun;
panose-1:2 1 8 0 4 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1 953090296 22 0 262145 0;}@font-face
{font-family:STFangsong;
panose-1:2 1 6 0 4 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:647 135200768 16 0 262303 0;}@font-face
{font-family:STXihei;
panose-1:2 1 6 0 4 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:647 135200768 16 0 262303 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Suez One";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:177;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:2055 1073741824 0 0 179 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Tempus Sans ITC";
panose-1:4 2 4 4 3 0 7 2 2 2;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:decorative;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Tenorite;
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 1 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Tenorite Display";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483645 1 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"The Hand Light";
panose-1:3 7 3 2 3 5 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 10 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"The Hand";
panose-1:3 7 5 2 3 5 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 10 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"The Hand Black";
panose-1:3 7 9 2 3 5 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 10 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"The Hand Extrablack";
panose-1:3 7 10 2 3 5 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 10 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"The Serif Hand Light";
panose-1:3 7 3 2 3 5 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 10 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"The Serif Hand";
panose-1:3 7 5 2 3 5 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 10 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"The Serif Hand Black";
panose-1:3 7 9 2 3 5 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 10 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"The Serif Hand Extrablack";
panose-1:3 7 11 2 3 5 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 10 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Tisa Offc Serif Pro Thin";
panose-1:2 1 4 4 3 1 1 1 1 2;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482905 2 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Tisa Offc Serif Pro";
panose-1:2 1 5 4 3 1 1 2 1 2;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482905 2 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Titillium Web ExtraLight";
panose-1:0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:7 1 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Titillium Web Light";
panose-1:0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:7 1 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Titillium Web";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:7 1 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Titillium Web SemiBold";
panose-1:0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:7 1 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Titillium Web Black";
panose-1:0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:7 1 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Trade Gothic Inline";
panose-1:2 11 5 4 3 2 3 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 10 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Trade Gothic Next Light";
panose-1:2 11 4 3 4 3 3 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 10 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Trade Gothic Next Cond";
panose-1:2 11 5 6 4 3 3 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 10 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Trade Gothic Next";
panose-1:2 11 5 3 4 3 3 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 10 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Trade Gothic Next HvyCd";
panose-1:2 11 9 6 4 3 3 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 10 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Trade Gothic Next Heavy";
panose-1:2 11 9 3 4 3 3 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 10 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Trade Gothic Next Rounded";
panose-1:2 15 5 3 4 3 3 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 10 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Traditional Arabic";
panose-1:2 2 6 3 5 4 5 2 3 4;
mso-font-charset:178;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:8195 -2147483648 8 0 65 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Trirong Thin";
panose-1:0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Trirong ExtraLight";
panose-1:0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Trirong Light";
panose-1:0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Trirong;
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Trirong Medium";
panose-1:0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Trirong SemiBold";
panose-1:0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Trirong ExtraBold";
panose-1:0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Trirong Black";
panose-1:0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:222;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:553648135 1 0 0 65939 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Ubuntu Light";
panose-1:2 11 3 4 3 6 2 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1342185563 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Ubuntu Condensed";
panose-1:2 11 5 6 3 6 2 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1342185563 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Ubuntu;
panose-1:2 11 5 4 3 6 2 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1342185563 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Ubuntu Medium";
panose-1:2 11 6 4 3 6 2 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1342185563 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Ubuntu Mono";
panose-1:2 11 5 9 3 6 2 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1342185563 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"UD Digi Kyokasho N-B";
panose-1:2 2 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482973 717745402 16 0 131072 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"UD Digi Kyokasho N-R";
panose-1:2 2 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482973 717745402 16 0 131072 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"UD Digi Kyokasho NK-B";
panose-1:2 2 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482973 717745402 16 0 131072 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"UD Digi Kyokasho NK-R";
panose-1:2 2 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482973 717745402 16 0 131072 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"UD Digi Kyokasho NP-B";
panose-1:2 2 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482973 717745402 16 0 131072 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"UD Digi Kyokasho NP-R";
panose-1:2 2 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482973 717745402 16 0 131072 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Univers Condensed Light";
panose-1:2 11 3 6 2 2 2 4 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483001 0 0 0 15 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Univers Light";
panose-1:2 11 4 3 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483001 0 0 0 15 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Univers Condensed";
panose-1:2 11 5 6 2 2 2 5 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483001 0 0 0 15 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Univers;
panose-1:2 11 5 3 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483001 0 0 0 15 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Urdu Typesetting";
panose-1:3 2 4 2 4 4 6 3 2 3;
mso-font-charset:178;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:8195 -2147483648 8 0 65 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Utsaah;
panose-1:2 11 6 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:32771 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Vani;
panose-1:2 4 5 2 5 4 5 2 3 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:2097155 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Varela Round";
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:177;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:536872967 3 0 0 435 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Verdana Pro Cond Light";
panose-1:2 11 3 6 3 5 4 4 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483001 67 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Verdana Pro Light";
panose-1:2 11 3 4 3 5 4 4 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483001 67 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Verdana Pro Cond";
panose-1:2 11 6 6 3 5 4 4 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483001 67 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Verdana Pro";
panose-1:2 11 6 4 3 5 4 4 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483001 67 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Verdana Pro Cond Semibold";
panose-1:2 11 7 6 3 5 4 4 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483001 67 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Verdana Pro Semibold";
panose-1:2 11 7 4 3 5 4 4 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483001 67 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Verdana Pro Cond Black";
panose-1:2 11 10 6 3 5 4 4 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483001 67 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Verdana Pro Black";
panose-1:2 11 10 4 3 5 4 4 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483001 67 0 0 159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Vijaya;
panose-1:2 2 6 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1048579 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Viner Hand ITC";
panose-1:3 7 5 2 3 5 2 2 2 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Vivaldi;
panose-1:3 2 6 2 5 5 6 9 8 4;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Vladimir Script";
panose-1:3 5 4 2 4 4 7 7 3 5;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Walbaum Display Light";
panose-1:2 7 3 3 9 7 3 2 3 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 10 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Walbaum Display";
panose-1:2 7 5 3 9 7 3 2 3 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 10 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Walbaum Display SemiBold";
panose-1:2 7 7 3 9 7 3 2 3 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 10 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Walbaum Display Heavy";
panose-1:2 7 10 3 9 7 3 2 3 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 10 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Walbaum Heading";
panose-1:2 7 3 3 9 7 3 2 3 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 10 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Walbaum Text";
panose-1:2 7 5 3 8 7 3 2 3 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483601 10 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Wandohope;
panose-1:2 3 6 3 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147482897 165117179 16 0 655365 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Work Sans Thin";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 1342234747 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Work Sans ExtraLight";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 1342234747 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Work Sans Light";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 1342234747 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Work Sans";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 1342234747 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Work Sans Medium";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 1342234747 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Work Sans SemiBold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 1342234747 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Work Sans ExtraBold";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 1342234747 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Work Sans Black";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612481 1342234747 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Yesteryear;
panose-1:3 2 8 2 4 6 7 7 8 2;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:script;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612497 1073741898 0 0 147 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Times;
panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 2 0 0;
mso-font-alt:"Times New Roman";
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:TimesNewRomanPSMT;
panose-1:2 11 6 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-alt:"Times New Roman";
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:auto;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"\@DengXian";
panose-1:2 1 6 0 3 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612033 953122042 22 0 262159 0;}p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin:0in;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Bodoni 72";
mso-fareast-font-family:DengXian;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman \(Body CS\)";}p.MsoFootnoteText, li.MsoFootnoteText, div.MsoFootnoteText
{mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-link:"Footnote Text Char";
margin:0in;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Bodoni 72";
mso-fareast-font-family:DengXian;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman \(Body CS\)";}p.MsoHeader, li.MsoHeader, div.MsoHeader
{mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-link:"Header Char";
margin:0in;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
tab-stops:center 3.25in right 6.5in;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Bodoni 72";
mso-fareast-font-family:DengXian;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman \(Body CS\)";}p.MsoFooter, li.MsoFooter, div.MsoFooter
{mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-link:"Footer Char";
margin:0in;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
tab-stops:center 3.25in right 6.5in;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Bodoni 72";
mso-fareast-font-family:DengXian;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman \(Body CS\)";}p.MsoCaption, li.MsoCaption, div.MsoCaption
{mso-style-priority:35;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-next:Normal;
margin-top:0in;
margin-right:0in;
margin-bottom:10.0pt;
margin-left:0in;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:9.0pt;
font-family:"Bodoni 72";
mso-fareast-font-family:DengXian;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman \(Body CS\)";
color:#44546A;
mso-themecolor:text2;
font-style:italic;}span.MsoFootnoteReference
{mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-unhide:no;
vertical-align:super;}a:link, span.MsoHyperlink
{mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-unhide:no;
color:blue;
text-decoration:underline;
text-underline:single;}a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed
{mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
color:#954F72;
mso-themecolor:followedhyperlink;
text-decoration:underline;
text-underline:single;}strong
{mso-style-priority:22;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";}p
{margin:0in;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:DengXian;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;}span.FootnoteTextChar
{mso-style-name:"Footnote Text Char";
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-locked:yes;
mso-style-link:"Footnote Text";
mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
mso-font-kerning:0pt;
mso-ligatures:none;}span.HeaderChar
{mso-style-name:"Header Char";
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-locked:yes;
mso-style-link:Header;
mso-font-kerning:0pt;
mso-ligatures:none;}span.FooterChar
{mso-style-name:"Footer Char";
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-locked:yes;
mso-style-link:Footer;
mso-font-kerning:0pt;
mso-ligatures:none;}span.msoIns
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-style-name:"";
text-decoration:underline;
text-underline:single;
color:teal;}span.msoDel
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-style-name:"";
text-decoration:line-through;
color:red;}.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
mso-ascii-font-family:"Bodoni 72";
mso-fareast-font-family:DengXian;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-font-family:"Bodoni 72";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman \(Body CS\)";}div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}ol
{margin-bottom:0in;}ul
{margin-bottom:0in;}</style></p>Larry Catá Backerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06545101367530775497noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-24800874.post-27285970957542474022024-03-14T20:01:00.002-04:002024-03-14T20:05:56.870-04:00Congressional-Executive Commission on China (CECC): "Stopping the Crime of Organ Harvesting—What More Must Be Done?"<p> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_2kL2HjH1jAA9GtOXJCleI7Y-XPDiz61uAXw3X3rdkPXyyIYA18qirzZFgW9wThpTWB0W8JAwC1Tb-c57uyCkYQouamjM4mxqqsOyejGfsaeWd5_gIQdm5USJbd2zJHa2nDOMsiAwXrh3RTYYcjgy48y6cf20mZOCUvn6hTuHfNgiVXLqqQ2A7g/s728/Screenshot%202024-03-14%20at%208.05.16%E2%80%AFPM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="503" data-original-width="728" height="442" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_2kL2HjH1jAA9GtOXJCleI7Y-XPDiz61uAXw3X3rdkPXyyIYA18qirzZFgW9wThpTWB0W8JAwC1Tb-c57uyCkYQouamjM4mxqqsOyejGfsaeWd5_gIQdm5USJbd2zJHa2nDOMsiAwXrh3RTYYcjgy48y6cf20mZOCUvn6hTuHfNgiVXLqqQ2A7g/w640-h442/Screenshot%202024-03-14%20at%208.05.16%E2%80%AFPM.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Pix credit <a href="https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202312/1303701.shtml" target="_blank">here</a><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /></p><p> The <a href="http://www.cecc.gov/">Congressional-Executive Commission on China</a> was created by the U.S. Congress in 2000 "with the <a href="http://www.cecc.gov/about/legislative-mandate">legislative mandate</a> to monitor human rights and the development of the rule of law in China, and to submit an <a href="http://www.cecc.gov/publications/annual-reports">annual report</a>
to the President and the Congress. The Commission consists of nine
Senators, nine Members of the House of Representatives, and five senior
Administration officials appointed by the President." (<a href="http://www.cecc.gov/about">CECC About</a>).
It tends to serve as an excellent barometer of the thinking of
political and academic elite sin the United States about issues touching
on China and the official American line developed in connection with
those issues. As such it is an important source of information about
the way official and academic sectors think about China. The CECC FAQs
provide useful information about the CECC. See CECC <a href="http://www.cecc.gov/about/frequently-asked-questions" title="Learn more about the Commission’s work, our legislative mandate, and the Political Prisoner Database.">Frequently Asked Questions</a>. They have developed positions on a number of issues:<span class="views-field views-field-field-thumbnail-image"> </span> <a href="http://www.cecc.gov/issues/access-to-justice">Access to Justice</a>; <a href="http://www.cecc.gov/issues/civil-society">Civil Society;</a> <a href="http://www.cecc.gov/issues/commercial-rule-of-law">Commercial Rule of Law;</a><a href="http://www.cecc.gov/issues/criminal-justice"> Criminal Justice</a>; <a href="http://www.cecc.gov/issues/developments-in-hong-kong-and-macau">Developments in Hong Kong and Macau</a> ; <a href="http://www.cecc.gov/issues/the-environment">The Environment</a> ; <a href="http://www.cecc.gov/issues/ethnic-minority-rights">Ethnic Minority Rights;</a> <a href="http://www.cecc.gov/issues/freedom-of-expression">Freedom of Expression</a>; <a href="http://www.cecc.gov/issues/freedom-of-religion">Freedom of Religion</a> ; <a href="http://www.cecc.gov/issues/freedom-of-residence-and-movement">Freedom of Residence and Movement</a> ; <a href="http://www.cecc.gov/issues/human-trafficking">Human Trafficking</a> ; <a href="http://www.cecc.gov/issues/institutions-of-democratic-governance">Institutions of Democratic Governance</a> ; <a href="http://www.cecc.gov/issues/north-korean-refugees-in-china">North Korean Refugees in China; </a> <a href="http://www.cecc.gov/issues/population-planning">Population Planning</a> ; <a href="http://www.cecc.gov/issues/public-health">Public Health</a> ; <a href="http://www.cecc.gov/issues/status-of-women">Status of Women</a> ; <a href="http://www.cecc.gov/issues/tibet">Tibet</a> ; <a href="http://www.cecc.gov/issues/worker-rights">Worker Rights</a> ; and <a href="http://www.cecc.gov/issues/xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>. As one can imagine many of the positions of the CECC are critical of current Chnese policies and institutions. </p><p>CECC has turned its attention again to organ harvesting and the human rights implications of current programs in China. The issue has been a focus of political bodies in the US and elsewhere; e.g. <a href="https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2021/06/china-un-human-rights-experts-alarmed-organ-harvesting-allegations" target="_blank">here</a>, <a href="https://steel.house.gov/media/in-the-news/republicans-blinken-act-against-chinas-organ-harvesting" target="_blank">here</a>, and Chinese reporting <a href="https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202312/1303701.shtml" target="_blank">here</a>). In a Press Release it announced a hearing to give fresh attention to the issue: <br /></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in; orphans: auto; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt;"></span></b></p><blockquote><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in; orphans: auto; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="https://www.cecc.gov/events/hearings/stopping-the-crime-of-organ-harvesting%E2%80%94what-more-must-be-done" target="_blank">Stopping the Crime of Organ Harvesting—What More Must Be Done?</a></span></b></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in; orphans: auto; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></b></p><p align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in; orphans: auto; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt;">Wednesday, March 20, 2024</span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in; orphans: auto; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt;">1334 Longworth House Office Building</span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in; orphans: auto; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt;">10 am-12 pm</span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">The issue of the systematic, widespread, and nonconsensual removal of human organs for transplantation, or “organ harvesting,” in the People’s Republic of China (PRC or China) is a global concern that has grown since the publication of the final judgment of the Independent Tribunal into Forced Organ Harvesting from Prisoners of Conscience in China in 2020.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35377533/" style="color: #467886; text-decoration: underline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Medical journals</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="https://www.nycbar.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/20221145-OrganHarvestingEthics.pdf" style="color: #467886; text-decoration: underline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">bar associations</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="https://globalrightscompliance.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Legal-Advisory-Report-Do-No-Harm-April-2022.pdf" style="color: #467886; text-decoration: underline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">human rights groups</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2021/06/china-un-human-rights-experts-alarmed-organ-harvesting-allegations" style="color: #467886; text-decoration: underline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">United Nations Special Rapporteurs</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">, and<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="https://legiscan.com/TX/bill/SB1040/2023." style="color: #467886; text-decoration: underline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">U.S. state legislatures</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>are all grappling more robustly<i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></i>with the legal, ethical, and human rights issues associated with organ harvesting.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">The concerns of Members of Congress about the harvesting of organs from ethnic and religious minorities in the PRC prompted a bipartisan coalition to introduce the<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/house-bill/1154/text" style="color: #467886; text-decoration: underline;">Stop Forced Organ Harvesting Act of 2023</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>in the House and Senate. That bill passed the House on March 27, 2023 and awaits Senate action.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">This hearing will evaluate the evidence of organ harvesting from formerly detained Uyghurs, Falun Gong practitioners, and political prisoners; assess the PRC’s denials that it is complicit in transplant abuse and its assertion that the PRC has stopped sourcing organs from executed prisoners and look more broadly at how the scientific and medical research communities are addressing the amassed information about organ harvesting. The hearing will also look at the Texas law prohibiting health coverage for organ transplants performed in, or using organs from, China or other countries engaged in organ harvesting. Witnesses will provide recommendations for addressing organ harvesting, the complicity of U.S. corporations in the PRC’s transplant abuses, and the issue of “organ tourism,” which often fuels transplant abuse. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">The hearing will be livestreamed on the CECC's YouTube channel.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Witnesses:</span></u></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Ethan Gutmann</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">: China Studies Research Fellow, Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation, and author of ‘‘The Slaughter.’’</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Matthew Robertson</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">: Doctoral candidate, Australian National University (Canberra) and co-author, “Execution by Organ Procurement: Breaching the Dead Donor Rule in China,” American Journal of Transplantation.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Maya Mitalipova</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">, Ph.D.: Director of the Human Stem Cell Laboratory at the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, MIT. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Tom Oliverson</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">, M.D.: Texas State Representative, Chair of the Insurance Committee, Texas House of Representatives.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></i></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Additional witnesses may be added</span></i></b></p></blockquote><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></i></b></p>Larry Catá Backerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06545101367530775497noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-24800874.post-54454498604853064532024-03-14T16:45:00.000-04:002024-03-14T16:45:00.808-04:00The Church in War: George Weigel: "Pope Francis Waves a White Flag at Valdimir Putin" and the Battle for the Just War Doctrine<p> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4KtGNtwkUkal4Im2aNAM9Ox-d-H7Ijfun8U5EKWPu-TFbRCxag526hLRXipSPEHGfYSesZj1j9X2osQptbywYv6zydLf57g_TJd3V3Riy1JBtRRMh-oBI0J1UjsKPnwTgTqSQ-QAXiZzmhHzd_3YKv8dL61Id-ShWcqmFPw_7EOf39_NxkNByNA/s634/Screenshot%202024-03-14%20at%203.34.50%E2%80%AFPM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="456" data-original-width="634" height="460" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4KtGNtwkUkal4Im2aNAM9Ox-d-H7Ijfun8U5EKWPu-TFbRCxag526hLRXipSPEHGfYSesZj1j9X2osQptbywYv6zydLf57g_TJd3V3Riy1JBtRRMh-oBI0J1UjsKPnwTgTqSQ-QAXiZzmhHzd_3YKv8dL61Id-ShWcqmFPw_7EOf39_NxkNByNA/w640-h460/Screenshot%202024-03-14%20at%203.34.50%E2%80%AFPM.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Pix credit Wall Street Journal <a href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/pope-francis-waves-a-white-flag-at-vladimir-putin-ukraine-war-catholicism-cf888fcf" target="_blank">here</a><br /></td></tr></tbody></table></p><p>After a dress rehearsal in the 1990s, one which gave Europe and its North America friends a measure of what proved to be false hope in its withering away in the way that early Marxist thought the state might wither, war has again come to Europe. The Russian invasion of Ukraine has altered the landscapes of war in Europe--and elsewhere. One speaks not only of the physically battles among armies, nor of the advanced generation warfare that are directed toward the destabilization of liberal democracy (on one side) and the economic viability and its collective will to fight of the invading State through sanctions (on the other). One speaks of that more abstract war over the conception of war itself.</p><p>There are many elements and perspectives to this war on war. Post 1945 internationalists continue to work diligently to develop an ecology of legality that, when broadly and liberally enforced, could effectively make virtually all acts of war illegal--whether in the form of physical combat or any aggressive action with negative impacts on the population of a target State (or other enemy). There are others who see in combat the mechanics of risk--where the aversion to the list of human suffering, including the loss of life, approaches the absolute, they might adopt as a paramount value the principle of prevent, mitigate and then remedy adverse impacts. Prevention may require the state eventually projected to lose o to suffer more, to sue for peace on whatever terms might maximize the minimization of adverse negative effects on human persons, their collectives, their goods and possessions. There are those who see in war, in virtually every aspect, as a contextually based obligation where it serves higher values and prevents the perpetuation of values and actions deemed morally repugnant. Among these are responses to aggression, or to other projections of power that do harm as that is measured against a complex set of normative premises.</p><p>In both the Russo-Russian War, and in the Israel Palestine wars, these conceptual battlegrounds have served to shape the theoretical foundations of what eventually emerges as public policy--not so much within the institutional collectives of the combatants, but among their friends, allies and enemies. Te idea is that where friends, especially, fear that a state combatant cannot win (in the long or medium run certainly), then they serve their friends best by pressuring them to accommodate moral negative in order to save whatever they can for as long as they can (for a taste: Israel-Palestine see <a href="https://www.thenation.com/article/world/biden-israel-september-11-mistakes/" target="_blank">here</a>, <a href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/victory-seems-not-to-be-an-option-for-biden-ukraine-putin-china-israel-960690f7" target="_blank">here</a>; for Ukraine <a href="https://www.newsweek.com/lets-capitalize-russian-willingness-negotiate-opinion-1872194" target="_blank">here</a> and <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/essay/the-case-for-negotiating-with-russia" target="_blank">here</a>). </p><p>Now that war has come to the heart of the Catholic Church. It exploded in the aftermath of the publication of segments of an interview with Pope Francis.</p><p></p><blockquote>On March 9, Radio Télévision Suisse published segments from an upcoming feature interview with the pope in which he discussed a range of issues. In one previewed sectioned, Francis was asked about global conflicts and his hopes for peace. “I believe that the stronger one is the one who sees the situation, who thinks of the people, who has the courage of the white flag, to negotiate,” the pope responded. “Today, for example, in the war in Ukraine, there are many that want to be mediators, no? Turkey for example. Do not be ashamed to negotiate before things get worse,” Francis said. (<i><a href="https://www.pillarcatholic.com/p/pope-francis-white-flag-comments" target="_blank">Pope Francis’ ‘white flag’ comments echo ‘Kremlin propagandists’ say Ukrainian Catholics</a></i>)<br /></blockquote><p></p><p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMiUDyFh_gw1ysuoQZp7vdv9w8B0uINCb5HDW58VE24wlIGCW7iAotyDssO8ol5eZv7ibW_C3k3EWDq8Mp0Ku50SwCpfsC8VU_-qWmwNRwNC33sksorpYHo-5H6Ax7qZD2SsRlOju5MuZVx2Nn74XhvMrnx-K2t0FZV6fpHaivyMygpP-NAmYAQw/s299/Screenshot%202024-03-14%20at%204.43.16%E2%80%AFPM.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="299" data-original-width="224" height="299" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMiUDyFh_gw1ysuoQZp7vdv9w8B0uINCb5HDW58VE24wlIGCW7iAotyDssO8ol5eZv7ibW_C3k3EWDq8Mp0Ku50SwCpfsC8VU_-qWmwNRwNC33sksorpYHo-5H6Ax7qZD2SsRlOju5MuZVx2Nn74XhvMrnx-K2t0FZV6fpHaivyMygpP-NAmYAQw/s1600/Screenshot%202024-03-14%20at%204.43.16%E2%80%AFPM.png" width="224" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Georege Weigel pix credit <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Weigel" target="_blank">here</a></span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table>The global press organs and social media, of course, pounced on this, and the Vatican sought to reframe the message (see <a href="https://www.usccb.org/news/2024/vaticans-top-diplomat-says-russia-and-ukraine-must-negotiate" target="_blank">here</a>). Most of the commentary ranged from the informative to the regrettable. But underlying all this fuss is a much larger and deeper one--the long simmering battle over the Church's moral and theological position respecting just war e.g., Catechism of the Catholic Church, Part 3, Section 2, <a href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P81.HTM" target="_blank">Art. 5 (the Fifth Commandment), §§2307-2317</a>. It was perhaps not surprising that George Weigel, described by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Weigel" target="_blank">Wikepedia</a> as "<span>an American Catholic neoconservative author, political analyst, and social activist" and described in his <a href="https://www.georgeweigel.com/" target="_blank">own website</a> as "</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">Distinguished Senior Fellow of
Washington’s Ethics and Public Policy Center, George Weigel is a
Catholic theologian and one of America’s leading public intellectuals.
He holds EPPC’s William E. Simon Chair in Catholic Studies" found himself penning a quite strongly worded opinion piece that appeared in the <i>Wall Street Journal</i>: "<a href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/pope-francis-waves-a-white-flag-at-vladimir-putin-ukraine-war-catholicism-cf888fcf" target="_blank">Pope Francis Waves a White Flag at Valdimir Putin.</a>"It is worth a careful read. Whether or not one agrees with the substance of the strong critique of the Pontiff's remarks, he provides, quite succinctly, a window onto one of the more profound "conversations"wending its ways through the institutional organs of the Vatican. It forms part of a larger conversation in liberal democracies, as suggested above. And more importantly, for the Catholic Church at least, points to the riffs that will mark the inevitable conclaves yet to come. The text of the esay may be accessed <a href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/pope-francis-waves-a-white-flag-at-vladimir-putin-ukraine-war-catholicism-cf888fcf" target="_blank">HERE</a> where it first appeared and follows below. </span><span> </span></p><p><br /></p><span><a name='more'></a></span><div class="crawler css-1skj0ht-Box e1vnmyci0"><div class="css-bsrkcm-Box e1vnmyci0"><h1 class="css-1hch5ce-StyledHeadline e1ipbpvp0"><a href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/pope-francis-waves-a-white-flag-at-vladimir-putin-ukraine-war-catholicism-cf888fcf" target="_blank"></a></h1></div></div><blockquote><div class="crawler css-1skj0ht-Box e1vnmyci0"><div class="css-bsrkcm-Box e1vnmyci0"><h1 class="css-1hch5ce-StyledHeadline e1ipbpvp0"><a href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/pope-francis-waves-a-white-flag-at-vladimir-putin-ukraine-war-catholicism-cf888fcf" target="_blank">Pope Francis Waves a White Flag at Vladimir Putin</a></h1></div><h2 class="css-jiugt2-Dek-Dek e1jnru6p0">In urging the victim to yield to the aggressor, he repudiates centuries of Catholic teaching.</h2></div><article class="css-zvs51b e1wkb4h44"><div id="cx-articlecover"></div><div class="crawler css-j6808u e1noyqgz8"><div class="eui4bu21 css-hb9xd5"><hr aria-hidden="true" class="css-5t4n5h" data-testid="divider" /><div class="eh42cdm5 css-4nm965-AuthoringContainer"><div class="css-1th2wme"><div class="eh42cdm4 css-5h3nb1-AuthoringContent"><div class="css-1mfi1zu"><div class="css-11k10ko"><div class="epvx9354 css-86mgxl-BylineContainer"> <p class="epvx9352 css-1s90smj-AuthorPlaintext">By </p><p class="epvx9352 css-1s90smj-AuthorPlaintext">George Weigel</p></div></div></div><div class="css-11paagg"><div class="css-nr8oy5"><p class="es486sg0 css-1klckc5-TimeTag">March 13, 2024 2:42 pm ET</p></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></article><div class="css-14d3nxm" data-large="true"><div class="e7k3gby1 css-ualp48-DividerContainer" role="separator"><hr aria-hidden="true" class="e7k3gby0 css-oad01l-StyledDivider" data-testid="divider" /></div></div><div class="e7k3gby1 css-ualp48-DividerContainer" role="separator"><hr aria-hidden="true" class="e7k3gby0 css-oad01l-StyledDivider" data-testid="divider" /></div><div class="css-jbvua0"></div><div class="css-2e5lv5"><div class="css-13byt3y"></div></div><section class="ef4qpkp0 css-y2scx8-Container e1noyqgz20"><div class="media-layout css-13plya0-Layout-baseCss ertdlv30" data-inset_type="" data-layout="inline" data-sub_type="" data-type="image"><figure class="css-x5rdl7-Figure ebruzsj0"><picture class="css-l4lngz"></picture></figure><figcaption class="eihhvrm0 css-149553h-FigcaptionDefault-FigcaptionItem eihhvrm1"><span class="e1m33gv80 css-426zcb-CaptionSpan e1m33gv81">Pope Francis in St. Peter's Square at the Vatican, March 6. </span> <span class="css-7jz429-Credit eq0esvu0"><span>Photo: </span>Evandro Inetti/Zuma Press</span></figcaption></div><p class="css-k3zb6l-Paragraph e1e4oisd0" data-type="paragraph">The
leaders of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church visited Washington this
month to make the case for continued U.S. aid to their beleaguered but
unbroken country. The bishops used rational arguments for national
self-defense that drew on just-war theory, the ancient tradition of
Christian moral realism that first took systematic form with St.
Augustine in the fifth century. Major-Archbishop Sviatoslav Shevchuk of
Kyiv-Halyč and Archbishop Borys Gudziak—the head of the Ukrainian church
and its senior U.S. prelate, respectively—also explained why Russia’s
defeat in Ukraine is essential to peace in Europe and vital to the
American interest.</p><p class="css-k3zb6l-Paragraph e1e4oisd0" data-type="paragraph">Shortly after these serious adult conversations took place, Pope Francis
erupted in another off-the-cuff interview, instructing Ukraine to have
the “courage” to seize the “white flag” and negotiate with Russia: “When
you see that you are defeated, that things are not going well, you have
to have the courage to negotiate.”</p><div class="paywall css-1u1nl00-PaywalledContentContainer e1qcjy9n0"><p class="css-k3zb6l-Paragraph e1e4oisd0" data-type="paragraph">In
the interview, there was evidently no papal call to Russia to cease its
aggression, which has cost tens of thousands of Ukrainian lives and
done a trillion dollars worth of damage. There was no papal demand that
Catholics be allowed to worship freely in Russian-occupied Ukrainian
territories, where Catholic rites are now banned. There was no papal
insistence that Russia release the tens of thousands of kidnapped
Ukrainian children who are being “re-educated.” There was no papal
condemnation of Russian war crimes in Bucha, Irpin, Mariupol and
elsewhere. Nor did the pope denounce the Russian Orthodox Church’s
relentless campaign of disinformation in support of <a class="css-1h1us5y-StyledLink el06won0" data-type="phrase" href="https://www.wsj.com/topics/person/vladimir-putin">Vladimir Putin</a>’s war.</p><p class="css-k3zb6l-Paragraph e1e4oisd0" data-type="paragraph">Pope Francis seemed wholly unaware of the carefully reasoned, just-war-informed <a class="css-1h1us5y-StyledLink el06won0" data-type="link" href="https://ugcc.ua/en/data/rescue-the-oppressed-from-the-hand-of-the-oppressor-jer-223-the-message-of-the-of-the-synod-of-bishops-of-the-ugcc-in-ukraine-on-war-and-just-peace-in-the-context-of-new-ideologies-944/" rel="" target="_blank">statement</a>
the Ukrainian episcopate had issued a few days before the second
anniversary of Russia’s invasion, in which the bishops summoned their
people to continued sacrifice in defense of their freedom and
sovereignty. The bishops also noted that Russia’s violation of the 1994
Budapest Memorandum the Kremlin had signed—in which Ukraine surrendered
its nuclear weapons in exchange for guarantees of its territorial
integrity—made any thought of “negotiations” with Mr. Putin’s regime
risible. By contrast, the pope seemed to place the entire burden of
finding a path to peace on the victim, not the aggressor. </p><p class="css-k3zb6l-Paragraph e1e4oisd0" data-type="paragraph">Moral
myopia of such severity should be beneath the dignity of the papacy.
Yet the fecklessness Pope Francis urged on Ukraine is of a piece with
his own practice of raising white flags when dealing with thuggish
regimes. That weakness is most prominently embodied in the pope’s
dealings with Mr. Putin’s “dear friend,” Xi Jinping. Thanks to the
Vatican’s 2018 deal with Beijing and its subsequent extensions, the
Communist Party exercises de facto control over the appointment of
Catholic bishops in China.</p><p class="css-k3zb6l-Paragraph e1e4oisd0" data-type="paragraph">Throughout
Francis’ pontificate, Catholic progressives have lobbied for a papal
repudiation of the just-war tradition as the normative Catholic method
of moral analysis in facing the ethical challenges of international
politics. Such a repudiation is impossible. The just-war tradition is so
deeply rooted in both reason and revelation that a flat-out rejection
of it would be akin to heresy. </p><p class="css-k3zb6l-Paragraph e1e4oisd0" data-type="paragraph">To
be sure, the tradition requires development to deal with new weapons
technologies—including drone warfare—cyberwar, terrorism and nonstate
aggressors. Unfortunately, the Vatican has been lax in facilitating the
development of moral reasoning about the legitimate use of force,
preferring to engage in “dialogue” with those calling for the sections
on just war to be eliminated from the Catechism of the Catholic Church. A
string of papal malapropisms in the past decade has also made it less
likely that statesmen will look to the Vatican for guidance in
navigating the wilderness of mirrors that is the new world disorder.</p><p class="css-k3zb6l-Paragraph e1e4oisd0" data-type="paragraph">Francis’s
pontificate parallels the deterioration of moral reasoning about world
politics throughout the leadership of mainline Protestant denominations.
A year before the 80th anniversary of the martyrdom of Dietrich Bonhoeffer,
judicially murdered for resisting the Nazis’ perpetration and conduct
of World War II, Christian leaders throughout the West wallow in a
gelatinous liberal internationalism: unable to recognize the imperative
of militarily deterring aggressive regimes, bewitched by the notion that
weapons cause wars, incapable of grasping that totalitarians advance
with genocidal purpose.</p><p class="css-k3zb6l-Paragraph e1e4oisd0" data-type="paragraph">The
Ukrainian Greek Catholic bishops are an exception. They stood in a line
of theological continuity with St. Augustine, St. Aquinas, Bonhoeffer
and other Christian realists when, in a <a class="css-1h1us5y-StyledLink el06won0" data-type="link" href="https://ugcc.ua/en/data/statement-of-the-permanent-synod-of-the-ugcc-in-light-of-the-interview-of-pope-francis-conducted-by-radio-tlvision-suisse-955/#:~:text=Notwithstanding the suggestions for need,and God-given human dignity" rel="" target="_blank">March 10 response</a> to the papal call to raise the white flag, they declared that “Ukrainians cannot surrender because surrender means death.”</p><p class="css-k3zb6l-Paragraph e1e4oisd0" data-type="paragraph">“Ukrainians
will continue to defend themselves,” they wrote, because “recent
history has demonstrated that with Putin there will be no true
negotiations.” Any agreement with a dictator who has denied Ukraine’s
nationhood wouldn’t be “worth the paper on which it is written.”
Russia’s goal, as Mr. Putin has stated, is the eradication of Ukraine.
Ukraine’s aim, the bishops declared, is the defense of “freedom and
dignity to achieve a peace that is just.”</p><p class="css-k3zb6l-Paragraph e1e4oisd0" data-type="paragraph">That
is the appropriate Christian moral response to lethal aggression.
Waving the white flag in the face of evil not only begets more evil; it
betrays a millennium and a half of Christian tradition in the process. </p><p class="css-k3zb6l-Paragraph e1e4oisd0" data-type="paragraph"><em class="css-i6hrxa-Italic e1ofiv6m0" data-type="emphasis">Mr.
Weigel is a distinguished senior fellow of the Ethics and Public Policy
Center and author, most recently, of “To Sanctify the World: The Vital
Legacy of Vatican II.”</em></p></div></section><p></p><p> </p></blockquote><p></p>Larry Catá Backerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06545101367530775497noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-24800874.post-81604689052186921492024-03-14T13:43:00.008-04:002024-03-14T16:46:29.340-04:00The Control of the Self and the Autonomous Virtual Collective Self: EU Parliament Approves Artificial Intelligence Act (With Links to High Level Summary)<p> </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUhD3Ucwg6b7MRtOQpZDtvTw9eIjem0rk6ahlvpeaVDugrBHh7TgCr2fIdPiLmve3nN6TY_e0THHtimfjnJLY2-RI2srsK-hXz_nqxYRHp21QY4t8ySUc2-Z4_AhzGqE3ISJJ1KFsOv4jwAeEAfff1OiP5OocjYbwD8RB1kW-76OAwHZn7HcvRlw/s559/Screenshot%202024-03-14%20at%201.31.46%E2%80%AFPM.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="411" data-original-width="559" height="470" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUhD3Ucwg6b7MRtOQpZDtvTw9eIjem0rk6ahlvpeaVDugrBHh7TgCr2fIdPiLmve3nN6TY_e0THHtimfjnJLY2-RI2srsK-hXz_nqxYRHp21QY4t8ySUc2-Z4_AhzGqE3ISJJ1KFsOv4jwAeEAfff1OiP5OocjYbwD8RB1kW-76OAwHZn7HcvRlw/w640-h470/Screenshot%202024-03-14%20at%201.31.46%E2%80%AFPM.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Pix Credit <a href="https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/press-room/20240308IPR19015/artificial-intelligence-act-meps-adopt-landmark-law" target="_blank">EU Parliament Press Release</a><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p>The European Union Parliament issued its <a href="https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/press-room/20240308IPR19015/artificial-intelligence-act-meps-adopt-landmark-law" target="_blank">Press Release</a> on the adoption of the Artificial Intelligence Act:<br /></p><blockquote>On Wednesday, Parliament approved the Artificial Intelligence Act that ensures safety and compliance with fundamental rights, while boosting innovation. The regulation, <a href="https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/press-room/20231206IPR15699/artificial-intelligence-act-deal-on-comprehensive-rules-for-trustworthy-ai">agreed in negotiations with member states in December</a> 2023, was endorsed by MEPs with 523 votes in favour, 46 against and 49 abstentions. It aims to protect fundamental rights, democracy, the rule of law and environmental sustainability from high-risk AI, while boosting innovation and establishing Europe as a leader in the field. The regulation establishes obligations for AI based on its potential risks and level of impact.</blockquote><p>The AI Act is a monument to efforts to control the collective self by imposing controls on their interactions with their virtual collective selves, while creating a "safe space" for the exploitation of autonomous virtual and generative intelligence. The AI Act defines AI systems as </p><p></p><blockquote>a machine-based system designed to operate with varying levels of
autonomy and that may exhibit adaptiveness after deployment and that,
for explicit or implicit objectives, infers, from the input it receives,
how to generate outputs such as predictions, content, recommendations,
or decisions that can influence physical or virtual environments. (AI Act Art. 3(1)).</blockquote>It is built around the establishment of obligations for a series of classes of users: providers, deployers, importers, distributors and product manufacturers. <p></p><p>Taken as a whole, the AI Act provides a useful experiment in the legalization of self control in the way in which physical and virtual intelligence interact, the premises of exploitation, and the protection of human producers and consumers of data, including themselves, within a more tightly managed ecology of generative, descriptive and predictive intelligence. It thus creates a space of incentivized behaviors around the construction and utilization of certain autonomous and big data coded programs (General-Purpose AI Models (Art. 52 et seq.), with a regulatory focus on so-called "High-Risk AI Systems" (Art. 6 et seq.).</p><p>The European Commission described its arc of regulation this way:<br /></p><blockquote>The AI Act aims to provide AI developers and deployers with clear requirements and obligations regarding specific uses of AI. At the same time, the regulation seeks to reduce administrative and financial burdens for business, in particular small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). The AI Act is part of a wider package of policy measures to support the development of trustworthy AI, which also includes the <a href="https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_24_383">AI Innovation Package</a> and the <a href="https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/plan-ai">Coordinated Plan on AI</a>. Together, these measures will guarantee the safety and fundamental rights of people and businesses when it comes to AI. They will also strengthen uptake, investment and innovation in AI across the EU. The AI Act is the first-ever comprehensive legal framework on AI worldwide. The aim of the new rules is to foster trustworthy AI in Europe and beyond, by ensuring that AI systems respect fundamental rights, safety, and ethical principles and by addressing risks of very powerful and impactful AI models. (<i><a href="https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/regulatory-framework-ai" target="_blank">Shaping Europe’s digital future</a></i>)</blockquote><p></p><p>And it suggests that AI's forbidden territories will be suppressed--to the extent that is possible (EU AI Act Rt. 5). Whether it is possible and whether the law is well targeted remains to be seen (discussed <a href="https://lcbackerblog.blogspot.com/2024/02/just-published-soulful-machine-virtual.html" target="_blank">here</a>). But the experiment is worth the effort. <br /></p><p></p><p>A "<a href="https://artificialintelligenceact.eu/high-level-summary/" target="_blank">High Level Summary</a>" of the AI Act follows along with the text of the EU Parliament Press Release. <br /></p><p><span></span></p><a name='more'></a><p> </p><div class="et_pb_section et_pb_section_0_tb_body et_section_regular">
<div class="et_pb_row et_pb_row_0_tb_body">
<div class="et_pb_column et_pb_column_4_4 et_pb_column_0_tb_body et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child">
<div class="et_pb_module et_pb_post_title et_pb_post_title_0_tb_body et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_text_align_left">
<div class="et_pb_title_container">
<h1 class="entry-title" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://artificialintelligenceact.eu/high-level-summary/" target="_blank">High-level summary of the AI Act</a></h1><p class="et_pb_title_meta_container"><span class="published">27 Feb, 2024</span></p>
</div>
<div class="et_pb_title_featured_container"><span class="et_pb_image_wrap"></span></div>
</div><div class="et_pb_module et_pb_post_content et_pb_post_content_0_tb_body">
<p>In this article we provide you with a high-level summary of the AI
Act, selecting the parts which are most likely to be relevant to you
regardless of who you are. We provide links to the original document
where relevant so that you can always reference the Act text.</p>
<p><i>To explore the full text of the AI Act yourself, use our <a data-id="2488" data-type="page" href="https://artificialintelligenceact.eu/ai-act-explorer/">AI Act Explorer</a>. Alternatively, if you want to know which parts of the text are most relevant to you, use our <a data-id="2154" data-type="page" href="https://artificialintelligenceact.eu/assessment/eu-ai-act-compliance-checker/">Compliance Checker</a>.</i></p>
<p><a data-id="https://artificialintelligenceact.eu/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/AI-Act-Overview_24-01-2024.pdf" data-type="link" href="https://artificialintelligenceact.eu/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/AI-Act-Overview_24-01-2024.pdf">View as PDF</a></p>
<div class="wp-block-group has-background is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained" style="background-color: #ecf0f3;">
<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Four-point summary</h3>
<p><b>The AI Act classifies AI according to its risk:</b></p>
<ul><li>Unacceptable risk is prohibited (e.g. social scoring systems and manipulative AI).</li><li>Most of the text addresses high-risk AI systems, which are regulated.</li><li>A smaller section handles limited risk AI systems, subject to
lighter transparency obligations: developers and deployers must ensure
that end-users are aware that they are interacting with AI (chatbots and
deepfakes).</li><li>Minimal risk is unregulated (including the majority of AI
applications currently available on the EU single market, such as AI
enabled video games and spam filters – at least in 2021; this is
changing with generative AI).</li></ul>
<p><b>The majority of obligations fall on providers (developers) of high-risk AI systems.</b></p>
<ul><li>Those that intend to place on the market or put into service
high-risk AI systems in the EU, regardless of whether they are based in
the EU or a third country.</li><li>And also third country providers where the high risk AI system’s output is used in the EU.</li></ul>
<p><b>Users are natural or legal persons that deploy an AI system in a professional capacity</b>, not affected end-users.</p>
<ul><li>Users (deployers) of high-risk AI systems have some obligations, though less than providers (developers).</li><li>This applies to users located in the EU, and third country users where the AI system’s output is used in the EU.</li></ul>
<p><b>General purpose AI (GPAI):</b></p>
<ul><li>All GPAI model providers must provide technical documentation,
instructions for use, comply with the Copyright Directive, and publish a
summary about the content used for training.</li><li>Free and open licence GPAI model providers only need to comply with
copyright and publish the training data summary, unless they present a
systemic risk.</li><li>All providers of GPAI models that present a systemic risk – open or
closed – must also conduct model evaluations, adversarial testing, track
and report serious incidents and ensure cybersecurity protections.</li></ul>
</div>
<div aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer" style="height: 30px;"></div>
<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Prohibited AI systems (<a data-id="2745" data-type="aia-title" href="https://artificialintelligenceact.eu/aia-title/2/">Title II</a>, <a data-id="2960" data-type="article" href="https://artificialintelligenceact.eu/article/5/">Art. 5</a>)</h3>
<p>The following types of AI system are ‘Prohibited’ according to the AI Act.</p>
<p>AI systems:</p>
<ul><li>deploying <b>subliminal, manipulative, or deceptive techniques</b> to distort behaviour and impair informed decision-making, causing significant harm.</li><li><b>exploiting vulnerabilities</b> related to age, disability, or socio-economic circumstances to distort behaviour, causing significant harm.</li><li><b>biometric categorisation systems</b> inferring
sensitive attributes (race, political opinions, trade union membership,
religious or philosophical beliefs, sex life, or sexual orientation),
except labelling or filtering of lawfully acquired biometric datasets or
when law enforcement categorises biometric data.</li><li><b>social scoring</b>, i.e., evaluating or classifying
individuals or groups based on social behaviour or personal traits,
causing detrimental or unfavourable treatment of those people.</li><li><b>assessing the risk of an individual committing criminal offenses</b>
solely based on profiling or personality traits, except when used to
augment human assessments based on objective, verifiable facts directly
linked to criminal activity.</li><li><b>compiling facial recognition databases</b> by untargeted scraping of facial images from the internet or CCTV footage.</li><li><b>inferring emotions in workplaces or educational institutions</b>, except for medical or safety reasons.</li><li><b>‘real-time’ remote biometric identification (RBI) in publicly accessible spaces for law enforcement</b>, except when:
<ul><li>searching for missing persons, abduction victims, and people who have been human trafficked or sexually exploited;</li><li>preventing substantial and imminent threat to life, or foreseeable terrorist attack; or</li><li>identifying suspects in serious crimes (e.g., murder, rape, armed
robbery, narcotic and illegal weapons trafficking, organised crime, and
environmental crime, etc.).</li></ul>
</li></ul>
<p><b>Notes on remote biometric identification:</b></p>
<p>Using AI-enabled real-time RBI is only allowed <b>when not using the tool would cause considerable harm</b> and must account for affected persons’ rights and freedoms.</p>
<p>Before deployment, police must complete a <b>fundamental rights impact assessment</b> and <b>register the system in the EU database</b>,
though, in duly justified cases of urgency, deployment can commence
without registration, provided that it is registered later without undue
delay.</p>
<p id="footnote-1-rtn">Before deployment, they also must obtain <b>authorisation from a judicial authority or independent administrative authority</b>[<a data-id="#footnote-1" data-type="internal" href="https://artificialintelligenceact.eu/high-level-summary/#footnote-1">1</a>],
though, in duly justified cases of urgency, deployment can commence
without authorisation, provided that authorisation is requested within
24 hours. If authorisation is rejected, deployment must cease
immediately, deleting all data, results, and outputs.</p>
<p id="footnote-1"><i><a data-id="#footnote-1-rtn" data-type="internal" href="https://artificialintelligenceact.eu/high-level-summary/#footnote-1-rtn">↲</a></i> <i>[1] Independent administrative authorities may be subject to greater political influence than judicial authorities (<a href="https://media.licdn.com/dms/document/media/D4E1FAQE9w01juCUvIw/feedshare-document-pdf-analyzed/0/1706022316786?e=1706745600&v=beta&t=agwCDTgUEIhVclRnYRLptzi0bWylXzFzG_WV5pIhiiQ">Hacker, 2024</a>).</i></p>
<div aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer" style="height: 30px;"></div>
<h3 class="wp-block-heading">High risk AI systems (<a data-id="2746" data-type="aia-title" href="https://artificialintelligenceact.eu/aia-title/3/">Title III</a>)</h3>
<p>Some AI systems are considered ‘High risk’ under the AI Act.
Providers of those systems will be subject to additional requirements.</p>
<h5 class="wp-block-heading">Classification rules for high-risk AI systems (<a data-id="2961" data-type="article" href="https://artificialintelligenceact.eu/article/6/">Art. 6</a>)</h5>
<p>High risk AI systems are those:</p>
<ul><li>used as a safety component or a product covered by EU laws in <a data-id="3057" data-type="annex" href="https://artificialintelligenceact.eu/annex/2/">Annex II</a> <b>AND</b> required to undergo a third-party conformity assessment under those Annex II laws; <b>OR</b></li><li>those under <a data-id="3059" data-type="annex" href="https://artificialintelligenceact.eu/annex/3/">Annex III</a> use cases (below), except if:
<ul><li>the AI system performs a narrow procedural task;</li><li>improves the result of a previously completed human activity;</li><li>detects decision-making patterns or deviations from prior
decision-making patterns and is not meant to replace or influence the
previously completed human assessment without proper human review; or</li><li>performs a preparatory task to an assessment relevant for the purpose of the use cases listed in Annex III.</li></ul>
</li><li>AI systems are always considered high-risk if it profiles individuals, i.e. automated processing of personal<br />data to assess various aspects of a person’s life, such as work performance, economic situation, health,<br />preferences, interests, reliability, behaviour, location or movement.</li><li>Providers that believe their AI system, which fails under <a data-id="3059" data-type="annex" href="https://artificialintelligenceact.eu/annex/3/">Annex III</a>, is not high-risk, must document such an<br />assessment before placing it on the market or putting it into service.</li></ul>
<h5 class="wp-block-heading">Requirements for providers of high-risk AI systems (Art. 8-25)</h5>
<p>High risk AI providers must:</p>
<ul><li>Establish a <b>risk management system</b> throughout the high risk AI system’s lifecycle;</li><li>Conduct <b>data governance</b>, ensuring that training,
validation and testing datasets are relevant, sufficiently
representative and, to the best extent possible, free of errors and
complete according to the intended purpose.</li><li>Draw up <b>technical documentation</b> to demonstrate compliance and provide authorities with the information to assess that compliance.</li><li>Design their high risk AI system for <b>record-keeping</b>
to enable it to automatically record events relevant for identifying
national level risks and substantial modifications throughout the
system’s lifecycle.</li><li>Provide <b>instructions for use</b> to downstream deployers to enable the latter’s compliance.</li><li>Design their high risk AI system to allow deployers to implement <b>human oversight</b>.</li><li>Design their high risk AI system to achieve appropriate levels of <b>accuracy, robustness, and cybersecurity</b>.</li><li>Establish a <b>quality management system</b> to ensure compliance.</li></ul>
<figure class="wp-block-table"><table><thead><tr><th><b><a data-id="3059" data-type="annex" href="https://artificialintelligenceact.eu/annex/3/">Annex III</a> use cases</b></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><b>Non-banned biometrics:</b>
Remote biometric identification systems, excluding biometric
verification that confirm a person is who they claim to be. Biometric
categorisation systems inferring sensitive or protected attributes or
characteristics. Emotion recognition systems.</td></tr><tr><td><b>Critical infrastructure:</b>
Safety components in the management and operation of critical digital
infrastructure, road traffic and the supply of water, gas, heating and
electricity.</td></tr><tr><td><b>Education and vocational training:</b>
AI systems determining access, admission or assignment to educational
and vocational training institutions at all levels. Evaluating learning
outcomes, including those used to steer the student’s learning process.
Assessing the appropriate level of education for an individual.
Monitoring and detecting prohibited student behaviour during tests.</td></tr><tr><td><b>Employment, workers management and access to self-employment:</b>
AI systems used for recruitment or selection, particularly targeted job
ads, analysing and filtering applications, and evaluating candidates.
Promotion and termination of contracts, allocating tasks based on
personality traits or characteristics and behaviour, and monitoring and
evaluating performance.</td></tr><tr><td><b>Access to and enjoyment of essential public and private services:</b>
AI systems used by public authorities for assessing eligibility to
benefits and services, including their allocation, reduction,
revocation, or recovery. Evaluating creditworthiness, except when
detecting financial fraud. Evaluating and classifying emergency calls,
including dispatch prioritising of police, firefighters, medical aid and
urgent patient triage services. Risk assessments and pricing in health
and life insurance.</td></tr><tr><td><b>Law enforcement: </b>
AI systems used to assess an individual’s risk of becoming a crime
victim. Polygraphs. Evaluating evidence reliability during criminal
investigations or prosecutions. Assessing an individual’s risk of
offending or re-offending not solely based on profiling or assessing
personality traits or past criminal behaviour. Profiling during criminal
detections, investigations or prosecutions.</td></tr><tr><td><b>Migration, asylum and border control management: </b>
Polygraphs. Assessments of irregular migration or health risks.
Examination of applications for asylum, visa and residence permits, and
associated complaints related to eligibility. Detecting, recognising or
identifying individuals, except verifying travel documents.</td></tr><tr><td><b>Administration of justice and democratic processes: </b>
AI systems used in researching and interpreting facts and applying the
law to concrete facts or used in alternative dispute resolution.
Influencing elections and referenda outcomes or voting behaviour,
excluding outputs that do not directly interact with people, like tools
used to organise, optimise and structure political campaigns.</td></tr></tbody></table></figure>
<div aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer" style="height: 30px;"></div>
<h3 class="wp-block-heading">General purpose AI (GPAI)</h3>
<p><b>GPAI model</b> means an AI model, including when trained
with a large amount of data using self-supervision at scale, that
displays significant generality and is capable to competently perform a
wide range of distinct tasks regardless of the way the model is placed
on the market and that can be integrated into a variety of downstream
systems or applications. This does not cover AI models that are used
before release on the market for research, development and prototyping
activities.</p>
<p><b>GPAI system</b> means an AI system which is based on a
general purpose AI model, that has the capability to serve a variety of
purposes, both for direct use as well as for integration in other AI
systems.</p>
<p>GPAI systems may be used as high risk AI systems or integrated into
them. GPAI system providers should cooperate with such high risk AI
system providers to enable the latter’s compliance.</p>
<p><b>All providers of GPAI models must:</b></p>
<ul><li>Draw up<b> technical documentation</b>, including training and testing process and evaluation results.</li><li>Draw up<b> information and documentation to supply to downstream providers</b>
that intend to integrate the GPAI model into their own AI system in
order that the latter understands capabilities and limitations and is
enabled to comply.</li><li>Establish a policy to<b> respect the Copyright Directive</b>.</li><li>Publish a <b>sufficiently detailed summary about the content used for training</b> the GPAI model.</li></ul>
<p><b>Free and open licence GPAI models</b> – whose
parameters, including weights, model architecture and model usage are
publicly available, allowing for access, usage, modification and
distribution of the model – only have to comply with the latter two
obligations above, unless the free and open licence GPAI model is
systemic.</p>
<p><b>GPAI models are considered systemic when the cumulative amount of compute used for its training is greater than 10<sup>25</sup> floating point operations per second (FLOPS)</b>.
Providers must notify the Commission if their model meets this
criterion within 2 weeks. The provider may present arguments that,
despite meeting the criteria, their model does not present systemic
risks. The Commission may decide on its own, or via a qualified alert
from the scientific panel of independent experts, that a model has high
impact capabilities, rendering it systemic.</p>
<p>In addition to the four obligations above, providers of GPAI models with systemic risk must also:</p>
<ul><li>Perform <b>model evaluations</b>, including conducting and documenting <b>adversarial testing</b> to identify and mitigate systemic risk.</li><li><b>Assess and mitigate possible systemic risks</b>, including their sources.</li><li><b>Track, document and report serious incidents</b> and possible corrective measures to the <a data-id="https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/ai-office" data-type="link" href="https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/ai-office" rel="noreferrer noopener" target="_blank">AI Office</a> and relevant national competent authorities without undue delay.</li><li>Ensure an adequate level of <b>cybersecurity protection</b>.</li></ul>
<p>All GPAI model providers may demonstrate compliance with their
obligations if they voluntarily adhere to a code of practice until
European harmonised standards are published, compliance with which will
lead to a presumption of conformity. Providers that don’t adhere to
codes of practice must demonstrate <b>alternative adequate means of </b><b>compliance</b> for Commission approval.</p>
<p><b>Codes of practice</b></p>
<ul><li>Will account for international approaches.</li><li>Will cover but not necessarily limited to the above obligations,
particularly the relevant information to include in technical
documentation for authorities and downstream providers, identification
of the type and nature of systemic risks and their sources, and the
modalities of risk management accounting for specific challenges in
addressing risks due to the way they may emerge and materialise
throughout the value chain.</li><li><a data-id="https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/ai-office" data-type="link" href="https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/ai-office" rel="noreferrer noopener" target="_blank">AI Office</a>
may invite GPAI model providers, relevant national competent
authorities to participate in drawing up the codes, while civil society,
industry, academia, downstream providers and independent experts may
support the process.</li></ul>
<div aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer" style="height: 30px;"></div>
<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Governance</h3>
<p>How will the AI Act be implemented?</p>
<ul><li>The <a data-id="https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/ai-office" data-type="link" href="https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/ai-office" rel="noreferrer noopener" target="_blank">AI Office</a>
will be established, sitting within the Commission, to monitor the
effective implementation and compliance of GPAI model providers.</li><li>Downstream providers can lodge a complaint regarding the upstream providers infringement to the AI Office.</li><li>The AI Office may conduct evaluations of the GPAI model to:
<ul><li>assess compliance where the information gathered under its powers to request information is insufficient.</li><li>Investigate systemic risks, particularly following a qualified report from the scientific panel of independent experts.</li></ul>
</li></ul>
<div aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer" style="height: 30px;"></div>
<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Timelines</h3>
<p class="has-background" style="background-color: #f1f1f1;">See <a data-id="https://artificialintelligenceact.eu/ai-act-implementation-next-steps/" data-type="link" href="https://artificialintelligenceact.eu/ai-act-implementation-next-steps/">this post</a> for an overview of the full implementation timeline.</p>
<div aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer" style="height: 12px;"></div>
<p>After entry into force, the AI Act will apply:</p>
<ul><li>6 months for prohibited AI systems.</li><li>12 months for GPAI.</li><li>24 months for high risk AI systems under <a data-id="3059" data-type="annex" href="https://artificialintelligenceact.eu/annex/3/">Annex III</a>.</li><li>36 months for high risk AI systems under <a data-id="3057" data-type="annex" href="https://artificialintelligenceact.eu/annex/2/">Annex II</a>.</li></ul>
<p>Codes of practice must be ready 9 months after entry into force.</p>
</div><div class="et_pb_module et_pb_divider et_pb_divider_0_tb_body et_pb_divider_position_ et_pb_space"><div class="et_pb_divider_internal"></div></div><div class="et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_0_tb_body et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light">
<div class="et_pb_text_inner">This post was published on 27 Feb, 2024</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">* * *</span><br /></p><p></p><div class="ep_gridcolumn ep-m_header" data-view1020="6" data-view1200="6" data-view320="4" data-view480="8" data-view640="6" data-view750="10">
<div class="ep_gridcolumn-content">
<div class="ep-a_heading ep-layout_level1">
<h1 class="ep_title">
<div class="ep-p_text" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/press-room/20240308IPR19015/artificial-intelligence-act-meps-adopt-landmark-law" target="_blank"><span class="ep_name">Artificial Intelligence Act: MEPs adopt landmark law</span><span class="ep_icon"> </span></a></div>
</h1>
<div class="ep_subtitle">
<div class="ep-p_text ep-layout_category"><span class="ep_name">Press Releases</span><span class="ep_icon"> </span></div>
<div class="ep-p_text ep-layout_contenttype ep-layout_plenary">
<a href="https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en?contentType=plenary">
<span class="ep_name">Plenary session</span><span class="ep_icon"> </span>
</a>
</div>
<div class="ep-p_text ep-layout_contenttype ep-layout_committee">
<a href="https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en?contentType=committee&keywordValue=IMCO">
<span class="ep_name"><abbr title="Internal Market and Consumer Protection">IMCO</abbr></span><span class="ep_icon"> </span>
</a>
</div>
<div class="ep-p_text ep-layout_contenttype ep-layout_committee">
<a href="https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en?contentType=committee&keywordValue=LIBE">
<span class="ep_name"><abbr title="Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs">LIBE</abbr></span><span class="ep_icon"> </span>
</a>
</div>
<div class="ep-p_text ep-layout_date">
<span class="ep_name">
<time datetime="2024-03-13T12:25:00" itemprop="datePublished">Yesterday</time>
</span><span class="ep_icon"> </span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="ep_gridcolumn" data-view1020="1" data-view1200="1" data-view320="0" data-view480="0" data-view640="0" data-view750="0">
<div class="ep_gridcolumn-content"><br />
</div></div><div class="ep_gridcolumn ep-m_product ep-layout_followingscroll" data-following="1" data-view1020="1" data-view1200="1" data-view320="0" data-view480="0" data-view640="1" data-view750="1"><div class="ep_gridcolumn-content"><div class="ep-a_share ep-layout_socialnetwok" style="transform: translate(0px, 2374px);"><div><div class="ep_share"><ul><li>
<br /></li><li>
<div class="ep-p_text ep-layout_whatsapp">
<a href="https://api.whatsapp.com/send?text=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/press-room/20240308IPR19015/artificial-intelligence-act-meps-adopt-landmark-law?xtor%3DAD-78-%5BSocial_share_buttons%5D-%5Bwhatsapp%5D-%5Ben%5D-%5Bnews%5D-%5Bpressroom%5D-%5Bartificial-intelligence-act%5D%26" target="_blank" title="Share this page on WhatsApp"><span class="ep_name">WhatsApp</span><span class="ep_icon"> </span></a>
</div>
</li></ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="ep_gridcolumn" data-view1020="6" data-view1200="6" data-view320="4" data-view480="8" data-view640="6" data-view750="10">
<div class="ep_gridrow">
<div class="ep_gridrow-content">
<div class="ep_gridcolumn ep-m_product" data-view1020="6" data-view1200="6" data-view320="4" data-view480="8" data-view640="6" data-view750="10">
<div class="ep_gridcolumn-content">
<div class="ep-a_facts">
<div>
<ul class="ep_list"><li><div class="ep-p_text"><span class="ep_name">Safeguards on general purpose artificial intelligence </span><span class="ep_icon"> </span></div></li><li><div class="ep-p_text"><span class="ep_name">Limits on the use of biometric identification systems by law enforcement </span><span class="ep_icon"> </span></div></li><li><div class="ep-p_text"><span class="ep_name">Bans on social scoring and AI used to manipulate or exploit user vulnerabilities </span><span class="ep_icon"> </span></div></li><li><div class="ep-p_text"><span class="ep_name">Right of consumers to launch complaints and receive meaningful explanations </span><span class="ep_icon"> </span></div></li></ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="ep_gridcolumn ep-m_product" data-view1020="6" data-view1200="6" data-view320="4" data-view480="8" data-view640="6" data-view750="10">
<div class="ep_gridcolumn-content">
<div class="ep-a_media">
<figure>
<div class="ep_media ep-layout_image">
<div class="ep-p_image ep-layout_original">
<a href="https://www.europarl.europa.eu/resources/library/images/20240313PHT19315/20240313PHT19315_original.jpg" target="_blank" title="Open in a new window">
<div class="ep_image">
<img alt="Personal identification technologies in street surveillance cameras" height="266" src="https://www.europarl.europa.eu/resources/library/images/20240313PHT19315/20240313PHT19315-cl.jpg" width="400" />
<span class="ep_small" style="background-image: url(https://www.europarl.europa.eu/resources/library/images/20240313PHT19315/20240313PHT19315-cs.jpg);"> </span>
<span class="ep_medium" style="background-image: url(https://www.europarl.europa.eu/resources/library/images/20240313PHT19315/20240313PHT19315-cm.jpg);"> </span>
<span class="ep_large" style="background-image: url(https://www.europarl.europa.eu/resources/library/images/20240313PHT19315/20240313PHT19315-cl.jpg);"> </span>
</div>
</a>
</div>
</div>
<figcaption class="ep_text">
<div class="ep-p_text ep-layout_legend">
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span class="ep_name">The untargeted scraping of
facial images from CCTV footage to create facial recognition databases
will be banned © Alexander / Adobe Stock
</span>
<span class="ep_icon"> </span></span>
</div>
</figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="ep_gridcolumn ep-m_product" data-view1020="6" data-view1200="6" data-view320="4" data-view480="8" data-view640="6" data-view750="10">
<div class="ep_gridcolumn-content">
<div class="ep-a_text ep-layout_chapo">
<p>On Wednesday, Parliament approved the Artificial
Intelligence Act that ensures safety and compliance with fundamental
rights, while boosting innovation. </p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="ep_gridcolumn ep-m_product" data-view1020="6" data-view1200="6" data-view320="4" data-view480="8" data-view640="6" data-view750="10">
<div class="ep_gridcolumn-content">
<div class="ep-a_text">
<p class="ep-wysiwig_paragraph">The regulation, <a href="https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/press-room/20231206IPR15699/artificial-intelligence-act-deal-on-comprehensive-rules-for-trustworthy-ai" rel="noopener" target="_blank">agreed in negotiations with member states in December</a> 2023, was endorsed by MEPs with 523 votes in favour, 46 against and 49 abstentions.</p>
<p class="ep-wysiwig_paragraph">It aims to protect fundamental rights,
democracy, the rule of law and environmental sustainability from
high-risk AI, while boosting innovation and establishing Europe as a
leader in the field. The regulation establishes obligations for AI based
on its potential risks and level of impact.</p>
<p class="ep-wysiwig_paragraph"><b>Banned applications </b></p>
<p class="ep-wysiwig_paragraph">The new rules ban certain AI
applications that threaten citizens’ rights, including biometric
categorisation systems based on sensitive characteristics and untargeted
scraping of facial images from the internet or CCTV footage to create
facial recognition databases. Emotion recognition in the workplace and
schools, social scoring, predictive policing (when it is based solely on
profiling a person or assessing their characteristics), and AI that
manipulates human behaviour or exploits people’s vulnerabilities will
also be forbidden.</p>
<p class="ep-wysiwig_paragraph"><b>Law enforcement exemptions </b></p>
<p class="ep-wysiwig_paragraph">The use of biometric identification
systems (RBI) by law enforcement is prohibited in principle, except in
exhaustively listed and narrowly defined situations. “Real-time” RBI can
only be deployed if strict safeguards are met, e.g. its use is limited
in time and geographic scope and subject to specific prior judicial or
administrative authorisation. Such uses may include, for example, a
targeted search of a missing person or preventing a terrorist attack.
Using such systems post-facto (“post-remote RBI”) is considered a
high-risk use case, requiring judicial authorisation being linked to a
criminal offence.</p>
<p class="ep-wysiwig_paragraph"><b>Obligations for high-risk systems</b></p>
<p class="ep-wysiwig_paragraph">Clear obligations are also foreseen for
other high-risk AI systems (due to their significant potential harm to
health, safety, fundamental rights, environment, democracy and the rule
of law). Examples of high-risk AI uses include critical infrastructure,
education and vocational training, employment, essential private and
public services (e.g. healthcare, banking), certain systems in law
enforcement, migration and border management, justice and democratic
processes (e.g. influencing elections). Such systems must assess and
reduce risks, maintain use logs, be transparent and accurate, and ensure
human oversight. Citizens will have a right to submit complaints about
AI systems and receive explanations about decisions based on high-risk
AI systems that affect their rights.</p>
<br />
<p class="ep-wysiwig_paragraph"><b>Transparency requirements </b></p>
<p class="ep-wysiwig_paragraph">General-purpose AI (GPAI) systems, and
the GPAI models they are based on, must meet certain transparency
requirements, including compliance with EU copyright law and publishing
detailed summaries of the content used for training. The more powerful
GPAI models that could pose systemic risks will face additional
requirements, including performing model evaluations, assessing and
mitigating systemic risks, and reporting on incidents.</p>
<p class="ep-wysiwig_paragraph">Additionally, artificial or manipulated images, audio or video content (“deepfakes”) need to be clearly labelled as such.</p>
<p class="ep-wysiwig_paragraph"><b>Measures to support innovation and SMEs</b></p>
<p class="ep-wysiwig_paragraph">Regulatory sandboxes and real-world
testing will have to be established at the national level, and made
accessible to SMEs and start-ups, to develop and train innovative AI
before its placement on the market.</p>
<p class="ep-wysiwig_paragraph"><b>Quotes</b></p>
<p class="ep-wysiwig_paragraph">During the plenary debate on Tuesday, the Internal Market Committee co-rapporteur <a href="https://www.europarl.europa.eu/meps/en/124867/BRANDO_BENIFEI/home" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Brando Benifei (S&D, Italy)</a>
said: “We finally have the world’s first binding law on artificial
intelligence, to reduce risks, create opportunities, combat
discrimination, and bring transparency. Thanks to Parliament,
unacceptable AI practices will be banned in Europe and the rights of
workers and citizens will be protected. The AI Office will now be set up
to support companies to start complying with the rules before they
enter into force. We ensured that human beings and European values are
at the very centre of AI’s development”.</p>
<p class="ep-wysiwig_paragraph">Civil Liberties Committee co-rapporteur <a href="https://www.europarl.europa.eu/meps/en/197665/DRAGOS_TUDORACHE/home" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Dragos Tudorache (Renew, Romania)</a>
said: “The EU has delivered. We have linked the concept of artificial
intelligence to the fundamental values that form the basis of our
societies. However, much work lies ahead that goes beyond the AI Act
itself. AI will push us to rethink the social contract at the heart of
our democracies, our education models, labour markets, and the way we
conduct warfare. The AI Act is a starting point for a new model of
governance built around technology. We must now focus on putting this
law into practice”.</p>
<p class="ep-wysiwig_paragraph"><b>Next steps</b></p>
<p class="ep-wysiwig_paragraph">The regulation is still subject to a
final lawyer-linguist check and is expected to be finally adopted before
the end of the legislature (through the so-called <a href="https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/RULES-9-2023-11-01-RULE-241_EN.html" rel="noopener" target="_blank">corrigendum</a> procedure). The law also needs to be formally endorsed by the Council.</p>
<p class="ep-wysiwig_paragraph">It will enter into force twenty days
after its publication in the official Journal, and be fully applicable
24 months after its entry into force, except for: bans on prohibited
practises, which will apply six months after the entry into force date;
codes of practise (nine months after entry into force); general-purpose
AI rules including governance (12 months after entry into force); and
obligations for high-risk systems (36 months).</p>
<p class="ep-wysiwig_paragraph"><br /><b>Background</b></p>
<p class="ep-wysiwig_paragraph">The Artificial Intelligence Act responds
directly to citizens’ proposals from the Conference on the Future of
Europe (COFE), most concretely to <a href="https://conference-followup.europarl.europa.eu/cmsdata/267078/Report_EN.pdf#page=55" rel="noopener" target="_blank">proposal 12(10)</a> on enhancing EU’s competitiveness in strategic sectors, <a href="https://conference-followup.europarl.europa.eu/cmsdata/267078/Report_EN.pdf#page=76" rel="noopener" target="_blank">proposal 33(5)</a> on a safe and trustworthy society, including countering disinformation and ensuring humans are ultimately in control, <a href="https://conference-followup.europarl.europa.eu/cmsdata/267078/Report_EN.pdf#page=77" rel="noopener" target="_blank">proposal 35</a> on promoting digital innovation, (3) while ensuring human oversight and <a href="https://conference-followup.europarl.europa.eu/cmsdata/267078/Report_EN.pdf#page=77" rel="noopener" target="_blank">(8)</a> trustworthy and responsible use of AI, setting safeguards and ensuring transparency, and <a href="https://conference-followup.europarl.europa.eu/cmsdata/267078/Report_EN.pdf#page=80" rel="noopener" target="_blank">proposal 37 (3)</a> on using AI and digital tools to improve citizens’ access to information, including persons with disabilities.</p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div aria-labelledby="asideregion422775" class="ep_gridcolumn ep-m_product" data-view1020="6" data-view1200="6" data-view320="4" data-view480="8" data-view640="6" data-view750="10" role="region">
<div class="ep_gridcolumn-content">
<div class="ep-a_contacts">
<h2 class="ep_title" id="asideregion422775">
<div class="ep-p_text"><span class="ep_name">Contacts:</span><span class="ep_icon"> </span></div>
</h2>
<ul><li class="ep_item">
<div class="ep_card">
<h3 class="ep_name">
<span class="ep-p_text"><span class="ep_name">Yasmina YAKIMOVA</span><span class="ep_icon"> </span></span>
</h3>
<div class="ep_information">
<span class="ep-p_text"><span class="ep_name">Press Officer</span><span class="ep_icon"> </span></span>
</div>
<div class="ep_data">
<div class="ep-p_text ep_hidden"><span class="ep_name">Contact data:</span><span class="ep_icon"> </span></div>
<ul><li class="ep_phone">
<a class="ep-p_text" href="tel:(+32) 2 28 42626"><span class="ep_name" title="Phone number"><span class="ep_hidden">Phone number: </span>(+32) 2 28 42626<abbr class="ep_location" title="Brussels"> (BXL)</abbr></span><span class="ep_icon"> </span></a>
</li><li class="ep_portable">
<a class="ep-p_text" href="tel:(+32) 470 88 10 60"><span class="ep_name" title="Mobile number"><span class="ep_hidden">Mobile number: </span>(+32) 470 88 10 60</span><span class="ep_icon"> </span></a>
</li><li class="ep_mail">
<a class="ep-p_text" href="mailto:yasmina.yakimova@europarl.europa.eu" title="E-mail: yasmina.yakimova@europarl.europa.eu"><span class="ep_name"><span class="ep_hidden">E-mail: </span>yasmina.yakimova@europarl.europa.eu</span><span class="ep_icon"> </span></a>
</li><li class="ep_twitter">
<a class="ep-p_text" href="http://twitter.com/EP_Legal" target="_blank" title="Open a Twitter account in a new window"><span class="ep_name"><span class="ep_hidden">Twitter account: </span>@EP_Legal</span><span class="ep_icon"> </span></a>
</li></ul>
</div>
</div>
</li><li class="ep_item">
<div class="ep_card">
<h3 class="ep_name">
<span class="ep-p_text"><span class="ep_name">Janne OJAMO</span><span class="ep_icon"> </span></span>
</h3>
<div class="ep_information">
<span class="ep-p_text"><span class="ep_name">Press Officer</span><span class="ep_icon"> </span></span>
</div>
<div class="ep_data">
<div class="ep-p_text ep_hidden"><span class="ep_name">Contact data:</span><span class="ep_icon"> </span></div>
<ul><li class="ep_phone">
<a class="ep-p_text" href="tel:(+32) 2 284 12 50"><span class="ep_name" title="Phone number"><span class="ep_hidden">Phone number: </span>(+32) 2 284 12 50<abbr class="ep_location" title="Brussels"> (BXL)</abbr></span><span class="ep_icon"> </span></a>
</li><li class="ep_portable">
<a class="ep-p_text" href="tel:(+32) 470 89 21 92"><span class="ep_name" title="Mobile number"><span class="ep_hidden">Mobile number: </span>(+32) 470 89 21 92</span><span class="ep_icon"> </span></a>
</li><li class="ep_mail">
<a class="ep-p_text" href="mailto:janne.ojamo@europarl.europa.eu" title="E-mail: janne.ojamo@europarl.europa.eu"><span class="ep_name"><span class="ep_hidden">E-mail: </span>janne.ojamo@europarl.europa.eu</span><span class="ep_icon"> </span></a></li><li class="ep_mail"><span class="ep_icon"> </span></li></ul>
</div>
</div>
</li></ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div><p></p>Larry Catá Backerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06545101367530775497noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-24800874.post-61030202802140982762024-03-13T12:11:00.013-04:002024-03-13T15:31:29.683-04:00CSDDD (Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive)--"The End of the Beginning": Preliminary Thoughts on Post-Enactment CSDDD Challenges<p> </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4-kt5tH7jQ_26MOwaidlsvgOcfkfM0RxO0Za8xwBkMruu4XVDFuNfLcsi7gT3ELFnEPSJbZgoXiP_or1JEdGkMQihpp2u1lwApebmcPHdsd40D1QMqJbgRYLhnWKVSb4KKGnu6s0bN6-D8aPJfKFHX2IaiNRhKJz9RClq3YEna7UNOHFTC_f8iA/s636/Screenshot%202024-03-13%20at%2011.41.01%E2%80%AFAM.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="475" data-original-width="636" height="478" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4-kt5tH7jQ_26MOwaidlsvgOcfkfM0RxO0Za8xwBkMruu4XVDFuNfLcsi7gT3ELFnEPSJbZgoXiP_or1JEdGkMQihpp2u1lwApebmcPHdsd40D1QMqJbgRYLhnWKVSb4KKGnu6s0bN6-D8aPJfKFHX2IaiNRhKJz9RClq3YEna7UNOHFTC_f8iA/w640-h478/Screenshot%202024-03-13%20at%2011.41.01%E2%80%AFAM.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Pix Credit <a href="https://www.wsj.com/world/china/china-raises-fines-on-mintz-due-diligence-firm-c7486aeb" target="_blank">here</a><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p></p><p> </p><p>In 2011, John Ruggie famously described the presentation of the draft of the UN Guiding Principles for Business and Human Rights as the "end of the beginning, by establishing a common global platform for action, on which cumulative progress can be built, step-by-step, without foreclosing any other promising longer-term developments." (SRSG 2011 Report, ¶ 13). </p><p>And, indeed, most stakeholders--especially civil society and the academics that sometimes provided the discursive and analytical fuel for their objectives, intentions, and designs--took the former SRSG up on his word. Combined with the happy alignment of three important trends:<br /></p><p></p><blockquote><p>(1)<i> civil-society</i>-based objectives to legalize the 2nd pillar corporate responsibility to respect, </p><p>(2) <i>state-based</i> ambitions to recast liberal democracy away from its 18th century roots in electoral representative democracy driven my popular elections toward an <i>operational level system</i> of techno-bureaucratic guidance of societal collective assets (including economic actors and their institutions), and </p><p>(3) the transformation of the largest collective <i>economic enterprises</i> into private law based administrative platforms already adapting both to the operational sensibilities of public administration and embedding a privatized public policy within their own operations.</p></blockquote><p>it became possible to think in more concrete terms about the structures of the platform necessary to effect transformation embedded within evolving normative expectations. The key drivers of each of these sectors, states, enterprises, and civil society, appear to have realized, in the alignment of public-private-and civil society ecologies within a legalized meta-structure of techno-bureaucratically-managed due diligence, an important means of transforming the multi-tiered structures of social relations in new and quite interesting ways. </p><p>Discursively, that arc of transformation has been made even more interesting for its use of contemporary discursive tropes in new ways. Thus, for example, conservative and traditionalist discursive tropes have been a valuable tool for narrative management by by progressive elements of civil society (the ancient ropes of public legality as the highest form of authority and the greatest foundation for the assertion of the violence of power that they otherwise combat). At the same time, the language of democratic oversight has been usefully deployed by state officials in transforming the fundamental constitutional questions of administrative management and the privatization of public policy, into the narratives of the technologies of accountability, compliance, and enforcement. And of course and most well known, the extraordinary success of the tropes of "business cases" for transformations in the relationships between markets, private autonomy, and economic activity has reshaped the terrains of economic activity by offering the trope of making money and commodification of everything, including public policy. </p><p>None of this is bad, mind you. And to some extent, all of this is inevitable, given decisions and predilections that have been operationalized with increasing focus since the fall of he Soviet Union and European Marxist-Leninism, made it possible to better align the technologies of Leninism with the ambitions of the European administrative state without the need for justification and the risk of normative opposition of any consequence. (Earlier thoughts on this trend here: <a href="https://lcbackerblog.blogspot.com/2020/07/standardization-through-law.html">Standardization
Through Law; Internationalization and Capacity Building of Standards;
and Targeted Implementation--the Foundations of the Legalization of
Mandatory Human Rights Due Diligence From a European Perspective: A
Discursive Analysis of Phil Hogan's 19 May 2020 Keynote Address to the
OECD Global Forum on Responsible Business Conduct</a>)</p><p>To that end, the drive to enact a CSDDD (Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive), already road tested in localized forms in France and Germany, provides the necessary next step in the transformative evolution of European governance, in general, and the recasting of the relationship between (and alignment of) public and private power structures within a coordinated techno-bureaucracy in Europe. And it may be good for business--the business of economic enterprises, as well as of the apparatus of the state and that of civil society. </p><p>Yet, CSDD is also only the end of a beginning. And given the traditional ambitions of European legality--in its contemporary forms embedded in the ideology of the Brussels Effect--the beginning is going to run up against headwinds. Those headwinds will take the form of competing systems of outward projecting ideological and normative administrative organs the public policies of which may conflict with those ambitions for the world embedded in techno-bureaucratic instruments like CSDDD. </p><p>In particular, these incompatibilities will in the first instance center on information, and its analytic consequences. One gets a sense of this from a news story fairly well buried within the reporting of the Wall Street Journal--Chun Han Wong, 'China Raises Fines on Due Diligence Firm Mintz,' Wall Street Journal 13 March 2024, at B6). <br /></p><p class="css-k3zb6l-Paragraph e1e4oisd0" data-type="paragraph"></p><blockquote>China imposed more fines on the Beijing arm of Mintz Group, saying the New York-based due-diligence firm failed to respond to <a class="css-1h1us5y-StyledLink el06won0" data-type="link" href="https://www.wsj.com/world/china/china-punishes-u-s-due-diligence-firm-mintz-over-statistical-work-835a1bd1" rel="">earlier penalties</a> meted out over allegedly unapproved statistical work. The increased fines came about a year after authorities raided Mintz's Beijing office and detained all five Chinese nationals working there--a move that fueled international concern over a broadening security crackdown on companies that collect and manage data in China ***. Business executives who have consulted with Chinese authorities say Beijing is seeking to more tightly control the narrative about China-s governance and development, and limit the information collected by foreign companies such as auditors, management consultants and law firms that could influence how the outside world views China.</blockquote><p>For CSDDD the beginning AFTER the end, then, will greet enactment with a significant challenge to the operationalization of its provisions--at least to the extent that data from, through, or in China is required to fuel its ideal implementation and produce its intended effects globally (my prior discussion here: (1) <a href="https://lcbackerblog.blogspot.com/2023/03/due-diligence-and-mandatory-due.html">Due
Diligence and Mandatory Human Rights Due Diligence Disjunctions:
Liberal Democratic Markets-Compliance Based Legalities Versus
Marxist-Leninist Constitution of Information as State Regulatory
Property</a>; (2) <a href="https://lcbackerblog.blogspot.com/2023/05/platform-governance-and-national.html">Information
as Regulatory Assets, the National Security Stratagem, and Emerging
Governance Consequences: Yintao Yu v. ByteDance, Inc. (CCGC-23-606246)
(TikTok)</a>. That opens for a post-CSDDD Europe a number of options on the road from the end of the beginning to the transformation that necessarily follow as a sort of beginning of an end of this project;</p><blockquote>(1) The EU, likely with hat in hand, may have to consider seeking to negotiate an arrangement with China respecting the harvesting and use of data to feed the CSDDD machinery; that will require a strategy and a normative position that is unlikely, at this stage, to be developed; time will work against the EU perhaps; it is not clear what price China will extract in these negotiations;<br /><br />(2) The EU may require, or its Member States may drive, a process of exemptions and waivers form the requirements of CSDDD for or with respect to any of its elements that might require resort to data that is interdicted; that runs the risk of gutting CSDDD especially with respect to some of its most important targets;<br /><br />(3) Either the EU or its Member States may have to create workarounds: at the top of the list may be programs of incentives to detach (in the common language de-risk) EU regulatory system tinged operations from China, perhaps by favoring other supply chain destinations in the area (Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, India); but the consequences for business may be quite difficult and any resulting negative economic effect may also be felt in future election cycles;<br /><br />(4) The EU or its Member States will have to adapt by bifurcating its economic policies and its enforcement regimes to differentiate between Chinese coupled supply chains and the rest; the result would produce a regulatory and compliance system that roughly mimicked the Chinese policy of dual circulation; though whether it is feasible or politically palatable may be difficult to assess at the moment; <br /><br />(5) Either the current or the next U.S. Administration may produce regulatory responses, especially respecting national security and data protection, that may pose challenges; tough this is not a great risk at the moment, the extent to which CSDDD becomes a trap for the unwary US enterprise for which a business case for compliance is not forthcoming, the pressure on the US government may be heightened and the political opportunity it represents too tempting to resist; <br /><br />(6) The effects, political or normative, on the extended efforts to draft some sort of international instrument that also will purport to legalize the UNGP send pillar and perhaps the third (remedial) pillar as well, remains to be seen. </blockquote><p></p><blockquote>(7) The most likely alternative: do nothing; that serves a number of interests on all sides and as a cover to support other policy initiatives; and to some extent it permits recourse to the courts--as venues for decision making, and as an authoritative space within which narrative battles may be performed and memorialized--and as memorialized exploited (more theoretically discussed in a general way here: <i><a href="https://core.ac.uk/reader/71462860" target="_blank">Chroniclers in the Field of Cultural Production: Courts, Law and the Interpretive Process</a></i>). <br /></blockquote><p> </p><p></p>Larry Catá Backerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06545101367530775497noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-24800874.post-27378295401020487372024-03-12T21:00:00.002-04:002024-03-12T21:01:22.889-04:00 BHR lawyers and practitioners call for support for the Belgium compromise on the CSDDD <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWv9pKTHv8ML_VAu20a0bCgXtjyZwnK3vXE0Gjjx5Ld6w9JnSmwhkL0sB14X9v7ZwxH6_BV5GTmPSKcD1AM_mGG-rL5KTtFEmRtpUad-DOX7iHIl9G8OvvdbEcbyPpzFP816n8Sz1IC0PZEc8rbzAuWD-z1xcUktq0HRt4Jec5nqYck30jkBgIgg/s1654/Screenshot%202024-02-05%20at%206.42.18%E2%80%AFPM.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="948" data-original-width="1654" height="366" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWv9pKTHv8ML_VAu20a0bCgXtjyZwnK3vXE0Gjjx5Ld6w9JnSmwhkL0sB14X9v7ZwxH6_BV5GTmPSKcD1AM_mGG-rL5KTtFEmRtpUad-DOX7iHIl9G8OvvdbEcbyPpzFP816n8Sz1IC0PZEc8rbzAuWD-z1xcUktq0HRt4Jec5nqYck30jkBgIgg/w640-h366/Screenshot%202024-02-05%20at%206.42.18%E2%80%AFPM.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Pix credit <a href="https://www.esg360.it/normative-e-compliance/csddd-parte-la-discussione-con-commissione-e-consiglio-dopo-lintervento-del-parlamento-ue/" target="_blank">here</a><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p><br /><br />As the EU Council geared up for a vote on the European Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive on 9 February 2024, a group of individuals involved in a variety of different ways, but many of them academics, circulated a letter, to which I have added my name, intended to be submitted to the Council. </p><p>As it happened, the vote was delayed as stakeholders resumed negotiation. A new version, with what some say are relaxed requirements, is now ready for voting (see eg <a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/jonmcgowan/2024/03/07/in-final-push-vote-on-reduced-eu-corporate-sustainability-due-diligence-law-set-for-march-8/?sh=5aa92e6f25c9" target="_blank">here</a>). <br /> <br />Daniel Schönfelder, Stephané Brabant and Céline Da Graça Pires and Claire Bright we started a Last Call to Support the Belgian Presidency Compromise for CSDDD - please consider Signing and forwarding to other BHR practitioners from all countries until tmrw 11:00 am CEST, will be Publisher on Nova Blog and BHRRC. <br /><br />The document can be accessed here:<br /><a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/12qQbilukvnGpA4jpKwO3SraheShvICZALPfDXwXvu_o/edit">https://docs.google.com/document/d/12qQbilukvnGpA4jpKwO3SraheShvICZALPfDXwXvu_o/edit</a><br />and below.</p><p>My view remains unchanged: "Whatever one thinks of the substantive value or the deficiencies of the
current form of the CSDDD, it comports with the vision for administered
economic activity through markets that now must incorporate public
policy objectives--in this case touching on human rights and
sustainability. And those public policy objectives must be guided under the leadership of a techno-bureaucracy under law. That was the central point of EU President Ursula van
der Leyen's remarks at Davos (<a href="https://lcbackerblog.blogspot.com/2024/01/the-transformative-conseqeunces-of-risk.html">The
Transformative Consequences of Risk Spirals: "Special Address by
President von der Leyen at the World Economic Forum 16 January 2024"</a>). In a sense CSDDD puts that viability of vision to the test. And it represents a step in the transformation of European liberal democracy from a 19th century sensibility centered on the direct relationship between law and its object, to one in which the command of aw is to be mediated by an administering bureaucracy that becomes a critical element in the dialectics of public policy. The movement is substantially inevitable; it might best be managed through small steps undertaken within the umbrella of a the three tiered legality of international-EU-national law structures within the field of human rights. <br /></p><p><span></span></p><a name='more'></a> <blockquote><p>BHR lawyers and practitioners call for support for the Belgium compromise on the CSDDD <br /><br /> <br />[SIGNING IS ENCOURAGED; NO MORE MODIFICATIONS ACCEPTED; SIGNING POSSIBLE AS TEXT STANDS - IN CASE OF ABSOLUTE RED FLAGS, WRITE DIRECTLY TO STEPHANE CELINE CLAIRE OR DANIEL]<br /><br /> We are Business and Human Rights (BHR) lawyers and practitioners that work with companies, academia, NGOs and state institutions to implement human rights and environmental due diligence in order to foster responsible and sustainable business practices that uphold respect for human rights and environmental standards throughout global value chains.<br /><br />Stakeholders involved in this field and their representatives both in the European Union and beyond have repeatedly expressed a shared desire to formalize in a EU-level legislation the core elements of the United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (UNGPs) which were unanimously endorsed by the UN Human Rights Council in 2011 and have become the global norm of reference in the field. A growing number of countries, both within the EU and beyond, have already taken steps to implement the UNGPs. Following in their footsteps, the Draft Directive on Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence (CSDDD) aims to require companies to respect human rights and environmental standards in their activities and in their value chain. In doing so, it will not only be a step towards alignment with international standards set out in the UNGPs and other international instruments, but it will also provide more legal certainty by resulting in a uniformized standard at the EU level rather than a patchwork of legislation with varying standards in the various Member States. <br /><br /> The current draft of the CSDDD covers both large EU companies and companies based outside the EU which are active in the EU market. As such, the CSDDD creates a harmonized set of rules for all large companies operating in the EU, providing a much needed global level playing field and upholding the protection of all internationally recognized human rights. <br /><br />We have carefully examined the most recent compromise offered by the Belgian Presidency and call on all Member States to accept it. This call is despite the fact that the changes introduced in the last few weeks significantly reduce the scope of the applicability of the CSDDD. <br /><br /> Indeed, even though many important provisions protecting human rights and the environment have been diluted, the current compromise for CSDDD still provides for Human Rights and Environmental Due Diligence (HREDD) across the supply chain, climate transition, rightsholder engagement and redress. It is feasible for companies, as it creates an obligation of means and implementable obligations, allowing companies to prioritize through a risk-based approach. The compromise also avoids overburdening SMEs as it does not cover them and ensures special support and protections for SME suppliers. We hope that those businesses for whom HREDD is still quite a new topic might welcome this compromise as workable. <br /><br /> We understand that in a political organization as complex and important as the EU, especially in the difficult context worldwide, a compromise is a necessity and politics will always be the art of the possible. <br /><br /> Therefore, we believe the Belgian proposal to be a necessary compromise.<br /><br />In this perspective, we call on all EU Member States to support the latest CSDDD compromise made by the Belgian Presidency of the EU and, for this, we call on BHR experts from the EU and from around the world to signal their support for this version. <br /><br />This compromise is an important step for our collective aspirations for business practices, which are transparent and committed to respecting human rights and the environment and contributes to give the “human face to the market” through respect of fundamental rights of people that Kofi Annan and John Ruggie have tirelessly defended through the UNGPs.<br /><br /> Let us not waste this chance, but adopt it, to enable a fairer and more inclusive economy which reconciles Business and Human Rights and the dignity of people, to ensure that business serves not only profits but people and the planet. <br /><br /> <br /><br /> </p></blockquote><p></p>Larry Catá Backerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06545101367530775497noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-24800874.post-45215603752618941702024-03-11T18:01:00.005-04:002024-03-11T20:40:47.694-04:00Jiajun Luo: Authoritarian Legal (Ir)rationality: The Saga of ‘Picking Quarrels’ [(寻衅滋事)] in China (European Chinese Law Research Hub) <p> </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwQsZN17gflUP21yi9rqYL-LWWEMlyMvMT6kmMh_0QMyZmZ4WXZrivH-nGEr3jXgkiNaSFZNZ91vpl1-MeOBO-c7IAJ7wJikm7Cxd6cl3CMmm6vlcZYBF_5DO3O1esnHUsH_7JZF4vOja-q8udi-Q0st3OL7wKtP7KaKRCWihGkAPA8eM6yMoAXw/s684/Screenshot%202024-03-11%20at%205.01.21%E2%80%AFPM.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="516" data-original-width="684" height="482" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwQsZN17gflUP21yi9rqYL-LWWEMlyMvMT6kmMh_0QMyZmZ4WXZrivH-nGEr3jXgkiNaSFZNZ91vpl1-MeOBO-c7IAJ7wJikm7Cxd6cl3CMmm6vlcZYBF_5DO3O1esnHUsH_7JZF4vOja-q8udi-Q0st3OL7wKtP7KaKRCWihGkAPA8eM6yMoAXw/w640-h482/Screenshot%202024-03-11%20at%205.01.21%E2%80%AFPM.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Pix credit here<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p></p><p></p><p>The folks over at the <a href="https://blog.uni-koeln.de/eclrhub/" target="_blank">European Chinese Law Research Hub</a>
(with thanks to Marianne von Blomberg, Editor ECLR Hub, Research
Associate, Chair for Chinese Legal Culture, University of Cologne) have
posted a marvelous discussion of a new work by Jiajun Luo (Research Scholar in the Equality Rights Program at the Faculty of Law, University of Hong Kong) on <a href="https://blog.uni-koeln.de/eclrhub/2024/03/11/authoritarian-legal-irrationality-the-saga-of-picking-quarrels-in-china/" rel="bookmark">Authoritarian Legal (Ir)rationality: The Saga of ‘Picking Quarrels’ in China</a> which is forthcoming in <a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4647656"><i>Asian-Pacific Law & Policy Journal</i> Vol. 25, No. 3, 2024</a> (free draft available at <a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4647656">SSRN</a>). <br /></p>Jiajun Luo explains: <br /><blockquote>The broad and vague application of this offense makes it difficult to
establish a direct link between Article 293 and many specific <i>picking quarrels</i> [<a href="https://chinamediaproject.org/the_ccp_dictionary/picking-quarrels-and-provoking-trouble/" rel="noreferrer noopener" target="_blank">(寻衅滋事)</a>] cases. . . This raises an intriguing question: to what extent is the boundary
between political and non-political spheres significant within an
authoritarian legal system like China’s? [And this touches on the current debate around so-called authoritarian legality]. . . This article introduces the concept of legal rationality to illuminate authoritarian legality. It proposes that, <i>whether a system is democratic or authoritarian, legal rationality denotes the intrinsic value of law that is publicly accessible, transparent, and consistent, serving to restrict the arbitrary discretion of individuals in positions of authority</i>. . . The example of picking quarrels vividly illustrates the decline of legal rationality in Xi’s China, leading to arbitrary actions within the political realm and routine criminal justice system. Throughout Mao Zedong’s reign from 1949 to 1978, hooliganism functioned as a versatile crime, diverging from legal rationality by being widely applied across both political and non-political contexts. <span face="Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; display: inline; float: none; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: -webkit-left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"></span><br /></blockquote><p>One
of the most interesting aspects of the paper is the analytic framework within which its first rate analysis is elaborated. Jiajun Luo quite correctly frames the issue. At the heart of rule of law, whether it is framed within a liberal democratic or Marxist-Leninist political-economic order, are core notions of normatively aligned constraints. Jiajn Luo identifies these in the common discourse of constitutionalist analysis--public accessibility, transparency, and predictability (for my own perspective, see
<i><a href="https://ideas.dickinsonlaw.psu.edu/dlra/vol113/iss3/2/" target="_blank">From Constitution to Constitutionalism: A Global Framework for Legitimate Public Power Systems</a></i>. These rationally applied, ought to serve to restrict the exercise of arbitrary authority. That appears to be in decline in contemporary China Jiajun argues: The decline may be divided in two parts Luo argues: " First, in an authoritarian system, officials tend to exercise arbitrary
power as a convenient means to not only exert political control but also
address governance issues (they often benefit personally from such
actions as well). Second, China’s partial legal rationality has been
mainly maintained through self-restraint by the CCP in the post-Mao era.
As this self-restraint weakens, both political and non-political
spheres are increasingly vulnerable to prerogative power erosion." This Luo argues may suggest a need for "reevaluating our understanding of authoritarian systems—it might be the
(ir)rationality of the law, rather than its political nature, that
defines authoritarian legality." This provides a quite important lens for understanding both the legal framework and its challenges.</p><p></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsLCL4p34TD2Br4sP1-A8zXYlejWZVb4v6qhIj5S0a5QN9iZ3bwS6bvSqDJDLFC7pFqChJido1vWFspFcLJ2KGcEyfGbtbeJjSfN4HbFM8ml3gQPhjZF0p2MDKT80RQhRJL0sF0q4lAlUG5jJhLHanlv8CuD5j-RP6UY-jZQZVUXm3TBTszs0vYA/s303/Screenshot%202024-03-11%20at%206.00.17%E2%80%AFPM.png" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="303" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsLCL4p34TD2Br4sP1-A8zXYlejWZVb4v6qhIj5S0a5QN9iZ3bwS6bvSqDJDLFC7pFqChJido1vWFspFcLJ2KGcEyfGbtbeJjSfN4HbFM8ml3gQPhjZF0p2MDKT80RQhRJL0sF0q4lAlUG5jJhLHanlv8CuD5j-RP6UY-jZQZVUXm3TBTszs0vYA/s1600/Screenshot%202024-03-11%20at%206.00.17%E2%80%AFPM.png" width="303" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Pix credit "<a href="https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/hitchhikers_guide_to_the_galaxy" target="_blank">Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy</a>"</span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p>Nonetheless, one might also shift one's gaze to understand the challenge in a slightly different way, producing a distinct possibility for further action by the political vanguard, and from them into the state apparatus. That starts by focusing on the quite important nature of Marxist-Leninist legality, It is one grounded in the delegation of leadership and guidance to a vanguard force of social development, int he case of China organized as its Communist Party, the operationalization of the leadership of which is expressed in a complex interweaving of political and administrative networks in the state and a broader netting of consultation through the principles of <span class="ILfuVd" lang="en"><span class="hgKElc"><a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4134483" target="_blank">whole-process people's democracy</a></span></span>. The complex is mapped here in reductionist form (<a href="https://lcbackerblog.blogspot.com/2024/03/mapping-new-era-theory-xi-jinpings.html">Mapping
New Era Theory: 习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想科学体系 [Xi Jinping’s Scientific System of
Socialist Thought with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era]</a>). Within this complex socialist legality mirrors these inter-connections and relations. Law tends to exhibit two substantial characteristics (of course it is far more complicated than this): the first is as a means of declaring objectives and expectations; the second, in many cases, is to vest the administrative apparatus with the authority to exercise discretion in the application of law to the facts around which they must act. In effect, socialist legality, and thus its rule of law, centers less on the text and far more on the spaces within which the administrative apparatus acts "within the law." In that sense, then, the heart of rule of law shifts from accessibility, transparency, and textual predictability as predicate characteristics, to one that centers on the structures and framework for control of abuse of administrative discretion. That is, the heart of rule of law shift from the policing of textual application, to the rules and practices of administrative abuse. Here the nature of the challenge for Marxist-Leninist states would differ from that of liberal democracies. Where the latter would (and has) sought to sort that out through the courts and judicial principles of administrative abuse (sometimes aided by text), in Marxist-Leninist systems that abuse constitutes both a violation of law and in many cases of the political leadership and guidance of the vanguard and thus of the integrity of the internal operation of the political economic model. The "cure", then would likely require internal mechanisms. From this perspective, and as a supplement to Luo's, it might be that the political nature of administrative (ir)rationality in the face of a textually rational law system, rather than the irrationality of law, that defines authoritarian legality. <br /></p><p>A change in analytic perspective dos not change the relevance of the challenge or its importance to national life; it may enrich the palette of approaches that might be taken to meeting that challenge. To that end, it is Luo's contribution to this conversation that makes the longer essay highly recommended.<br /></p><p>I am cross posting the essay below. The original ECLRH post may be accessed <a href="https://blog.uni-koeln.de/eclrhub/2024/03/11/authoritarian-legal-irrationality-the-saga-of-picking-quarrels-in-china/" target="_blank">HERE</a>.
And as a plug for the marvelous work at the European Chinese Law
Research Hub: if you have observations, analyses or pieces of research
that are not publishable as a paper but should get out there, or want to
spread event information, calls for papers or job openings, or have a
paper forthcoming- do not hesitate to contact Marianne von Bloomberg.</p><p> <span></span></p><a name='more'></a><p></p><p> </p><header class="entry-header">
<h2 class="entry-title post-title"><a href="https://blog.uni-koeln.de/eclrhub/2024/03/11/authoritarian-legal-irrationality-the-saga-of-picking-quarrels-in-china/" rel="bookmark">Authoritarian Legal (Ir)rationality: The Saga of ‘Picking Quarrels’ in China</a></h2>
<div class="post-details">
</div>
</header>
<h6 class="wp-block-heading"><b>A new paper by Jiajun Luo</b></h6>
<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img alt="" class="wp-image-2225" height="300" src="https://blog.uni-koeln.de/eclrhub/files/2024/03/Wulumuqi_Road_After_Protest-1024x768.jpg" width="400" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption"> </figcaption><br /></figure>
<p>In response to an apartment fire in Urumqi which killed eleven residents
in November 2022, Shanghai residents took to the city’s Urumqi Road,
protesting peacefully against China’s zero-covid policy. While the
protests resulted in the official end of nearly all Covid-19 related
restrictions, several participants were detained and sentenced for
picking quarrels and provoking trouble (Criminal Code Art. 293). <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wulumuqi_Road_After_Protest.jpg">Photo by Cinea467</a> </p><p>It is widely reported that the utilization of the crime <a href="https://chinamediaproject.org/the_ccp_dictionary/picking-quarrels-and-provoking-trouble/" rel="noreferrer noopener" target="_blank"><i>picking quarrels</i> (寻衅滋事)</a> by Chinese authorities has resulted in the <a href="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1CQBeBpP2-A45lw-zr6mneDuPtSBNWg_8KqgXpWMLcbo/edit#gid=0" rel="noreferrer noopener" target="_blank">imprisonment of thousands for their online expressions</a>, ranging from <a href="https://www.163.com/dy/article/I863CFIB05560PM2.html" rel="noreferrer noopener" target="_blank">complaints about traffic police</a> to <a href="https://www.rfa.org/english/news/china/clerk-05062020112829.html" rel="noreferrer noopener" target="_blank">criticisms of the ruling Chinese Communist Party (CCP) on social media platforms</a>.
Moreover, this catchall category extends beyond speech-related
offenses, serving as a tool for political suppression since 2013 and
targeting various civil groups in China, including <a href="https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3146188/picking-quarrels-and-provoking-trouble-how-chinas-catch-all" rel="noreferrer noopener" target="_blank">feminists</a> and <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2015/12/14/picking-quarrels-and-provoking-troubles-influential-chinese-lawyer-on-trial-for-seven-tweets/" rel="noreferrer noopener" target="_blank">human rights lawyers</a>.</p>
<p>However, <i>picking quarrels</i> is not confined to politically
sensitive cases. Authorities also employ it to enforce state-approved
moral standards, leading to the criminalization of individuals for
morally contentious actions or speech on social media. For instance, a <i>Douyin</i>
(Chinese TikTok) creator received a prison sentence for pretending to
engage in a fictional fight against imaginary opponents, deemed as
provoking social disorder by local police ((2019) 湘1124刑初119号).</p>
<p><i>Picking quarrels</i> is legally defined in Article 293 of China’s <a href="https://blog.uni-koeln.de/www.chinalawtranslate.com/en/criminal-law-2021">Criminal Code</a>, encompassing the following actions: </p>
<blockquote class="wp-block-quote">
<p>(1) Arbitrarily attacking people with particularly grave circumstances; </p>
<p>(2) Chasing, intercepting, or berating others with particularly grave circumstances; </p>
<p>(3) Forcibly taking, destroying, or occupying public or private property with serious circumstances; </p>
<p>(4) Making a commotion and causing serious disorder in a public place. </p>
</blockquote>
<p>Penalties range from supervised release to five years of
imprisonment, with up to ten years for those repeatedly inciting others
to disrupt social order.</p>
<p>However, the broad and vague application of this offense makes it
difficult to establish a direct link between Article 293 and many
specific <i>picking quarrels</i> cases. Sub-category 4, “making a
commotion,” acts as a catchall within a catchall, allowing authorities
to prosecute objectionable acts or speech under the pretext of causing
disorder in public venues. Importantly, despite whether a case is
politically motivated or not, <i>picking quarrels</i> is applied
arbitrarily in both situations. This raises an intriguing question: to
what extent is the boundary between political and non-political spheres
significant within an authoritarian legal system like China’s?</p>
<p>Today, scholarly debates on “authoritarian legality” in China offer
varying views. Optimists view the centralization of power through
legalistic means positively, while critics argue that the Chinese legal
system, as a whole, deviates from the rule of law, especially under Xi
Jinping’s leadership. The theory of legal duality suggests the
coexistence of a genuine legal order and a political agenda-driven
state. However, many of these arguments assume China’s authoritarian
legality is inherently tied to how strong the political nature of the
issue is—whether it’s deemed “political” or not.</p>
<p>Despite ongoing debates, the significance of law in governing
authoritarian systems is widely acknowledged—and it becomes crucial to
grasp the essence and characteristics of authoritarian law. This article
introduces the concept of legal rationality to illuminate authoritarian
legality. It proposes that, <b>whether a system is democratic or
authoritarian, legal rationality denotes the intrinsic value of law that
is publicly accessible, transparent, and consistent, serving to
restrict the arbitrary discretion of individuals in positions of
authority</b>. Thus, if there is a decline in legal rationality
within an authoritarian system, then it probably does not solely result
in more political prosecutions but could also lead to heightened
arbitrariness in non-political domains as well.</p>
<p>In China, post-Mao legal reform (since 1978) aimed to establish legal
rationality for prosperity, stability, and regime legitimacy, and of
course—also with the hope of helping to prevent political catastrophes
like Mao Zedong’s Cultural Revolution. However, under Xi Jinping’s
leadership, there has been a decline of legal rationality in both
political and non-political spheres. This article offers two
explanations for this decline. First, in an authoritarian system,
officials tend to exercise arbitrary power as a convenient means to not
only exert political control but also address governance issues (they
often benefit personally from such actions as well). Second, China’s
partial legal rationality has been mainly maintained through
self-restraint by the CCP in the post-Mao era. As this self-restraint
weakens, both political and non-political spheres are increasingly
vulnerable to prerogative power erosion.</p>
<p>The example of <i>picking quarrels</i> vividly illustrates the
decline of legal rationality in Xi’s China, leading to arbitrary actions
within the political realm and routine criminal justice system.
Throughout Mao Zedong’s reign from 1949 to 1978, hooliganism functioned
as a versatile crime, diverging from legal rationality by being widely
applied across both political and non-political contexts. China’s 1997
Criminal Code has replaced hooliganism with <i>picking quarrels</i>.
“Subsequent efforts in the 2000s and early 2010s aimed at rationalizing
picking quarrels through clarification of legal terms, moral detachment,
and to a limited extent, depoliticization.</p>
<p>However, as mentioned earlier, Xi Jinping’s tenure saw a regression,
reversing the trend of rationalization observed in earlier reforms. In
both political cases and cases with less political nature, this
excessive application of <i>picking quarrels</i> comes at the cost of
the rationalization of China’s criminal legal system that had been
developed during the reform era. This erosion extends beyond hyper
political cases, affecting everyday legal and governance systems,
blurring the line between political and non-political realms.</p>
<p>The decline of legal rationality across political spheres and
ordinary justice in the case of China highlights the necessity of
reevaluating our understanding of authoritarian systems—it might be the
(ir)rationality of the law, rather than its political nature, that
defines authoritarian legality.</p>
<p><i></i></p><blockquote><p><i>The paper “Authoritarian Legal (Ir)rationality: The Saga of ‘Picking Quarrels’ in China” is forthcoming in </i><a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4647656">Asian-Pacific Law & Policy, Journal Vol. 25, No. 3, 2024</a><i> (free draft available at <a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4647656" rel="noreferrer noopener" target="_blank">SSRN</a>).</i></p>
<p><i>Luo Jiajun is a Research Scholar in the Equality Rights Program
at the Faculty of Law, University of Hong Kong. Luo recently received a
Dissertation Year Fellowship from HKU for his outstanding (5%) PhD
thesis titled “Chinese Courts: Unequal Justice”. From 2021 to 2023, he
was a China Law Fellow at Georgetown University.</i> <i>He can be emailed at</i> <i>jiajunlok[at]gmail.com</i>.</p></blockquote><p></p>
Larry Catá Backerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06545101367530775497noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-24800874.post-77928850694847967632024-03-10T21:03:00.008-04:002024-03-10T21:46:23.641-04:00Its Prize Season (It's Always Prize Season): A Brief Recherche du tapis rouge perdu<p> </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGmPJ4YWvR0YPnZG9vzt29zxD0jXPJrXZ9kL-e7itMfN1J9l_YXeME4YEiLFVPHB8kYfK_1p-XwOdjlfTWGmrtGIhWjXFXuJTcWJxx8Jl2wqvsiEp9ELaDtc7ZfeVP4oQMddXk0joyDMEUimoMFAhM0kdPo2OSv4AYH5OP7f_rw_Mbe74ftwaUgA/s738/Screenshot%202024-03-10%20at%208.07.23%E2%80%AFPM.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="738" data-original-width="718" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGmPJ4YWvR0YPnZG9vzt29zxD0jXPJrXZ9kL-e7itMfN1J9l_YXeME4YEiLFVPHB8kYfK_1p-XwOdjlfTWGmrtGIhWjXFXuJTcWJxx8Jl2wqvsiEp9ELaDtc7ZfeVP4oQMddXk0joyDMEUimoMFAhM0kdPo2OSv4AYH5OP7f_rw_Mbe74ftwaUgA/w622-h640/Screenshot%202024-03-10%20at%208.07.23%E2%80%AFPM.png" width="622" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Pix credit <a href="https://www.thecut.com/article/2024-oscars-red-carpet-fashion-dresses-looks.html" target="_blank">here</a><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p></p><p> </p><p>It is prize season. People like to see others receive them. It is quite reassuring. And fun. especially when the prizing is enveloped in the sort of theatricality that brings out the most delightfully playful in us. It is actually quite exciting; enough, perhaps, to get me interested in whatever achievement it was that earned for its recipients their prize.</p><p>Its sights, and smells, and performances called to mind a memory of different time and place, and space.</p><blockquote>Mais j’avais beau savoir que je n’étais pas dans les demeures dont l’ignorance du réveil m’avait en un instant sinon présenté l’image distincte, du moins fait croire la présence possible, le branle était donné à ma mémoire; généralement je ne cherchais pas à me rendormir tout de suite; je passais la plus grande partie de la nuit à me rappeler notre vie d’autrefois, à Combray chez ma grand’tante, à Balbec, à Paris, à Doncières, à Venise, ailleurs encore, à me rappeler les lieux, les personnes que j’y avais connues, ce que j’avais vu d’elles, ce qu’on m’en avait raconté. (Marcel Proust, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/2650/pg2650-images.html" target="_blank">A la Rechcherche du temps perdu (Du Côté de Chez Swann</a>), §1.). </blockquote><p>It called to mind a text from a long lost time, and space, one a bit more <span><span data-dobid="hdw">sulfurous </span></span>perhaps, but altogether alive on ts own domains. It called to mind this:</p><p></p><blockquote>Maybe won the Medal of Honor the George Cross even the Nobel but once you've been stigmatized with the ultimate seal of mediocrity your obit will read Pulitzer Prize Novelist Dies at whatever because they're not advertising the winner no. No, like this whole plague of prizes wherever you look, it's the prize givers promoting themselves, trying to rescue their thoroughly discredited profession of journalism. . . The prize winner? They're just props , cartoonists, sports writers, political pundits, front page photos the bloodier the better for that instant of fame wrap the fish in tomorrow, good God how many Pulitzer Prizes are there?(William Gaddis, Agapē Agape (Penguin, 2003), p. 60).<br /></blockquote><p></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQU5_qtUT7XWXeLVv-btf6pZ3JAdSiudHVBizGpAlJH1OrnmiWHO6A4dL5Y1yl9ua0HqHYHLkI3E5k6hdl6p5CbzEXeOAC_Cq0rD62N2xquzyOkGm5gHsW1tTfHCr6G_EmhosaT6yGgeLvG4u8me5-hbW6Dqrp-hADSPFW-CKBjrN0V2h2ZWfLMw/s731/Screenshot%202024-03-10%20at%209.30.53%E2%80%AFPM.png" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="447" data-original-width="731" height="196" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQU5_qtUT7XWXeLVv-btf6pZ3JAdSiudHVBizGpAlJH1OrnmiWHO6A4dL5Y1yl9ua0HqHYHLkI3E5k6hdl6p5CbzEXeOAC_Cq0rD62N2xquzyOkGm5gHsW1tTfHCr6G_EmhosaT6yGgeLvG4u8me5-hbW6Dqrp-hADSPFW-CKBjrN0V2h2ZWfLMw/w320-h196/Screenshot%202024-03-10%20at%209.30.53%E2%80%AFPM.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Pix credit <a href="https://www.therestandstheglass.com/reviews-and-commentary/tag/UMKC+Conservatory" target="_blank">here</a></span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p>In the age of virtual reproduction, one has moved beyond the commodification of every aspect of life, the bete noire of the passing page of mechanical reproduction (Benjamin, <i><a href="https://web.mit.edu/allanmc/www/benjamin.pdf" target="_blank">The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction</a></i>) to its mimesis in digitalized virtual space. There it acquires a life that though it appears to mirror, takes on its own characteristics. In the age of virtual reproduction, mimesis produces an inversion of sorts--in this age the prize is the art; and art is the object that is the essential ingredient of the prize. Where pre-21st century capitalism--of either the liberal democratic or Marxist-Leninist sort--produced and consumed art by detaching its autonomous genius from its production (in an age of mass consumption); contemporary modalities produce and consume prizes, for which art is necessary. The art is in the reward--the prize, the praise; that art form takes on a new life in virtual space where it can be savored and--not reproduced--but revisited; an infinite loop of a moment in time made memorable by the effort undertaken to produce it, its forms and rituals. </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1wjDZIhsmVI6P2Oik9ma8fPccB9BBgrT6VLWFsCLZfhq88g7AyDHzkJnQEMRJOdU6C6GzTA3JDskQCj6N74ThTBujgUH49T2lIFGNkGojdU2SWOIduXL7qumY3VgWxzyW5-JR75HSonVm7d6MA5i2Fx1SGHd7qENxDKe5PkgN-pKRP70AfcypRA/s691/Screenshot%202024-03-10%20at%209.44.44%E2%80%AFPM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="691" data-original-width="433" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1wjDZIhsmVI6P2Oik9ma8fPccB9BBgrT6VLWFsCLZfhq88g7AyDHzkJnQEMRJOdU6C6GzTA3JDskQCj6N74ThTBujgUH49T2lIFGNkGojdU2SWOIduXL7qumY3VgWxzyW5-JR75HSonVm7d6MA5i2Fx1SGHd7qENxDKe5PkgN-pKRP70AfcypRA/w251-h400/Screenshot%202024-03-10%20at%209.44.44%E2%80%AFPM.png" width="251" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Pix credit <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/10/style/oscars-red-carpet-photos.html?campaign_id=190&emc=edit_ufn_20240310&instance_id=117270&nl=from-the-times&regi_id=100168052&segment_id=160411&te=1&user_id=4e9c14fffa9d91fc94f8eaec557f75e9" target="_blank">New York Times</a></span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p></p><p></p><p>. . . and the clothes--the art of wrapping producers of other art forms in signifiers (my clothing signals my engagement in and as art) that embodies the art they produced for the production of the art of the reward, the art of collective recognition and the material gain that accompanies that and completes the circle of art. The clothes. Consumable signs. <br /><br /><br /></p><p></p><p><br /></p>Larry Catá Backerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06545101367530775497noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-24800874.post-85886847397647640802024-03-10T11:42:00.004-04:002024-03-10T11:42:49.035-04:00Partial Text of the African Union's ‘Common African Position on the Application of International Law to the Use of Information and Communication Technologies in Cyberspace’ Endorsed 18 February 2024<p> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCENirbmQCbYuC7CpC9ZFaOMdQwFFhMFxO3ERvZavlNgvux3KAOF-z_vAJ77C0N4CFPYBxuXUJYncIdbHHdXOBPiBI8NEkTt2rouDj-KGzcleZuccF1s6Ag6PSFT-4JR7TmqbxePzrinC0oj3y6Zr6uETPcOtccliGSpaeKKkffgAZCoQKEXjSTA/s502/Screenshot%202024-03-10%20at%2011.17.28%E2%80%AFAM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="380" data-original-width="502" height="484" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCENirbmQCbYuC7CpC9ZFaOMdQwFFhMFxO3ERvZavlNgvux3KAOF-z_vAJ77C0N4CFPYBxuXUJYncIdbHHdXOBPiBI8NEkTt2rouDj-KGzcleZuccF1s6Ag6PSFT-4JR7TmqbxePzrinC0oj3y6Zr6uETPcOtccliGSpaeKKkffgAZCoQKEXjSTA/w640-h484/Screenshot%202024-03-10%20at%2011.17.28%E2%80%AFAM.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Pix credit <a href="https://www.quora.com/What-is-a-shark-cage-diving-tour" target="_blank">here</a><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /></p><p> </p><p>In late January the A<span class="citation" title="&rft.title=The African Union’s Statement on the Application of International Law to Cyberspace: An Assessment of the Principles of Territorial Sovereignty, Non-Intervention, and Non-Use of Force">frican Union (AU) Peace and Security Council adopted
the ‘Common African Position on the Application of International Law to
the Use of Information and Communication Technologies in Cyberspace’ the Communique of which I discussed here (</span><i><a href="https://lcbackerblog.blogspot.com/2024/02/communique-african-union-peace-security.html" target="_blank">Communiqué: African
Union Peace & Security Council adopting the Common African Position
on the Application of International Law to the Use of Information and
Communication Technologies in Cyberspace</a></i>), and which was marvelously analyzed by Mohamed Helal, who served as the Special Rapporteur of the African Union on the Application of International Law in Cyberspace, in an article posted to SSRN in early February 2024 (<a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4714756" target="_blank">HERE</a>). The Common African Position was endorsed by the African Union on 18 February. <i><b>Some of its text follows below with great thanks to </b></i>International cyber law: interactive toolkit contributors<i><b> who posted it originally <a href="https://cyberlaw.ccdcoe.org/wiki/Common_position_of_the_African_Union_(2024)" target="_blank">HERE</a>.</b></i></p><p>One small observation: Some quite important analysis focused on the issue of sovereignty and sovereign authority embedded in the Common African Position (see, e.g., <a href="https://www.ejiltalk.org/the-african-unions-statement-on-the-application-of-international-law-to-cyberspace-an-assessment-of-the-principles-of-territorial-sovereignty-non-intervention-and-non-use-of-force/" target="_blank">here</a>, <a href="https://www.chathamhouse.org/2024/02/au-took-important-action-cybersecurity-its-2024-summit-more-needed" target="_blank">here</a>, and <a href="https://opiniojuris.org/2024/02/05/the-african-union-rightly-endorses-pure-sovereignty-in-cyberspace/" target="_blank">here</a>). While important, it is to some extent an exercise in accounting for animals that now wander outside the barn in an enclosure the fences of which have gaps which few are interested in repairing (other than academic commentators and some members of the global techno-bureaucratic collectives. I do not mean to suggest that the concept remains critically important as a core foundational principle the tentacles of which inseminate themselves into the operations of the state system and its collective expression in the current state of international institutions and its law/norm projects. Quite the contrary. Nonetheless the discourse of sovereignty has at once become more primitive and more sophisticated. One might more usefully invoke it for its semiotics significance: the object and meaning of barriers. While the idea of sovereign cages has taken a particular direction among OECD states (for example) in ways that drive much international thinking, others have started considering the nature and utility of cages in quite contextually distinct ways (for one example <a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4256399" target="_blank">here</a>). </p><p></p><blockquote>Cages, though, comes in many configurations; and that is the great ambiguity. The<br />etymology of the word in Indo-European languages is revealing, and its subtext still powerful. At its base a cage is a hollow space. That is the word focuses on the interior of the space rather than its borders. But it focused not just on the space but the objects it was intended to contain. Thus the Latin <i>cavea</i> was understood as indicating hollow place, as well as an enclosure for animals, coop, hive, stall, and dungeon. But it could also reference the space within which populations were contained for the transmission of specific activity, for example of spectators’ seats in the theater. By the 12th century in its French form the cage described a broad range of enclosure—prisons, retreats, hideouts—spaces of confinement that was not normatively neutral. Modernity has reduced the core of the signification of the term to include a small subset of the objects within the spectrum of its description: to a focus on the borders rather than the space, and to focus on the objects contained within it. That concentration necessarily is meant to assign or signify meaning to objects and actions inside and outside the cage. That signification, importantly, is made by reference to the judgment inherent in the form of the cage and in the structures (normative and physical) of its judgments about what lies inside and outside its barriers.<br />And yet, post-modernity has seen a return to an older, broader, and more abstract signification of the term. Cages can be small and contain a small part of a larger space that is also caged; or they can extend to the entirely of the space itself—like the rationalizing concept of rule of<br />law itself. Cages can be constructed to separate—but separation may keep things out as well as confine what is within. Or they may be built to segregate spaces that have to be managed according to different regimes. Cages can be open—constraining with a set of bars inviting constant views of what lies outside-- or they can be closed, with no view of what lies outside. They may not even have bars—an abstract panopticon. The ‘bars’ of the cage of regulation may be constructed from out of traditional law/regulation. It need not be; the cage can be constructed out of a set of judgments and expectations activated through measurable action or inaction. That action or inaction defines both the means of constraint and the objects that constraint is meant to manage toward from set of macro-normative objectives. —or its confining structures may be a function of a construction of measures with consequences. Here, at last one returns to the hollow spaces of <i>cavea</i>. (<i><a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4256399" target="_blank">The Imaginaries of Regulatory Spaces in an Age of Administrative Discretion: Social Credit ‘in’ or ‘as’ the Cage of Regulation of Socialist Legality</a></i>; submission draft <a href="https://deliverypdf.ssrn.com/delivery.php?ID=117092085029097124114004101080121025001036072042032045097099076112079021086065096126121012006000005059110086109102100086028081023029059042041106005031031115030091059055075123094102075000092127098086077115104065112094090124026123078011074109079106111&EXT=pdf&INDEX=TRUE" target="_blank">here</a>).<br /></blockquote>It is this <i>cavea</i> that the Common African Position seeks to build. It is a space where one can feed and be feed from and through the pathways of cyber or virtual spaces. Yet it is one in which before either consuming or producing in cyber-spaces, it is necessary to develop and protect the collective consciousness and autonomy of the producer/consumer collective. That is a requisite and fundamental nature of platforms; and it is especially important where one engages with and in virtual realities. <br /><p></p><span><a name='more'></a></span><h1 class="firstHeading mw-first-heading" id="firstHeading"><span class="mw-page-title-main"><a href="https://cyberlaw.ccdcoe.org/wiki/Common_position_of_the_African_Union_(2024)?oldid=4028" target="_blank">Common position of the African Union (2024)</a></span></h1>
<div class="vector-body" id="bodyContent">
<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div>
<div id="contentSub2"></div>
<div id="jump-to-nav"></div>
</div>
<div class="mw-parser-output"><div aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading" class="toc" id="toc" role="navigation"><input class="toctogglecheckbox" id="toctogglecheckbox" role="button" style="display: none;" type="checkbox" /><div class="toctitle" dir="ltr" lang="en"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://cyberlaw.ccdcoe.org/wiki/Common_position_of_the_African_Union_(2024)#Introduction"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Introduction</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://cyberlaw.ccdcoe.org/wiki/Common_position_of_the_African_Union_(2024)#Applicability_of_international_law"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Applicability of international law</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="https://cyberlaw.ccdcoe.org/wiki/Common_position_of_the_African_Union_(2024)#Sovereignty"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Sovereignty</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="https://cyberlaw.ccdcoe.org/wiki/Common_position_of_the_African_Union_(2024)#Due_diligence"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Due diligence</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="https://cyberlaw.ccdcoe.org/wiki/Common_position_of_the_African_Union_(2024)#Prohibition_of_intervention"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Prohibition of intervention</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="https://cyberlaw.ccdcoe.org/wiki/Common_position_of_the_African_Union_(2024)#Peaceful_settlement_of_disputes"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Peaceful settlement of disputes</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="https://cyberlaw.ccdcoe.org/wiki/Common_position_of_the_African_Union_(2024)#Use_of_force"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Use of force</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="https://cyberlaw.ccdcoe.org/wiki/Common_position_of_the_African_Union_(2024)#Attribution"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Attribution</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="https://cyberlaw.ccdcoe.org/wiki/Common_position_of_the_African_Union_(2024)#International_humanitarian_law_(jus_in_bello)"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">International humanitarian law <i>(jus in bello)</i></span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="https://cyberlaw.ccdcoe.org/wiki/Common_position_of_the_African_Union_(2024)#International_armed_conflict"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">International armed conflict</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="https://cyberlaw.ccdcoe.org/wiki/Common_position_of_the_African_Union_(2024)#Non-international_armed_conflict"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Non-international armed conflict</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="https://cyberlaw.ccdcoe.org/wiki/Common_position_of_the_African_Union_(2024)#Conduct_of_hostilities"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">Conduct of hostilities</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="https://cyberlaw.ccdcoe.org/wiki/Common_position_of_the_African_Union_(2024)#Attacks_against_persons"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">Attacks against persons</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="https://cyberlaw.ccdcoe.org/wiki/Common_position_of_the_African_Union_(2024)#Proportionality"><span class="tocnumber">14</span> <span class="toctext">Proportionality</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="https://cyberlaw.ccdcoe.org/wiki/Common_position_of_the_African_Union_(2024)#Specially_protected_persons,_objects_and_activities_(international_humanitarian_law)"><span class="tocnumber">15</span> <span class="toctext">Specially protected persons, objects and activities (international humanitarian law)</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="https://cyberlaw.ccdcoe.org/wiki/Common_position_of_the_African_Union_(2024)#International_human_rights_law"><span class="tocnumber">16</span> <span class="toctext">International human rights law</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="https://cyberlaw.ccdcoe.org/wiki/Common_position_of_the_African_Union_(2024)#State_responsibility"><span class="tocnumber">17</span> <span class="toctext">State responsibility</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="https://cyberlaw.ccdcoe.org/wiki/Common_position_of_the_African_Union_(2024)#Appendixes"><span class="tocnumber">18</span> <span class="toctext">Appendixes</span></a>
<ul><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="https://cyberlaw.ccdcoe.org/wiki/Common_position_of_the_African_Union_(2024)#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">18.1</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="https://cyberlaw.ccdcoe.org/wiki/Common_position_of_the_African_Union_(2024)#Notes_and_references"><span class="tocnumber">18.2</span> <span class="toctext">Notes and references</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="https://cyberlaw.ccdcoe.org/wiki/Common_position_of_the_African_Union_(2024)#Bibliography_and_further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">18.3</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliography and further reading</span></a></li></ul>
</li></ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Introduction">Introduction</span></h2></div><p>This
is the Common African Position on the Application of International Law
to the Use of Information and Communication Technologies in Cyberspace,
issued on 29 January 2024 by the African Union Peace and Security
Council.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1"><a href="https://cyberlaw.ccdcoe.org/wiki/Common_position_of_the_African_Union_(2024)#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup>
</p><p>The position paper includes the following preamble:
</p><p>"1. Recalling the Constitutive Act of the African Union adopted
in 2002, in particular Articles 3 and 4 of the Act and, the African
Union Convention on Cyber Security and Personal Data Protection (Malabo
Convention) adopted in 2014.
</p><p>2. Noting that information and communication technologies (ICTs)
in cyberspace are an indispensable part of the lives of human beings
throughout the world. ICTs are an instrument of human interaction, a
vehicle for social development, and an engine of economic growth,
poverty eradication, and sustainable development.
</p><p>3. Further noting that it is in the interest of all States,
societies, and present and future generations to develop a global legal
architecture that ensures that ICTs are used for peaceful purposes, and
that prevents the malicious and criminal use of these technologies,
promotes greater cooperation between States, guarantees that cyberspace
remains open, secure, stable, accessible, and peaceful, protects basic
human rights and fundamental freedoms of individuals and peoples, and
advances the common interests of humankind.
</p><p>4. Reaffirming that international law applies in cyberspace and
governs the use of ICTs in cyberspace, and underscoring that States are
under an obligation not to engage in internationally wrongful acts such
as those outlined in this Common Position and to combat malicious and
criminal cyber operations by non-State actors. In this regard, it is
necessary, in light of the unique technical characteristics of
cyberspace and the distinctive nature of the threats posed by unlawful
behavior in this domain, by both States and non-State actors, to further
expand dialogue between States, regional organizations, and other
relevant stakeholders as appropriate and within their respective roles
and responsibilities through transparent, inclusive, and multilateral
processes on how international law should further apply in this area.
</p><p>5. Reiterating their commitment, consistent with their
obligations under international law and in accordance with due
diligence, to combat malicious and criminal cyber operations by
non-State actors and emphasized that non-State actors, particularly
those whose conduct is attributable to States, should refrain from
engaging in malicious or criminal use of ICTs in the Cyberspace.
</p><p>6. Emphasizing that the process of further clarifying how
international law applies to the use of ICTs in cyberspace and, where
necessary, further developing the rules of international law that are
applicable in this area is a matter of common interest to all States.
All States have an equal right to participate in the articulation of
rules of international law that apply in cyberspace and the views of all
States have equal weight and value in this process.
</p><p>7. Noting that the process of articulating rules of international
law that apply to the use of ICTs in cyberspace would benefit from the
adoption of a United Nations declaration on this subject that would be
negotiated with the participation of relevant stakeholders, as
appropriate and within their respective roles and responsibilities,
including other international and regional organizations.
</p><p>8. Taking note of the ongoing meetings of the UN Ad Hoc Committee
to Elaborate a Comprehensive International Convention on Countering the
Use of Information and Communications Technologies for Criminal
Purposes. The African Union encourages its Member States which have not
yet done so, to consider signing and ratifying the AU Convention on
Cyber Security and Personal Data Protection (Malabo Convention).
</p><p>9. Commending the efforts undertaken by the United Nations to
address issues relating to cybersecurity, especially the World Summit on
Information Society hosted in Africa by a Member State of the African
Union, Tunisia, and recalling, in this regard, the Tunis Commitment and
the Tunis Plan of Action contained in U.N. Document A/60/687.
</p><p>10. Highlighting that this Common African Position was adopted in
the spirit of seeking to contribute to global debates on the
application of international law to cyberspace. In this regard, given
the continuous and rapid development of technology in this area, this
Common African Position should be viewed as a non-exhaustive
contribution to ongoing discussions in this field. The positions
expressed herein may further evolve in light of technological
developments and continuing engagement in discussions with the
international community. The Member States of the African Union are also
encouraged to issue national statements on the application of
international law to the use of information and communication
technologies in cyberspace. Moreover, there are aspects of the rules of
international law as they apply in cyberspace that are not addressed in
this statement, such as the immunities of diplomatic missions and
international organizations, the inviolability of official State
communications and diplomatic correspondences, the legality of
countermeasures, and the restrictions on invoking necessity as a
circumstance precluding wrongfulness, on which the African Union
reserves its position[.]
</p><p>11. Reaffirming that the adoption of this Common African Position
confirms the commitment expressed by the African Union in the Digital
Transformation Strategy for Africa to harness digital technologies and
innovation to transform African societies and economies to promote
Africa’s integration, generate inclusive economic growth, stimulate job
creation, bridge the digital divide, and eradicate poverty for the
continent’s socio-economic development and ensure Africa’s ownership of
the modern tools of digital management."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2"><a href="https://cyberlaw.ccdcoe.org/wiki/Common_position_of_the_African_Union_(2024)#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Applicability_of_international_law"><a href="https://cyberlaw.ccdcoe.org/wiki/Applicability_of_international_law" title="Applicability of international law">Applicability of international law</a></span></h2><p>"4.
Reaffirming that international law applies in cyberspace and governs
the use of ICTs in cyberspace, and underscoring that States are under an
obligation not to engage in internationally wrongful acts such as those
outlined in this Common Position and to combat malicious and criminal
cyber operations by non-State actors. [...]"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3"><a href="https://cyberlaw.ccdcoe.org/wiki/Common_position_of_the_African_Union_(2024)#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Sovereignty"><a href="https://cyberlaw.ccdcoe.org/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></span></h2><p>"12.
Sovereignty is an attribute of States. By virtue of sovereignty, States
enjoy, under international law, territorial sovereignty, and supremacy
in their internal and external affairs. States are also under an
obligation to uphold principles of international law including the duty
not to infringe on the independence of other States or to violate their
territorial sovereignty.
</p><p>13. Territorial sovereignty is a corollary of State sovereignty.
By virtue of territorial sovereignty, States are entitled, within the
limits established by the applicable rules of international law, to
exercise exclusive control over their land territory and its
appurtenances, including the airspace and maritime zones that are
subject to the sovereignty of the State. The obligation to respect the
territorial sovereignty of States is a primary rule that is firmly
established in international law, which applies to State conduct in
cyberspace. This rule is reflected in several judicial decisions,
including the judgment of the International Court of Justice in the <i>Corfu Channel Case</i>,
which affirmed that “[b]etween independent States, respect for
territorial sovereignty is an essential foundation of international
relations,” and the judgment of the International Court of Justice in
the <i>Case Concerning Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua</i>, which affirmed that “[t]he basic legal concept of State sovereignty in customary international law, expressed in, <i>inter alia</i>,
Article 2 paragraph 1, of the United Nations Charter, extends to the
internal waters and territorial sea of every State and to the air space
above its territory.”
</p><p>14. By virtue of territorial sovereignty, States are entitled to
exercise jurisdiction, including legislative, adjudicative, and
enforcement authority, over the components of cyberspace that are
located on their territory. The jurisdiction of States also applies
extraterritorially to ICTs located on aircraft and ships flying the
State’s flag and satellites and other spacecraft in outer space
registered by the State.
</p><p>15. The African Union affirms that international law, as it
applies to the use of ICTs in cyberspace, does not permit a State to
exercise enforcement authority on the territory of a foreign State in
response to unlawful cyber activities that emanate from the territory of
that foreign State. This applies even if the exercise of such
enforcement authority by a State does not have harmful effects, whether
virtual or physical, on the territory of a foreign State.
</p><p>16. The African Union affirms that by virtue of territorial
sovereignty, any unauthorized access by a State into the ICT
infrastructure located on the territory of a foreign State is unlawful.
Therefore, the African Union emphasizes that the obligation to respect
the territorial sovereignty of States, as it applies in cyberspace, does
not include a <i>de minimis</i> threshold of harmful effects below
which an unauthorized access by a State into the ICT infrastructure
located on the territory of a foreign State would not be unlawful. The
African Union further affirms that cyber operations that are
attributable to a State against ICT infrastructure located on the
territory of a foreign State that causes effects, such as loss or
impairment of functionality, on the territory of a third State, may
constitute a breach of the territorial sovereignty of that latter State.
</p><p>17. The African Union underscores that seeking to codify rules of
international law that apply in cyberspace that purport to permit
States to exercise enforcement authority on the territory of a foreign
State or that establish a threshold of harm that reduces the protective
scope of the rule of the inviolability of the territorial sovereignty of
States poses significant risks from a policy perspective. Given the
vast disparities of technical capabilities between States, such rules
would, as noted by the International Court of Justice in the <i>Corfu Channel Case</i>,
“from the nature of things, be reserved for the most powerful States,”
which could give rise to serious abuses that would undermine the
principles of the independence and sovereign equality of States.
</p><p>19. The obligation to respect the territorial sovereignty of
States is a rule that applies in inter- State relations. Accordingly,
only an internationally wrongful act that is attributable to a State in
accordance with the applicable rules of international law, as outlined
in Section 9 herein, could constitute a violation of the territorial
sovereignty of a State. [...]
</p><p>67. The African Union reiterates that capacity-building and
technical assistance must respect State sovereignty, and should also be
based on mutual trust and recognition of national ownership. The African
Union emphasizes that capacity building and all cooperation in this
area should respect the integrity and security of national ICT
infrastructure, and correspond to nationally identified needs and
priorities, and respect and protect the confidentiality of national
policies and plans."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4"><a href="https://cyberlaw.ccdcoe.org/wiki/Common_position_of_the_African_Union_(2024)#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Due_diligence"><a href="https://cyberlaw.ccdcoe.org/wiki/Due_diligence" title="Due diligence">Due diligence</a></span></h2><p>"18.
As a corollary of territorial sovereignty, States shall protect, in
accordance with the applicable rules of international law, especially
international human rights law and, when applicable, international
humanitarian law, natural and legal persons located on their territory
against unlawful uses of ICTs in cyberspace that are attributable to
foreign States or non-State actors. [...]
</p><p>20. Due diligence performs an important role in the area of
cyberspace. Given the technical challenges relating to establishing
attribution for internationally wrongful acts committed through ICTs in
cyberspace and the fact that such acts are often committed by non-State
actors, due diligence provides an important tool to promote the
openness, accessibility, safety, and security of cyberspace.
</p><p>21. The African Union recognizes that due diligence is an
obligation that operates in the context of other primary rules of
international law. In this regard, the African Union affirms that by
virtue of territorial sovereignty, every State is under an obligation,
as stated by the International Court of Justice in the Corfu Channel
Case, “not to allow knowingly its territory to be used for acts contrary
to the rights of other states.” This principle, which is a corollary of
sovereignty is also confirmed by other judicial precedents, including
the Pulp Mills Case and the Island of Palmas arbitral decision.
</p><p>22. The African Union considers that due diligence, as it applies
in cyberspace, establishes an obligation of conduct, not an obligation
of result. Therefore, due diligence does not require a State to
guarantee that its territory or territory under its control or
jurisdiction is not used to commit an internationally wrongful act.
Rather, due diligence establishes an obligation to take necessary
measures that are feasible to the extent of a State’s capacity and the
means available to it to prevent or halt an internationally wrongful act
that a State knows or should have known is undertaken using ICTs in its
territory or in territory under its control or jurisdiction.
</p><p>23. The due diligence obligation to take necessary measures, to
the extent of the capacity available to the State, to prevent or halt an
internationally wrongful act is triggered only if a State has knowledge
that such an act is originating from or transiting through ICTs located
on its territory or in territory under its control or jurisdiction.
Knowledge, however, is not to be presumed simply by virtue of the fact
of territorial sovereignty or control. Indeed, in the Corfu Channel
Case, the International Court of Justice stated that “it cannot be
concluded from the mere fact of the control exercised by a State over
its territory and waters that that State necessarily knew, or ought to
have known, of any unlawful act perpetrated therein, nor yet that it
necessarily knew, or should have known.” Therefore, whether a State
knows or has reason to know that an internationally wrongful act is
originating from or transiting through ICTs located on its territory or
in territory under its control or jurisdiction is a matter that has to
be determined on a case-by-case basis in light of the information
available to a State, the technical and institutional capabilities, and
financial resources available to that State.
</p><p>24. Due diligence also reinforces the obligation of States not to
permit another State to use ICTs located within its territory or under
its jurisdiction or control to commit internationally wrongful acts
against another State.
</p><p>25. The African Union also recognizes the unique challenges faced
by developing countries in implementing due diligence measures due to
resource constraints, and challenges related to technical expertise. The
African Union emphasizes the importance of international cooperation
and information sharing, including through Computer Emergency Response
Teams (CERTs)/Computer Security Incident Response Teams (CSIRTs), to
further enable States to fully uphold the obligation of due diligence.
In this regard, the African Union underscores the importance of
expanding international cooperation and capacity building as outlined in
Section X, and further empowering and enabling the full participation
of developing countries in policy making forums related to the
governance of cyberspace. [...]
</p><p>45. [T]he African Union reiterates that, by virtue of their
territorial sovereignty, all States are under an obligation to exercise
due diligence as reflected in Section III above and to ensure that their
territory is not knowingly used to violate the rights of other States
through acts that constitute a threat or use of force, whether such acts
are undertaken by organs of the State or non-State actors acting under
the direction, control, or instruction of the State."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5"><a href="https://cyberlaw.ccdcoe.org/wiki/Common_position_of_the_African_Union_(2024)#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Prohibition_of_intervention"><a href="https://cyberlaw.ccdcoe.org/wiki/Prohibition_of_intervention" title="Prohibition of intervention">Prohibition of intervention</a></span></h2><p>"26.
The prohibition on intervention in the internal and external affairs of
States is a principle of general international law that is also
reflected in several multilateral treaties, including the founding
instruments of regional organizations, such as the Constitutive Act of
the African Union, the Charter of the Organization of American States,
the Charter of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation, and the Charter
of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, in addition to other
instruments, such as the 1975 Helsinki Final Act, and UN General
Assembly resolutions, such as the 1970 Declaration on Principles of
International Law concerning Friendly Relations and Cooperation among
States.
</p><p>27. The prohibition on intervention is a rule that applies to
inter-State relations. Accordingly, only acts that are attributable to a
State in accordance with the applicable secondary rules of
international law could constitute a violation of the prohibition on
intervention.
</p><p>28. The prohibition on intervention protects against acts that
impinge on matters within the domestic jurisdiction of States in
relation to which each State is permitted, by the principle of State
sovereignty, to decide freely. It is also established that, by virtue of
their sovereignty, States have an inalienable right to choose their
political, economic, social, and cultural systems, without intervention
from any other States.
</p><p>29. The prohibition on intervention applies to the use of any
instrument, including armed, political, economic, or any other means,
and instruments of information, that may be used by a State for the
purposes of intervening in the internal or external affairs of a foreign
State. The prohibition on intervention is especially pertinent in the
context of cyberspace given the increasing connectivity between States
and societies which provides greater opportunities for malicious actors,
including States and non-State actors the acts of which are
attributable to States, to misuse ICTs for the purpose of intervening in
the internal and external affairs of States. Various codifications of
the prohibition on intervention have also affirmed that this rule
proscribes both direct intervention by de jure and de facto organs of a
State and indirect intervention by persons or groups acting under the
direction, instruction, or control of a State. This rule also proscribes
the organizing, funding, or the provision of any form assistance to
non-State actors engaged in acts of intervention against another State.
</p><p>30. To constitute a violation of the prohibition on intervention,
ICTs in cyberspace must be employed in a manner that amounts to
coercion, which the International Court of Justice described, in the <i>Case Concerning Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua</i>, as the element that “defines, and indeed forms the very essence of prohibited intervention.”
</p><p>31. The African Union is of the view that coercion, in the
context of the prohibition on intervention, should be defined as a
policy that is designed to impose restraints on the will of a foreign
State. Assessing whether the use by one or more States of ICTs in
cyberspace to influence the conduct of a foreign State amounts to
coercion is a determination that should be undertaken on a case-by-case
basis.
</p><p>32. While the definition of coercion in this context requires
further study and deliberation between States, the African Union is of
the view that it is not necessary, in order to constitute coercion, that
the conduct of a State must rise to the level of completely depriving a
foreign State of its freedom of choice or to compel that State to
either act or refrain from acting involuntarily. Coercion may also occur
through threats of intervention. Furthermore, there is no requirement
that, in order to constitute a violation of the prohibition on
intervention, an act of coercion must actually succeed in compelling the
State subjected to such acts to change its conduct. An unsuccessful
attempt of intervention is unlawful under international law. The African
Union stresses that offers or calls to peacefully settle disputes
through negotiation, enquiry, mediation, conciliation, good offices,
arbitration, and judicial settlement, and diplomatic discussions and
communications are presumed not to constitute acts of coercion.
</p><p>33. The African Union recalls that, by virtue of their
territorial sovereignty, all States are under an obligation to exercise
due diligence to prevent the use of their territory by other States or
by non- State actors to engage in acts that constitute a violation of
the prohibition on intervention in the internal or external affairs of
States."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6"><a href="https://cyberlaw.ccdcoe.org/wiki/Common_position_of_the_African_Union_(2024)#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Peaceful_settlement_of_disputes"><a href="https://cyberlaw.ccdcoe.org/wiki/Peaceful_settlement_of_disputes" title="Peaceful settlement of disputes">Peaceful settlement of disputes</a></span></h2><p>"34.
The obligation to settle international disputes by peaceful means is a
rule of customary international law that is also codified in
international and regional treaties, including the U.N. Charter and the
founding instruments of regional organizations, such as the Constitutive
Act of the African Union.
</p><p>35. The African Union recalls Article 4(e) on the peaceful
resolution of conflicts and Article 4(f) on the prohibition of the use
of force or the threat to use force of the Constitutive Act of the
African Union, and reaffirms that in accordance with Article 2(3) and
Article 33 of the U.N. Charter the obligation to settle international
disputes peacefully applies to any dispute that may arise between States
relating to acts, omissions, or any disagreement on a point of law or
fact, that relates to the use of ICTs in cyberspace, or that relates to
the application or interpretation of international law in this field.
This obligation is not limited to disputes the continuance of which is
likely to endanger the maintenance of international peace and security.
</p><p>36. In accordance with the U.N. Charter, States are obligated to
settle international disputes through peaceful means such as
negotiation, enquiry, mediation, conciliation, good offices,
arbitration, judicial settlement, resort to regional agencies or
arrangements, or any other peaceful means of their own choice.
</p><p>37. The African Union recognizes the potential of information and
communication technologies (ICTs) to enhance the peaceful settlement of
disputes and encourages the use of ICTs in the context of dispute
settlement. The African Union also supports the development of ICT-based
tools and platforms for the peaceful settlement of disputes, such as
online mediation platforms and dispute resolution software, and urges
states to invest in research and development of ICTs for the peaceful
settlement of disputes in cyberspace."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7"><a href="https://cyberlaw.ccdcoe.org/wiki/Common_position_of_the_African_Union_(2024)#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Use_of_force"><a href="https://cyberlaw.ccdcoe.org/wiki/Use_of_force" title="Use of force">Use of force</a></span></h2><p>"38.
The prohibition on the threat or use of force is a rule of jus cogens
and a fundamental and cardinal rule of general international law that is
also a cornerstone of the U.N. Charter. This rule is also enshrined in
many treaties and founding instruments of regional organizations, such
as the Constitutive act of the African Union, and in bilateral
agreements. This rule of international law applies in cyberspace and
governs the conduct of States in relation to ICTs in cyberspace.
</p><p>39. The prohibition on the use of force admits only two
exceptions: the use of force in self-defense if an armed attack occurs,
and the use of force that is authorized by the UN Security Council
acting under Chapter VII of the UN Charter. The African Union affirm
that this rule applies to the use of armed force by States. The African
Union is of the view that cyber operations would fall within the scope
of the prohibition of the use of force when the scale and effects of the
operation are comparable to those of a conventional act of violence
covered by the prohibition. In particular, a cyber operation, depending
on its scale and effect, would amount to use of force if it is expected
to cause physical damage, injury, or death, that is comparable to the
use of force by an act covered by the prohibition.
</p><p>40. For example, a cyber operation that destroys, inflicts
damage, or permanently disables critical infrastructure or civilian
objects within a State, may be considered as amounting to a use of force
under international law. Similarly, a cyber operation that targets a
military asset by destroying, damaging, or deactivating a missile
defense system, could constitute a violation of the prohibition on the
use of force. The determination of whether a cyber-operation or a
cyber-operation that is executed in combination with the use of
non-cyber weapons constitutes a use of force should be undertaken on a
case-by-case basis.
</p><p>41. The African Union underscores that there is a distinction
between the gravest forms of the use of force that constitute an armed
attack, which entitle the injured State to invoke the right to
individual or collective self-defense in accordance with Article 51 of
the U.N. Charter, and less grave forms of the use of force. Whether a
particular cyber operation constitutes a use of force or amounts to an
armed attack should be determined on a case-by-case basis. That
determination should be thoroughly substantiated on the basis of an
assessment of the scale and effects of the particular cyber operation.
Generally, the criterion of scale requires an examination of elements
such as the duration of the attack, the nature of the targets attacked,
the locations of the targets attacked, and the types of weapons used,
while the criterion of effects measures the extent of the damage caused
by the attack.
</p><p>42. The African Union takes note of the views that assert that
States have a right to exercise self- defense against imminent threats
of the use of force. This is a controversial question on which there is a
paucity of judicial precedent and a lack of unanimity among highly
qualified publicists. The African Union is of the view that this matter
requires further study and deliberation between States taking into
consideration both the unique characteristics of cyberspace and
cyber-operations and the implications that any rules that may emerge in
relation to this question may have for the integrity of the prohibitions
on the threat or use of force. In this regard, the Member States of the
African Union emphasize that, from a legal perspective, the Article 51
of the U.N. Charter permits States to use force in individual or
collective self-defense “if an armed attack occurs” against a U.N.
Member State. Furthermore, the African Union underscores that, from a
policy perspective, the maintenance of international peace and security
favors the continued adoption of a restrictive interpretation of the
exceptions to the prohibition on the use of force.
</p><p>43. The prohibition on the threat or use of force addresses
States in their international relations. Therefore, this rule and the
exceptions thereto do not apply to the conduct of non-State actors that
is not attributable to States. Accordingly, the African Union affirms
that the right of self-defense is triggered solely if an armed attack is
attributable to a State according to the applicable rules of customary
international law of State responsibility.
</p><p>44. The African Union notes that arming and training non-State
actors could amount to a violation of the prohibition on the threat or
use of force. This applies to the provision of technical assistance or
training to non-State actors that engage in acts amounting to the threat
or use of force through ICTs against another State.
</p><p>45. In this context, the African Union reiterates that, by virtue
of their territorial sovereignty, all States are under an obligation to
exercise due diligence as reflected in Section III above and to ensure
that their territory is not knowingly used to violate the rights of
other States through acts that constitute a threat or use of force,
whether such acts are undertaken by organs of the State or nonState
actors acting under the direction, control, or instruction of the State.
</p><p>46. Conduct that does not amount to a violation of the
prohibition on the threat or use of force may, depending on the
circumstances, constitute a breach of other rules of international law,
especially the obligation to respect the territorial sovereignty of
States and the prohibition on intervention in the internal or external
affairs of States."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8"><a href="https://cyberlaw.ccdcoe.org/wiki/Common_position_of_the_African_Union_(2024)#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Attribution"><a href="https://cyberlaw.ccdcoe.org/wiki/Attribution" title="Attribution">Attribution</a></span></h2><p>"61.
Subject to the emergence of specific rules of attribution, the African
Union affirms that the customary rules on State responsibility, as
reflected in the ILC Draft Articles on the Responsibility of States for
Internationally Wrongful Acts provide the applicable rules of the
attribution to States of conduct undertaken through ICTs in cyberspace."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9"><a href="https://cyberlaw.ccdcoe.org/wiki/Common_position_of_the_African_Union_(2024)#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span id="International_humanitarian_law_.28jus_in_bello.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="International_humanitarian_law_(jus_in_bello)"><a href="https://cyberlaw.ccdcoe.org/wiki/International_humanitarian_law_(jus_in_bello)" title="International humanitarian law (jus in bello)">International humanitarian law <i>(jus in bello)</i></a></span></h2><p>"47.
The African Union affirms that International Humanitarian Law (IHL)
applies in cyberspace. Despite the fact that most rules of IHL emerged
before the appearance of cyberspace, IHL applies, concurrently with any
other applicable rules of international law, to cyber-operations that
may be undertaken in the context of an armed conflict. As noted by the
International Court of Justice in its advisory opinion on the <i>Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons</i>,
by virtue of its “intrinsically humanitarian character,” IHL applies to
“all forms of warfare and to all kinds of weapons, those of the past,
those of the present, and those of the future.”
</p><p>48. In order to trigger the application of IHL, a situation must
amount to an armed conflict. IHL recognizes two categories of armed
conflict: international armed conflicts, in which the parties are States
that are engaged in hostilities using armed force, and
non-international armed conflicts, in which the parties are State armed
forces engaged in hostilities against organized armed groups or a
situation in which armed groups are engaged in hostilities amongst each
other on the territory of a State."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10"><a href="https://cyberlaw.ccdcoe.org/wiki/Common_position_of_the_African_Union_(2024)#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="International_armed_conflict"><a href="https://cyberlaw.ccdcoe.org/wiki/International_armed_conflict" title="International armed conflict">International armed conflict</a></span></h2><p>"48.
[...] IHL recognizes two categories of armed conflict: international
armed conflicts, in which the parties are States that are engaged in
hostilities using armed force, [...]
</p><p>49. In an international armed conflict, the application of IHL
commences whenever armed force is used between States regardless of the
intensity of such activities. The application of IHL to an international
armed conflict is unaffected by either the absence of a formal
declaration of war or by the assessment of the legality, under the
applicable rules of the U.N. Charter, of the use of force by the
belligerent States. [...]"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11"><a href="https://cyberlaw.ccdcoe.org/wiki/Common_position_of_the_African_Union_(2024)#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Non-international_armed_conflict"><a href="https://cyberlaw.ccdcoe.org/wiki/Non-international_armed_conflict" title="Non-international armed conflict">Non-international armed conflict</a></span></h2><p>"48.
[...] IHL recognizes two categories of armed conflict: [...] and
non-international armed conflicts, in which the parties are State armed
forces engaged in hostilities against organized armed groups or a
situation in which armed groups are engaged in hostilities amongst each
other on the territory of a State.
</p><p>49. [...] The African Union is mindful of the possibility that
cyberoperations as in itself may trigger a non-international armed
conflict. The application of IHL commences in a non-international armed
conflict when the intensity of the conflict amounts to protracted armed
violence, which means that it is above the level of violence associated
with internal disturbances, such as riots, isolated, and sporadic
violence, and in situations where the armed groups engaged in
hostilities reach a certain degree of organization."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12"><a href="https://cyberlaw.ccdcoe.org/wiki/Common_position_of_the_African_Union_(2024)#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Conduct_of_hostilities"><a href="https://cyberlaw.ccdcoe.org/wiki/Conduct_of_hostilities" title="Conduct of hostilities">Conduct of hostilities</a></span></h2><p>"50.
The African Union reaffirms their commitment to the cardinal principles
of IHL that govern all means and methods of warfare and reiterate that
such principles apply to the use of ICTs in cyberspace as a means of
warfare and afford protection to civilian ICTs during armed conflicts.
In particular, the African Union recalls the principle that “the right
of belligerents to adopt means of injuring the enemy is not unlimited”
and the principle that belligerents are under an obligation to limit the
suffering, injury, and destruction caused by an armed conflict."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13"><a href="https://cyberlaw.ccdcoe.org/wiki/Common_position_of_the_African_Union_(2024)#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Attacks_against_persons"><a href="https://cyberlaw.ccdcoe.org/wiki/Attacks_against_persons" title="Attacks against persons">Attacks against persons</a></span></h2><p>"51.
On the basis of these general principles, the African Union underscores
the importance of the principle of distinction, which prohibits attacks
that are directed at civilians or civilian objects, including ICTs,
whether such attacks are undertaken using kinetic or cyber means."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14"><a href="https://cyberlaw.ccdcoe.org/wiki/Common_position_of_the_African_Union_(2024)#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Proportionality"><a href="https://cyberlaw.ccdcoe.org/wiki/Proportionality" title="Proportionality">Proportionality</a></span></h2><p>"51.
[...] The African Union also emphasizes the importance of the principle
of proportionality, which prohibits attacks that are expected to cause
incidental civilian harm that would be excessive to what is necessary to
achieve a definite military advantage."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15"><a href="https://cyberlaw.ccdcoe.org/wiki/Common_position_of_the_African_Union_(2024)#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span id="Specially_protected_persons.2C_objects_and_activities_.28international_humanitarian_law.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Specially_protected_persons,_objects_and_activities_(international_humanitarian_law)"><a href="https://cyberlaw.ccdcoe.org/wiki/Specially_protected_persons,_objects,_and_activities_(international_humanitarian_law)" title="Specially protected persons, objects, and activities (international humanitarian law)">Specially protected persons, objects and activities (international humanitarian law)</a></span></h2><p>"52.
The African Union emphasizes that certain civilians and civilian
objects, including the related ICT infrastructure associated with them,
enjoy additional specific protection under the relevant rules of IHL.
These objects, which are indispensable to the survival of the civilian
population, include hospitals, medical personnel, and facilities as well
as humanitarian relief operations. Such objects must be respected and
protected at all times and not be interfered with, attacked, destroyed,
removed or rendered useless."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-16"><a href="https://cyberlaw.ccdcoe.org/wiki/Common_position_of_the_African_Union_(2024)#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="International_human_rights_law"><a href="https://cyberlaw.ccdcoe.org/wiki/International_human_rights_law" title="International human rights law">International human rights law</a></span></h2><p>"53.
The African Union affirms that international human rights law (IHRL),
whether codified in universal or regional conventions to which States
are party or embodied in customary international law, applies in
cyberspace, and also reaffirms the universality, indivisibility,
interdependence, and interrelation of all human rights and fundamental
freedoms, including the right to development. Accordingly, States shall
respect, protect, and ensure the human rights of individuals and peoples
on their territory or under their jurisdiction that relate to the
peaceful use of ICTs in cyberspace, including by protecting such
individual and collective rights against infringements by third parties
and non-State actors.
</p><p>54. The African Union further affirms that IHRL requires States
to protect the freedom of expression online, including the right to
seek, receive, and impart information and ideas and to disseminate
opinions through ICTs. Any restrictions imposed by States on these
rights must be provided by law and must be limited to what is strictly
necessary in a democratic society to respect and protect the rights or
reputations of others and to protect national security, public order,
public health, or morals. The African Union also reaffirms that States
shall ensure that ICTs are not misused for the purposes of inciting to
violence, hate crimes, terrorism, violent extremism, organized crimes
and trafficking in persons, or discrimination on any grounds, including
race, ethnicity, color, sex, language, religion, political or any other
opinion, national and social origin, fortune, birth or other status. In
this regard, the African Union recalls that special regard should be to
be paid to persons in vulnerable situations.
</p><p>55. The African Union is of the view that responsible behavior in
relation to the use of ICTs in cyberspace requires States to ensure
that their conduct does not infringe on the human rights of individuals
or peoples in other States. In particular, certain activities undertaken
by States, such as the transnational interception of communications,
indiscriminate surveillance and data misuse, may constitute a violation
of the right to privacy of individuals who are subjected to such
conduct, in addition to potentially violating the territorial
sovereignty of States on the territory of which such interception
occurs. Despite the existence of international and regional legal
frameworks, the African Union expresses concern about the misuse of
private data by malicious or criminal actors as well as its
misappropriation and commodification by private actors.
</p><p>56. The African Union affirms that States shall protect
individuals and peoples within their territory or in areas under their
jurisdiction against violations of human rights that are committed by
third parties, especially business enterprises operating in the ICT
sector. Moreover, business enterprises that operate in the ICT sector
have a responsibility to respect and protect human rights, especially
the right to privacy and the freedom of expression, including by
exercising due diligence to identify, prevent, mitigate, and account for
any adverse human rights impacts of their activities.
</p><p>57. The African Union emphasizes the importance of keeping
cyberspace open, secure, stable, accessible, and peaceful, which is an
important element in promoting economic growth, attracting investment
opportunities, and advancing sustainable development, especially in
developing and least developing States. In this regard, The African
Union underscores that, pursuant to the right to development under
international law, States shall cooperate in good faith including as
outlined in Section X on Capacity-Building and International
Cooperation, to support developing countries in their efforts to expand
their scientific and technological capacities, including in the area of
ICTs, in order to accelerate the realization of the economic, social,
and cultural rights of the peoples of those countries.
</p><p>58. The African Union highlights the importance of bridging the
digital divide to ensuring the full enjoyment of human rights. In this
regard, States shall contribute to further empowering women and girls.
States shall also further promote the full enjoyment of the benefits of
ICTs by persons with disabilities by ensuring that the design,
development, and production of ICTs incorporates assistive and adaptive
technologies that are accessible to persons with disabilities.
</p><p>59. The African Union calls for the responsible development and
management of digital identity systems in a manner that will respect
human rights of all individuals.
</p><p>60. The African Union encourages States to consider the
conclusion of agreements on mutual assistance in the area of combating
all forms of cyber-crime, which would further contribute to the
protection and full realization of individual human rights."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-17"><a href="https://cyberlaw.ccdcoe.org/wiki/Common_position_of_the_African_Union_(2024)#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="State_responsibility"><a href="https://cyberlaw.ccdcoe.org/wiki/State_responsibility" title="State responsibility">State responsibility</a></span></h2><p>"61.
Subject to the emergence of specific rules of attribution, the African
Union affirms that the customary rules on State responsibility, as
reflected in the ILC Draft Articles on the Responsibility of States for
Internationally Wrongful Acts provide the applicable rules of the
attribution to States of conduct undertaken through ICTs in cyberspace.
</p><p>62. The African Union is of the view that, in conformity with the
relevant rules of international law, the burden to substantiate a claim
that a State has committed an internationally wrongful act through ICTs
in cyberspace is on the State making such a claim. The African Union
also underscores the importance of cooperation, including between
national authorities, such as Computer Emergency Response Teams
(CERTs)/Computer Security Incident Response Teams (CSIRTs), to detect,
investigate, prevent, and halt internationally wrongful acts undertaken
through ICTs in cyberspace.
</p><p>63. The African Union underscores that responses to
internationally wrongful acts committed through ICTs in cyberspace
should be in accordance with its obligations under the UN Charter,
especially the obligations relating to the peaceful settlement of
disputes, and the other applicable rules of international law, including
the obligation to respect the territorial sovereignty of States."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-18"><a href="https://cyberlaw.ccdcoe.org/wiki/Common_position_of_the_African_Union_(2024)#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Appendixes">Appendixes</span></h2><h3><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h3><h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</span></h3>
<div class="mw-parser-output"><li id="cite_note-1"><br /></li><li id="cite_note-1"> <span class="reference-text">African Union Peace and Security Council, "<a class="external text" href="https://papsrepository.africa-union.org/bitstream/handle/123456789/2022/1196%20AU%20Common%20Position%20Adopted%20Version%20-%20EN.pdf?sequence=11&isAllowed=y" rel="nofollow">Common
African Position on the Application of International Law to the Use of
Information and Communication Technologies in Cyberspace</a>" (29 January 2024).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><br /></li><li id="cite_note-2"> <span class="reference-text">African Union Peace and Security Council, "<a class="external text" href="https://papsrepository.africa-union.org/bitstream/handle/123456789/2022/1196%20AU%20Common%20Position%20Adopted%20Version%20-%20EN.pdf?sequence=11&isAllowed=y" rel="nofollow">Common
African Position on the Application of International Law to the Use of
Information and Communication Technologies in Cyberspace</a>" (29 January 2024) 1-2.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><br /></li><li id="cite_note-3"> <span class="reference-text">African Union Peace and Security Council, "<a class="external text" href="https://papsrepository.africa-union.org/bitstream/handle/123456789/2022/1196%20AU%20Common%20Position%20Adopted%20Version%20-%20EN.pdf?sequence=11&isAllowed=y" rel="nofollow">Common
African Position on the Application of International Law to the Use of
Information and Communication Technologies in Cyberspace</a>" (29 January 2024) 1.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><br /></li><li id="cite_note-4"> <span class="reference-text">African Union Peace and Security Council, "<a class="external text" href="https://papsrepository.africa-union.org/bitstream/handle/123456789/2022/1196%20AU%20Common%20Position%20Adopted%20Version%20-%20EN.pdf?sequence=11&isAllowed=y" rel="nofollow">Common
African Position on the Application of International Law to the Use of
Information and Communication Technologies in Cyberspace</a>" (29 January 2024) 2-3, 11.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><br /></li><li id="cite_note-5"> <span class="reference-text">African Union Peace and Security Council, "<a class="external text" href="https://papsrepository.africa-union.org/bitstream/handle/123456789/2022/1196%20AU%20Common%20Position%20Adopted%20Version%20-%20EN.pdf?sequence=11&isAllowed=y" rel="nofollow">Common
African Position on the Application of International Law to the Use of
Information and Communication Technologies in Cyberspace</a>" (29 January 2024) 3-4, 7.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><br /></li><li id="cite_note-6"> <span class="reference-text">African Union Peace and Security Council, "<a class="external text" href="https://papsrepository.africa-union.org/bitstream/handle/123456789/2022/1196%20AU%20Common%20Position%20Adopted%20Version%20-%20EN.pdf?sequence=11&isAllowed=y" rel="nofollow">Common
African Position on the Application of International Law to the Use of
Information and Communication Technologies in Cyberspace</a>" (29 January 2024) 4-5.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><br /></li><li id="cite_note-7"> <span class="reference-text">African Union Peace and Security Council, "<a class="external text" href="https://papsrepository.africa-union.org/bitstream/handle/123456789/2022/1196%20AU%20Common%20Position%20Adopted%20Version%20-%20EN.pdf?sequence=11&isAllowed=y" rel="nofollow">Common
African Position on the Application of International Law to the Use of
Information and Communication Technologies in Cyberspace</a>" (29 January 2024) 6.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><br /></li><li id="cite_note-8"> <span class="reference-text">African Union Peace and Security Council, "<a class="external text" href="https://papsrepository.africa-union.org/bitstream/handle/123456789/2022/1196%20AU%20Common%20Position%20Adopted%20Version%20-%20EN.pdf?sequence=11&isAllowed=y" rel="nofollow">Common
African Position on the Application of International Law to the Use of
Information and Communication Technologies in Cyberspace</a>" (29 January 2024) 6-7.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><br /></li><li id="cite_note-9"> <span class="reference-text">African Union Peace and Security Council, "<a class="external text" href="https://papsrepository.africa-union.org/bitstream/handle/123456789/2022/1196%20AU%20Common%20Position%20Adopted%20Version%20-%20EN.pdf?sequence=11&isAllowed=y" rel="nofollow">Common
African Position on the Application of International Law to the Use of
Information and Communication Technologies in Cyberspace</a>" (29 January 2024) 10.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><br /></li><li id="cite_note-10"> <span class="reference-text">African Union Peace and Security Council, "<a class="external text" href="https://papsrepository.africa-union.org/bitstream/handle/123456789/2022/1196%20AU%20Common%20Position%20Adopted%20Version%20-%20EN.pdf?sequence=11&isAllowed=y" rel="nofollow">Common
African Position on the Application of International Law to the Use of
Information and Communication Technologies in Cyberspace</a>" (29 January 2024) 8.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><br /></li><li id="cite_note-11"> <span class="reference-text">African Union Peace and Security Council, "<a class="external text" href="https://papsrepository.africa-union.org/bitstream/handle/123456789/2022/1196%20AU%20Common%20Position%20Adopted%20Version%20-%20EN.pdf?sequence=11&isAllowed=y" rel="nofollow">Common
African Position on the Application of International Law to the Use of
Information and Communication Technologies in Cyberspace</a>" (29 January 2024) 8.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><br /></li><li id="cite_note-12"> <span class="reference-text">African Union Peace and Security Council, "<a class="external text" href="https://papsrepository.africa-union.org/bitstream/handle/123456789/2022/1196%20AU%20Common%20Position%20Adopted%20Version%20-%20EN.pdf?sequence=11&isAllowed=y" rel="nofollow">Common
African Position on the Application of International Law to the Use of
Information and Communication Technologies in Cyberspace</a>" (29 January 2024) 8.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><br /></li><li id="cite_note-13"> <span class="reference-text">African Union Peace and Security Council, "<a class="external text" href="https://papsrepository.africa-union.org/bitstream/handle/123456789/2022/1196%20AU%20Common%20Position%20Adopted%20Version%20-%20EN.pdf?sequence=11&isAllowed=y" rel="nofollow">Common
African Position on the Application of International Law to the Use of
Information and Communication Technologies in Cyberspace</a>" (29 January 2024) 8.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><br /></li><li id="cite_note-14"> <span class="reference-text">African Union Peace and Security Council, "<a class="external text" href="https://papsrepository.africa-union.org/bitstream/handle/123456789/2022/1196%20AU%20Common%20Position%20Adopted%20Version%20-%20EN.pdf?sequence=11&isAllowed=y" rel="nofollow">Common
African Position on the Application of International Law to the Use of
Information and Communication Technologies in Cyberspace</a>" (29 January 2024) 8.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><br /></li><li id="cite_note-15"> <span class="reference-text">African Union Peace and Security Council, "<a class="external text" href="https://papsrepository.africa-union.org/bitstream/handle/123456789/2022/1196%20AU%20Common%20Position%20Adopted%20Version%20-%20EN.pdf?sequence=11&isAllowed=y" rel="nofollow">Common
African Position on the Application of International Law to the Use of
Information and Communication Technologies in Cyberspace</a>" (29 January 2024) 8.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><br /></li><li id="cite_note-16"> <span class="reference-text">African Union Peace and Security Council, "<a class="external text" href="https://papsrepository.africa-union.org/bitstream/handle/123456789/2022/1196%20AU%20Common%20Position%20Adopted%20Version%20-%20EN.pdf?sequence=11&isAllowed=y" rel="nofollow">Common
African Position on the Application of International Law to the Use of
Information and Communication Technologies in Cyberspace</a>" (29 January 2024) 8.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><br /></li><li id="cite_note-17"> <span class="reference-text">African Union Peace and Security Council, "<a class="external text" href="https://papsrepository.africa-union.org/bitstream/handle/123456789/2022/1196%20AU%20Common%20Position%20Adopted%20Version%20-%20EN.pdf?sequence=11&isAllowed=y" rel="nofollow">Common
African Position on the Application of International Law to the Use of
Information and Communication Technologies in Cyberspace</a>" (29 January 2024) 9-10.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-18"><br /></li><ol class="references"><li id="cite_note-18" value="18"> <span class="reference-text">African Union Peace and Security Council, "<a class="external text" href="https://papsrepository.africa-union.org/bitstream/handle/123456789/2022/1196%20AU%20Common%20Position%20Adopted%20Version%20-%20EN.pdf?sequence=11&isAllowed=y" rel="nofollow">Common
African Position on the Application of International Law to the Use of
Information and Communication Technologies in Cyberspace</a>" (29 January 2024) 10.</span>
</li></ol>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Bibliography_and_further_reading">Bibliography and further reading</span></h3><ul><li>Mohamed Helal, ‘<a class="external text" href="https://www.ejiltalk.org/the-common-african-position-on-the-application-of-international-law-in-cyberspace-reflections-on-a-collaborative-lawmaking-process" rel="nofollow">The
Common African Position on the Application of International Law in
Cyberspace: Reflections on a Collaborative Lawmaking Process</a>’, <i>EJIL:Talk!</i> (5 February 2024)</li><li>Russell Buchan and Nicholas Tsagourias, ‘<a class="external text" href="https://www.ejiltalk.org/the-african-unions-statement-on-the-application-of-international-law-to-cyberspace-an-assessment-of-the-principles-of-territorial-sovereignty-non-intervention-and-non-use-of-force/" rel="nofollow">The
African Union’s Statement on the Application of International Law to
Cyberspace: An Assessment of the Principles of Territorial Sovereignty,
Non-Intervention, and Non-Use of Force</a>’, <i>EJIL:Talk!</i> (20 February 2024)</li></ul></div><p></p>Larry Catá Backerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06545101367530775497noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-24800874.post-72475785763172931212024-03-09T21:24:00.006-05:002024-03-09T21:42:06.644-05:00Reflections on Council on Ethics for the Norwegian Government Pension Fund Global--Annual Report 2023 [Etikkrådetfor Statens pensjonsfond utland; Årsmelding 2023]<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEje8ur7_psyBDWY4_dsU4a_U_6E1EYpQM_3L5YnfzQnC58EuBaBT-y6iUaD-XAKg8GuyEe_gbXLCgUBXDJocvMzw1us2i4Is-_pWilGCm9tXwNPvtMFGscYpYCaqsCAQzz75WdCGuuXB72X_nLUYlh9ltnfA_CSXcbVqu7-PCxC9LkXC9XXiRI4RQ/s791/Screenshot%202024-03-09%20at%208.06.07%E2%80%AFPM.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="791" data-original-width="559" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEje8ur7_psyBDWY4_dsU4a_U_6E1EYpQM_3L5YnfzQnC58EuBaBT-y6iUaD-XAKg8GuyEe_gbXLCgUBXDJocvMzw1us2i4Is-_pWilGCm9tXwNPvtMFGscYpYCaqsCAQzz75WdCGuuXB72X_nLUYlh9ltnfA_CSXcbVqu7-PCxC9LkXC9XXiRI4RQ/w452-h640/Screenshot%202024-03-09%20at%208.06.07%E2%80%AFPM.png" width="452" /></a></div> <p></p><p></p><blockquote>"The Council’s purpose is to uncover any unacceptable risk that these companies are violating ethical norms, regardless of where in the world the abuses take place. You may think that sounds like an impossible task. However, through various portfolio-monitoring systems, the Council is presented with hundreds of news reports on GPFG-invested companies that may be linked to norm violations that could fall within the scope of the Fund’s ethical guidelines. Our main priority is to uncover the most serious violations and the companies most closely associated with them." ["Etikkrådet skal avdekke uakseptabel risiko for at disse selskapene bryter etiske normer uansett hvor i verden det foregår. Dette kan høres ut som en umulig oppgave. Gjennom ulike systemer for porteføljeovervåkning fanger rådet hvert år opp hundrevis av nyhetsoppslag om selskaper i fondet som er knyttet til normbrudd som kan falle inn under retningslinjene. Vår hovedprioritet er å avdekke de alvorligste forholdene og selskapene som er nærmest knyttet til dem "] (Lederens forord/Foreword by the Council's Chair, Svein Richard Brandtzæg, 2023 Annual Report, p. 6)<br /></blockquote><p></p><p>The Council on Ethics for the Norwegian Government Pension Fund Global has just distributed 2023 Annual Report [<i>Etikkrådetfor Statens pensjonsfond utland; Årsmelding 2023</i>]; English version <a href="https://files.nettsteder.regjeringen.no/wpuploads01/sites/275/2024/03/Etikkradet_Annual-Report_2023_uu-26008.pdf" target="_blank">HERE</a>; Norwegian Version <a href="https://files.nettsteder.regjeringen.no/wpuploads01/sites/275/2024/03/Etikkradet_arsmelding_2023_UU-26014.pdf" target="_blank">HERE</a> (link to my discussion of the 2022 Annual Report <a href="https://lcbackerblog.blogspot.com/2023/03/hvis-vi-leter-sa-finner-vi-if-we-search.html" target="_blank">HERE</a>). </p><p>Last year I raised three interesting issues that might be extracted from the 2022 Annual Report. The first touched on <b><i>automation </i></b>and the stubborn reluctance of the Ethics Council to move past the 19th century in the old-fashioned humanity of its deliberative approach. The second touched on the construction and projection of <b><i>ESG related issues</i></b> in the assessments of the Ethics Council. Not that the practice was a bad thing but the human rights implications of extraterritorial projections of national values built into the construction and assessment of ESG remains to be fully considered. The third touched on <b><i>"the usual suspects" approach to investigations.</i></b> And, indeed, one might be forgiven if one notices that the Ethics Council appears to have a fondness for deep investigation of enterprises with origins or operations in certain places. This, I offered, recalls "a frame of mind that suggests an inherent bias enhanced by the needs of
efficiency in the face of an enforcement model that invites selection of
targeting. That ought to come as no surprise. The set up of the Ethics
Council makes it virtually impossible both to effectively engage in its
mission and to avoid a little bit of profiling, or of strategic (and
thus value enhancing) targeting." </p><p>None of this has changed much--nor would one expect it to. The Ethics Council issued sixteen recommendations during the course of ten meetings (2023 Annual Report, p. 10). It accepted 102 new cases and issued summaries of fifteen (2023 Annual Report, pp. 42 et seq.). On the other hand, dialog has become an increasingly important instrument of extending governance power. The 2023 Annual Report speaks to the Ethics Council's "extensive dialogue with the companies it is assessing." (2023 Annual Report, p. 7). </p><p></p><blockquote>Thus, in 2023, the Council had about 70 cases under assessment, of which around a third were concluded during the year. Much time is spent obtaining information, commissioning consultant-based assignments, assessing the facts and engaging in dialogues with companies. This is both a material and important aspect of the Council’s work, even though only a few cases culminate in a recommendation. (2023 Annual Report, p. 21, discussing at § 4.1 serious or systematic human rights abuses).<br /></blockquote>Even in areas where the Ethics Council has issued no recommendations (e.g., §8.2 touching on "other serious financial crime", p. 32), dialogue remains an important element of their work. "The Council engages in a dialogue with the companies under assessment at an early stage. In this connection,<br />it was in contact with four companies in 2023." (2023 Annual Report, p. 32).<p></p><p>Yet it is the <i>portfolio-monitoring systems</i> that ought to draw some interest (touched on ibid., p. 6; 9; example, 2023 Annual Report, p. 18). The system is built on a <i>three legged foundation</i>. <i>First</i> it hires consultants " to identify companies whose operations may be covered by the exclusion criteria." (Ibid., p. 9). One can hope that the future Annual Reports will be more transparent, in a granular fashion, about this practice (which has been ongoing). <i>Second,</i> its staff "monitors a number of databases and websites" (ibid.) apparently by engaging in searches for key terms (Ibid., example, p. 20). Key term searches vary including indigenous people and energy transition (for the later ibid., p. 20). <i>Third</i>, and likely the most interesting, though again the cultivation of transparency is quite lacking, the Ethics Council is "approached by organisations and individuals who call on it to consider specific cases." (Ibid.) The possibilities of using the Ethics Council process instrumentally in this way--or to freeze the system up entirely by flooding it with "approaches" might not escape the minds of other institutional organizations that also seek to leverage their influence by invoking a superior process. Sadly, little is known about the way in which these "approaches" are assessed.</p><p>There is a fourth leg of sorts--the discretionary authority of the Council to choose the cases they would like to work on. While the Council assess all cases that are flagged, less than all move forward. "The<br />Council therefore selects only certain cases for further investigation on the basis of the violation’s scope and seriousness, its consequences, the company’s responsibility for or contribution to the matter concerned, what the company is doing to prevent or mitigate the harm caused, and the risk of similar incidents occurring in the future." The temptations of bias and "the usual suspects" always lurks--the strategic use of choice for political and policy aims looms larger. And not just bias but sometimes profiling: "The Asian companies are often examined as part of a review of issues that the Council monitors particularly closely because the ethical risk is high." (2023 Annual Report, p. 12). Moreover, that "choice" power is embedded in the Ethics Council's theme based projects. Its explanation is interesting. "To compensate for the fact that not all serious cases are picked up on through day-to-day portfolio monitoring, the Council undertakes its own inquiries into areas of high risk. When the Council has selected a particular issue for further investigation, it generally follows this up over several years." (Ibid., p. 9). And, at least in the case of environmental risk, there is an expectation of self monitoring, the absence of which can itself serve as a basis for assessment under the Guidelines. "For example, it is expected that major international enterprises will monitor, assess and share information about exposure to nature risk and make this information freely available, so that nature risk and adverse impacts may be reduced" (Ibid., p. 29). </p><p>Here, again, one wonders, in the way that Svein Richard Brandtzæg wondered rhetorically in the portion of his Foreword quoted at the start of this essay, whether one "may think that sounds like an impossible task." The answer is that, of course it is not if, as the Ethics Council suggests its role is to be one of gesture and example with no intention of actually engaging in comprehensive compliance--only in strategically selected <i>in terrorem</i> investigations with respect to abuses deemed worthy of pursuit. That is fair, but one wonders whether it weakens the authority of the process. Certainly it subjects its approach to questions of bias (negative) or political instrumentalism (neutral or to expected from a state organ). What the quoted statement does suggest is that the automation pressures raised in the review of the 2022 Annual Report remain even more relevant in 2023, and likely even more relevant in 2024. It may well be tome for the Ethics Council to move toward a monitoring system operationalized through big data machine learning programs and perhaps guided by the analytics of descriptive or predictive analytics. Even a little. Running a monitoring system through key term searches and hired consultants, relying on institutions to come to you with "tips" all evaluated on the basis of human interactions and alignments produces significant issues of quality control which remain almost entirely unexplored. <br /></p><p>Nonetheless, and this is the irony, the essence of the operational self understanding of the system as it was constructed is designed precisely to act as it does. The structures and working style of the Ethics Council is meant to be self-reinforcing and inward looking. Within its <span class="ILfuVd" lang="en"><span class="hgKElc"><span><span><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/social-sciences/lebenswelt" target="_blank"><i>Lebenswelt</i></a> (lifeworld) it can be conscious only of itself as constituted as and through the Ethical Guidelines and the public policy of the Norwegian Kingdom and its mission of projecting out its own version of international law/norm values. And rightly so--its world is built around its wealth and the extraction of the greatest possible return, which is valued not just in money but the return on investment in shaping the world of economic activity to suit its own values. This is well understood, and the Ethics Council has not deviated from this path. It is, more than anything else, a money making political operation that extends the political influence of the Norwegian Kingdom through private sector investment activities. The question remains: given this foundation, is the system structured to deliver maximum value. I have suggested for a long time that it does not--<i>unless the highest value is reduced to the value of gesture</i>. <br /></span></span></span></span></p><p>I leave the politics of Ethics Council application of both focus and operating rules to others; as a political body expressing the desires of the Norwegian people through the institutions of government designed for that purpose, no one outside of Norway is really in a position to quibble. Norway is entitled to act as it like, politically, within the limits of plausible interpretations of domesticated international law and norms. One can be responsible, of course for one's own response based on one's values, interpretations, and interests, and one might hold Norway to its bilateral treaty obligations, of course. The rest is politics--and money, intimately connected in a polycentric system in which smaller states leverage power by projecting it not against other states within the international state system, but in markets against market actors. </p><p>The Foreword by Svein Richard Brandtzæg, the Council Chair follows.</p><p><span></span></p><a name='more'></a><span style="font-size: large;">Foreword by the Council's Chair</span><p></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">Annual Report Pages 6-7 </span> <br /></p><p>Having previously served on the government-appointed Ethics Commission, from 2019<br />to 2020, and after some two years getting up to speed as a council member, this has been<br />my first year as Chair of the Council on Ethics. I hope that the experience I have acquired<br />through 34 years at Norsk Hydro, 10 of which as the CEO, as well as directorships in many<br />Norwegian and international companies, will prove useful. Given the complex issues and<br />perspectives that the Council works with, our most valuable and important success factor<br />is the expertise and diversity which both the Council’s members and the staff of our<br />eminent secretariat collectively bring to the table.</p><p>Over the years, the Council has built up a solid international reputation. It is clear to me<br />that expectations with respect to the Council’s work will not lessen as the years go by.<br />It is therefore with all due respect for the role that I now take up the baton previously<br />held so sturdily by my predecessor as chair, Johan H. Andresen. I would like to express<br />my heartfelt gratitude to Johan for his skilful leadership of the Council from 2015 until the<br />summer of 2023.</p><p>Norway’s Government Pension Fund Global (GPFG) owns shares in approximately 9,000<br />companies worldwide. The Council’s purpose is to uncover any unacceptable risk that<br />these companies are violating ethical norms, regardless of where in the world the abuses<br />take place. You may think that sounds like an impossible task. However, through various<br />portfolio-monitoring systems, the Council is presented with hundreds of news reports on<br />GPFG-invested companies that may be linked to norm violations that could fall within the<br />scope of the Fund’s ethical guidelines. Our main priority is to uncover the most serious<br />violations and the companies most closely associated with them. If we consider the risk<br />of future norm violations to be unacceptable, we recommend that Norges Bank either<br />excludes the companies concerned from investment by the GPFG or places them under<br />observation.</p><p>The Guidelines for Observation and Exclusion of Companies from the Government Pension<br />Fund Global (GPFG), otherwise known as the ethical guidelines, form the basis for the<br />Council’s assessments. In recent years, the Council has devoted considerable resources to<br />assessing companies in situations of war or armed conflict. In such situations, companies<br />must take particular care not to contribute to serious norm violations. Under the ethical<br />guidelines, however, a company’s mere presence in an area of conflict is not sufficient<br />grounds for its exclusion from the GPFG. In 2023, the Council has assessed companies<br />operating in areas of conflict in relation to several of the ethical guidelines’ criteria. This<br />includes those relating to war and armed conflict, the production and sale of weapons, and<br />the umbrella criterion “other particularly serious violations of fundamental ethical norms”.<br /><br />Other topics we have covered in 2023 include abuse of Indigenous peoples’ rights, poor<br />working conditions, corruption, money laundering, deforestation in vulnerable areas, the<br />further endangerment of already threatened species and animal cruelty. Societal changes,<br />or changes in accepted norms, impact where the Council focuses its efforts. For example,<br />the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework from 2022 has already played, and<br />will continue to play, an important role in our assessments. Digitalisation and artificial<br />intelligence (AI) are also topics that will become increasingly important in the years ahead.<br />The Council generally engages in extensive dialogue with the companies it is assessing.<br />Some companies are highly responsive and openly share data and information, whereas<br />others fail to reply when we contact them. In addition to information provided directly<br />by the companies concerned, the Council relies on a range of different sources. We are<br />wholly dependent on being able to engage external consultants and speak with subject<br />experts in order to build an adequate factual basis for our assessments. However, access<br />to information has worsened in some parts of the world in recent years. In some cases,<br />we see that people working “on the ground” for NGO’s, the media or other organisations<br />put themselves and their lives in danger. This is something that we must take into account,<br />so that we do not make the situation worse for these individuals. If it is dangerous or<br />impossible to conduct a thorough investigation, and the companies under assessment fail<br />to provide adequate information, the Council may conclude that the risk to the GPFG is<br />unacceptably high.</p><p>In many countries, businesses are facing rising expectations with respect to corporate<br />social responsibility (CSR). From the Council’s point of view, new reporting standards and<br />follow-up requirements are helpful. The EU has adopted new legislation, with effect from<br />2024, which includes a double materiality requirement. Double materiality means that a<br />company must report on its global impact as well as its financial results. A growing demand<br />for reporting transparency may contribute to increased compliance with ethical standards<br />and make businesses operate more sustainably. However, such a development is unlikely<br />to affect all companies worldwide. The Council’s endeavours to identify companies that<br />represent an unacceptable risk of future violation of the GPFG’s ethical guidelines will<br />therefore remain as necessary as ever.<br />Svein Richard Brandtzæg<br />Chair of the Council on Ethics <br /></p>Larry Catá Backerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06545101367530775497noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-24800874.post-59578279196741795632024-03-08T21:02:00.004-05:002024-03-08T21:02:42.011-05:00President Biden: Text of 2024 State of the Union Address<p> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHmq-_KxCTPpuD15bmeLbY8isMMP7D7JkYEDszrIEQ_NFfz3-HttctV1k7CT5mU8_zbrhYnDK8bWr9nn7Pu0fYwmXAgJf_wUaGtnih5pGxaKvcEsynppzWqNGwc4zPQk860Sw_UaeG6Jm7pnpnonpXxXXBO_YPracCAjOhLJAXNnfl8kHtDA1TeQ/s766/Screenshot%202024-03-08%20at%208.29.07%E2%80%AFPM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="539" data-original-width="766" height="450" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHmq-_KxCTPpuD15bmeLbY8isMMP7D7JkYEDszrIEQ_NFfz3-HttctV1k7CT5mU8_zbrhYnDK8bWr9nn7Pu0fYwmXAgJf_wUaGtnih5pGxaKvcEsynppzWqNGwc4zPQk860Sw_UaeG6Jm7pnpnonpXxXXBO_YPracCAjOhLJAXNnfl8kHtDA1TeQ/w640-h450/Screenshot%202024-03-08%20at%208.29.07%E2%80%AFPM.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Pix Credit <a href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/" target="_blank">here</a><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /></p><p> </p><p>On 7 March 2024, President Biden delivered the 2024 State of the Union Address. The text follows below and may be accessed fro the White House website <a href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/state-of-the-union-2024/" target="_blank">HERE</a>. </p><p>In an age of discourse, it is important to take note of a well delivered big old-fashioned traditional presidential address in the style that has become customary over the past generations in its current form. Aspirational, self-reflexive, a moment for bragging, and for cajoling, and an opportunity to evidence how aspirational principles are either being implemented or must be protected under the leadership and guidance of the administration at the head of which is the President. The hall in which the address was delivered has also become a performance space-- peopled with living reminders of the points made in the address. Whatever one's politics, all of this ought to bring much comfort for those who see in traditional forms an evidence of a reassuring stability. Those of us here now ought to savor the moment. Mr. Biden's reference to an "unprecedented moment in the history of the Union" may well be true; its consequences may add a certain nostalgia to old discursive forms. <br /></p><p> </p><span><a name='more'></a></span><p><br /></p><h2 class="wp-block-heading has-text-align-left seenSection">President Biden’s State of the Union Address</h2>
<p>(The President presents his prepared remarks to Speaker Johnson.) Your bedtime reading.</p>
<p>Tony! Thank you. Looking for Jill.</p>
<p>Good evening. Good evening. If I were smart, I’d go home now.</p>
<p>Mr. Speaker, Madam Vice President, members of Congress, my fellow Americans.</p>
<p>In January 1941, Franklin Roosevelt came to this chamber to speak to
the nation. And he said, “I address you at a moment unprecedented in the
history of the Union”. Hitler was on the march. War was raging in
Europe.</p>
<p>President Roosevelt’s purpose was to wake up Congress and alert the
American people that this was no ordinary time. Freedom and democracy
were under assault in the world.</p>
<p>Tonight, I come to the same chamber to address the nation. Now it’s
we who face an unprecedented moment in the history of the Union.</p>
<p>And, yes, my purpose tonight is to wake up the Congress and alert the
American people that this is no ordinary moment either. Not since
President Lincoln and the Civil War have freedom and democracy been
under assault at home as they are today.</p>
<p>What makes our moment rare is that freedom and democracy are under attack at — both at home and overseas at the very same time.</p>
<p>Overseas, Putin of Russia is on the march, invading Ukraine and sowing chaos throughout Europe and beyond.</p>
<p>If anybody in this room thinks Putin will stop at Ukraine, I assure you: He will not.</p>
<p>But Ukraine — Ukraine can stop Putin. Ukraine can stop Putin if we
stand with Ukraine and provide the weapons that it needs to defend
itself.</p>
<p>That is all — that is all Ukraine is asking. They’re not asking for
American soldiers. In fact, there are no American soldiers at war in
Ukraine, and I’m determined to keep it that way.</p>
<p>But now assistance to Ukraine is being blocked by those who want to walk away from our world leadership.</p>
<p>It wasn’t long ago when a Republican president named Ronald Reagan thundered, “Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall.”</p>
<p>Now — now my predecessor, a former Republican president, tells Putin, quote, “Do whatever the hell you want.”</p>
<p>That’s a quote.</p>
<p>A former president actually said that — bowing down to a Russian
leader. I think it’s outrageous, it’s dangerous, and it’s unacceptable.</p>
<p>America is a founding member of NATO, the military alliance of
democratic nations created after World War Two prevent — to prevent war
and keep the peace.</p>
<p>And today, we’ve made NATO stronger than ever. We welcomed Finland to
the Alliance last year. And just this morning, Sweden officially
joined, and their minister is here tonight. Stand up. Welcome. Welcome,
welcome, welcome. And they know how to fight.</p>
<p>Mr. Prime Minister, welcome to NATO, the strongest military alliance the world has ever seen.</p>
<p>I say this to Congress: We have to stand up to Putin. Send me a
bipartisan national security bill. History is literally watching.
History is watching.</p>
<p>If the United States walks away, it will put Ukraine<br />at risk. Europe is at risk. The free world will be at risk, emboldening others to do what they wish to do us harm.</p>
<p>My message to President Putin, who I’ve known for a long time, is
simple: We will not walk away. We will not bow down. I will not bow
down.</p>
<p>In a literal sense, history is watching. History is watching — just
like history watched three years ago on January 6th — when
insurrectionists stormed this very Capitol and placed a dagger to the
throat of American democracy.</p>
<p>Many of you were here on that darkest of days. We all saw with our
own eyes the insurrectionists were not patriots. They had come to stop
the peaceful transfer of power, to overturn the will of the people.</p>
<p>January 6th lies about the 2020 election and the plots to steal the
election posed a great — gravest threat to U.S. democracy since the
Civil War.</p>
<p>But they failed. America stood — America stood strong and democracy
prevailed. We must be honest: The threat to democracy must be
[defeated].</p>
<p>My predecessor and some of you here seek to bury the truth about January 6th. I will not do that.</p>
<p>This is a moment to speak the truth and to bury the lies. Here’s the
simple truth: You can’t love your country only when you win.</p>
<p>As I’ve done ever since being elected to office, I ask all of you,
without regard to party, to join together and defend democracy. Remember
your oath of office to defend against<br />all threats foreign and domestic.</p>
<p>Respect — respect free and fair elections, restore trust in our
institutions, and make clear political violence has absolutely no place —
no place in America. Zero place.</p>
<p>Again, it’s not — it’s not hyperbole to suggest history is watching.
They’re watching. Your children and grandchildren will read about this
day and what we do.</p>
<p>History is watching another assault on freedom. Joining us [tonight]
is Latorya Beasley, a social worker from Birmingham, Alabama.</p>
<p>Fourteen months ago — fourteen months ago, she and her husband
welcomed a baby girl thanks to the miracle of IVF. She scheduled
treatments to have that second child, but the Alabama Supreme Court shut
down IVF treatments across the state, unleashed by a Supreme Court
decision overturning Roe v. Wade. She was told her dream would have to
wait.</p>
<p>What her family had gone through should never have happened. Unless Congress acts, it could happen again.</p>
<p>So, tonight, let’s stand up for families like hers. To my friends
across the aisle — don’t keep this waiting any longer. Guarantee the
right to IVF. Guarantee it nationwide.</p>
<p>Like most Americans, I believe Roe v. Wade got it right.</p>
<p>I thank Vice President Harris for being an incredible leader defending reproductive freedom and so much more. Thank you.</p>
<p>My predecessor came to office determined to see Roe v. Wade
overturned. He’s the reason it was overturned, and he brags about it.
Look at the chaos that has resulted.</p>
<p>Joining us tonight is Kate Cox, a wife and mother from Dallas.
She’d become pregnant again and had a fetus with a fatal condition. Her
doctor told Kate that her own life and her ability to have future in the
fil- — children in the future were at risk if she didn’t act. Because
Texas law banned her ability to act, Kate and her husband had to leave
the state to get what she needed.</p>
<p>What her family had gone through should have never happened as well. But it’s happening to too many others.</p>
<p>There are state laws banning the freedom to choose, criminalizing
doctors, forcing survivors of rape and incest to leave their states to
get the treatment they need.</p>
<p>Many of you in this chamber and my predecessor are promising to pass a national ban on reproductive freedom.</p>
<p>My God, what freedom else would you take away?</p>
<p>Look, its decision to overturn Roe v. Wade, the Supreme Court
majority wrote the following — and with all due respect, Justices —
“Women are not without electoral — electoral power” — excuse me —
“electoral or political power.”</p>
<p>You’re about to realize just how much you were right about that.</p>
<p>Clearly — clearly, those bragging about overturning Roe v. Wade have no clue about the power of women.</p>
<p>But they found out. When reproductive freedom was on the ballot, we won in 2022 and 2023. And we’ll win again in 2024.</p>
<p>If you — if you, the American people, send me a Congress that
supports the right to choose, I promise you I will restore Roe v. Wade
as the law of the land again.</p>
<p>Folks, America cannot go back.</p>
<p>I am here to- — tonight to show what I believe is the way forward, because I know how far we’ve come.</p>
<p>Four years ago next week, before I came to office, the country was
hit by the worst pandemic and the worst economic crisis in a century.</p>
<p>Remember the fear, record losses?</p>
<p>Remember the spikes in crime and the murder rate? A raging virus that
took more than 1 million American lives of loved ones, millions left
behind.</p>
<p>A mental health crisis of isolation and loneliness.</p>
<p>A president, my predecessor, failed in the most basic presidential duty that he owes to American people: the duty to care.</p>
<p>I think that’s unforgivable.</p>
<p>I came to office determined to get us through one of the toughest periods in the nation’s history. We have.</p>
<p>It doesn’t make new, but in a — news — in a thousand cities and
towns, the American people are writing the greatest comeback story never
told.</p>
<p>So, let’s tell the story here — tell it here and now.</p>
<p>America’s comeback is building a future of American possibilities;
building an economy from the middle out and the bottom up, not the top
down; investing in all of America, in all Americans to make every- —
sure everyone has a fair shot and we leave no one — no one behind.</p>
<p>The pandemic no longer controls our lives. The vaccine that saved us from COVID is — are now being used to beat cancer.</p>
<p>Turning setback into comeback. That’s what America does. That’s what America does.</p>
<p>Folks, I inherited an economy that was on the brink. Now, our economy is literally the envy of the world.</p>
<p>Fifteen million new jobs in just three years. A record. A record.</p>
<p>Unemployment at 50-year lows.</p>
<p>A record 16 million Americans are starting small businesses, and each
one is a literal act of hope, with historic job growth and
small-business growth for Black and Hispanics and Asian Americans. Eight
hundred thousand new manufacturing jobs in America and counting.</p>
<p>Where is it written we can’t be the manufacturing capital of the world? We are and we will.</p>
<p>More people have health insurance today — more people have health insurance today than ever before.</p>
<p>The racial wealth gap is the smallest it’s been in 20 years.</p>
<p>Wages keep going up. Inflation keeps coming down. Inflation has
dropped from 9 percent to 3 percent — the lowest in the world and
[trending] lower.</p>
<p>The landing is and will be soft. And now, instead of — importing
foreign products and exporting American jobs, we’re exporting American
products and creating American jobs — right here in America, where they
belong.</p>
<p>And it takes time, but the American people are beginning to feel it. Consumer studies show consumer confidence is soaring.</p>
<p>“Buy America” has been the law of the land since the 1930s. Past
administrations, including my predecessor — including some Democrats, as
well, in the past — failed to buy American. Not anymore.</p>
<p>On my watch, federal projects that you fund — like helping build
American roads, bridges, and highways — will be made with American
products and built by American workers — creating good-paying American
jobs.</p>
<p>And thanks to our CHIPS and Science Act — the United States is
investing more in research and development than ever before. During the
pandemic, a shortage of semiconductors, chips that drove up the price of
everything from cell phones to automobiles — and, by the way, we
invented those chips right here in America.</p>
<p>Well, instead of having to import them, instead of — private
companies are now investing billions of dollars to build new chip
factories here in America — creating tens of thousands of jobs, many of
those jobs paying $100,000 a year and don’t require a college degree.</p>
<p>In fact, my policies have attracted $650 billion in private-sector
investment in clean energy, advanced manufacturing, creating tens of
thousands of jobs here in America.</p>
<p>And thanks — and thanks to our Bipartisan Infrastructure Law, 46,000
new projects have been announced all across your communities.</p>
<p>And, by the way, I noticed some of you who’ve strongly voted against
it are there cheering on that money coming in. And I like it. I’m with
you. I’m with you.</p>
<p>And if any of you don’t want that money in your district, just let me know.</p>
<p>Modernizing our roads and bridges, ports and airports, public transit
systems. Removing poi- — poisonous lead pipes so every child can drink
clean water without risk of brain damage.</p>
<p>Providing affordable — affordable high-speed Internet for every
American, no matter where you live — urban, suburban, or rural
communities in red states and blue states.</p>
<p>Record investments in Tribal communities.</p>
<p>Because of my investment in family farms — because I invested in
family farms — led by my Secretary of Agriculture, who knows more about
this anybody I know — we’re better able to stay in the family for the —
those farms so their — and their children and grandchildren won’t have
to leave — leave home to make a living. It’s transformative.</p>
<p>The great comeback story is Belvidere, Illinois. Home to an auto
plant for nearly 60 years. Before I came to office, the plant was on its
way to shutting down. Thousands of workers feared for their
livelihoods. Hope was fading.</p>
<p>Then, I was elected to office, and we raised Belvidere repeatedly
with auto companies, knowing unions would make all the difference. The
UAW worked like hell to keep the plant open and get these jobs back. And
together, we succeeded.</p>
<p>Instead of auto factories shutting down, auto factories are reopening
and a new state-of-the-art battery factory is being built to power
those cars there at the same.</p>
<p>To the folks — to the folks of Belvidere, I’d say: Instead of your
town being left behind, your community is moving forward again. Because
instead of watching auto ja- — jobs of the future go overseas, 4,000
union jobs with higher wages are building a future in Belvidere right
here in America.</p>
<p>Here tonight is UAW President Shawn Fain, a great friend and a great labor leader. Shawn, where are you? Stand up.</p>
<p>And — and Dawn — and Dawn Simms, a third-generation worker — UAW worker at Belvidere.</p>
<p>Shawn, I was proud to be the first President to stand in the picket
line. And today, Dawn has a good job in her hometown, providing
stability for her family and pride and dignity as well.</p>
<p>Showing once again Wall Street didn’t build America. They’re not bad
guys. They didn’t build it, though. The middle class built the country,
and unions built the middle class.</p>
<p>I say to the American people: When America gets knocked down, we get
back up. We keep going. That’s America. That’s you, the American people.</p>
<p>It’s because of you America is coming back. It’s because of you our
future is brighter. It’s because of you that tonight we can proudly say
the state of our Union is strong and getting stronger.</p>
<p>Tonight — tonight, I want to talk about the future of possibilities
that we can build together — a future where the days of trickle-down
economics are over and the wealthy and the biggest corporations no
longer get the — all the tax breaks.</p>
<p>And, by the way, I understand corporations. I come from a state that
has more corporations invested than every one of your states in the
state — the United States combined. And I represented it for 36 years.
I’m not anti-corporation.</p>
<p>But I grew up in a home where trickle-down economics didn’t put much
on my dad’s kitchen table. That’s why I’m determined to turn things
around so the middle class does well. When they do well, the poor have a
way up and the wealthy still do very well. We all do well.</p>
<p>And there’s more to do to make sure you’re feeling the benefits of all we’re doing.</p>
<p>Americans pay more for prescription drugs than anywhere in the world. It’s wrong, and I’m ending it.</p>
<p>With a law that I proposed and signed — and not one of your
Republican buddies work- — voted for it — we finally beat Big Pharma.</p>
<p>Instead of paying $400 a month or thereabouts for insulin with
diabetes — and it only costs 10 bucks to make — they only get paid $35 a
month now and still make a healthy profit.</p>
<p>And I want to — and what to do next, I want to cap the cost of
insulin at $35 a month for every American who needs it — everyone.</p>
<p>For years, people have talked about it. But finally, we got it done
and gave Medicare the power to negotiate lower prices on prescription
drugs, just like the VA is able to do for veterans.</p>
<p>That’s not just saving seniors money. It’s saving taxpayers money. We
cut the federal deficit by $160 billion — because Medicare will no
longer have to pay those exorbitant prices to Big Pharma.</p>
<p>This year, Medicare is negotiating lower prices for some of the
costliest drugs on the market that treat everything from heart disease
to arthritis. It’s now time to go further and give Medicare the power to
negotiate lower prices for 500 different drugs over the next decade.</p>
<p>They’re making a lot of money, guys. And they’ll still be extremely
profitable. It will not only save lives; it will save taxpayers another
$200 billion.</p>
<p>Starting next year, the same law caps total prescription drug costs
for seniors on Medicare at $200 — at $2,000 a year, even for expensive
cancer drugs that cost $10-, $12-, $15,000. Now I want to cap
prescription drug costs at $2,000 a year for everyone.</p>
<p>Folks, I’m going to get in trouble for saying that, but any of you
want to get in Air Force One with me and fly to Toronto, Berlin, Moscow —
I mean, excuse me. Well, even Moscow, probably. And bring your
prescription with you, and I promise you, I’ll get it for you for 40
percent the cost you’re paying now. Same company, same drug, same place.</p>
<p>Folks, the Affordable Care Act — the old “Obamacare” — is still a very big deal.</p>
<p>Over 100 million of you can no longer be denied health insurance
because of a preexisting condition. But my predecessor and many in this
chamber want to take the — that prescription drug away by repealing
Affordable Care Act.</p>
<p>THE PRESIDENT: I’m not going to let that happen. We stopped you 50 times before, and we’ll stop you again.</p>
<p>In fact, I’m not only protecting it, I’m expanding it. The — we
enacted tax credits of $800 per person per year [to] reduce healthcare
costs for millions of working families. That tax credit expires next
year. I want to make that savings permanent.</p>
<p>To state the obvious: Women are more than half of our population, but research on women’s health has always been underfunded.</p>
<p>That’s why we’re launching the first-ever White House Initiative on
Women’s Health Research, led by Jill — doing an incredible job as First
Lady — to pa- — to pass my plan for $12 billion to transform women’s
health research and benefit millions of lives all across America.</p>
<p>I know the cost of housing is so important to you. Inflation keeps
coming down. Mortgage rates will come down as well, and the Fed
acknowledges that.</p>
<p>But I’m not waiting. I want to provide an annual tax credit that will
give Americans $400 a month for the next two years as mortgage rates
come down to put toward their mortgages when they buy their first home
or trade up for a little more space. That’s for two years.</p>
<p>And my administration is also eliminating title insurance [fees] on
federally backed mortgages. When you refinance your home, you can save
$1,000 or more as a consequence.</p>
<p>For millions of renters, we’re cracking down on big landlords who use
antitrust law — using antitrust — who break antitrust laws — — by
price-fixing and driving up rents.</p>
<p>We’ve cut red tape so builders can get federally financing, which is
already helping build a record 1.7 million new house u- — housing units
nationwide.</p>
<p>Now pass — now pass [my plan] and build and renovate 2 million affordable homes and bring those rents down.</p>
<p>To remain the strongest economy in the world, we need to have the
best education system in the world. And I, like I suspect all of you,
want to give a child — every child a good start by providing access to
preschool for three- and four-years-old.</p>
<p>You know, I think I pointed out last year — — I think I pointed out
last year that children coming from broken homes where there’s no books,
they’re not read to, they’re not spoken to very often start school —
kindergarten or first grade hearing — having heard a million fewer words
spoken.</p>
<p>Well, studies show that children who go to preschool are nearly 50
percent more likely to finish high school and go on to earn a two- and
four-year degree no matter what their background is.</p>
<p>I met a year and a half ago with the leaders of the Business
Roundtable. They were mad that I was ever — angry — I — well, they were
discussing — — why I wanted to spend money on education.</p>
<p>I pointed out to them: As Vice President, I met with over 8- — I
think it was 182 of those folks — don’t hold me to the exact number —
and I asked them what they need most — the CEOs. And you’ve had the same
experience on both sides of the aisle. They say, “A better-educated
workforce,” right?</p>
<p>So, I looked at them. And I say, “I come from Delaware. DuPont used
to be the eighth-largest corporation in the world. And every new enter- —
enterprise they bought, they educated the workforce to that enterprise.
But none of you do that anymore. Why are you angry with me providing
you the opportunity for the best-educated workforce in the world?”</p>
<p>And they all looked at me and said, “I think you’re right.”</p>
<p>I want to expand high-quality tutoring and summer learning to see that every child learns to read by third grade.</p>
<p>I’m also connecting local businesses and high schools so students get
hands-on experience and a path to a good-paying job whether or not they
go to college.</p>
<p>And I want to make sure that college is more affordable. Let’s
continue increasing the Pell Grants to working- and middle-class
families and increase record investments in HBCUs and minority-serving
institutions, including Hispanic institutions.</p>
<p>When I was told I couldn’t universally just change the way in which
we did — dealt with student loans, I fixed two student loan programs
that already existed to reduce the burden of student debt for nearly 4
million Americans, including nurses, firefighters — — and others in
public service.</p>
<p>Like Keenan Jones, a public educator in Minnesota, who’s here with us tonight. Keenan, where are you? Keenan, thank you.</p>
<p>He’s educated hundreds of students so they can go to college. Now
he’s able to help, after debt forgiveness, get his own daughter to
college.</p>
<p>And, folks, look, such relief is good for the economy because folks
are now able to buy a home, start a business, start a family.</p>
<p>And while we’re at it, I want to give public school teachers a raise.</p>
<p>And, by the way, the first couple of years, we cut the deficit.</p>
<p>Now let me speak to the question of fundamental fairness for all
Americans. I’ve been delivering real results in fiscally responsible
ways. We’ve already cut the federal deficit — we’ve already cut the
federal deficit by over $1 trillion.</p>
<p>I signed a bipartisan deal to cut another trillion dollars in the next decade.</p>
<p>It’s my goal to cut the federal deficit another $3 trillion by making
big corporations and the very wealthy finally beginning to pay their
fair share.</p>
<p>Look, I’m a capitalist. If you want to make or can make a million or
millions of bucks, that’s great. Just pay your fair share in taxes.</p>
<p>A fair tax code is how we invest in things that make this country great: healthcare, education, defense, and so much more.</p>
<p>But here’s the deal. The last administration enacted a $2 trillion
tax cut overwhelmingly benefit the top 1 percent — the very wealthy —</p>
<p>THE PRESIDENT: — and the biggest corporations — and exploded the federal deficit.</p>
<p>They added more to the national debt than any presidential term in American history. Check the numbers.</p>
<p>Folks at home, does anybody really think the tax code is fair?</p>
<p>THE PRESIDENT: Do you really think the wealthy and big corporations need another $2 trillion tax break?</p>
<p>THE PRESIDENT: I sure don’t. I’m going to keep fighting like hell to
make it fair. Under my plan, nobody earning less than $400,000 a year
will pay an additional penny in federal taxes — — nobody — not one
penny. And they haven’t yet.</p>
<p>In fact, the Child Tax Credit I passed during the pandemic cut taxes
for millions of working families and cut child poverty in half.</p>
<p>Restore that Child Tax Credit. No child should go hungry in this country.</p>
<p>The way to make the tax code fair is to make big corporations and the
very wealthy begin to pay their share. Remember in 2020, 55 of the
biggest companies in America made $40 billion and paid zero in federal
income tax. Zero.</p>
<p>THE PRESIDENT: Not anymore.</p>
<p>Thanks to the law I wrote and we signed, big companies now have to
pay a minimum of 15 percent. But that’s still less than working people
pay in federal taxes.</p>
<p>It’s time to raise the corporate minimum tax to at least 21 percent —
— so every big corporation finally begins to pay their fair share.</p>
<p>I also want to end tax breaks for Big Pharma, Big Oil, private jets,
massive executive pay when it was only supposed to be a million bal- — a
million dollars that could be deducted. They can pay them $20 million
if they want, but deduct a million.</p>
<p>End it now.</p>
<p>You know, there are 1,000 billionaires in America. You know what the average federal tax is for those billionaires?</p>
<p>THE PRESIDENT: No.</p>
<p>They’re making great sacrifices — 8.2 percent.</p>
<p>THE PRESIDENT: That’s far less than the vast majority of Americans pay.</p>
<p>No billionaire should pay a lower federal tax rate than a teacher, a sanitation worker, or a nurse.</p>
<p>I proposed a minimum tax for billionaires of 25 percent — just 25
percent. You know what that would raise? That would raise $500 billion
over the next 10 years.</p>
<p>And imagine what that could do for America. Imagine a future with
affordable childcare, millions of families can get what they need to go
to work to help grow the economy.</p>
<p>Imagine a future with paid leave, because no one should have to
choose between working and taking care of their sick family member.</p>
<p>Imagine — imagine a future with home care and eldercare, and people
living with disabilities so they can stay in their homes and family
caregivers can finally get the pay they deserve.</p>
<p>Tonight, let’s all agree once again to stand up for seniors.</p>
<p>Many of my friends on the other side of the aisle want to put Social Security on the chopping block.</p>
<p>If anyone here tries to cut Social Security or Medicare or raise the retirement age, I will stop you.</p>
<p>The working people — the working people who built this country pay
more into Social Security than millionaires and billionaires do. It’s
not fair.</p>
<p>We have two ways to go. Republicans can cut Social Security and give more tax breaks to the wealthy. I will —</p>
<p>THE PRESIDENT: That’s the proposal. Oh, no? You guys don’t want another $2 trillion tax cut?</p>
<p>THE PRESIDENT: I kind of thought that’s what your plan was. Well,
that’s good to hear. You’re not going to cut another $2 trillion for the
super-wealthy? That’s good to hear.</p>
<p>I’ll protect and strengthen Social Security and make the wealthy pay their fair share.</p>
<p>Look, too many corporations raise prices to pad their profits, charging more and more for less and less.</p>
<p>That’s why we’re cracking down on corporations that engage in price
gouging and deceptive pricing, from food to healthcare to housing.</p>
<p>In fact, the snack companies think you won’t notice if they change
the size of the bag and put a hell of a lot fewer — — same — same size
bag — put fewer chips in it. No, I’m not joking. It’s called
“shrink-flation.”</p>
<p>Pass Bobby Casey’s bill and stop this. I really mean it.</p>
<p>You probably all saw that commercial on Snickers bars. And you get —
you get charged the same amount, and you got about, I don’t know, 10
percent fewer Snickers in it.</p>
<p>Look, I’m also getting rid of junk fees — those hidden fees — — at
the end of your bill that are there without your knowledge. My
administration announced we’re cutting credit card late fees from $32 to
$8.</p>
<p>Banks and credit card companies are allowed to charge what it costs
them to in- — to instigate the collection. And that’s more — a hell of a
lot like $8 than 30-some dollars.</p>
<p>But they don’t like it. The credit card companies don’t like it, but
I’m saving American families $20 billion a year with all of the junk
fees I’m eliminating.</p>
<p>Folks at home, that’s why the banks are so mad. It’s $20 billion in profit.</p>
<p>I’m not stopping there.</p>
<p>My administration has proposed rules to make cable, travel,<br />utilities, and online ticket sellers tell you the total price up front so there are no surprises.</p>
<p>It matters. It matters.</p>
<p>And so does this. In November, my team began serious negotiations
with a bipartisan group of senators. The result was a bipartisan bill
with the toughest set of border security reforms we’ve ever seen.</p>
<p>THE PRESIDENT: Oh, you don’t think so?</p>
<p>THE PRESIDENT: Oh, you don’t like that bill — huh? — that
conservatives got together and said was a good bill? I’ll be darned.
That’s amazing.</p>
<p>That bipartisan bill would hire 1,500 more security agents and
officers, 100 more immigration judges to help tackle the backload of 2
million cases, 4,300 more asylum officers, and new policies so they can
resolve cases in six months instead of six years now. What are you
against?</p>
<p>One hundred more high-tech drug detection machines to significantly
increase the ability to screen and stop vehicles smuggling fentanyl into
America that’s killing thousands of children.</p>
<p>This bill would save lives and bring order to the border.</p>
<p>It would also give me and any new president new emergency authority
to temporarily shut down the border when the number of migrants at the
border is overwhelming.</p>
<p>The Border Patrol union has endorsed this bill.</p>
<p>The federal Chamber of Commerce has — yeah, yeah. You’re saying “no.” Look at the facts. I know — I know you know how to read.</p>
<p>I believe that given the opportunity — for — a majority in the House
and Senate would endorse the bill as well — a majority right now.</p>
<p>THE PRESIDENT: But unfortunately, politics have derailed this bill so far.</p>
<p>I’m told my predecessor called members of Congress in the Senate to
demand they block the bill. He feels political win — he viewed it as a —
it would be a political win for me and a political loser for him. It’s
not about him. It’s not about me. I’d be a winner — not really. I —</p>
<p>THE PRESIDENT: (The President holds up a pin reading “Say Her Name,
Laken Riley.”) Lanken — Lanken [Laken] Riley, an innocent young woman
who was killed.</p>
<p>THE PRESIDENT: By an illegal. That’s right. But how many of thousands of people are being killed by legals?</p>
<p>To her parents, I say: My heart goes out to you. Having lost children myself, I understand.</p>
<p>But, look, if we change the dynamic at the border — people pay people
— people pay these smugglers 8,000 bucks to get across the border
because they know if they get by — if they get by and let into the
country, it’s six to eight years before they have a hearing. And it’s
worth the — taking the chance of the $8,000.</p>
<p>But — but if it’s only six mon- — six weeks, the idea is it’s highly
unlikely that people will pay that money and come all that way knowing
that they’ll be — able to be kicked out quickly.</p>
<p>Folks, I would respectfully su- — suggest to my friend in — my
Republican friends owe it to the American people. Get this bill done. We
need to act now.</p>
<p>THE PRESIDENT: And if my predecessor is watching: Instead of paying
[playing] politics and pressuring members of Congress to block the bill,
join me in telling the Congress to pass it.</p>
<p>We can do it together.</p>
<p>But that’s what he apparently — here’s what he will not do.</p>
<p>I will not demonize immigrants, saying they are “poison in the blood of our country.”</p>
<p>I will not separate families.</p>
<p>I will not ban people because of their faith.</p>
<p>Unlike my predecessor, on my first day in office, I introduced a
comprehensive bill to fix our immigration system. Take a look at it. It
has all these and more: secure the border, provide a pathway to
citizenship for DREAMers, and so much more.</p>
<p>But unlike my predecessor, I know who we are as Americans. We’re the
only nation in the world with a heart and soul that draws from old and
new.</p>
<p>Home to Native Americans whose ancestors have been here for thousands
of years. Home to people of every pla- — from every place on Earth.</p>
<p>They came freely. Some came in chains. Some came when famine struck,
like my ancestral family in Ireland. Some to flee persecution, to chase
dreams that are impossible anywhere but here in America.</p>
<p>That’s America. And we all come from somewhere, but we’re all Americans.</p>
<p>Look, folks, we have a simple choice: We can fight about fixing the
border or we can fix it. I’m ready to fix it. Send me the border bill
now.</p>
<p>THE PRESIDENT: A transformational his- — moment in history happened
58 — 59 years ago today in Selma, Alabama. Hundreds of foot soldiers for
justice marched across the Edmund Pettus Bridge, named after the Grand
Dragon of the Ku Klux Klan, to claim their fundamental right to vote.</p>
<p>They were beaten. They were bloodied and left for dead. Our late
friend and former colleague John Lewis was on that march. We miss him.</p>
<p>But joining us tonight are other marchers, both in the gallery and on
the floor, including Bettie Mae Fikes, known as the “Voice of Selma.”</p>
<p>The daughter of gospel singers and preachers, she sang songs of
prayer and protest on that Bloody Sunday to help shake the nation’s
conscience.</p>
<p>Five months later, the Voting Rights Act passed and was signed into law.</p>
<p>Thank you. Thank you, thank you, thank you.</p>
<p>But 59 years later, there are forces taking us back in time: voter
suppression, election subversion, unlimited dark money, extreme
gerrymandering.</p>
<p>John Lewis was a great friend to many of us here. But if you truly
want to honor him and all the heroes who marched with him, then it’s
time to do more than talk.</p>
<p>Pass the Freedom to Vote Act, the John Lewis Voting Right[s] Act.</p>
<p>And stop — stop denying another core value of America: our diversity
across American life. Banning books is wrong. Instead of erasing
history, let’s make history.</p>
<p>I want to protect fundamental rights.</p>
<p>Pass the Equality Act.</p>
<p>And my message to transgender Americans: I have your back.</p>
<p>Pass the PRO Act for workers’ rights.</p>
<p>Raise the federal minimum wage, because every worker has the right to a decent living more than eig- — seven bucks an hour.</p>
<p>We’re also making history by confronting the climate crisis, not
denying it. I don’t think any of you think there’s no longer a climate
crisis. At least, I hope you don’t.</p>
<p>I’m taking the most significant action ever on climate in the history of the world.</p>
<p>I’m cutting our carbon emissions in half by 2030; creating tens of
thousands of clean energy jobs, like the IBEW workers building and
installing 500,000 electric vehicle charging stations — ; conserving 30
percent of America’s lands and waters by 2030; and taking action on
environmental justice — fence-line communities smothered by the legacy
of pollution.</p>
<p>And patterned after the Peace Corps and AmericaCorps [AmeriCorps], I
launched the Climate Corps — — to put 20,000 young people to work in the
forefront of our clean energy future. I’ll triple that number in a
decade.</p>
<p>To state the obvious, all Americans deserve the freedom to be safe. And America is safer today than when I took office.</p>
<p>The year before I took office, murder rates went up 30 percent.</p>
<p>THE PRESIDENT: Thirty percent, they went up —</p>
<p>THE PRESIDENT: — the biggest increase in history.</p>
<p>THE PRESIDENT: It was then, through no — through my American Rescue
Plan — which every American [Republican] voted against, I might add — we
made the largest investment in public safety ever.</p>
<p>Last year, the murder rate saw the sharpest decrease in history.
Violent crime fell to one of its lowest levels in more than 50 years.</p>
<p>But we have more to do. We have to help cities invest in more
community police officers, more mental health workers, more community
violence intervention.</p>
<p>Give communities the tools to crack down on gun crime, retail crime,
and carjacking. Keep building trust, as I’ve been doing, by taking
executive action on police reform and calling for it to be the law of
the land.</p>
<p>Directing my Cabinet to review the federal classification of
marijuana and expunging thousands of convictions for the mere
possession, because no one should be jailed for simply using or have it
on their record.</p>
<p>Take on crimes of domestic violence. I’m ramping up the federal
enforcement of the Violence Against Women Act that I proudly wrote when I
was a senator so we can finally — finally end the scourge against women
in America.</p>
<p>There are other kinds of violence I want to stop.</p>
<p>With us tonight is Jasmine, whose nine-year-old sister Jackie was
murdered with 21 classmates and teachers in her elementary school in
Uvalde, Texas.</p>
<p>Very soon after that happened, Jill and I went to Uvalde for a couple
days. We spent hours and hours with each of the families. We heard
their message so everyone in this room, in this chamber could hear the
same message.</p>
<p>The constant refrain — and I was there for hours, meeting with every family. They said, “Do something.” “Do something.”</p>
<p>Well, I did do something by establishing the first-ever Office of Gun
Violence Prevention in the White House, that the Vice President is
leading the charge. Thank you for doing it.</p>
<p>Meanwhile — — meanwhile, my predecessor told the NRA he’s proud he did nothing on guns when he was President.</p>
<p>THE PRESIDENT: After another shooting in Iowa recently, he said —
when asked what to do about it, he said, just “get over it.” That was
his quote. Just “get over it.”</p>
<p>I say stop it. Stop it, stop it, stop it.</p>
<p>I’m proud we beat the NRA when I signed the most significant gun
safety law in nearly 30 years because of this Congress. We now must beat
the NRA again.</p>
<p>I’m demanding a ban on assault weapons and high-capacity magazines. Pass universal background checks.</p>
<p>None of this — none of this — I taught the Second Amendment for 12
years. None of this violates the Second Amendment or vilifies
responsible gun owners.</p>
<p>You know, as we manage challenges at home, we’re also managing crises abroad, including in the Middle East.</p>
<p>I know the last five months have been gut-wrenching for so many
people — for the Israeli people, for the Palestinian people, and so many
here in America.</p>
<p>This crisis began on October 7th with a massacre by a terrorist group
called Hamas, as you all know. One thousand two hundred innocent people
— women and girls, men and boys — slaughtered after enduring sexual
violence. The deadliest day of the — for the Jewish people since the
Holocaust. And 250 hostages taken.</p>
<p>Here in this chamber tonight are families whose loved ones are still
being held by Hamas. I pledge to all the families that we will not rest
until we bring every one of your loved ones home.</p>
<p>We also — — we will also work around the clock to bring home Evan and
Paul — Americans being unjustly detained by the Russians — and others
around the world.</p>
<p>Israel has a right to go after Hamas. Hamas ended this conflict by
releasing the hostages, laying down arms — could end it by — by
releasing the hostages, laying down arms, and s- — surrendering those
responsible for October 7th.</p>
<p>But Israel has a h- — excuse me. Israel has a added burden because
Hamas hides and operates among the civilian population like cowards —
under hospitals, daycare centers, and all the like.</p>
<p>Israel also has a fundamental responsibility, though, to protect innocent civilians in Gaza.</p>
<p>This war has taken a greater toll on innocent civilians than all
previous wars in Gaza combined. More than 30,000 Palestinians have been
killed —</p>
<p>THE PRESIDENT: — most of whom are not Hamas. Thousands and thousands
of innocents — women and children. Girls and boys also orphaned.</p>
<p>Nearly 2 million more Palestinians under bombardment or displacement.
Homes destroyed, neighborhoods in rubble, cities in ruin. Families
without food, water, medicine.</p>
<p>It’s heartbreaking.</p>
<p>I’ve been working non-stop to establish an immediate ceasefire that
would last for six weeks to get all the prisoners released — all the
hostages released and to get the hostages home and to ease the
intolerable an- — humanitarian crisis and build toward an enduring — a
more — something more enduring.</p>
<p>The United States has been leading international efforts to get more
humanitarian assistance into Gaza. Tonight, I’m directing the U.S.
military to lead an emergency mission to establish a temporary pier in
the Mediterranean on the coast of Gaza that can receive large shipments
carrying food, water, medicine, and temporary shelters.</p>
<p>No U.S. boots will be on the ground.</p>
<p>A temporary pier will enable a massive increase in the amount of humanitarian assistance getting into Gaza every day.</p>
<p>And Israel must also do its part. Israel must allow more aid into
Gaza and ensure humanitarian workers aren’t caught in the crossfire.</p>
<p>And they’re announcing they’re going to — they’re going to ca- — have a crossing in Northern Gaza.</p>
<p>To the leadership of Israel, I say this: Humanitarian assistance
cannot be a secondary consideration or a bargaining chip. Protecting and
saving innocent lives has to be a priority.</p>
<p>As we look to the future, the only real solution to the situation is a two-state solution over time.</p>
<p>And I say this as a lifelong supporter of Israel, my entire career.
No one has a stronger record with Israel than I do. I challenge any of
you here. I’m the only American president to visit Israel in wartime.</p>
<p>But there is no other path that guarantees Israel’s security and
democracy. There is no other path that guarantees Pa- — that
Palestinians can live in peace with po- — with peace and dignity.</p>
<p>And there is no other path that guarantees peace between Israel and
all of its neighbors — including Saudi Arabia, with whom I’m talking.</p>
<p>Creating stability in the Middle East also means containing the
threat posed by Iran. That’s why I built a coalition of more than a
dozen countries to defend international shipping and freedom of
navigation in the Red Sea.</p>
<p>I’ve ordered strikes to degrade the Houthi capability and defend U.S. forces in the region.</p>
<p>As Commander-in-Chief, I will not hesitate to direct further measures to protect our people and our military personnel.</p>
<p>For years, I’ve heard many of my Republican and Democratic friends
say that China is on the rise and America is falling behind. They’ve got
it backwards. I’ve been saying it for over four years, even when I
wasn’t president.</p>
<p>America is rising. We have the best economy in the world. And since
I’ve come to office, our GTB [GDP] is up, our trade deficit with China
is down to the lowest point in over a decade.</p>
<p>And we’re standing up against China’s unfair economic practices.</p>
<p>We’re standing up for peace and stability across the Taiwan Straits.</p>
<p>I’ve revitalized our partnership and alliance in the Pacific: India,
Australia, Japan, South Korea, the Pacific Islands. I’ve made sure that
the most advanced American technologies can’t be used in China — not
allowing to trade them there.</p>
<p>Frankly, for all his tough talk on China, it never occurred to my predecessor to do any of that.</p>
<p>I want competition with China, not conflict. And we’re in a stronger
position to win the conflict [competition] of the 21st century against
China than anyone else for that matter — than at any time as well.</p>
<p>Here at home, I’ve signed over 400 bipartisan bills. But there’s more to pass my Unity Agenda.</p>
<p>Strengthen penalties on fentanyl trafficking. You don’t want to do that, huh?</p>
<p>Pass bipartisan privacy legislation to protect our children online.</p>
<p>Harness — harness the promise of AI to protect us from peril. Ban AI voice impersonations and more.</p>
<p>And keep our truly sacred obligation to train and equip those we send
into harm’s way and care for them and their families when they come
home and when they don’t.</p>
<p>That’s why, with the strong support and help of Denis and the VA, I
signed the PACT Act — — one of the most significant laws ever, helping
millions of veterans exposed to toxins who now are battling more than
100 different cancers. Many of them don’t come home, but we owe them and
their families support.</p>
<p>And we owe it to ourselves to keep supporting our new health research
agency called ARPA-H — — and remind us — to remind us that we can do
big things, like end cancer as we know it. And we will.</p>
<p>Let me close with this.</p>
<p>THE PRESIDENT: Yay! (Applause and laughter.)</p>
<p>I know you don’t want to hear anymore, Lindsey, but I got to say a few more things.</p>
<p>I know I may not look like it, but I’ve been around a while. When you get to be my age, certain things become clearer than ever.</p>
<p>I know the American story. Again and again, I’ve seen the contest
between competing forces in the battle for the soul of our nation,
between those who want to pull America back to the past and those who
want to move America into the future.</p>
<p>My lifetime has taught me to embrace freedom and democracy, a future
based on core values that have defined America — honesty, decency,
dignity, and equality — ; to respect everyone; to give everyone a fair
shot; to give hate no safe harbor.</p>
<p>Now, other people my age see it differently. The American story of resentment, revenge, and retribution.</p>
<p>That’s not me. I was born amid World War Two, when America stood for
the freedom of the world. I grew up in Scranton, Pennsylvania, and
Claymont, Delaware, among working-class people who built this country.</p>
<p>I watched in horror as two of my heroes — like many of you did — Dr.
King and Bobby Kennedy, were assassinated. And their legacies inspired
me to pur- — pursue a car- — a career in service.</p>
<p>I left a law firm and became a public defender because my city of
Wilmington was the only city in America occupied by the National Guard
after Dr. King was assassinated because of the riots. And I became a
county councilman almost by accident.</p>
<p>I got elected to the United States Senate when I had no intention of running, at age 29.</p>
<p>Then vice president to our first Black president. Now a president to the first woman vice president.</p>
<p>In my career, I’ve been told I was too young. By the way, they didn’t
let me on the Senate elevators for votes sometimes. They — not a joke.</p>
<p>And I’ve been told I am too old.</p>
<p>Whether young or old, I’ve always been known — I’ve always known what
endures. I’ve known our North Star. The very idea of America is that
we’re all created equal, deserves to be treated equally throughout our
lives.</p>
<p>We’ve never fully lived up to that idea, but we’ve never walked away from it either. And I won’t walk away from it now.</p>
<p>I’m optimistic. I really am. I’m optimistic, Nancy.</p>
<p>THE PRESIDENT: My fellow Americans, the issue facing our nation isn’t how old we are; it’s how old are our ideas.</p>
<p>Hate, anger, revenge, retribution are the oldest of ideas. But you
can’t lead America with ancient ideas that only take us back. To lead
America, the land of possibilities, you need a vision for the future and
what can and should be done.</p>
<p>Tonight, you’ve heard mine.</p>
<p>I see a future where [we’re] defending democracy, you don’t diminish it.</p>
<p>I see a future where we restore the right to choose and protect our freedoms, not take them away.</p>
<p>I see a future where the middle class has — finally has a fair shot and the wealthy have to pay their fair share in taxes.</p>
<p>I see a future where we save the planet from the climate crisis and our country from gun violence.</p>
<p>Above all, I see a future for all Americans. I see a country for all
Americans. And I will always be President for all Americans because I
believe in America. I believe in you, the American people. You’re the
reason we’ve never been more optimistic about our future than I am now.</p>
<p>So, let’s build the future together. Let’s remember who we are.</p>
<p>We are the United States of America. And there is nothing — nothing beyond our capacity when we act together.</p>
<p>God bless you all. And may God protect our troops. Thank you, thank you, thank you.</p>
<p>10:33 P.M. EST</p><p></p>Larry Catá Backerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06545101367530775497noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-24800874.post-67219626787846172232024-03-08T20:28:00.001-05:002024-03-08T20:28:16.082-05:00CfP: Australia’s Security Challenges in a Contested World<p> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_YbCiEoWwi5xoTgiv_n9l1VpbE5XYCYL09Z8um_3cwhUNPbqIDCAT-uFXu2OsJjfvSqFYgeuon0s3gm8vpSBblozHFd15_hsm9Nk2lvnXFaUlUkN1u4lH65R2u853nxJBmzVEroN0SxcSp-TPA46uRa0BA_nDmf7xmhvsqB3TiBpP0XtVzLMssg/s576/Screenshot%202024-03-08%20at%208.26.30%E2%80%AFPM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="329" data-original-width="576" height="366" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_YbCiEoWwi5xoTgiv_n9l1VpbE5XYCYL09Z8um_3cwhUNPbqIDCAT-uFXu2OsJjfvSqFYgeuon0s3gm8vpSBblozHFd15_hsm9Nk2lvnXFaUlUkN1u4lH65R2u853nxJBmzVEroN0SxcSp-TPA46uRa0BA_nDmf7xmhvsqB3TiBpP0XtVzLMssg/w640-h366/Screenshot%202024-03-08%20at%208.26.30%E2%80%AFPM.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Pix credit <a href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/australia-security-worries-arise-over-china-port-deal-1444903480" target="_blank">here</a><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /></p><p> </p><p>I am delighted to pass along this <a href="https://regionalsecurity.org.au/article/call-for-papers-australias-security-challenges-in-a-contested-world/" target="_blank">Call for Papers on Australia’s Security Challenges in a Contested World</a>. The CfP was organized by my friend and colleague <a href="https://researchprofiles.canberra.edu.au/en/persons/sascha-dominik-dov-bachmann" target="_blank">Dov Bachmann</a> (<span>Professor in Law at Canberra Law School - University of Canberra; </span><span>Extraordinary Reader (Docent) in War Studies – Swedish Defence University (FHS) Stockholm). <br /></span></p><p> The Call for Papers follows below along with submission information and links.</p><p><span></span></p><a name='more'></a> <br /><p></p><div class="content content-cat">
<div class="article-cat text-bold text-darkgrey">
<a href="https://regionalsecurity.org.au/research-and-thought-leadership/security-challenges/"><strong>Security Challenges</strong></a>
</div>
<div class="article-area text-bold">
<ul class="inline article-area-tags do-not-collapse"><li><a class="no-underline" href="https://regionalsecurity.org.au/research_area/international-law-and-security/">International Law and Security</a></li></ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="content content-summary">
<h1 class="article-h1 h2"><a href="https://regionalsecurity.org.au/article/call-for-papers-australias-security-challenges-in-a-contested-world/" target="_blank">Call for Papers - Australia’s Security Challenges in a Contested World</a></h1>
<div class="article-author h3">
<a class="no-underline" href="https://regionalsecurity.org.au/article_author/sascha-dov-bachmann/">Dr Sascha Dov Bachmann</a> </div>
</div><div class="grid-item grid-item_article-body layout_content bg-white divline-none">
<div class="content font-size-default">
<p style="font-weight: 400;">We seem to live in
one of history’s most dangerous times and Australia as a strategic
partner of the West and Middle Power has a pivotal role to play.</p>
<p style="font-weight: 400;">The Indo-Pacific as a region of strategic
competition between the United States and China is at the forefront of
the security focus of the US and various powers. Taiwan as a focal point
of China’s foreign policy of ‘reunification’ has the potential to
ignite a major regional and international conflict and informs the
adoption of Indo-Pacific strategies by various actors to counter
Beijing’s moves along various vectors in the spheres of economics,
security, and society.</p>
<p style="font-weight: 400;">Russia’s aggression against Ukraine has
entered its third year and has brought in a new ‘Cold War’ in Europe and
beyond. NATO expansion saw the joining of first Finland and now Sweden
as member states. Rhetoric aside the transatlantic alliance sees its
biggest challenge since the end of the Cold War thirty years ago and
this year’s US elections add risks and insecurities with the real
potential of a second Trump administration coming into office in January
2025.</p>
<p style="font-weight: 400;">The horrific attacks by Hamas on Israel and
the massacre of 1400 Israeli citizens and foreign workers on 7 October
2023 led to the current Hamas – Israel conflict in Gaza which has send
shockwaves across the World and seen the emergence of new security
challenges posed by Iran-supported actors such as the Houthis in Yemen
which already now affects global supply chains and has the potential to
ignite a regional conflict. The conflict has destabilised democracies
globally in the cognitive domain of disinformation and influence
operations which have not spared Australia.</p>
<p style="font-weight: 400;"><em>Security Challenges </em>invites
scholars and practitioners to reflect upon these challenges and its
impact and implications for states, non-state actors, or regional
organizations.</p>
<p style="font-weight: 400;">Contributors are encouraged to write on one
or two of the topics below. Both normative discussions and empirical
studies are welcome. Papers are expected to have an empirical link to
the wider security questions mentioned and offer policy implications and
recommendations for the region and beyond.</p>
<p style="font-weight: 400;">Word length for submissions:</p>
<ul style="font-weight: 400;"><li>Research Papers: 2,500 to 7,000 words</li><li>Commentary: 1,500 to 3,000 words</li><li>Book Reviews: 500 to 1,500 words</li><li>Letters to Editor: Up to 750 words*</li><li>Abstract: 100 words</li><li>Author details: 50 words (100 words for joint authorship)</li></ul>
<p style="font-weight: 400;">*Submissions seeking to provide a detailed
response to a published article may be submitted as a commentary piece
in terms of word length.</p>
<p style="font-weight: 400;">Deadline: 30 April 2024</p>
<p style="font-weight: 400;">Articles, Commentary and (relevant) Book Reviews, are invited and may be submitted to <a href="mailto:editor@ifrs.org.au">editor@ifrs.org.au</a> following publication guidelines which can be <a href="https://regionalsecurity.org.au/research-and-thought-leadership/security-challenges-submission-guidelines/">accessed here.</a></p>
<p style="font-weight: 400;">Papers must be submitted in English, but
versions may be submitted in the national language(s) of the author if
the paper is accepted, and once edited.</p>
<p style="font-weight: 400;">The domain editor Professor Sascha Dov Bachmann is open for discussions of topics as well as formats and can be reached under <a href="mailto:sascha.bachmann@canberra.edu.au">sascha.bachmann@canberra.edu.au</a></p>
<p style="font-weight: 400;">Papers from young researchers may be considered for a <em>Security Challenges</em> prize, details of which can be found <a href="https://regionalsecurity.org.au/research-and-thought-leadership/security-challenges/">here</a>.</p>
</div>
</div>Larry Catá Backerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06545101367530775497noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-24800874.post-83955359676822271482024-03-07T09:40:00.004-05:002024-03-07T09:52:39.228-05:00South Africa Request Additional Provisional Measures Against Israel Before the ICJ: Press Release and Applicaiton<div><p> </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOHDqD2WXBVgZxCnScHS6TYxWIQ6FT_UQPi6yj8RWHEd0zMsutn1RNlJnV9H_RXcOsW-WZ09YNWGsSiSVZA_SOpy7NBzHigj1LEeP0kU0cJVPr7z5uSGr1BRv_YQ8eJmXJwo_aD9qtkd3k2PCxdqwToLRmer6-gm0YVlWW860UUHqK6AS7wA5sJA/s419/Screenshot%202024-03-07%20at%209.35.00%E2%80%AFAM.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="301" data-original-width="419" height="460" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOHDqD2WXBVgZxCnScHS6TYxWIQ6FT_UQPi6yj8RWHEd0zMsutn1RNlJnV9H_RXcOsW-WZ09YNWGsSiSVZA_SOpy7NBzHigj1LEeP0kU0cJVPr7z5uSGr1BRv_YQ8eJmXJwo_aD9qtkd3k2PCxdqwToLRmer6-gm0YVlWW860UUHqK6AS7wA5sJA/w640-h460/Screenshot%202024-03-07%20at%209.35.00%E2%80%AFAM.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Pix credit <a href="https://www.architecturaldigest.com/gallery/beautiful-glass-houses-around-world" target="_blank">here</a><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><br /><br /><br />The ICJ Registry issued a Press Release on 6 March 2024 stating that "South Africa today filed an <a href="https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/192/192-20240306-wri-01-00-en.pdf" target="_blank">urgent request</a> with the Court for the indication of additional provisional measures and the modification of the Court’s <a href="https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/192/192-20240126-ord-01-00-en.pdf" target="_blank">Order of 26 January 2024</a> and decision of <a href="https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/192/192-20240216-pre-01-00-en.pdf" target="_blank">16 February 2024</a> in the case concerning Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide in the Gaza Strip (South<br />Africa v. Israel)." Without advancing an opinion on the merits it is possible to consider the way that the South African text captures quite well the discursive elements that make up the premises, that shape both perspective and interpretive framework in the situation in and around Gaza. Within it, there is only on actor worth pursuing--the others disappear--in this case especially Egypt which shares a border with Gaza and which is at least theoretically an autonomous state actor; the organization known collectively as Hamas the legal personality of which defines its connection with the proceedings, and certain institutions of the UN that have been suggested (though the suggestion have been dismissed as exaggerated) are complicit in various aspects of the conflict. It is this discursive framework that now appears to dominate the constitution of the realities of the situation in Gaza and define the conceptual fields within which the analytics of ICJ jurisprudence will be applied; it will likely also serve others as the basis for the analytics and consequences that follow, in law and action. If for no other reason, and beyond the horrible suffering that feeds on ethno-religious conflict, the filing is worth a careful read.<br /><p></p><p>The text of the Press Release follows below. The South African filing may be accessed <a href="https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/192/192-20240306-wri-01-00-en.pdf" target="_blank">here</a>. <br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> </p><span><a name='more'></a></span><p style="text-align: right;"><a href="https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/192/192-20240306-pre-01-00-en.pdf" target="_blank">PRESS RELEASE</a></p><p style="text-align: right;">No. 2024/21</p></div><div style="text-align: right;">6 March 2024<br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><blockquote>Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide<br />in the Gaza Strip (South Africa v. Israel)<br />The Republic of South Africa submits an urgent request for the indication<br />of additional provisional measures and the modification of the Court’s<br />prior provisional measures Order and decision</blockquote><br /></div><div>THE HAGUE, 6 March 2024. South Africa today filed an <a href="https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/192/192-20240306-wri-01-00-en.pdf" target="_blank">urgent request</a> with the Court for<br />the indication of additional provisional measures and the modification of the Court’s <a href="https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/192/192-20240126-ord-01-00-en.pdf" target="_blank">Order of<br />26 January 2024</a> and decision of <a href="https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/192/192-20240216-pre-01-00-en.pdf" target="_blank">16 February 2024</a> in the case concerning Application of the<br />Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide in the Gaza Strip (South<br />Africa v. Israel).</div><div><br />In its new request, South Africa states that it is “compelled to return to the Court in light of<br />the new facts and changes in the situation in Gaza — particularly the situation of widespread<br />starvation — brought about by the continuing egregious breaches of the Convention on the<br />Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide . . . by the State of Israel . . . and its ongoing<br />manifest violations of the provisional measures indicated by this Court on 26 January 2024”.<br />It requests the Court to indicate further provisional measures and/or to modify the provisional<br />measures indicated it its Order of 26 January 2024, pursuant to Article 41 of the Statute of the Court<br />and Article 75, paragraphs 1 and 3, and Article 76, paragraph 1, of the Rules of Court, respectively,<br />“in order urgently to ensure the safety and security of 2.3 million Palestinians in Gaza, including<br />over a million children”. It urges the Court to do so without holding a hearing, in light of the “extreme<br />urgency of the situation”.<br />___________<br /> </div><div><b>History of the proceedings</b><br /> </div><div>On 29 December 2023, South Africa filed an <a href="https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/192/192-20231228-app-01-00-en.pdf" target="_blank">Application instituting proceedings</a> against Israel<br />concerning alleged violations by Israel of its obligations under the Convention on the Prevention and<br />Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (the “Genocide Convention”) in relation to Palestinians in the<br />Gaza Strip.</div><div><br />The Application also contained a <a href="https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/192/192-20231228-app-01-00-en.pdf#page=72" target="_blank">request for the indication of provisional measures</a>, pursuant<br />to Article 41 of the Statute of the Court and Articles 73, 74 and 75 of the Rules of Court. The<br />- 2 -<br />Applicant requested the Court to indicate provisional measures in order to “protect against further,<br />severe and irreparable harm to the rights of the Palestinian people under the Genocide Convention”<br />and “to ensure Israel’s compliance with its obligations under the Genocide Convention not to engage<br />in genocide, and to prevent and to punish genocide”.</div><div><br />It is recalled that, pursuant to Article 74 of the Rules of Court, “[a] request for the indication<br />of provisional measures shall have priority over all other cases”.</div><div><br />Public hearings on the request for the indication of provisional measures submitted by South<br />Africa were held on Thursday 11 and Friday 12 January 2024. On 26 January 2024, the Court<br />delivered its Order on South Africa’s request.</div><div><br />On 16 February 2024, the Court issued its decision on South Africa’s request for additional<br />provisional measures dated 12 February 2024.<br />Earlier press releases relating to this case are available on the Court’s website.<br />___________<br /> </div><div>Note: The Court’s press releases are prepared by its Registry for information purposes only<br />and do not constitute official documents.<br /> </div><div>The French version of this press release will be issued as soon as possible.<br />___________<br /> </div><div>The International Court of Justice (ICJ) is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations.<br />It was established by the United Nations Charter in June 1945 and began its activities in April 1946.<br />The Court is composed of 15 judges elected for a nine-year term by the General Assembly and the<br />Security Council of the United Nations. The seat of the Court is at the Peace Palace in The Hague<br />(Netherlands). The Court has a twofold role: first, to settle, in accordance with international law,<br />legal disputes submitted to it by States; and, second, to give advisory opinions on legal questions<br />referred to it by duly authorized United Nations organs and agencies of the system.<br />___________<br />Information Department:<br />Ms Monique Legerman, First Secretary of the Court, Head of Department: +31 (0)70 302 2336<br />Ms Joanne Moore, Information Officer: +31 (0)70 302 2337<br />Mr Avo Sevag Garabet, Associate Information Officer: +31 (0)70 302 2394<br /><br />Email: info@icj-cij.org </div>Larry Catá Backerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06545101367530775497noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-24800874.post-60762155850375039872024-03-06T15:28:00.002-05:002024-03-06T15:31:13.955-05:00李强在政府工作报告中谈国防和军队建设 [Li Qiang discusses national defense and military construction in the government work report]<div><p> </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibXt-ClPBbt354iARe8zg66P2xIib0_206Xm6BNM_-TwzIAMgwi4kcxN_2Fmlt9sx3ntK78RpoXlCzvrPzPUkz42Qyb-inM8L4p9EmxN3vyVyIr3wndXRC4tclCu7ErbonF6D6kuKWgWL1iTOGS53dt0N8ULVHTT_zXf4qoWQHv3kWYQibovakiA/s800/Screenshot%202024-03-06%20at%203.15.36%E2%80%AFPM.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="472" data-original-width="800" height="378" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibXt-ClPBbt354iARe8zg66P2xIib0_206Xm6BNM_-TwzIAMgwi4kcxN_2Fmlt9sx3ntK78RpoXlCzvrPzPUkz42Qyb-inM8L4p9EmxN3vyVyIr3wndXRC4tclCu7ErbonF6D6kuKWgWL1iTOGS53dt0N8ULVHTT_zXf4qoWQHv3kWYQibovakiA/w640-h378/Screenshot%202024-03-06%20at%203.15.36%E2%80%AFPM.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Pix Credit: "<a href="https://www.newsweek.com/china-philippines-south-china-sea-collision-1836812" target="_blank">US Renews Philippines Defense Pledge After China Ship Collisions</a>"</span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p></p><p><br /><br />Li Qiang [李强] Premier of the People's Republic of China since March 2323, delivered delivered the 作的政府工作报告 [Government Work Report]. See reporting here: <a href="http://www.qqhr.gov.cn/qqhe/c100125/202403/c02_458575.shtml" target="_blank">筑梦现代化 共绘新图景</a> [Dreaming about modernization and drawing a new picture together]. Excerpts [摘登] of the Report were<a href="http://paper.people.com.cn/rmrb/html/2024-03/06/nw.D110000renmrb_20240306_1-05.htm"> published to the <i>People's Daily</i></a> [《 人民日报 》] on 5 March 2024. The excerpts follow below.</p><p>What appeared to catch many people's eyes, and which was also circulated in China, was this part of the Report which appeared toward its end:</p><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"></div><blockquote><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://lianghui.people.com.cn/2024/n1/2024/0305/c458561-40189267.html" target="_blank">李强在政府工作报告中谈国防和军队建设 [</a> <span class="HwtZe" lang="en"><span class="jCAhz ChMk0b"><span class="ryNqvb">Li Qiang discusses national defense and military construction in the government work report</span></span></span>]<br />2024年03月05日09:55 来源:<a href="http://www.news.cn/politics/20240305/e0e0b1000b8a4fc4bcd0031853446bf7/c.html">新华网</a> [<span class="HwtZe" lang="en"><span class="jCAhz ChMk0b"><span class="ryNqvb">March 05, 2024 09:55 Source: Xinhuanet</span></span><span class="jCAhz"><span class="ryNqvb"></span></span></span>]<br /></div> <div> <br /><br /><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVPxuZIv452jebPaiO-z9QvDvHq8hVhfUi3AuQwrOeEyjvJfjuQRoEoNoQjuKUi9bJgNmah8evhFwpUZj2ywFWMgp60SR3B9kBZwZi1sRzgO2JWv3zkLDPfST2ECxqc6UM4hgWILkSfpCad5LBK86vBNPKkZ_F9etEgwYDE_J2hXZOqqraPLrgLw/s585/Screenshot%202024-03-06%20at%203.22.12%E2%80%AFPM.png" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="585" data-original-width="406" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVPxuZIv452jebPaiO-z9QvDvHq8hVhfUi3AuQwrOeEyjvJfjuQRoEoNoQjuKUi9bJgNmah8evhFwpUZj2ywFWMgp60SR3B9kBZwZi1sRzgO2JWv3zkLDPfST2ECxqc6UM4hgWILkSfpCad5LBK86vBNPKkZ_F9etEgwYDE_J2hXZOqqraPLrgLw/s320/Screenshot%202024-03-06%20at%203.22.12%E2%80%AFPM.png" width="222" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Pix credit <a href="http://paper.people.com.cn/rmrb/html/2024-03/06/nw.D110000renmrb_20240306_1-05.htm" target="_blank">here</a></span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table> 新华社北京3月5日电 国务院总理李强5日在政府工作报告中表示,过去一年,国防和军队建设取得新的成绩和进步,人民军队出色完成担负的使命任务。新的一年,要深入贯彻习近平强军思想,贯彻新时代军事战略方针,坚持党对人民军队的绝对领导,全面深入贯彻军委主席负责制,打好实现建军一百年奋斗目标攻坚战。全面加强练兵备战,统筹推进军事斗争准备,抓好实战化军事训练,坚定捍卫国家主权、安全、发展利益。构建现代军事治理体系,抓好军队建设“十四五”规划执行,加快实施国防发展重大工程。巩固提高一体化国家战略体系和能力,优化国防科技工业体系和布局,加强国防教育、国防动员和后备力量建设。各级政府要大力支持国防和军队建设,深入开展“双拥”工作,巩固发展军政军民团结。[<span class="HwtZe" lang="en"><span class="jCAhz ChMk0b"><span class="ryNqvb">Xinhua News Agency, Beijing, March 5th: Premier Li Qiang of the State Council stated in the government work report on the 5th that in the past year, new achievements and progress have been made in national defense and military construction, and the people's army has successfully completed its missions.</span></span> <span class="jCAhz ChMk0b"><span class="ryNqvb">In the new year, we must thoroughly implement Xi Jinping's thought on strengthening the military, implement the military strategic guidelines for the new era, adhere to the party's absolute leadership over the people's military, comprehensively and thoroughly implement the chairman's responsibility system of the Military Commission, and fight hard to achieve the 100-year goal of the founding of the army.</span></span><span class="jCAhz"><span class="ryNqvb">
</span></span><span class="jCAhz ChMk0b"><span class="ryNqvb">Comprehensively strengthen military training and preparations, coordinate the advancement of preparations for battle, do a good job in practical military training, and firmly safeguard national sovereignty, security, and development interests.</span></span> <span class="jCAhz ChMk0b"><span class="ryNqvb">Build a modern military governance system, implement the "14th Five-Year Plan" for military construction, and accelerate the implementation of major national defense development projects.</span></span> <span class="jCAhz ChMk0b"><span class="ryNqvb">Consolidate and improve the integrated national strategic system and capabilities, optimize the national defense science and technology industry system and layout, and strengthen national defense education, national defense mobilization and reserve force building.</span></span> <span class="jCAhz ChMk0b"><span class="ryNqvb">Governments at all levels must vigorously support national defense and military construction, carry out in-depth "double support" work, and consolidate and develop military-political unity between the military and the people..</span></span></span></div></blockquote><div><p></p><p> </p><p><span></span></p><a name='more'></a> <p></p><b></b>
<h3></h3>
<h1><a href="http://paper.people.com.cn/rmrb/html/2024-03/06/nw.D110000renmrb_20240306_1-05.htm" target="_blank">李强作的政府工作报告(摘登)</a></h1>
<h2></h2>
<p class="sec">
<span class="date">《
人民日报
》(
2024年03月06日
第 05
版)</span>
</p>
<div align="center" style="padding: 10px 0px 15px;">
</div>
<div align="center" id="showArtPicsDiv"></div>
<p> <b>过去一年全面建设社会主义现代化国家迈出坚实步伐</b> </p><p> 国务院总理李强5日在政府工作报告中指出,过去一年,是全面贯彻党的二十大精神的开局之年,是本届政府依法履职的第一年。面对异常复杂的国际环境和艰巨繁重的改革发展稳定任务,以习近平同志为核心的党中央团结带领全国各族人民,顶住外部压力、克服内部困难,付出艰辛努力,新冠疫情防控实现平稳转段、取得重大决定性胜利,全年经济社会发展主要目标任务圆满完成,高质量发展扎实推进,社会大局保持稳定,全面建设社会主义现代化国家迈出坚实步伐。</p><p> ——经济总体回升向好。国内生产总值超过126万亿元,增长5.2%,增速居世界主要经济体前列。城镇新增就业1244万人,城镇调查失业率平均为5.2%。居民消费价格上涨0.2%。国际收支基本平衡。</p><p> ——现代化产业体系建设取得重要进展。传统产业加快转型升级,战略性新兴产业蓬勃发展,未来产业有序布局,先进制造业和现代服务业深度融合,一批重大产业创新成果达到国际先进水平。国产大飞机C919投入商业运营,国产大型邮轮成功建造,新能源汽车产销量占全球比重超过60%。</p><p> ——科技创新实现新的突破。国家实验室体系建设有力推进。关键核心技术攻关成果丰硕,航空发动机、燃气轮机、第四代核电机组等高端装备研制取得长足进展,人工智能、量子技术等前沿领域创新成果不断涌现。技术合同成交额增长28.6%。创新驱动发展能力持续提升。</p><p> ——改革开放向纵深推进。新一轮机构改革中央层面基本完成,地方层面有序展开。加强全国统一大市场建设。实施国有企业改革深化提升行动,出台促进民营经济发展壮大政策。自贸试验区建设布局进一步完善。出口占国际市场份额保持稳定,实际使用外资结构优化,共建“一带一路”的国际影响力、感召力更为彰显。</p><p> ——安全发展基础巩固夯实。粮食产量1.39万亿斤,再创历史新高。能源资源供应稳定。重要产业链供应链自主可控能力提升。经济金融重点领域风险稳步化解。现代化基础设施建设不断加强。</p><p> ——生态环境质量稳中改善。污染防治攻坚战深入开展,主要污染物排放量继续下降,地表水和近岸海域水质持续好转。“三北”工程攻坚战全面启动。可再生能源发电装机规模历史性超过火电,全年新增装机超过全球一半。</p><p> ——民生保障有力有效。居民人均可支配收入增长6.1%,城乡居民收入差距继续缩小。脱贫攻坚成果巩固拓展,脱贫地区农村居民收入增长8.4%。加大义务教育、基本养老、基本医疗等财政补助力度,扩大救助保障对象范围。提高“一老一小”个人所得税专项附加扣除标准,6600多万纳税人受益。加强城镇老旧小区改造和保障性住房供给,惠及上千万家庭。</p><p> 回顾过去一年,多重困难挑战交织叠加,我国经济波浪式发展、曲折式前进,成绩来之不易。经过全国上下共同努力,不仅实现了全年预期发展目标,许多方面还出现积极向好变化。特别是我们深化了新时代做好经济工作的规律性认识,积累了克服重大困难的宝贵经验。实践充分表明,在以习近平同志为核心的党中央坚强领导下,中国人民有勇气、有智慧、有能力战胜任何艰难险阻,中国发展必将长风破浪、未来可期!</p><p> <b>一年来加大宏观调控力度,推动经济运行持续好转</b></p><p> 国务院总理李强5日在政府工作报告中介绍,一年来,加大宏观调控力度,推动经济运行持续好转。</p><p> 针对严峻挑战和疫后经济恢复特点,我们统筹稳增长和增后劲,突出固本培元,注重精准施策,把握宏观调控时、度、效,加强逆周期调节,不搞“大水漫灌”和短期强刺激,更多在推动高质量发展上用力,全年经济运行呈现前低中高后稳态势。围绕扩大内需、优化结构、提振信心、防范化解风险,延续优化一批阶段性政策,及时推出一批新政策,打出有力有效的政策组合拳。财政政策加力提效,加强重点领域支出保障,全年新增税费优惠超过2.2万亿元,增发1万亿元国债支持灾后恢复重建、提升防灾减灾救灾能力。货币政策精准有力,两次降低存款准备金率、两次下调政策利率,科技创新、先进制造、普惠小微、绿色发展等贷款大幅增长。出台支持汽车、家居、电子产品、旅游等消费政策,大宗消费稳步回升,生活服务消费加快恢复。发挥政府投资撬动作用,制定促进民间投资政策,能源、水利等基础设施和制造业投资较快增长。因城施策优化房地产调控,推动降低房贷成本,积极推进保交楼工作。制定实施一揽子化解地方债务方案,分类处置金融风险,守住了不发生系统性风险的底线。</p><p> <b>一年来依靠创新引领产业升级,增强城乡区域发展新动能</b></p><p> 国务院总理李强5日在政府工作报告中介绍,一年来,依靠创新引领产业升级,增强城乡区域发展新动能。</p><p> 强化国家战略科技力量,加快实施重大科技项目。全面部署推进新型工业化。出台稳定工业经济运行、支持先进制造业举措,提高重点行业企业研发费用加计扣除比例,推动重点产业链高质量发展,工业企业利润由降转升。数字经济加快发展,5G用户普及率超过50%。深入实施新型城镇化战略,进一步放宽放开城市落户条件,增强县城综合承载能力,常住人口城镇化率提高到66.2%。强化农业发展支持政策,有力开展抗灾夺丰收,实施新一轮千亿斤粮食产能提升行动,乡村振兴扎实推进。完善区域协调发展体制机制,在落实区域重大战略方面推出一批新举措,实施一批重大项目,区域发展协调性、平衡性不断增强。</p><p> <b>一年来深化改革扩大开放,持续改善营商环境</b></p><p> 国务院总理李强5日在政府工作报告中介绍,一年来,深化改革扩大开放,持续改善营商环境。</p><p> 出台建设全国统一大市场总体工作方案,清理一批妨碍公平竞争的政策规定。分别推出支持国有企业、民营企业、外资企业发展政策,建立政企常态化沟通交流机制,开展清理拖欠企业账款专项行动,加强违规收费整治。深化财税金融、农业农村、生态环保等领域改革。推动外贸稳规模、优结构,电动汽车、锂电池、光伏产品“新三样”出口增长近30%。完善吸引外资政策,拓展制度型开放。扎实推进共建“一带一路”高质量发展,与共建国家贸易投资较快增长。</p><p> <b>一年来强化生态环境保护治理,加快发展方式绿色转型</b></p><p> 国务院总理李强5日在政府工作报告中介绍,一年来,强化生态环境保护治理,加快发展方式绿色转型。</p><p> 深入推进美丽中国建设。持续打好蓝天、碧水、净土保卫战。加快实施重要生态系统保护和修复重大工程。抓好水土流失、荒漠化综合防治。加强生态环保督察。制定支持绿色低碳产业发展政策。推进重点行业超低排放改造。启动首批碳达峰试点城市和园区建设。积极参与和推动全球气候治理。</p><p> <b>一年来着力抓好民生保障,推进社会事业发展</b></p><p> 国务院总理李强5日在政府工作报告中介绍,一年来,着力抓好民生保障,推进社会事业发展。</p><p> 聚焦群众关切,办好民生实事。高度重视稳就业,出台支持企业稳岗拓岗政策,加强高校毕业生等重点群体就业促进服务,脱贫人口务工规模超过3300万。强化义务教育薄弱环节建设,做好“双减”工作,国家助学贷款提标降息惠及1100多万学生。落实新冠病毒感染“乙类乙管”措施,扎实做好流感、支原体肺炎等传染病防治。实施职工医保普通门诊统筹。加强社区综合服务设施建设,大力发展老年助餐服务。提高优抚标准。强化困难群众兜底保障。有效应对海河等流域特大洪涝灾害,做好甘肃积石山地震等抢险救援,加强灾后恢复重建。推动文化传承发展,旅游市场全面恢复。群众体育蓬勃开展,成都大运会、杭州亚运会和亚残运会成功举办,我国体育健儿勇创佳绩。</p><p> <b>一年来全面加强政府建设,大力提升治理效能</b></p><p> 国务院总理李强5日在政府工作报告中介绍,一年来,全面加强政府建设,大力提升治理效能。</p><p> 坚定维护以习近平同志为核心的党中央权威和集中统一领导,当好贯彻党中央决策部署的执行者、行动派、实干家。深入开展学习贯彻习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想主题教育。坚持把政治建设摆在首位,全面提高政府履职能力。提请全国人大常委会审议法律议案10件,制定修订行政法规25部,实施提升行政执法质量三年行动。自觉依法接受监督。认真办理人大代表建议和政协委员提案。注重调查研究,努力使政策和工作符合实际、贴近群众。优化督查工作机制。加强党风廉政建设和反腐败斗争。严格落实中央八项规定精神,持续纠治“四风”,有力推进金融单位、国有企业等巡视整改工作。创新和完善城乡基层治理。扎实做好信访工作。狠抓安全生产和应急管理,开展重大事故隐患专项排查整治。推动完善国家安全体系。加强社会治安综合治理,有效打击电信网络诈骗等违法犯罪活动,平安中国建设取得新进展。</p><p> <b>一年来中国特色大国外交全面推进</b></p><p> 国务院总理李强5日在政府工作报告中介绍,一年来,中国特色大国外交全面推进。</p><p> 习近平主席等党和国家领导人出访多国,出席金砖国家领导人会晤、亚太经合组织领导人非正式会议、东亚合作领导人系列会议等重大多双边活动。成功举办中国—中亚峰会、第三届“一带一路”国际合作高峰论坛等重大主场外交活动。推动构建人类命运共同体,落实全球发展倡议、全球安全倡议、全球文明倡议,深化拓展全球伙伴关系,在解决国际和地区热点问题中发挥积极建设性作用。中国为促进世界和平与发展作出了重要贡献。</p><p> <b>过去一年取得的成绩,根本在于习近平总书记领航掌舵,在于习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想科学指引</b></p><p> 国务院总理李强5日在政府工作报告中指出,过去一年取得的成绩,根本在于习近平总书记领航掌舵,在于习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想科学指引,是以习近平同志为核心的党中央坚强领导的结果,是全党全军全国各族人民团结奋斗的结果。</p><p> <b>我们一定直面问题和挑战,尽心竭力做好工作,决不辜负人民期待和重托</b></p><p> 国务院总理李强5日在政府工作报告中表示,在肯定成绩的同时,我们也清醒看到面临的困难和挑战。</p><p> 世界经济增长动能不足,地区热点问题频发,外部环境的复杂性、严峻性、不确定性上升。我国经济持续回升向好的基础还不稳固,有效需求不足,部分行业产能过剩,社会预期偏弱,风险隐患仍然较多,国内大循环存在堵点,国际循环存在干扰。部分中小企业经营困难。就业总量压力和结构性矛盾并存,公共服务仍有不少短板。一些地方基层财力比较紧张。科技创新能力还不强。重点领域改革仍有不少硬骨头要啃。生态环境保护治理任重道远。安全生产的薄弱环节不容忽视。政府工作存在不足,形式主义、官僚主义现象仍较突出,一些改革发展举措落实不到位。有的干部缺乏担当实干精神,消极避责、做表面文章。一些领域腐败问题仍然多发。我们一定直面问题和挑战,尽心竭力做好工作,决不辜负人民期待和重托!</p><p> <b>今年经济社会发展总体要求</b></p><p> 国务院总理李强5日在政府工作报告中指出,今年是中华人民共和国成立75周年,是实现“十四五”规划目标任务的关键一年。做好政府工作,要在以习近平同志为核心的党中央坚强领导下,以习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想为指导,全面贯彻落实党的二十大和二十届二中全会精神,按照中央经济工作会议部署,坚持稳中求进工作总基调,完整、准确、全面贯彻新发展理念,加快构建新发展格局,着力推动高质量发展,全面深化改革开放,推动高水平科技自立自强,加大宏观调控力度,统筹扩大内需和深化供给侧结构性改革,统筹新型城镇化和乡村全面振兴,统筹高质量发展和高水平安全,切实增强经济活力、防范化解风险、改善社会预期,巩固和增强经济回升向好态势,持续推动经济实现质的有效提升和量的合理增长,增进民生福祉,保持社会稳定,以中国式现代化全面推进强国建设、民族复兴伟业。</p><p> <b> 经济回升向好、长期向好的基本趋势没有改变也不会改变,必须增强信心和底气</b></p><p> 国务院总理李强5日在政府工作报告中指出,综合分析研判,今年我国发展面临的环境仍是战略机遇和风险挑战并存,有利条件强于不利因素。</p><p> 我国具有显著的制度优势、超大规模市场的需求优势、产业体系完备的供给优势、高素质劳动者众多的人才优势,科技创新能力在持续提升,新产业、新模式、新动能在加快壮大,发展内生动力在不断积聚,经济回升向好、长期向好的基本趋势没有改变也不会改变,必须增强信心和底气。同时要坚持底线思维,做好应对各种风险挑战的充分准备。只要我们贯彻落实好党中央决策部署,紧紧抓住有利时机、用好有利条件,把各方面干事创业的积极性充分调动起来,一定能战胜困难挑战,推动经济持续向好、行稳致远。</p><p> <b>今年发展主要预期目标</b></p><p> 国务院总理李强5日在政府工作报告中提出,今年发展主要预期目标是:国内生产总值增长5%左右;城镇新增就业1200万人以上,城镇调查失业率5.5%左右;居民消费价格涨幅3%左右;居民收入增长和经济增长同步;国际收支保持基本平衡;粮食产量1.3万亿斤以上;单位国内生产总值能耗降低2.5%左右,生态环境质量持续改善。</p><p> 提出上述预期目标,综合考虑了国内外形势和各方面因素,兼顾了需要和可能。经济增长预期目标为5%左右,考虑了促进就业增收、防范化解风险等需要,并与“十四五”规划和基本实现现代化的目标相衔接,也考虑了经济增长潜力和支撑条件,体现了积极进取、奋发有为的要求。实现今年预期目标并非易事,需要政策聚焦发力、工作加倍努力、各方面齐心协力。</p><p> <b>今年经济社会发展政策取向</b></p><p> 国务院总理李强5日在政府工作报告中指出,我们要坚持稳中求进、以进促稳、先立后破。稳是大局和基础,各地区各部门要多出有利于稳预期、稳增长、稳就业的政策,谨慎出台收缩性抑制性举措,清理和废止有悖于高质量发展的政策规定。进是方向和动力,该立的要积极主动立起来,该破的要在立的基础上坚决破,特别是要在转方式、调结构、提质量、增效益上积极进取。强化宏观政策逆周期和跨周期调节,继续实施积极的财政政策和稳健的货币政策,加强政策工具创新和协调配合。</p><p> 积极的财政政策要适度加力、提质增效。综合考虑发展需要和财政可持续,用好财政政策空间,优化政策工具组合。赤字率拟按3%安排,赤字规模4.06万亿元,比上年年初预算增加1800亿元。预计今年财政收入继续恢复增长,加上调入资金等,一般公共预算支出规模28.5万亿元、比上年增加1.1万亿元。拟安排地方政府专项债券3.9万亿元、比上年增加1000亿元。为系统解决强国建设、民族复兴进程中一些重大项目建设的资金问题,从今年开始拟连续几年发行超长期特别国债,专项用于国家重大战略实施和重点领域安全能力建设,今年先发行1万亿元。现在很多方面都需要增加财政投入,要大力优化支出结构,强化国家重大战略任务和基本民生财力保障,严控一般性支出。中央财政加大对地方均衡性转移支付力度、适当向困难地区倾斜,省级政府要推动财力下沉,兜牢基层“三保”底线。落实好结构性减税降费政策,重点支持科技创新和制造业发展。严肃财经纪律,加强财会监督,严禁搞面子工程、形象工程,坚决制止铺张浪费。各级政府要习惯过紧日子,真正精打细算,切实把财政资金用在刀刃上、用出实效来。</p><p> 稳健的货币政策要灵活适度、精准有效。保持流动性合理充裕,社会融资规模、货币供应量同经济增长和价格水平预期目标相匹配。加强总量和结构双重调节,盘活存量、提升效能,加大对重大战略、重点领域和薄弱环节的支持力度。促进社会综合融资成本稳中有降。畅通货币政策传导机制,避免资金沉淀空转。增强资本市场内在稳定性。保持人民币汇率在合理均衡水平上的基本稳定。大力发展科技金融、绿色金融、普惠金融、养老金融、数字金融。优化融资增信、风险分担、信息共享等配套措施,更好满足中小微企业融资需求。</p><p> 增强宏观政策取向一致性。围绕发展大局,加强财政、货币、就业、产业、区域、科技、环保等政策协调配合,把非经济性政策纳入宏观政策取向一致性评估,强化政策统筹,确保同向发力、形成合力。各地区各部门制定政策要认真听取和吸纳各方面意见,涉企政策要注重与市场沟通、回应企业关切。实施政策要强化协同联动、放大组合效应,防止顾此失彼、相互掣肘。研究储备政策要增强前瞻性、丰富工具箱,并留出冗余度,确保一旦需要就能及时推出、有效发挥作用。加强对政策执行情况的跟踪评估,以企业和群众满意度为重要标尺,及时进行调整和完善。精准做好政策宣传解读,营造稳定透明可预期的政策环境。</p><p> <b> 完成今年发展目标任务,必须深入贯彻习近平经济思想,集中精力推动高质量发展</b></p><p> 国务院总理李强5日在政府工作报告中指出,完成今年发展目标任务,必须深入贯彻习近平经济思想,集中精力推动高质量发展。</p><p> 强化系统观念,把握和处理好重大关系,从整体上深入谋划和推进各项工作。坚持质量第一、效益优先,继续固本培元,增强宏观调控针对性有效性,注重从企业和群众期盼中找准工作着眼点、政策发力点,努力实现全年增长目标。坚持高质量发展和高水平安全良性互动,在坚守安全底线的前提下,更多为发展想办法、为企业助把力。坚持在发展中保障和改善民生,注重以发展思维看待补民生短板问题,在解决人民群众急难愁盼中培育新的经济增长点。从根本上说,推动高质量发展要靠改革。我们要以更大的决心和力度深化改革开放,促进有效市场和有为政府更好结合,持续激发和增强社会活力,推动高质量发展取得新的更大成效。</p><p> <b>大力推进现代化产业体系建设,加快发展新质生产力</b></p><p> 国务院总理李强5日在政府工作报告中介绍今年政府工作任务时提出,大力推进现代化产业体系建设,加快发展新质生产力。充分发挥创新主导作用,以科技创新推动产业创新,加快推进新型工业化,提高全要素生产率,不断塑造发展新动能新优势,促进社会生产力实现新的跃升。</p><p> 推动产业链供应链优化升级。保持工业经济平稳运行。实施制造业重点产业链高质量发展行动,着力补齐短板、拉长长板、锻造新板,增强产业链供应链韧性和竞争力。实施制造业技术改造升级工程,培育壮大先进制造业集群,创建国家新型工业化示范区,推动传统产业高端化、智能化、绿色化转型。加快发展现代生产性服务业。促进中小企业专精特新发展。加强标准引领和质量支撑,打造更多有国际影响力的“中国制造”品牌。</p><p> 积极培育新兴产业和未来产业。实施产业创新工程,完善产业生态,拓展应用场景,促进战略性新兴产业融合集群发展。巩固扩大智能网联新能源汽车等产业领先优势,加快前沿新兴氢能、新材料、创新药等产业发展,积极打造生物制造、商业航天、低空经济等新增长引擎。制定未来产业发展规划,开辟量子技术、生命科学等新赛道,创建一批未来产业先导区。鼓励发展创业投资、股权投资,优化产业投资基金功能。加强重点行业统筹布局和投资引导,防止产能过剩和低水平重复建设。</p><p> 深入推进数字经济创新发展。制定支持数字经济高质量发展政策,积极推进数字产业化、产业数字化,促进数字技术和实体经济深度融合。深化大数据、人工智能等研发应用,开展“人工智能+”行动,打造具有国际竞争力的数字产业集群。实施制造业数字化转型行动,加快工业互联网规模化应用,推进服务业数字化,建设智慧城市、数字乡村。深入开展中小企业数字化赋能专项行动。支持平台企业在促进创新、增加就业、国际竞争中大显身手。健全数据基础制度,大力推动数据开发开放和流通使用。适度超前建设数字基础设施,加快形成全国一体化算力体系。我们要以广泛深刻的数字变革,赋能经济发展、丰富人民生活、提升社会治理现代化水平。</p><p> <b>深入实施科教兴国战略,强化高质量发展的基础支撑</b></p><p> 国务院总理李强5日在政府工作报告中介绍今年政府工作任务时提出,深入实施科教兴国战略,强化高质量发展的基础支撑。坚持教育强国、科技强国、人才强国建设一体统筹推进,创新链产业链资金链人才链一体部署实施,深化教育科技人才综合改革,为现代化建设提供强大动力。</p><p> 加强高质量教育体系建设。全面贯彻党的教育方针,坚持把高质量发展作为各级各类教育的生命线。制定实施教育强国建设规划纲要。落实立德树人根本任务,推进大中小学思想政治教育一体化建设。开展基础教育扩优提质行动,加快义务教育优质均衡发展和城乡一体化,改善农村寄宿制学校办学条件,持续深化“双减”,推动学前教育普惠发展,加强县域普通高中建设。办好特殊教育、继续教育,引导规范民办教育发展,大力提高职业教育质量。实施高等教育综合改革试点,优化学科专业和资源结构布局,加快建设中国特色、世界一流的大学和优势学科,增强中西部地区高校办学实力。大力发展数字教育。弘扬教育家精神,建设高素质专业化教师队伍。我们要坚持教育优先发展,加快推进教育现代化,厚植人民幸福之本,夯实国家富强之基。</p><p> 加快推动高水平科技自立自强。充分发挥新型举国体制优势,全面提升自主创新能力。强化基础研究系统布局,长期稳定支持一批创新基地、优势团队和重点方向,增强原始创新能力。瞄准国家重大战略需求和产业发展需要,部署实施一批重大科技项目。集成国家战略科技力量、社会创新资源,推进关键核心技术协同攻关,加强颠覆性技术和前沿技术研究。完善国家实验室运行管理机制,发挥国际和区域科技创新中心辐射带动作用。加快重大科技基础设施体系化布局,推进共性技术平台、中试验证平台建设。强化企业科技创新主体地位,激励企业加大创新投入,深化产学研用结合,支持有实力的企业牵头重大攻关任务。加强健康、养老等民生科技研发应用。加快形成支持全面创新的基础制度,深化科技评价、科技奖励、科研项目和经费管理制度改革,健全“揭榜挂帅”机制。加强知识产权保护,制定促进科技成果转化的政策举措。广泛开展科学普及。培育创新文化,弘扬科学家精神,涵养优良学风。扩大国际科技交流合作,营造具有全球竞争力的开放创新生态。</p><p> 全方位培养用好人才。实施更加积极、更加开放、更加有效的人才政策。推进高水平人才高地和吸引集聚人才平台建设,促进人才区域合理布局和协调发展。加快建设国家战略人才力量,努力培养造就更多一流科技领军人才和创新团队,完善拔尖创新人才发现和培养机制,建设基础研究人才培养平台,打造卓越工程师和高技能人才队伍,加大对青年科技人才支持力度。积极推进人才国际交流。加快建立以创新价值、能力、贡献为导向的人才评价体系,优化工作生活保障和表彰奖励制度。我们要在改善人才发展环境上持续用力,形成人尽其才、各展其能的良好局面。</p><p> <b>着力扩大国内需求,推动经济实现良性循环</b></p><p> 国务院总理李强5日在政府工作报告中介绍今年政府工作任务时提出,着力扩大国内需求,推动经济实现良性循环。把实施扩大内需战略同深化供给侧结构性改革有机结合起来,更好统筹消费和投资,增强对经济增长的拉动作用。</p><p> 促进消费稳定增长。从增加收入、优化供给、减少限制性措施等方面综合施策,激发消费潜能。培育壮大新型消费,实施数字消费、绿色消费、健康消费促进政策,积极培育智能家居、文娱旅游、体育赛事、国货“潮品”等新的消费增长点。稳定和扩大传统消费,鼓励和推动消费品以旧换新,提振智能网联新能源汽车、电子产品等大宗消费。推动养老、育幼、家政等服务扩容提质,支持社会力量提供社区服务。优化消费环境,开展“消费促进年”活动,实施“放心消费行动”,加强消费者权益保护,落实带薪休假制度。实施标准提升行动,加快构建适应高质量发展要求的标准体系,推动商品和服务质量不断提高,更好满足人民群众改善生活需要。</p><p> 积极扩大有效投资。发挥好政府投资的带动放大效应,重点支持科技创新、新型基础设施、节能减排降碳,加强民生等经济社会薄弱领域补短板,推进防洪排涝抗灾基础设施建设,推动各类生产设备、服务设备更新和技术改造,加快实施“十四五”规划重大工程项目。今年中央预算内投资拟安排7000亿元。合理扩大地方政府专项债券投向领域和用作资本金范围,额度分配向项目准备充分、投资效率较高的地区倾斜。统筹用好各类资金,防止低效无效投资。深化投资审批制度改革。着力稳定和扩大民间投资,落实和完善支持政策,实施政府和社会资本合作新机制,鼓励民间资本参与重大项目建设。进一步拆除各种藩篱,在更多领域让民间投资进得来、能发展、有作为。</p><p> <b>坚定不移深化改革,增强发展内生动力</b></p><p> 国务院总理李强5日在政府工作报告中介绍今年政府工作任务时提出,坚定不移深化改革,增强发展内生动力。推进重点领域和关键环节改革攻坚,充分发挥市场在资源配置中的决定性作用,更好发挥政府作用,营造市场化、法治化、国际化一流营商环境,推动构建高水平社会主义市场经济体制。</p><p> 激发各类经营主体活力。国有企业、民营企业、外资企业都是现代化建设的重要力量。要不断完善落实“两个毫不动摇”的体制机制,为各类所有制企业创造公平竞争、竞相发展的良好环境。完善中国特色现代企业制度,打造更多世界一流企业。深入实施国有企业改革深化提升行动,做强做优主业,增强核心功能、提高核心竞争力。建立国有经济布局优化和结构调整指引制度。全面落实促进民营经济发展壮大的意见及配套举措,进一步解决市场准入、要素获取、公平执法、权益保护等方面存在的突出问题。提高民营企业贷款占比、扩大发债融资规模,加强对个体工商户分类帮扶支持。实施降低物流成本行动,健全防范化解拖欠企业账款长效机制,坚决查处乱收费、乱罚款、乱摊派。弘扬优秀企业家精神,积极支持企业家专注创新发展、敢干敢闯敢投、踏踏实实把企业办好。</p><p> 加快全国统一大市场建设。制定全国统一大市场建设标准指引。着力推动产权保护、市场准入、公平竞争、社会信用等方面制度规则统一。深化要素市场化配置综合改革试点。出台公平竞争审查行政法规,完善重点领域、新兴领域、涉外领域监管规则。专项治理地方保护、市场分割、招商引资不当竞争等突出问题,加强对招投标市场的规范和管理。坚持依法监管,严格落实监管责任,提升监管精准性和有效性,坚决维护公平竞争的市场秩序。</p><p> 推进财税金融等领域改革。建设高水平社会主义市场经济体制改革先行区。谋划新一轮财税体制改革,落实金融体制改革部署,加大对高质量发展的财税金融支持。深化电力、油气、铁路和综合运输体系等改革,健全自然垄断环节监管体制机制。深化收入分配、社会保障、医药卫生、养老服务等社会民生领域改革。</p><p> <b> 扩大高水平对外开放,促进互利共赢</b></p><p> 国务院总理李强5日在政府工作报告中介绍今年政府工作任务时提出,扩大高水平对外开放,促进互利共赢。主动对接高标准国际经贸规则,稳步扩大制度型开放,增强国内国际两个市场两种资源联动效应,巩固外贸外资基本盘,培育国际经济合作和竞争新优势。</p><p> 推动外贸质升量稳。加强进出口信贷和出口信保支持,优化跨境结算、汇率风险管理等服务,支持企业开拓多元化市场。促进跨境电商等新业态健康发展,优化海外仓布局,支持加工贸易提档升级,拓展中间品贸易、绿色贸易等新增长点。积极扩大优质产品进口。全面实施跨境服务贸易负面清单。出台服务贸易、数字贸易创新发展政策。加快内外贸一体化发展。办好进博会、广交会、服贸会、数贸会等重大展会。加快国际物流体系建设,打造智慧海关,助力外贸企业降本提效。</p><p> 加大吸引外资力度。继续缩减外资准入负面清单,全面取消制造业领域外资准入限制措施,放宽电信、医疗等服务业市场准入。扩大鼓励外商投资产业目录,鼓励外资企业境内再投资。落实好外资企业国民待遇,保障依法平等参与政府采购、招标投标、标准制定,推动解决数据跨境流动等问题。加强外商投资服务保障,打造“投资中国”品牌。提升外籍人员来华工作、学习、旅游便利度。深入实施自贸试验区提升战略,赋予自贸试验区、海南自由贸易港等更多自主权,推动开发区改革创新,打造对外开放新高地。</p><p> 推动高质量共建“一带一路”走深走实。抓好支持高质量共建“一带一路”八项行动的落实落地。稳步推进重大项目合作,实施一批“小而美”民生项目,积极推动数字、绿色、创新、健康、文旅、减贫等领域合作。加快建设西部陆海新通道。</p><p> 深化多双边和区域经济合作。推动落实已生效自贸协定,与更多国家和地区商签高标准自贸协定和投资协定。推进中国—东盟自贸区3.0版谈判,推动加入《数字经济伙伴关系协定》、《全面与进步跨太平洋伙伴关系协定》。全面深入参与世贸组织改革,推动建设开放型世界经济,让更多合作共赢成果惠及各国人民。</p><p> <b>更好统筹发展和安全,有效防范化解重点领域风险</b></p><p> 国务院总理李强5日在政府工作报告中介绍今年政府工作任务时提出,更好统筹发展和安全,有效防范化解重点领域风险。坚持以高质量发展促进高水平安全,以高水平安全保障高质量发展,标本兼治化解房地产、地方债务、中小金融机构等风险,维护经济金融大局稳定。</p><p> 稳妥有序处置风险隐患。完善重大风险处置统筹协调机制,压实企业主体责任、部门监管责任、地方属地责任,提升处置效能,牢牢守住不发生系统性风险的底线。优化房地产政策,对不同所有制房地产企业合理融资需求要一视同仁给予支持,促进房地产市场平稳健康发展。统筹好地方债务风险化解和稳定发展,进一步落实一揽子化债方案,妥善化解存量债务风险、严防新增债务风险。稳妥推进一些地方的中小金融机构风险处置。严厉打击非法金融活动。</p><p> 健全风险防控长效机制。适应新型城镇化发展趋势和房地产市场供求关系变化,加快构建房地产发展新模式。加大保障性住房建设和供给,完善商品房相关基础性制度,满足居民刚性住房需求和多样化改善性住房需求。建立同高质量发展相适应的政府债务管理机制,完善全口径地方债务监测监管体系,分类推进地方融资平台转型。健全金融监管体制,提高金融风险防控能力。</p><p> 加强重点领域安全能力建设。完善粮食生产收储加工体系,全方位夯实粮食安全根基。推进国家水网建设。强化能源资源安全保障,加大油气、战略性矿产资源勘探开发力度。加快构建大国储备体系,加强重点储备设施建设。提高网络、数据等安全保障能力。有效维护产业链供应链安全稳定,支撑国民经济循环畅通。</p><p> <b>坚持不懈抓好“三农”工作,扎实推进乡村全面振兴</b></p><p> 国务院总理李强5日在政府工作报告中介绍今年政府工作任务时提出,坚持不懈抓好“三农”工作,扎实推进乡村全面振兴。锚定建设农业强国目标,学习运用“千村示范、万村整治”工程经验,因地制宜、分类施策,循序渐进、久久为功,推动乡村全面振兴不断取得实质性进展、阶段性成果。</p><p> 加强粮食和重要农产品稳产保供。稳定粮食播种面积,巩固大豆扩种成果,推动大面积提高单产。适当提高小麦最低收购价,在全国实施三大主粮生产成本和收入保险政策,健全种粮农民收益保障机制。加大产粮大县支持力度,完善主产区利益补偿机制。扩大油料生产,稳定畜牧业、渔业生产能力,发展现代设施农业。加强病虫害和动物疫病防控。加大种业振兴、农业关键核心技术攻关力度,实施农机装备补短板行动。严守耕地红线,完善耕地占补平衡制度,加强黑土地保护和盐碱地综合治理,提高高标准农田建设投资补助水平。各地区都要扛起保障国家粮食安全责任。我们这样一个人口大国,必须践行好大农业观、大食物观,始终把饭碗牢牢端在自己手上。</p><p> 毫不放松巩固拓展脱贫攻坚成果。加强防止返贫监测和帮扶工作,确保不发生规模性返贫。支持脱贫地区发展特色优势产业,推进防止返贫就业攻坚行动,强化易地搬迁后续帮扶。深化东西部协作和定点帮扶。加大对国家乡村振兴重点帮扶县支持力度,建立健全农村低收入人口和欠发达地区常态化帮扶机制,让脱贫成果更加稳固、成效更可持续。</p><p> 稳步推进农村改革发展。深化农村土地制度改革,启动第二轮土地承包到期后再延长30年整省试点。深化集体产权、集体林权、农垦、供销社等改革,促进新型农村集体经济发展。着眼促进农民增收,壮大乡村富民产业,发展新型农业经营主体和社会化服务,培养用好乡村人才。深入实施乡村建设行动,大力改善农村水电路气信等基础设施和公共服务,加强充电桩、冷链物流、寄递配送设施建设,加大农房抗震改造力度,持续改善农村人居环境,建设宜居宜业和美乡村。</p><p> <b> 推动城乡融合和区域协调发展,大力优化经济布局</b></p><p> 国务院总理李强5日在政府工作报告中介绍今年政府工作任务时提出,推动城乡融合和区域协调发展,大力优化经济布局。深入实施区域协调发展战略、区域重大战略、主体功能区战略,把推进新型城镇化和乡村全面振兴有机结合起来,加快构建优势互补、高质量发展的区域经济格局。</p><p> 积极推进新型城镇化。我国城镇化还有很大发展提升空间。要深入实施新型城镇化战略行动,促进各类要素双向流动,形成城乡融合发展新格局。把加快农业转移人口市民化摆在突出位置,深化户籍制度改革,完善“人地钱”挂钩政策,让有意愿的进城农民工在城镇落户,推动未落户常住人口平等享受城镇基本公共服务。培育发展县域经济,补齐基础设施和公共服务短板,使县城成为新型城镇化的重要载体。注重以城市群、都市圈为依托,促进大中小城市协调发展。推动成渝地区双城经济圈建设。稳步实施城市更新行动,推进“平急两用”公共基础设施建设和城中村改造,加快完善地下管网,推动解决老旧小区加装电梯、停车等难题,加强无障碍、适老化设施建设,打造宜居、智慧、韧性城市。新型城镇化要处处体现以人为本,提高精细化管理和服务水平,让人民群众享有更高品质的生活。</p><p> 提高区域协调发展水平。充分发挥各地区比较优势,按照主体功能定位,积极融入和服务构建新发展格局。深入实施西部大开发、东北全面振兴、中部地区加快崛起、东部地区加快推进现代化等战略,提升东北和中西部地区承接产业转移能力。支持京津冀、长三角、粤港澳大湾区等经济发展优势地区更好发挥高质量发展动力源作用。抓好标志性项目在雄安新区落地建设。持续推进长江经济带高质量发展,推动黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展。支持革命老区、民族地区加快发展,加强边疆地区建设,统筹推进兴边富民行动。优化重大生产力布局,加强国家战略腹地建设。制定主体功能区优化实施规划,完善配套政策。大力发展海洋经济,建设海洋强国。</p><p> <b>加强生态文明建设,推进绿色低碳发展</b></p><p> 国务院总理李强5日在政府工作报告中介绍今年政府工作任务时提出,加强生态文明建设,推进绿色低碳发展。深入践行绿水青山就是金山银山的理念,协同推进降碳、减污、扩绿、增长,建设人与自然和谐共生的美丽中国。</p><p> 推动生态环境综合治理。深入实施空气质量持续改善行动计划,统筹水资源、水环境、水生态治理,加强土壤污染源头防控,强化固体废物、新污染物、塑料污染治理。坚持山水林田湖草沙一体化保护和系统治理,加强生态环境分区管控。组织打好“三北”工程三大标志性战役,推进国家公园建设。加强重要江河湖库生态保护治理。持续推进长江十年禁渔。实施生物多样性保护重大工程。完善生态产品价值实现机制,健全生态保护补偿制度,充分调动各方面保护和改善生态环境的积极性。</p><p> 大力发展绿色低碳经济。推进产业结构、能源结构、交通运输结构、城乡建设发展绿色转型。落实全面节约战略,加快重点领域节能节水改造。完善支持绿色发展的财税、金融、投资、价格政策和相关市场化机制,推动废弃物循环利用产业发展,促进节能降碳先进技术研发应用,加快形成绿色低碳供应链。建设美丽中国先行区,打造绿色低碳发展高地。</p><p> 积极稳妥推进碳达峰碳中和。扎实开展“碳达峰十大行动”。提升碳排放统计核算核查能力,建立碳足迹管理体系,扩大全国碳市场行业覆盖范围。深入推进能源革命,控制化石能源消费,加快建设新型能源体系。加强大型风电光伏基地和外送通道建设,推动分布式能源开发利用,发展新型储能,促进绿电使用和国际互认,发挥煤炭、煤电兜底作用,确保经济社会发展用能需求。</p><p> <b>切实保障和改善民生,加强和创新社会治理</b></p><p> 国务院总理李强5日在政府工作报告中介绍今年政府工作任务时提出,切实保障和改善民生,加强和创新社会治理。坚持以人民为中心的发展思想,履行好保基本、兜底线职责,采取更多惠民生、暖民心举措,扎实推进共同富裕,促进社会和谐稳定,不断增强人民群众的获得感、幸福感、安全感。</p><p> 多措并举稳就业促增收。就业是最基本的民生。要突出就业优先导向,加强财税、金融等政策对稳就业的支持,加大促就业专项政策力度。落实和完善稳岗返还、专项贷款、就业和社保补贴等政策,加强对就业容量大的行业企业支持。预计今年高校毕业生超过1170万人,要强化促进青年就业政策举措,优化就业创业指导服务。扎实做好退役军人、农民工等群体就业工作,加强对残疾人等就业困难人员帮扶。分类完善灵活就业服务保障措施,扩大新就业形态就业人员职业伤害保障试点。坚决纠正各类就业歧视,保障农民工工资支付,完善劳动关系协商协调机制,维护劳动者合法权益。适应先进制造、现代服务、养老照护等领域人才需求,加强职业技能培训。多渠道增加城乡居民收入,扩大中等收入群体规模,努力促进低收入群体增收。</p><p> 提高医疗卫生服务能力。继续做好重点传染病防控。居民医保人均财政补助标准提高30元。促进医保、医疗、医药协同发展和治理。推动基本医疗保险省级统筹,完善国家药品集中采购制度,强化医保基金使用常态化监管,落实和完善异地就医结算。深化公立医院改革,以患者为中心改善医疗服务,推动检查检验结果互认。着眼推进分级诊疗,引导优质医疗资源下沉基层,加强县乡村医疗服务协同联动,扩大基层医疗卫生机构慢性病、常见病用药种类。加快补齐儿科、老年医学、精神卫生、医疗护理等服务短板。促进中医药传承创新,加强中医优势专科建设。深入开展健康中国行动和爱国卫生运动,筑牢人民群众健康防线。</p><p> 加强社会保障和服务。实施积极应对人口老龄化国家战略。城乡居民基础养老金月最低标准提高20元,继续提高退休人员基本养老金,完善养老保险全国统筹。在全国实施个人养老金制度,积极发展第三支柱养老保险。做好退役军人服务保障。加强城乡社区养老服务网络建设,加大农村养老服务补短板力度。加强老年用品和服务供给,大力发展银发经济。推进建立长期护理保险制度。健全生育支持政策,优化生育假期制度,完善经营主体用工成本合理共担机制,多渠道增加托育服务供给,减轻家庭生育、养育、教育负担。做好留守儿童和困境儿童关爱救助。加强残疾预防和康复服务,完善重度残疾人托养照护政策。健全分层分类的社会救助体系,统筹防止返贫和低收入人口帮扶政策,把民生兜底保障安全网织密扎牢。</p><p> 丰富人民群众精神文化生活。深入学习贯彻习近平文化思想。广泛践行社会主义核心价值观。发展哲学社会科学、新闻出版、广播影视、文学艺术和档案等事业。深入推进国家文化数字化战略。深化全民阅读活动。完善网络综合治理,培育积极健康、向上向善的网络文化。创新实施文化惠民工程,提高公共文化场馆免费开放服务水平。大力发展文化产业。开展第四次全国文物普查,加强文物系统性保护和合理利用。推进非物质文化遗产保护传承。深化中外人文交流,提高国际传播能力。加大体育改革力度。做好2024年奥运会、残奥会备战参赛工作。建好用好群众身边的体育设施,推动全民健身活动广泛开展。</p><p> 维护国家安全和社会稳定。贯彻总体国家安全观,加强国家安全体系和能力建设。提高公共安全治理水平,推动治理模式向事前预防转型。着力夯实安全生产和防灾减灾救灾基层基础,增强应急处置能力。扎实开展安全生产治本攻坚三年行动,加强重点行业领域风险隐患排查整治,压实各方责任,坚决遏制重特大事故发生。做好洪涝干旱、森林草原火灾、地质灾害、地震等防范应对,加强气象服务。严格食品、药品、特种设备等安全监管。完善社会治理体系。强化城乡社区服务功能。引导支持社会组织、人道救助、志愿服务、公益慈善等健康发展。保障妇女、儿童、老年人、残疾人合法权益。坚持和发展新时代“枫桥经验”,推进矛盾纠纷预防化解,推动信访工作法治化。加强公共法律服务。强化社会治安整体防控,推进扫黑除恶常态化,依法打击各类违法犯罪活动,建设更高水平的平安中国。</p><p> <b> 努力建设人民满意的法治政府、创新政府、廉洁政府和服务型政府,全面履行好政府职责</b></p><p> 国务院总理李强5日在政府工作报告中指出,新征程新使命,对政府工作提出了新的更高要求。各级政府及其工作人员要深刻领悟“两个确立”的决定性意义,增强“四个意识”、坚定“四个自信”、做到“两个维护”,自觉在思想上政治上行动上同以习近平同志为核心的党中央保持高度一致,不断提高政治判断力、政治领悟力、政治执行力,把党的领导贯穿政府工作各方面全过程。要把坚持高质量发展作为新时代的硬道理,把为民造福作为最重要的政绩,努力建设人民满意的法治政府、创新政府、廉洁政府和服务型政府,全面履行好政府职责。</p><p> 深入推进依法行政。严格遵守宪法法律。自觉接受同级人大及其常委会的监督,自觉接受人民政协的民主监督,自觉接受社会和舆论监督。加强审计监督。坚持科学、民主、依法决策,制定政策要遵循规律、广聚共识、于法有据。完善政务公开制度。全面推进严格规范公正文明执法。支持工会、共青团、妇联等群团组织更好发挥作用。发扬自我革命精神,持之以恒正风肃纪反腐,纵深推进党风廉政建设和反腐败斗争。政府工作人员要遵守法纪、廉洁修身、勤勉尽责,干干净净为人民做事。</p><p> 全面提高行政效能。围绕贯彻好、落实好党中央决策部署,坚持优化协同高效,深入推进政府职能转变,不断提高执行力和公信力。坚持正确的思想方法和工作方法,勇于打破思维定势和路径依赖,积极谋划用好牵引性、撬动性强的工作抓手,在抓落实上切实做到不折不扣、雷厉风行、求真务实、敢作善为,确保最终效果符合党中央决策意图,顺应人民群众期待。巩固拓展主题教育成果,大兴调查研究,落实“四下基层”制度。加快数字政府建设。以推进“高效办成一件事”为牵引,提高政务服务水平。坚决纠治形式主义、官僚主义,进一步精简文件和会议,完善督查检查考核,持续为基层和企业减负。落实“三个区分开来”,完善干部担当作为激励和保护机制。广大干部要增强“时时放心不下”的责任感,并切实转化为“事事心中有底”的行动力,提振干事创业的精气神,真抓实干、埋头苦干、善作善成,努力创造无愧于时代和人民的新业绩。</p><p> <b>民族、宗教和侨务工作</b></p><p> 国务院总理李强5日在政府工作报告中指出,我们要以铸牢中华民族共同体意识为主线,坚持和完善民族区域自治制度,促进各民族广泛交往交流交融,推动民族地区加快现代化建设步伐。坚持党的宗教工作基本方针,深入推进我国宗教中国化,积极引导宗教与社会主义社会相适应。加强和改进侨务工作,维护海外侨胞和归侨侨眷合法权益,汇聚起海内外中华儿女共同致力民族复兴的磅礴力量。</p><p> <b> 国防和军队建设</b></p><p> 国务院总理李强5日在政府工作报告中表示,过去一年,国防和军队建设取得新的成绩和进步,人民军队出色完成担负的使命任务。新的一年,要深入贯彻习近平强军思想,贯彻新时代军事战略方针,坚持党对人民军队的绝对领导,全面深入贯彻军委主席负责制,打好实现建军一百年奋斗目标攻坚战。全面加强练兵备战,统筹推进军事斗争准备,抓好实战化军事训练,坚定捍卫国家主权、安全、发展利益。构建现代军事治理体系,抓好军队建设“十四五”规划执行,加快实施国防发展重大工程。巩固提高一体化国家战略体系和能力,优化国防科技工业体系和布局,加强国防教育、国防动员和后备力量建设。各级政府要大力支持国防和军队建设,深入开展“双拥”工作,巩固发展军政军民团结。</p><p> <b> 港澳台工作</b></p><p> 国务院总理李强5日在政府工作报告中表示,我们要继续全面准确、坚定不移贯彻“一国两制”、“港人治港”、“澳人治澳”、高度自治的方针,坚持依法治港治澳,落实“爱国者治港”、“爱国者治澳”原则。支持香港、澳门发展经济、改善民生,发挥自身优势和特点,积极参与粤港澳大湾区建设,更好融入国家发展大局,保持香港、澳门长期繁荣稳定。</p><p> 我们要坚持贯彻新时代党解决台湾问题的总体方略,坚持一个中国原则和“九二共识”,坚决反对“台独”分裂和外来干涉,推动两岸关系和平发展,坚定不移推进祖国统一大业,维护中华民族根本利益。深化两岸融合发展,增进两岸同胞福祉,同心共创民族复兴伟业。</p><p><b> 外交工作</b></p><p> 国务院总理李强5日在政府工作报告中指出,我们要坚持独立自主的和平外交政策,坚持走和平发展道路,坚定奉行互利共赢的开放战略,倡导平等有序的世界多极化和普惠包容的经济全球化,推动构建新型国际关系,反对霸权霸道霸凌行径,维护国际公平正义。中国愿同国际社会一道,落实全球发展倡议、全球安全倡议、全球文明倡议,弘扬全人类共同价值,推动全球治理体系变革,推动构建人类命运共同体。</p><p> 李强最后表示,使命重在担当,奋斗创造未来。我们要更加紧密地团结在以习近平同志为核心的党中央周围,高举中国特色社会主义伟大旗帜,以习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想为指导,坚定信心、开拓进取,努力完成全年经济社会发展目标任务,为以中国式现代化全面推进强国建设、民族复兴伟业不懈奋斗!</p><p> (新华社北京3月5日电)</p><p> </p><p> "People's Daily" (Page 05, March 06, 2024)<br /><br />In the past year, solid steps have been taken in building a modern socialist country in an all-round way<br /><br />Premier Li Qiang of the State Council pointed out in his government work report on the 5th that the past year was the first year to fully implement the spirit of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China and the first year for this government to perform its duties in accordance with the law. Faced with an extremely complex international environment and the arduous tasks of reform, development and stability, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core united and led the people of all ethnic groups across the country to withstand external pressure, overcome internal difficulties, and made arduous efforts to achieve stable prevention and control of the new crown epidemic. The major goals and tasks of economic and social development throughout the year were successfully achieved, high-quality development was solidly advanced, the overall social situation remained stable, and solid steps were taken to comprehensively build a modern socialist country.<br /><br />——The economy is generally recovering for the better. The GDP exceeded 126 trillion yuan, an increase of 5.2%, and the growth rate ranked among the top of the world's major economies. There were 12.44 million new urban jobs, and the average urban surveyed unemployment rate was 5.2%. Consumer prices rose 0.2%. The balance of international payments is basically balanced.<br /><br />——Major progress has been made in the construction of a modern industrial system. Traditional industries have accelerated their transformation and upgrading, strategic emerging industries have flourished, future industries have been laid out in an orderly manner, advanced manufacturing and modern service industries have been deeply integrated, and a number of major industrial innovation achievements have reached internationally advanced levels. The domestically produced large aircraft C919 has been put into commercial operation, the domestically produced large cruise ships have been successfully built, and the production and sales of new energy vehicles account for more than 60% of the world's total.<br /><br />——Scientific and technological innovation achieves new breakthroughs. The construction of the national laboratory system has been vigorously promoted. Fruitful results have been achieved in key core technologies, great progress has been made in the development of high-end equipment such as aircraft engines, gas turbines, and fourth-generation nuclear power units, and innovative results in cutting-edge fields such as artificial intelligence and quantum technology continue to emerge. Technology contract turnover increased by 28.6%. Innovation-driven development capabilities continue to improve.<br /><br />——Reform and opening up are advanced in depth. The new round of institutional reform has been basically completed at the central level and is proceeding in an orderly manner at the local level. Strengthen the construction of a unified national market. Implement actions to deepen and improve the reform of state-owned enterprises, and introduce policies to promote the development and growth of the private economy. The construction layout of the free trade pilot zone has been further improved. The share of exports in the international market remains stable, the structure of actual use of foreign capital is optimized, and the international influence and appeal of the joint construction of the "Belt and Road" are more clearly demonstrated.<br /><br />——The foundation for safe development has been consolidated. Grain output reached 1.39 trillion jin, another record high. The supply of energy resources is stable. The independent controllability of important industrial and supply chains has been improved. Risks in key economic and financial areas have been steadily resolved. The construction of modern infrastructure has been continuously strengthened.<br /><br />——The quality of the ecological environment has been steadily improving. The battle against pollution has been carried out in depth, the discharge of major pollutants has continued to decline, and the water quality of surface water and coastal waters has continued to improve. The battle against the "Three North" project has been launched in an all-round way. The installed capacity of renewable energy power generation has historically surpassed that of thermal power, with more than half of the world's newly installed capacity throughout the year.<br /><br />——The people’s livelihood protection is strong and effective. The per capita disposable income of residents increased by 6.1%, and the income gap between urban and rural residents continued to narrow. The results of poverty alleviation were consolidated and expanded, and the income of rural residents in poverty-stricken areas increased by 8.4%. We will increase financial subsidies for compulsory education, basic pensions, and basic medical care, and expand the scope of assistance and security targets. The standard for special additional personal income tax deductions for “the elderly and the small” has been raised, benefiting more than 66 million taxpayers. Strengthen the renovation of old urban communities and the supply of affordable housing, benefiting tens of millions of families.<br /><br />Looking back on the past year, multiple difficulties and challenges have been intertwined and superimposed. Our country's economy has developed in waves and made twists and turns, and the achievements have been hard-won. Through the joint efforts of the whole country, not only the expected development goals for the whole year were achieved, but also positive changes occurred in many aspects. In particular, we have deepened our understanding of the rules for doing economic work in the new era and accumulated valuable experience in overcoming major difficulties. Practice has fully demonstrated that under the strong leadership of the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping as the core, the Chinese people have the courage, wisdom, and ability to overcome any difficulties and obstacles. China's development will surely endure hardships and have a bright future!<br /><br />Over the past year, we have intensified macro-control efforts to promote continued improvement in economic performance.<br /><br />Premier Li Qiang of the State Council introduced in the government work report on the 5th that over the past year, macroeconomic control has been intensified to promote continued improvement in economic performance.<br /><br />In response to severe challenges and the characteristics of post-epidemic economic recovery, we have coordinated efforts to stabilize growth and increase stamina, focus on consolidating the foundation and cultivating talents, focus on precise policy implementation, grasp the timing, duration and effectiveness of macro-control, strengthen counter-cyclical adjustments, and avoid "flood irrigation" and With strong short-term stimulus, more efforts will be made to promote high-quality development, and the economic performance throughout the year will be low at first, medium to high, and then stable. Focusing on expanding domestic demand, optimizing structure, boosting confidence, preventing and defusing risks, we will continue to optimize a number of phased policies, launch a number of new policies in a timely manner, and develop a powerful and effective policy combination. Fiscal policies have been stepped up to improve efficiency, and expenditures in key areas have been strengthened. New tax and fee benefits exceeded 2.2 trillion yuan throughout the year, and an additional 1 trillion yuan of government bonds were issued to support post-disaster recovery and reconstruction and enhance disaster prevention, reduction, and relief capabilities. The monetary policy has been precise and powerful, with the deposit reserve ratio reduced twice and the policy interest rate twice. Loans for technological innovation, advanced manufacturing, inclusive small and micro enterprises, and green development have increased significantly. Policies have been introduced to support consumption of automobiles, home furnishings, electronic products, tourism, etc., bulk consumption has steadily rebounded, and consumption of daily services has accelerated. Give full play to the role of government investment in leveraging and formulate policies to promote private investment. Investment in energy, water conservancy and other infrastructure and manufacturing industries has grown rapidly. We will optimize real estate regulation and control according to city policies, promote the reduction of mortgage costs, and actively promote the work of guaranteeing the delivery of properties. We formulated and implemented a package plan to resolve local debts and dealt with financial risks in categories, thus maintaining the bottom line of preventing systemic risks.<br /><br />Over the past year, we have relied on innovation to lead industrial upgrading and enhance new momentum for urban and rural regional development.<br /><br />Premier Li Qiang of the State Council introduced in his government work report on the 5th that over the past year, innovation has led to industrial upgrading and enhanced new momentum for urban and rural regional development.<br /><br />Strengthen national strategic science and technology capabilities and accelerate the implementation of major science and technology projects. Comprehensively deploy and promote new industrialization. Measures were introduced to stabilize the operation of the industrial economy and support advanced manufacturing, increase the super deduction ratio of R&D expenses for enterprises in key industries, promote the high-quality development of key industrial chains, and turn the profits of industrial enterprises from falling to rising. The digital economy has accelerated its development, and the 5G user penetration rate has exceeded 50%. We will further implement the new urbanization strategy, further relax the conditions for urban settlement, enhance the comprehensive carrying capacity of the county, and increase the urbanization rate of the permanent population to 66.2%. We have strengthened support policies for agricultural development, vigorously carried out disaster relief and harvest harvests, implemented a new round of actions to increase grain production capacity by 100 billion kilograms, and made solid progress in rural revitalization. We will improve the system and mechanism for coordinated regional development, launch a number of new measures in implementing major regional strategies, and implement a number of major projects. The coordination and balance of regional development will continue to increase.<br /><br />Over the past year, we have deepened reform, expanded opening up, and continued to improve the business environment.<br /><br />Premier Li Qiang of the State Council introduced in the government work report on the 5th that over the past year, we have deepened reform and expanded opening up and continued to improve the business environment.<br /><br />Develop an overall work plan for building a unified national market and clean up a number of policies and regulations that hinder fair competition. We have launched policies to support the development of state-owned enterprises, private enterprises, and foreign-funded enterprises, established a regular communication mechanism between government and enterprises, carried out special actions to clean up arrears of corporate accounts, and strengthened the rectification of illegal charges. Deepen reforms in areas such as finance, taxation, finance, agriculture and rural areas, and ecological and environmental protection. We will promote stable scale and optimized structure of foreign trade, and exports of the "three new categories" of electric vehicles, lithium batteries, and photovoltaic products will increase by nearly 30%. We will improve policies to attract foreign investment and expand institutional openness. We will solidly advance the high-quality development of the Belt and Road Initiative and see rapid growth in trade and investment with the co-building countries.<br /><br />Over the past year, we have strengthened ecological and environmental protection and governance and accelerated the green transformation of development methods.<br /><br />Premier Li Qiang of the State Council introduced in the government work report on the 5th that in the past year, ecological and environmental protection and management have been strengthened and the green transformation of development methods has been accelerated.<br /><br />Deeply promote the construction of a beautiful China. Continue to fight the battle to defend blue skies, clear water and pure land. Accelerate the implementation of major projects to protect and restore important ecosystems. We will do a good job in comprehensive prevention and control of soil erosion and desertification. Strengthen ecological and environmental protection inspections. Formulate policies to support the development of green and low-carbon industries. Promote ultra-low emission transformation of key industries. Start the construction of the first batch of carbon peak pilot cities and parks. Actively participate in and promote global climate governance.<br /><br />Over the past year, we have focused on ensuring people’s livelihood and promoting the development of social undertakings.<br /><br />Premier Li Qiang of the State Council introduced in the government work report on the 5th that in the past year, efforts have been made to ensure people's livelihood and promote the development of social undertakings.<br /><br />Focus on the concerns of the masses and do a good job in practical matters related to people's livelihood. Attaching great importance to stabilizing employment, we have introduced policies to support enterprises in stabilizing and expanding jobs, and strengthened employment promotion services for key groups such as college graduates. The number of people who have been lifted out of poverty has exceeded 33 million. We have strengthened the construction of weak links in compulsory education and done a good job in "double reduction". The national student loans have been raised and interest rates reduced, benefiting more than 11 million students. Implement "Category B and B" measures for new coronavirus infection, and do a solid job in preventing and treating infectious diseases such as influenza and mycoplasma pneumonia. Implement general outpatient coordination of employee medical insurance. Strengthen the construction of comprehensive community service facilities and vigorously develop meal assistance services for the elderly. Improve the standards of preferential care. Strengthen the protection of people in need. Effectively respond to severe flood disasters in the Haihe River Basin and other river basins, carry out emergency rescue operations such as the Jishishan earthquake in Gansu, and strengthen post-disaster recovery and reconstruction. Promote cultural inheritance and development, and the tourism market will fully recover. Mass sports are booming. The Chengdu Universiade, Hangzhou Asian Games and Asian Para Games were successfully held, and our country's athletes achieved great results.<br /><br />Over the past year, we have comprehensively strengthened government construction and vigorously improved governance efficiency.<br /><br />Premier Li Qiang of the State Council introduced in the government work report on the 5th that over the past year, government construction has been comprehensively strengthened and governance efficiency has been greatly improved.<br /><br />We must firmly safeguard the authority and centralized and unified leadership of the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping as the core, and be the executors, actioners and doers who implement the decisions and arrangements of the Party Central Committee. Carry out in-depth thematic education on studying and implementing Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era. We must put political construction first and comprehensively improve the government's ability to perform its duties. 10 legal bills were submitted to the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress for review, 25 administrative regulations were formulated and revised, and a three-year action was implemented to improve the quality of administrative law enforcement. Consciously accept supervision in accordance with the law. Earnestly handle the proposals of NPC deputies and CPPCC members. Pay attention to investigation and research, and strive to make policies and work consistent with reality and close to the people. Optimize the supervision work mechanism. Strengthen the construction of party style and clean government and the fight against corruption. Strictly implement the spirit of the eight central regulations, continue to correct the "four styles", and vigorously promote the inspection and rectification work of financial institutions, state-owned enterprises, etc. Innovate and improve urban and rural grassroots governance. Do a solid job in petition work. We will pay close attention to production safety and emergency management, and carry out special investigations and rectification of major accident hazards. Promote the improvement of the national security system. We have strengthened comprehensive management of social security and effectively cracked down on illegal and criminal activities such as telecommunications and network fraud, making new progress in the construction of Safe China.<br /><br />Over the past year, major-country diplomacy with Chinese characteristics has been comprehensively advanced<br /><br />Premier Li Qiang of the State Council introduced in the government work report on the 5th that over the past year, major-country diplomacy with Chinese characteristics has been comprehensively advanced.<br /><br />President Xi Jinping and other party and state leaders have visited many countries and attended major multilateral and bilateral events such as the BRICS Leaders’ Meeting, the APEC Leaders’ Informal Meeting, and the East Asia Cooperation Leaders’ Series Meetings. Successfully held major home diplomatic events such as the China-Central Asia Summit and the 3rd "Belt and Road" International Cooperation Summit Forum. Promote the building of a community with a shared future for mankind, implement the global development initiative, global security initiative, and global civilization initiative, deepen and expand global partnerships, and play an active and constructive role in solving international and regional hot issues. China has made important contributions to promoting world peace and development.<br /><br />The achievements achieved in the past year are fundamentally due to General Secretary Xi Jinping’s leadership and scientific guidance of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era<br /><br />Premier Li Qiang pointed out in the government work report on the 5th that the achievements achieved in the past year are fundamentally due to the leadership and helm of General Secretary Xi Jinping, the scientific guidance of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, and the strong leadership of the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core. The result is the result of the united struggle of the whole party, the whole army and the people of all ethnic groups in the country.<br /><br />We must face the problems and challenges head-on, do our best to do our job well, and never let down the people’s expectations and trust.<br /><br />Premier Li Qiang of the State Council stated in his government work report on the 5th that while affirming the achievements, we are also clearly aware of the difficulties and challenges we face.<br /><br />The world's economic growth momentum is insufficient, regional hot-spot issues occur frequently, and the external environment is becoming more complex, severe, and uncertain. The foundation for the continued recovery of my country's economy is not yet solid, with insufficient effective demand, overcapacity in some industries, weak social expectations, many risks and hidden dangers, blockages in the domestic cycle, and interference in the international cycle. Some small and medium-sized enterprises are experiencing operating difficulties. Pressure on total employment and structural contradictions coexist, and public services still have many shortcomings. In some places, grassroots financial resources are relatively tight. Scientific and technological innovation capabilities are not strong yet. Reform in key areas still has many tough issues to overcome. Ecological environment protection and governance have a long way to go. Weak links in production safety cannot be ignored. There are deficiencies in government work, formalism and bureaucracy are still prominent, and some reform and development measures are not implemented in place. Some cadres lack the spirit of responsibility and hard work, and passively avoid responsibilities and make superficial remarks. Corruption problems are still common in some areas. We must face the problems and challenges head-on, do our best to do our job well, and never let down the expectations and trust of the people!<br /><br />The overall requirements for economic and social development this year<br /><br />Premier Li Qiang of the State Council pointed out in his government work report on the 5th that this year marks the 75th anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic of China and is a critical year for achieving the goals and tasks of the "14th Five-Year Plan". To do government work well, we must be under the strong leadership of the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping as the core, guided by Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, fully implement the spirit of the 20th National Congress of the Party and the Second Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee, and in accordance with the central economic The working meeting deployed the work to adhere to the general tone of seeking progress while maintaining stability, implement the new development concept completely, accurately and comprehensively, accelerate the construction of a new development pattern, strive to promote high-quality development, comprehensively deepen reform and opening up, promote high-level scientific and technological self-reliance, and increase macroeconomic Regulate and control efforts, coordinate the expansion of domestic demand and deepen supply-side structural reform, coordinate new urbanization and comprehensive rural revitalization, coordinate high-quality development and high-level security, effectively enhance economic vitality, prevent and resolve risks, improve social expectations, and consolidate and enhance economic recovery. With a positive trend, we will continue to promote the economy to achieve effective qualitative improvement and reasonable quantitative growth, improve people's livelihood and well-being, maintain social stability, and comprehensively promote the construction of a powerful country and the great cause of national rejuvenation with Chinese-style modernization.<br /><br />The basic trend of economic recovery and long-term improvement has not changed and will not change. Confidence and confidence must be enhanced<br /><br />Premier of the State Council LiQiang pointed out in the government work report on the 5th that based on comprehensive analysis and judgment, the environment facing my country's development this year is still one of strategic opportunities and risks and challenges, and the favorable conditions are stronger than the unfavorable factors.<br /><br />Our country has significant institutional advantages, demand advantages in ultra-large-scale markets, supply advantages with a complete industrial system, and talent advantages with a large number of high-quality workers. Its scientific and technological innovation capabilities continue to improve, and new industries, new models, and new drivers are accelerating. Endogenous driving force for development is constantly accumulating, and the basic trend of economic recovery and long-term improvement has not changed and will not change. We must enhance confidence and confidence. At the same time, we must adhere to bottom-line thinking and be fully prepared to deal with various risks and challenges. As long as we implement the decisions and arrangements of the Party Central Committee, seize favorable opportunities, make good use of favorable conditions, and fully mobilize the enthusiasm of all officials to start a business, we will surely be able to overcome difficulties and challenges, and promote the continuous improvement and steady development of the economy.<br /><br />The main expected development goals for this year<br /><br />Premier Li Qiang stated in the government work report on the 5th that the main expected development goals for this year are: GDP growth of about 5%; more than 12 million new urban jobs; urban surveyed unemployment rate of about 5.5%; consumer price increase of 3. %; residents’ income growth and economic growth are synchronized; the international balance of payments maintains a basic balance; grain output exceeds 1.3 trillion kilograms; energy consumption per unit of GDP is reduced by about 2.5%, and the quality of the ecological environment continues to improve.<br /><br />The above expected goals have been put forward, taking into account the domestic and international situation and various factors, and taking into account both needs and possibilities. The expected economic growth target is about 5%, which takes into account the needs of promoting employment and income, preventing and defusing risks, and is consistent with the "14th Five-Year Plan" and the goal of basically realizing modernization. It also takes into account the economic growth potential and supporting conditions, reflecting the Requirements to be proactive and enterprising. Achieving this year's expected goals is not easy. It requires focused policies, redoubled efforts, and concerted efforts from all parties.<br /><br />This year’s economic and social development policy orientation<br /><br />Premier Li Qiang of the State Council pointed out in his government work report on the 5th that we must persist in seeking progress while maintaining stability, promoting stability through advancement, and establishing first and then breaking. Stability is the overall situation and foundation. All regions and departments must develop more policies that are conducive to stabilizing expectations, stabilizing growth, and stabilizing employment, cautiously introduce contractionary and inhibitory measures, and clean up and abolish policies and regulations that are contrary to high-quality development. Progress is the direction and driving force. What should be established must be proactively established, and what should be broken must be resolutely broken on the basis of being established. In particular, we must be proactive in changing methods, adjusting structures, improving quality, and increasing efficiency. Strengthen counter-cyclical and inter-cyclical adjustment of macro policies, continue to implement proactive fiscal policies and prudent monetary policies, and strengthen innovation and coordination of policy tools.<br /><br />Proactive fiscal policies must be appropriately strengthened and improve quality and efficiency. Comprehensively consider development needs and fiscal sustainability, make good use of fiscal policy space, and optimize the combination of policy tools. The deficit rate is planned to be adjusted at 3%, with the deficit scale reaching 4.06 trillion yuan, an increase of 180 billion yuan from the budget at the beginning of last year. It is expected that fiscal revenue will continue to resume growth this year. Together with the transfer of funds, etc., the scale of general public budget expenditure will be 28.5 trillion yuan, an increase of 1.1 trillion yuan over the previous year. It is planned to arrange 3.9 trillion yuan in local government special bonds, an increase of 100 billion yuan over the previous year. In order to systematically solve the funding problems for some major projects in the process of building a strong country and national rejuvenation, it is planned to issue ultra-long-term special treasury bonds for several consecutive years starting from this year, specifically for the implementation of major national strategies and security capacity building in key areas. This year, 10,000 will be issued first billion. Nowadays, it is necessary to increase fiscal investment in many aspects. We must vigorously optimize the expenditure structure, strengthen the financial guarantee for major national strategic tasks and basic people's livelihood, and strictly control general expenditures. The central government will increase its balanced transfer payments to local governments and give appropriate priority to areas in difficulty. Provincial governments must promote the sinking of financial resources and secure the bottom line of "three guarantees" at the grassroots level. We will implement structural tax and fee reduction policies and focus on supporting technological innovation and manufacturing development. Strict financial discipline, strengthen financial supervision, strictly prohibit face projects and image projects, and resolutely stop extravagance and waste. Governments at all levels must get used to living a tight life, be careful with their budgets, and use fiscal funds wisely and with real results.<br /><br />A prudent monetary policy must be flexible, appropriate, precise and effective. Maintain reasonable and sufficient liquidity, and ensure that the scale of social financing and money supply match the expected goals of economic growth and price levels. Strengthen the dual adjustment of total volume and structure, revitalize stocks, improve efficiency, and increase support for major strategies, key areas, and weak links. Promote social comprehensive financing costs to stabilize and decline. Smooth the monetary policy transmission mechanism to prevent funds from being idle. Enhance the inherent stability of the capital market. Maintain the basic stability of the RMB exchange rate at a reasonable and balanced level. Vigorously develop technology finance, green finance, inclusive finance, pension finance, and digital finance. Optimize financing credit enhancement, risk sharing, information sharing and other supporting measures to better meet the financing needs of small, medium and micro enterprises.<br /><br />Enhance the consistency of macro policy orientation. Focusing on the overall development situation, we should strengthen the coordination and cooperation of fiscal, monetary, employment, industry, regional, science and technology, environmental protection and other policies, incorporate non-economic policies into the consistency assessment of macro policy orientation, strengthen policy coordination, and ensure that efforts are made in the same direction and synergy is formed. All regions and departments must carefully listen to and incorporate opinions from all parties when formulating policies, and enterprise-related policies must focus on communicating with the market and responding to enterprise concerns. The implementation of policies must strengthen synergy and linkage, amplify the combination effect, and avoid focusing on one at the expense of the other and preventing each other from constraining each other. The research reserve policy should be more forward-looking, enrich the toolbox, and leave redundancy to ensure that it can be launched in a timely manner and function effectively if needed. Strengthen the tracking and evaluation of policy implementation, and make timely adjustments and improvements based on the satisfaction of enterprises and the public as an important criterion. Precisely carry out policy publicity and interpretation to create a stable, transparent and predictable policy environment.<br /><br />To achieve this year’s development goals and tasks, we must thoroughly implement Xi Jinping’s economic thoughts and concentrate on promoting high-quality development<br /><br />Premier Li Qiang pointed out in the government work report on the 5th that to achieve this year’s development goals and tasks, we must thoroughly implement Xi Jinping’s economic thought and concentrate on promoting high-quality development.<br /><br />Strengthen the concept of systems, grasp and handle major relationships, and plan and advance various tasks in an overall manner. Adhere to quality first and efficiency first, continue to consolidate the foundation and cultivate talents, enhance the targeted effectiveness of macro-control, focus on identifying the focus of work and policy focus from the expectations of enterprises and the public, and strive to achieve the annual growth target. Adhere to high-quality development and high-level safe and positive interaction, and on the premise of adhering to the bottom line of safety, find more ways to develop and help enterprises. We must persist in ensuring and improving people's livelihood during development, focus on addressing the issue of making up for shortcomings in people's livelihood with a development mindset, and cultivate new economic growth points while solving the urgent needs and worries of the people. Fundamentally, promoting high-quality development depends on reform. We must deepen reform and opening up with greater determination and intensity, promote a better combination of effective markets and promising governments, continue to stimulate and enhance social vitality, and promote high-quality development to achieve new and greater results.<br /><br />Vigorously promote the construction of a modern industrial system and accelerate the development of new productive forces<br /><br />When Premier Li Qiang of the State Council introduced this year's government work tasks in his government work report on the 5th, he proposed to vigorously promote the construction of a modern industrial system and accelerate the development of new productive forces. Give full play to the leading role of innovation, promote industrial innovation with scientific and technological innovation, accelerate new industrialization, improve total factor productivity, constantly shape new drivers of development and new advantages, and promote social productivity to achieve a new leap.<br /><br />Promote the optimization and upgrading of the industrial chain and supply chain. Keep the industrial economy running smoothly. Implement high-quality development actions for key industrial chains in the manufacturing industry, focus on making up for shortcomings, lengthening longboards, and forging new ones, so as to enhance the resilience and competitiveness of industrial and supply chains. Implement manufacturing technology transformation and upgrading projects, cultivate and expand advanced manufacturing clusters, create national new industrialization demonstration zones, and promote the high-end, intelligent, and green transformation of traditional industries. Accelerate the development of modern producer service industries. Promote the development of specialization and innovation in small and medium-sized enterprises. Strengthen standards guidance and quality support to create more "Made in China" brands with international influence.<br /><br />Actively cultivate emerging industries and future industries. Implement industrial innovation projects, improve the industrial ecology, expand application scenarios, and promote the development of strategic emerging industry integration clusters. Consolidate and expand the leading advantages in industries such as intelligent connected new energy vehicles, accelerate the development of cutting-edge emerging hydrogen energy, new materials, innovative drugs and other industries, and actively create new growth engines such as biomanufacturing, commercial aerospace, and low-altitude economy. Formulate future industrial development plans, open up new tracks such as quantum technology and life sciences, and create a number of future industry pilot areas. Encourage the development of venture capital and equity investment, and optimize the functions of industrial investment funds. Strengthen the overall layout and investment guidance of key industries to prevent overcapacity and low-level duplication of construction.<br /><br />Deeply promote the innovative development of digital economy. Formulate policies to support the high-quality development of the digital economy, actively promote digital industrialization and industrial digitization, and promote the deep integration of digital technology and the real economy. Deepen the research and development applications of big data, artificial intelligence, etc., carry out the "artificial intelligence +" action, and create an internationally competitive digital industry cluster. Implement digital transformation actions in the manufacturing industry, accelerate the large-scale application of the industrial Internet, promote the digitalization of the service industry, and build smart cities and digital villages. We will carry out in-depth special actions to enable digital empowerment of small and medium-sized enterprises. Support platform enterprises to show their talents in promoting innovation, increasing employment and international competition. Improve the basic data system and vigorously promote the development, openness, circulation and use of data. Build digital infrastructure appropriately ahead of schedule and accelerate the formation of a national integrated computing power system. We must use extensive and profound digital transformation to empower economic development, enrich people's lives, and improve the modernization of social governance.<br /><br />Deeply implement the strategy of rejuvenating the country through science and education and strengthen the basic support for high-quality development<br /><br />When Premier Li Qiang of the State Council introduced this year's government work tasks in the government work report on the 5th, he proposed to thoroughly implement the strategy of rejuvenating the country through science and education and strengthen the basic support for high-quality development. Adhere to the integrated and coordinated advancement of the construction of a strong nation in education, science and technology, and a strong nation in talent, deploy and implement the innovation chain, industrial chain, capital chain, and talent chain in an integrated manner, deepen the comprehensive reform of education, science and technology talents, and provide strong impetus for modernization.<br /><br />Strengthen the construction of high-quality education system. We will fully implement the Party’s education policy and insist on taking high-quality development as the lifeline of all types of education at all levels. Formulate and implement the outline of the plan for building a powerful country through education. We will implement the fundamental task of cultivating people with moral integrity and promote the integrated construction of ideological and political education in universities, middle schools and primary schools. Carry out actions to expand and improve the quality of basic education, accelerate the high-quality and balanced development of compulsory education and urban-rural integration, improve the conditions for running rural boarding schools, continue to deepen the "double reduction", promote the inclusive development of preschool education, and strengthen the construction of county general high schools. We will run special education and continuing education well, guide and standardize the development of private education, and vigorously improve the quality of vocational education. Implement pilot programs for comprehensive reform of higher education, optimize the layout of disciplines, majors and resource structure, accelerate the construction of world-class universities and advantageous disciplines with Chinese characteristics, and enhance the strength of universities in the central and western regions. Vigorously develop digital education. Carry forward the spirit of educators and build a team of high-quality professional teachers. We must adhere to the priority development of education, accelerate the modernization of education, lay the foundation for people's happiness, and consolidate the foundation of national prosperity.<br /><br />Accelerate the promotion of high-level scientific and technological self-reliance and self-reliance. Give full play to the advantages of the new national system and comprehensively enhance independent innovation capabilities. Strengthen the layout of the basic research system, provide long-term and stable support to a number of innovation bases, advantageous teams and key directions, and enhance original innovation capabilities. Aiming at the country's major strategic needs and industrial development needs, we will deploy and implement a number of major scientific and technological projects. Integrate national strategic scientific and technological strength and social innovation resources, promote collaborative research on key core technologies, and strengthen research on disruptive technologies and cutting-edge technologies. Improve the operation and management mechanism of national laboratories and give full play to the radiating and leading role of international and regional science and technology innovation centers. Accelerate the systematic layout of major scientific and technological infrastructure and promote the construction of common technology platforms and pilot verification platforms. Strengthen the dominant position of enterprises in scientific and technological innovation, encourage enterprises to increase investment in innovation, deepen the integration of industry, academia, research and application, and support powerful enterprises to take the lead in major research tasks. Strengthen the research and development and application of people's livelihood technologies such as health and elderly care. Accelerate the formation of a basic system to support comprehensive innovation, deepen the reform of science and technology evaluation, science and technology awards, scientific research projects and fund management systems, and improve the "unveiling the list and taking charge" mechanism. Strengthen the protection of intellectual property rights and formulate policies and measures to promote the transformation of scientific and technological achievements. Carry out extensive scientific popularization. Cultivate a culture of innovation, promote the spirit of scientists, and cultivate a good academic style. Expand international scientific and technological exchanges and cooperation and create an open innovation ecosystem with global competitiveness.<br /><br />Cultivate and make good use of talents in all aspects. Implement a more active, open and effective talent policy. Promote the construction of high-level talent highlands and platforms to attract and gather talents, and promote the rational distribution and coordinated development of talent regions. Accelerate the construction of national strategic talent, strive to cultivate and create more first-class scientific and technological leaders and innovation teams, improve the discovery and training mechanism for top innovative talents, build a basic research talent training platform, create a team of outstanding engineers and highly skilled talents, and increase the support for young scientific and technological personnel. Talent support. Actively promote international exchanges of talents. Accelerate the establishment of a talent evaluation system oriented by innovative value, ability, and contribution, and optimize the work and life guarantee and recognition and reward systems. We must continue to work hard to improve the environment for talent development and create a good situation where everyone can make the most of their talents and demonstrate their abilities.<br /><br />Focus on expanding domestic demand and promoting a virtuous cycle in the economy<br /><br />When Premier Li Qiang of the State Council introduced the government's work tasks this year in his government work report on the 5th, he proposed that we should focus on expanding domestic demand and promote a virtuous cycle in the economy. Organically combine the implementation of the strategy of expanding domestic demand with the deepening of supply-side structural reforms to better coordinate consumption and investment and enhance its role in stimulating economic growth.<br /><br />Promote stable growth of consumption. We will implement comprehensive policies to stimulate consumption potential by increasing income, optimizing supply, and reducing restrictive measures. Cultivate and expand new consumption, implement policies to promote digital consumption, green consumption, and healthy consumption, and actively cultivate new consumption growth points such as smart homes, entertainment and tourism, sports events, and domestic “trendy products”. Stabilize and expand traditional consumption, encourage and promote the replacement of old consumer goods with new ones, and boost bulk consumption such as intelligent connected new energy vehicles and electronic products. Promote the expansion and quality improvement of elderly care, child care, housekeeping and other services, and support social forces in providing community services. Optimize the consumption environment, carry out the "Consumption Promotion Year" activities, implement the "Safe Consumption Action", strengthen the protection of consumer rights and interests, and implement the paid leave system. Implement standards improvement actions, accelerate the construction of a standard system that meets the requirements of high-quality development, promote the continuous improvement of the quality of goods and services, and better meet the people's needs to improve their lives.<br /><br />Actively expand effective investment. Give full play to the driving and amplifying effect of government investment, focus on supporting technological innovation, new infrastructure, energy conservation and emission reduction, strengthen people's livelihood and other economic and social weak areas to make up for shortcomings, promote the construction of flood control and drainage and disaster relief infrastructure, and promote various production equipment and services Equipment updates and technological transformations will be carried out to accelerate the implementation of major projects in the “14th Five-Year Plan”. Investment within the central budget this year is planned to be 700 billion yuan. Reasonably expand the investment areas and capital scope of local government special bonds, and tilt the allocation of quotas to areas with sufficient project preparation and high investment efficiency. Coordinate the use of various funds to prevent inefficient and ineffective investments. Deepen the reform of the investment approval system. Efforts should be made to stabilize and expand private investment, implement and improve support policies, implement new mechanisms for cooperation between government and social capital, and encourage private capital to participate in the construction of major projects. Further remove various barriers and allow private investment to enter in more areas, to be able to develop and make a difference.<br /><br />Unswervingly deepen reforms and enhance endogenous driving force for development<br /><br />On the 5th, Premier Li Qiang of the State Council introduced the government’s work tasks this year in the government work report and proposed that we should unswervingly deepen reforms and enhance endogenous driving force for development. Promote reforms in key areas and key links, give full play to the decisive role of the market in resource allocation, better leverage the role of the government, create a market-oriented, legal and international first-class business environment, and promote the construction of a high-level socialist market economic system.<br /><br />Stimulate the vitality of various business entities. State-owned enterprises, private enterprises, and foreign-funded enterprises are all important forces in modernization construction. It is necessary to continuously improve and implement the "two unwavering" systems and mechanisms to create a good environment for fair competition and competitive development for enterprises of all types of ownership. Improve the modern enterprise system with Chinese characteristics and create more world-class enterprises. In-depth implementation of the reform and improvement of state-owned enterprises, strengthen and optimize the main business, enhance core functions, and improve core competitiveness. Establish a guidance system for state-owned economic layout optimization and structural adjustment. Comprehensively implement the opinions and supporting measures to promote the development and growth of the private economy, and further solve outstanding problems in market access, factor acquisition, fair law enforcement, and rights protection. Increase the proportion of loans to private enterprises, expand the scale of bond issuance and financing, and strengthen classified support for individual industrial and commercial households. We will implement actions to reduce logistics costs, improve the long-term mechanism for preventing and resolving arrears of corporate accounts, and resolutely investigate and punish arbitrary charges, fines, and apportionments. Promote excellent entrepreneurial spirit, actively support entrepreneurs to focus on innovation and development, dare to venture, dare to invest, and run enterprises well in a down-to-earth manner.<br /><br />Accelerate the construction of a unified national market. Develop standard guidelines for the construction of a national unified large market. Efforts will be made to promote the unification of systems and rules in aspects such as property rights protection, market access, fair competition, and social credit. We will deepen the pilot program of comprehensive reforms in the market-based allocation of factors. Promulgate administrative regulations on fair competition review and improve regulatory rules in key areas, emerging areas, and foreign-related areas. Special efforts will be made to deal with outstanding issues such as local protection, market segmentation, and unfair competition in investment promotion, and strengthen the regulation and management of the bidding market. Adhere to supervision in accordance with the law, strictly implement supervision responsibilities, improve the accuracy and effectiveness of supervision, and resolutely maintain the market order of fair competition.<br /><br />Promote reforms in finance, taxation, finance and other fields. Build a high-level socialist market economic system reform pilot area. Plan a new round of fiscal and taxation system reform, implement financial system reform arrangements, and increase fiscal, taxation and financial support for high-quality development. Deepen the reform of electricity, oil and gas, railways and comprehensive transportation systems, and improve the supervision system and mechanism of natural monopoly links. Deepen reforms in social and livelihood areas such as income distribution, social security, medicine and health, and elderly care services.<br /><br />Expand high-level opening up to the outside world and promote mutual benefit and win-win results<br /><br />When Premier Li Qiang of the State Council introduced this year's government work tasks in his government work report on the 5th, he proposed to expand high-level opening up to the outside world and promote mutual benefit and win-win results. Actively align with high-standard international economic and trade rules, steadily expand institutional openness, enhance the linkage effect of two resources in domestic and international markets, consolidate the fundamentals of foreign trade and foreign investment, and cultivate new advantages in international economic cooperation and competition.<br /><br />Promote the quality improvement and stable quantity of foreign trade. Strengthen import and export credit and export credit insurance support, optimize cross-border settlement, exchange rate risk management and other services, and support enterprises to explore diversified markets. Promote the healthy development of new business formats such as cross-border e-commerce, optimize the layout of overseas warehouses, support the upgrading of processing trade, and expand new growth points such as intermediate goods trade and green trade. Actively expand the import of high-quality products. Comprehensively implement the negative list for cross-border trade in services. Introduce innovative development policies for service trade and digital trade. Accelerate the integrated development of domestic and foreign trade. We will successfully organize major exhibitions such as the China International Import Expo, Canton Fair, Trade in Services Fair, and Digital Trade Fair. Accelerate the construction of the international logistics system and build smart customs to help foreign trade companies reduce costs and improve efficiency.<br /><br />Increase efforts to attract foreign investment. Continue to reduce the negative list for foreign investment access, comprehensively remove restrictions on foreign investment access in the manufacturing sector, and relax market access for telecommunications, medical and other service industries. Expand the catalog of industries that encourage foreign investment and encourage foreign-invested enterprises to reinvest within the country. Implement national treatment for foreign-invested enterprises, ensure equal participation in government procurement, tendering, and standard formulation in accordance with the law, and promote the solution of issues such as cross-border flow of data. Strengthen service guarantees for foreign investment and build the “Invest in China” brand. Improve the convenience for foreigners to work, study and travel in China. Deeply implement the strategy to improve the pilot free trade zone, grant more autonomy to the pilot free trade zone, Hainan Free Trade Port, etc., promote reform and innovation in the development zone, and create a new highland for opening up to the outside world.<br /><br />Promote high-quality joint construction of the “One Belt, One Road” to deepen and become more concrete. We will do a good job in implementing the eight actions to support high-quality joint construction of the “Belt and Road”. Steadily advance cooperation on major projects, implement a number of "small but beautiful" people's livelihood projects, and actively promote cooperation in digital, green, innovation, health, culture and tourism, poverty reduction and other fields. Accelerate the construction of a new land-sea corridor in the west.<br /><br />Deepen multilateral, bilateral and regional economic cooperation. Promote the implementation of free trade agreements that have taken effect, and negotiate and sign high-standard free trade agreements and investment agreements with more countries and regions. Promote negotiations on version 3.0 of the China-ASEAN Free Trade Area and promote accession to the Digital Economic Partnership Agreement and the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership. Comprehensively and deeply participate in the reform of the WTO, promote the construction of an open world economy, and allow more win-win cooperation results to benefit the people of all countries.<br /><br />Better coordinate development and security, and effectively prevent and resolve risks in key areas<br /><br />When Li Qiang, Premier of the State Council, introduced this year's government work tasks in the government work report on the 5th, he proposed to better coordinate development and security and effectively prevent and resolve risks in key areas. Adhere to promoting high-level security with high-quality development, ensuring high-quality development with high-level security, addressing both the symptoms and root causes to resolve risks such as real estate, local debt, and small and medium-sized financial institutions, and maintaining overall economic and financial stability.<br /><br />Handle hidden risks in a safe and orderly manner. We will improve the overall coordination mechanism for major risk disposal, consolidate the main responsibilities of enterprises, departmental supervision responsibilities, and local territorial responsibilities, improve the efficiency of disposal, and firmly maintain the bottom line of no systemic risks. Optimize real estate policies, provide equal support to the reasonable financing needs of real estate companies of different ownerships, and promote the stable and healthy development of the real estate market. Coordinate the resolution of local debt risks and stable development, further implement a package of debt reduction plans, properly resolve existing debt risks, and strictly prevent new debt risks. Steadily promote risk management of small and medium-sized financial institutions in some places. Strictly crack down on illegal financial activities.<br /><br />Improve the long-term mechanism for risk prevention and control. Adapt to new urbanization development trends and changes in supply and demand in the real estate market, and accelerate the construction of a new model of real estate development. Increase the construction and supply of affordable housing, improve basic systems related to commercial housing, and meet residents' rigid housing needs and diversified improved housing needs. Establish a government debt management mechanism that is compatible with high-quality development, improve the full-scale local debt monitoring and supervision system, and promote the transformation of local financing platforms by category. Improve the financial supervision system and improve financial risk prevention and control capabilities.<br /><br />Strengthen security capacity building in key areas. We will improve the grain production, storage and processing system and lay a solid foundation for food security in all aspects. Promote the construction of national water network. Strengthen the security of energy resources and increase the exploration and development of oil, gas and strategic mineral resources. Accelerate the construction of a reserve system for major countries and strengthen the construction of key reserve facilities. Improve network and data security capabilities. Effectively maintain the safety and stability of industrial and supply chains and support the smooth circulation of the national economy.<br /><br />Persevere in doing a good job in "agriculture, rural areas and farmers" and solidly promote the overall revitalization of rural areas<br /><br />When Li Qiang, Premier of the State Council, introduced this year's government work tasks in the government work report on the 5th, he proposed that we should continue to do a good job in "agriculture, rural areas and farmers" and solidly promote the comprehensive revitalization of rural areas. Anchor the goal of building an agricultural power, learn from and apply the experience of the "Thousand Villages Demonstration, Ten Thousand Villages Improvement" project, adapt measures to local conditions, implement classified policies, proceed step by step, and achieve long-term results, and promote the comprehensive revitalization of rural areas to continuously achieve substantial progress and phased results.<br /><br />Strengthen the stable production and supply of grain and important agricultural products. Stabilize the grain sown area, consolidate the results of soybean expansion, and promote large-scale increases in yields. Appropriately increase the minimum purchase price of wheat, implement production cost and income insurance policies for the three major staple grains across the country, and improve the income guarantee mechanism for grain farmers. Increase support for major grain-producing counties and improve the interest compensation mechanism for major grain-producing areas. Expand oil production, stabilize animal husbandry and fishery production capacity, and develop modern facility agriculture. Strengthen the prevention and control of pests, diseases, and animal diseases. We will increase efforts to revitalize the seed industry and tackle key core agricultural technologies, and implement actions to make up for shortcomings in agricultural machinery and equipment. Strictly observe the red line of cultivated land, improve the balance system of cultivated land occupation and compensation, strengthen the protection of black soil and comprehensive management of saline-alkali land, and increase the level of investment subsidies for high-standard farmland construction. All regions must shoulder the responsibility of ensuring national food security. As a country with a large population like ours, we must practice the big concept of agriculture and food, and always keep our jobs firmly in our hands.<br /><br />We will not relax our efforts to consolidate and expand the achievements in poverty alleviation. Strengthen monitoring and assistance to prevent people from returning to poverty to ensure that large-scale returns to poverty do not occur. We will support poverty-stricken areas in developing characteristic and advantageous industries, advance the campaign to prevent people from returning to poverty and find employment, and strengthen follow-up assistance for relocation. Deepen cooperation between the east and the west and provide targeted assistance. Increase support for the country’s key counties for rural revitalization, and establish and improve a regular assistance mechanism for rural low-income populations and underdeveloped areas, so that the results of poverty alleviation are more stable and the results are more sustainable.<br /><br />Steadyly promote rural reform and development. Deepen the reform of the rural land system and launch a province-wide pilot program to extend the second round of land contracts for 30 years after their expiration. Deepen the reform of collective property rights, collective forest rights, agricultural reclamation, supply and marketing cooperatives, etc., and promote the development of a new rural collective economy. Focus on increasing farmers' income, strengthening rural industries that enrich the people, developing new agricultural business entities and social services, and cultivating and utilizing rural talents. Deeply implement rural construction actions, vigorously improve rural water, electricity, gas and other infrastructure and public services, strengthen the construction of charging piles, cold chain logistics, and delivery and distribution facilities, increase the intensity of earthquake-resistant renovation of rural houses, continue to improve the rural living environment, and build appropriate A pleasant place to live and work and a beautiful countryside.<br /><br />Promote urban-rural integration and coordinated regional development, and vigorously optimize economic layout<br /><br />When Premier Li Qiang of the State Council introduced this year's government work tasks in his government work report on the 5th, he proposed to promote urban-rural integration and coordinated regional development and vigorously optimize the economic layout. Deeply implement the regional coordinated development strategy, regional major strategies, and main functional area strategies, organically combine the promotion of new urbanization and comprehensive rural revitalization, and accelerate the construction of a regional economic pattern with complementary advantages and high-quality development.<br /><br />Actively promote new urbanization. There is still a lot of room for development and improvement in my country's urbanization. It is necessary to thoroughly implement the new urbanization strategic actions, promote the two-way flow of various factors, and form a new pattern of integrated urban and rural development. We should give top priority to accelerating the urbanization of agricultural migrant workers, deepen the reform of the household registration system, improve the "people, land, and money" linkage policy, allow willing migrant workers to settle in cities, and promote the equal enjoyment of urban basic public services by the non-settled permanent residents. Cultivate and develop the county economy, make up for the shortcomings in infrastructure and public services, and make the county an important carrier of new urbanization. Focus on promoting the coordinated development of large, medium and small cities based on urban agglomerations and metropolitan areas. Promote the construction of the Chengdu-Chongqing twin-city economic circle. Steadily implement urban renewal actions, promote the construction of "both emergency and leisure" public infrastructure and the renovation of urban villages, accelerate the improvement of underground pipe networks, promote the solution of problems such as installing elevators and parking in old communities, and strengthen the construction of barrier-free and aging-friendly facilities. Build a livable, smart and resilient city. New urbanization must put people first, improve refined management and service levels, and allow the people to enjoy a higher quality of life.<br /><br />Improve the level of coordinated regional development. Give full play to the comparative advantages of each region, and actively integrate into and serve the new development pattern in accordance with the main functional positioning. We will deepen the implementation of strategies such as the development of the western region, the comprehensive revitalization of the Northeast, the accelerated rise of the central region, and the accelerated modernization of the eastern region, and improve the ability of the northeastern and central and western regions to undertake industrial transfers. Support regions with advantages in economic development such as the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, the Yangtze River Delta, and the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area to better play their role as sources of high-quality development. We will ensure the implementation of landmark projects in Xiongan New Area. Continue to promote the high-quality development of the Yangtze River Economic Belt and promote ecological protection and high-quality development in the Yellow River Basin. Support the accelerated development of old revolutionary base areas and ethnic minority areas, strengthen the construction of border areas, and coordinate and promote actions to revitalize border areas and enrich the people. Optimize the layout of major productive forces and strengthen the construction of the national strategic hinterland. Formulate an optimization implementation plan for the main functional areas and improve supporting policies. Vigorously develop the maritime economy and build a maritime power.<br /><br />Strengthen the construction of ecological civilization and promote green and low-carbon development<br /><br />When Premier Li Qiang of the State Council introduced this year's government work tasks in his government work report on the 5th, he proposed to strengthen the construction of ecological civilization and promote green and low-carbon development. Deeply implement the concept that clear waters and lush mountains are valuable assets, and coordinate efforts to reduce carbon emissions, reduce pollution, expand greening, and grow growth, and build a beautiful China in which man and nature coexist harmoniously.<br /><br />Promote comprehensive management of the ecological environment. We will thoroughly implement the action plan for continuous improvement of air quality, coordinate the management of water resources, water environment, and water ecology, strengthen the prevention and control of soil pollution sources, and strengthen the management of solid waste, new pollutants, and plastic pollution. Adhere to the integrated protection and systematic management of mountains, rivers, forests, fields, lakes, grass and sand, and strengthen zoning management and control of the ecological environment. Organize and fight the three landmark battles of the "Three North" project and promote the construction of national parks. Strengthen the ecological protection and management of important rivers, lakes and reservoirs. Continue to promote the ten-year fishing ban in the Yangtze River. Implement major projects for biodiversity protection. Improve the value realization mechanism of ecological products, improve the ecological protection compensation system, and fully mobilize the enthusiasm of all parties to protect and improve the ecological environment.<br /><br />Vigorously develop a green and low-carbon economy. Promote the green transformation of industrial structure, energy structure, transportation structure, and urban and rural construction and development. We will implement a comprehensive conservation strategy and accelerate energy- and water-saving renovations in key areas. Improve fiscal, taxation, financial, investment, price policies and related market mechanisms that support green development, promote the development of the waste recycling industry, promote the research and development and application of advanced energy-saving and carbon-reducing technologies, and accelerate the formation of a green and low-carbon supply chain. Build a beautiful China pioneer zone and create a green and low-carbon development highland.<br /><br />Actively and steadily promote carbon peak and carbon neutrality. We will solidly carry out the “Ten Actions to Peak Carbon”. Improve the statistical accounting and verification capabilities of carbon emissions, establish a carbon footprint management system, and expand the coverage of the national carbon market industry. We will further advance the energy revolution, control fossil energy consumption, and accelerate the construction of a new energy system. Strengthen the construction of large-scale wind power and photovoltaic bases and transmission channels, promote the development and utilization of distributed energy, develop new energy storage, promote the use of green power and international mutual recognition, give full play to the role of coal and coal-fired power to ensure the energy demand for economic and social development.<br /><br />Effectively protect and improve people's livelihood, strengthen and innovate social governance<br /><br />When Premier Li Qiang of the State Council introduced this year's government work tasks in the government work report on the 5th, he proposed to effectively protect and improve people's livelihood and strengthen and innovate social governance. We must adhere to the people-centered development philosophy, fulfill our responsibilities of ensuring basic needs and ensuring the bottom line, take more measures to benefit people's livelihood and warm people's hearts, solidly promote common prosperity, promote social harmony and stability, and continuously enhance the people's sense of gain, happiness, and sense of security.<br /><br />Take multiple measures to stabilize employment and increase income. Employment is the most basic livelihood. It is necessary to highlight the priority orientation of employment, strengthen fiscal, taxation, financial and other policies to support stable employment, and increase the intensity of special policies to promote employment. Implement and improve policies such as job stabilization rebates, special loans, employment and social security subsidies, and strengthen support for enterprises in industries with large employment capacity. It is expected that there will be more than 11.7 million college graduates this year. It is necessary to strengthen policies and measures to promote youth employment and optimize employment and entrepreneurship guidance services. It is necessary to strengthen preparation for retirement, the employment of military personnel, migrant workers and other groups, and assistance shall be strengthened for persons with disabilities and other persons with employment difficulties. We will improve flexible employment service guarantee measures by category, and expand the pilot program for occupational injury protection for employees in new employment forms. We must resolutely correct all types of employment discrimination, ensure the payment of wages to migrant workers, improve labor relations consultation and coordination mechanisms, and safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of workers. Adapt to the demand for talents in advanced manufacturing, modern services, elderly care and other fields, and strengthen vocational skills training. Increase the income of urban and rural residents through multiple channels, expand the size of middle-income groups, and strive to increase the income of low-income groups.<br /><br />Improve medical and health service capabilities. Continue to prevent and control key infectious diseases. The per capita financial subsidy standard for resident medical insurance will be increased by 30 yuan. Promote the coordinated development and governance of medical insurance, medical care, and medicine. Promote provincial-level coordination of basic medical insurance, improve the national centralized drug procurement system, strengthen normalized supervision of the use of medical insurance funds, and implement and improve settlement for medical treatment in other places. Deepen the reform of public hospitals, improve medical services with patients as the center, and promote mutual recognition of inspection and test results. Focus on promoting hierarchical diagnosis and treatment, guide high-quality medical resources to the grassroots, strengthen the coordination and linkage of county and rural medical services, and expand the types of drugs for chronic diseases and common diseases in grassroots medical and health institutions. Accelerate the filling of shortcomings in pediatrics, geriatrics, mental health, medical nursing and other services. Promote the inheritance and innovation of traditional Chinese medicine and strengthen the construction of superior specialties of traditional Chinese medicine. We will carry out in-depth the Healthy China Action and the patriotic health campaign to build a solid defense line for people's health.<br /><br />Strengthen social security and services. Implement the national strategy to actively respond to population aging. The monthly minimum basic pension for urban and rural residents will be increased by 20 yuan, the basic pension for retirees will continue to be increased, and the national coordination of pension insurance will be improved. Implement a personal pension system across the country and actively develop the third pillar of pension insurance. Provide service guarantees for retired military personnel. Strengthen the construction of urban and rural community elderly care service networks, and increase efforts to make up for the shortcomings of rural elderly care services. Strengthen the supply of supplies and services for the elderly and vigorously develop the silver economy. Promote the establishment of a long-term care insurance system. Improve maternity support policies, optimize the maternity leave system, improve the reasonable labor cost sharing mechanism for business entities, increase the supply of childcare services through multiple channels, and reduce the burden of family childbirth, parenting, and education. Provide care and assistance to left-behind children and children in need. Strengthen disability prevention and rehabilitation services, and improve policies for the care of severely disabled people. We will improve the hierarchical and classified social assistance system, coordinate policies to prevent people from returning to poverty and support low-income people, and build a tight safety net to protect people's livelihood.<br /><br />Enrich the spiritual and cultural life of the people. In-depth study and implementation of Xi Jinping’s cultural thoughts. Extensively practice the core socialist values. Develop philosophy and social sciences, press and publishing, radio, film and television, literature, art and archives. Deeply promote the national cultural digitalization strategy. Deepen national reading activities. Improve comprehensive network management and cultivate a positive, healthy, and positive network culture. Innovate and implement cultural projects to benefit the people, and improve the level of free and open services for public cultural venues. Vigorously develop cultural industries. Carry out the fourth national cultural relics census and strengthen the systematic protection and rational use of cultural relics. Promote the protection and inheritance of intangible cultural heritage. Deepen people-to-people and cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries and improve international communication capabilities. Strengthen sports reform. Prepare well for the 2024 Olympics and Paralympics. We will build and make good use of sports facilities around the masses and promote the widespread development of national fitness activities.<br /><br />Maintain national security and social stability. Implement the overall national security concept and strengthen the national security system and capacity building. Improve the level of public security governance and promote the transformation of the governance model to preventive measures. Efforts will be made to lay a solid foundation for safe production and disaster prevention, reduction, and relief at the grassroots level, and enhance emergency response capabilities. We will solidly carry out a three-year campaign to address the root causes of production safety, strengthen the investigation and rectification of hidden risks in key industries, consolidate the responsibilities of all parties, and resolutely curb the occurrence of major accidents. Prepare and respond to floods, droughts, forest and grassland fires, geological disasters, earthquakes, etc., and strengthen meteorological services. Strict safety supervision of food, drugs, special equipment, etc. Improve the social governance system. Strengthen urban and rural community service functions. Guide and support the healthy development of social organizations, humanitarian aid, volunteer services, public welfare and charity. Protect the legitimate rights and interests of women, children, the elderly, and the disabled. Uphold and develop the "Maple Bridge Experience" in the new era, promote the prevention and resolution of conflicts and disputes, and promote the legalization of petition work. Strengthen public legal services. Strengthen the overall prevention and control of social security, promote the normalization of crackdowns on gangs and evil, crack down on various illegal and criminal activities in accordance with the law, and build a higher level of safe China.<br /><br />Strive to build a rule-of-law, innovative, clean and service-oriented government that satisfies the people, and fully perform government responsibilities<br /><br />Premier Li Qiang of the State Council pointed out in the government work report on the 5th that the new journey and new mission have put forward new and higher requirements for government work. Governments at all levels and their staff must deeply understand the decisive significance of the "two establishments", strengthen the "four consciousnesses", strengthen the "four self-confidences", achieve "two safeguards", and consciously be consistent in ideology, politics and actions. The Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping as the core maintains a high degree of unity, continuously improves political judgment, political understanding, and political execution, and integrates the Party's leadership throughout the entire process of all aspects of government work. We must adhere to high-quality development as the last word in the new era, regard benefiting the people as the most important political achievement, strive to build a law-based government, an innovative government, a clean government and a service-oriented government that satisfy the people, and fully perform government responsibilities.<br /><br />Deeply promote administration according to law. Strictly abide by the Constitution and laws. Consciously accept the supervision of the People's Congress at the same level and its Standing Committee, consciously accept the democratic supervision of the People's Political Consultative Conference, and consciously accept the supervision of society and public opinion. Strengthen audit supervision. Adhere to scientific, democratic, and law-based decision-making, and formulate policies that must follow rules, gather consensus, and be based on the law. Improve the government affairs disclosure system. Comprehensively promote strict standards, fair and civilized law enforcement. Support trade unions, the Communist Youth League, Women's Federation and other mass organizations to play their roles better. Carry forward the spirit of self-revolution, persevere in upholding discipline and anti-corruption, and deepen the construction of party style and clean government and the fight against corruption. Government workers must abide by laws and disciplines, be honest, diligent and conscientious, and work cleanly for the people.<br /><br />Comprehensively improve administrative efficiency. Focusing on the implementation of the decisions and arrangements of the Party Central Committee, we must persist in optimizing coordination and efficiency, further promote the transformation of government functions, and continuously improve execution and credibility. Adhere to the correct thinking methods and working methods, have the courage to break the fixed thinking and path dependence, actively plan and make good use of work with strong traction and leverage, and be uncompromising, vigorous and truth-seeking in implementation. Be pragmatic and dare to do good deeds to ensure that the final results conform to the decision-making intentions of the Party Central Committee and meet the expectations of the people. Consolidate and expand the results of thematic education, carry out extensive research and research, and implement the "four grassroots" system. Accelerate the construction of digital government. Driven by the promotion of "getting one thing done efficiently", we will improve the level of government services. We will resolutely correct formalism and bureaucracy, further streamline documents and meetings, improve supervision, inspection and assessment, and continue to reduce the burden on grassroots and enterprises. Implement the "three distinctions" and improve the responsibilities of cadres as an incentive and protection mechanism. The majority of cadres should enhance their sense of responsibility to "never worry about everything" and effectively transform it into the motivation to "know everything with a clear heart", boost the spirit of cadres to start a business, work hard, work hard, do well, and strive to create something worthy of shame. New achievements that reflect the times and the people.<br /><br />Ethnic, religious and overseas Chinese affairs work<br /><br />Premier Li Qiang of the State Council pointed out in the government work report on the 5th that we must focus on building a strong sense of the Chinese nation's community, adhere to and improve the system of regional ethnic autonomy, promote extensive exchanges, exchanges and integration of all ethnic groups, and promote the acceleration of modernization in ethnic areas. Adhere to the Party's basic policy on religious work, further promote the sinicization of religion in our country, and actively guide religion to adapt to socialist society. Strengthen and improve overseas Chinese affairs, safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of overseas Chinese and returned overseas Chinese and their families, and bring together the powerful force of Chinese people at home and abroad to work together for national rejuvenation.<br /><br />National defense and army construction<br /><br />Premier Li Qiang of the State Council stated in his government work report on the 5th that in the past year, new achievements and progress have been made in national defense and military construction, and the people's army has successfully completed its missions. In the new year, we must thoroughly implement Xi Jinping's thought on strengthening the military, implement the military strategic guidelines for the new era, adhere to the party's absolute leadership over the people's military, comprehensively and thoroughly implement the chairman's responsibility system of the Military Commission, and fight hard to achieve the 100-year goal of the founding of the army. Comprehensively strengthen military training and preparations, coordinate the advancement of preparations for battle, do a good job in practical military training, and firmly safeguard national sovereignty, security, and development interests. Build a modern military governance system, implement the "14th Five-Year Plan" for military construction, and accelerate the implementation of major national defense development projects. Consolidate and improve the integrated national strategic system and capabilities, optimize the national defense science and technology industry system and layout, and strengthen national defense education, national defense mobilization and reserve force building. Governments at all levels must vigorously support national defense and military construction, carry out in-depth "double support" work, and consolidate and develop military-political unity between the military and the people.<br /><br />Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan work<br /><br />Premier Li Qiang stated in his government work report on the 5th that we will continue to comprehensively, accurately and unswervingly implement the principles of "one country, two systems", "Hong Kong people governing Hong Kong", "Macao people governing Macao" and a high degree of autonomy, and adhere to the rule of law in Hong Kong and Macao. Implement the principles of "patriots governing Hong Kong" and "patriots governing Macao". Support Hong Kong and Macao in developing their economy and improving people's livelihood, giving full play to their own advantages and characteristics, actively participating in the construction of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, better integrating into the overall development of the country, and maintaining long-term prosperity and stability in Hong Kong and Macao.<br /><br />We must adhere to the Party's overall strategy for resolving the Taiwan issue in the new era, adhere to the one-China principle and the "1992 Consensus," resolutely oppose "Taiwan independence" separatism and external interference, promote the peaceful development of cross-Strait relations, unswervingly advance the great cause of the reunification of the motherland, and safeguard fundamental interests of the Chinese nation. Deepen cross-Strait integrated development, enhance the well-being of compatriots on both sides, and work together to create the great cause of national rejuvenation.<br /><br />Diplomatic work<br /><br />Premier Li Qiang of the State Council pointed out in his government work report on the 5th that we must adhere to an independent foreign policy of peace, adhere to the path of peaceful development, firmly pursue a mutually beneficial and win-win strategy of opening up, and advocate an equal and orderly world of multipolarity and inclusiveness. Economic globalization promotes the construction of a new type of international relations, opposes hegemony and bullying, and safeguards international fairness and justice. China is willing to work with the international community to implement global development initiatives, global security initiatives, and global civilization initiatives, promote common values for all mankind, promote the reform of the global governance system, and promote the construction of a community with a shared future for mankind.<br /><br />Li Qiang finally said that the mission is to take responsibility and strive to create the future. We must unite more closely around the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping as the core, hold high the great banner of socialism with Chinese characteristics, be guided by Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, strengthen confidence, forge ahead, and strive to complete the economic and social development throughout the year. Goals and tasks, and strive unremittingly to comprehensively promote the construction of a strong country and national rejuvenation with Chinese-style modernization!<br /><br />(Xinhua News Agency, Beijing, March 5)</p></div>Larry Catá Backerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06545101367530775497noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-24800874.post-39401965953861442292024-03-05T10:00:00.009-05:002024-03-05T10:01:54.630-05:00The End of the Post-Two-Sessions Briefings by the Chinese Premier: 两个确立 [Two Establishes] and New Era Chinese Leninism in Action<p> </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhwDaN-2mPW5eXTtYodmH1mZM7LjnZ7T5pzmla3C62guJqPOncoaY3Girl-5t32gz19R4CC2rLMohF5UTr4DAsOW7BddcLvgWKwOG2UFsmjbLgLvb3fzVlu7WqdWhdxOZ_NVDr4ALE3wh4AZ8pItfHpxYQwCHb6AQjzn5TjXpYzJZL6xfZOy_-oA/s623/Screenshot%202024-03-05%20at%209.24.09%E2%80%AFAM.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="473" data-original-width="623" height="486" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhwDaN-2mPW5eXTtYodmH1mZM7LjnZ7T5pzmla3C62guJqPOncoaY3Girl-5t32gz19R4CC2rLMohF5UTr4DAsOW7BddcLvgWKwOG2UFsmjbLgLvb3fzVlu7WqdWhdxOZ_NVDr4ALE3wh4AZ8pItfHpxYQwCHb6AQjzn5TjXpYzJZL6xfZOy_-oA/w640-h486/Screenshot%202024-03-05%20at%209.24.09%E2%80%AFAM.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Pix Credit <a href="https://www.wsj.com/world/china/china-cancels-premiers-post-npc-press-conference-in-break-with-tradition-2cc55cd5" target="_blank">here</a><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p></p><p> One of the core premises, and a foundational pillar, of Chinese Leninism in the New Era is commonly summarized as <a href="https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%B8%A4%E4%B8%AA%E7%A1%AE%E7%AB%8B/59181060">两个确立</a> [Two Establishes]. Its elaboration is quite straightforward:<br /></p><p></p><blockquote><p> <b><span style="font-size: medium;"> <a href="https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%B8%A4%E4%B8%AA%E7%A1%AE%E7%AB%8B/59181060" target="_blank">两个确立</a> [Two Establishes]</span></b></p><p></p><blockquote><p>(i)
确立习近平同志党中央的核心、全党的核心地位 [Establish Comrade Xi Jinping as the core of the
Party Central Committee and the core position of the entire party]</p><p>
(ii) 确立习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想的指导地位 [Establish the guiding position of Xi
Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era]</p></blockquote><p></p><p></p><blockquote><blockquote>(I) 党在新时代取得的重大政治成果 [<span class="HwtZe" lang="en"><span class="jCAhz ChMk0b"><span class="ryNqvb">These are the Party’s major political achievements in the new era</span></span></span>]<br />(II) 对新时代党和国家事业发展、对推进中华民族伟大复兴历史进程具有决定性意义 [They are both <span class="HwtZe" lang="en"><span class="jCAhz ChMk0b"><span class="ryNqvb">of
decisive significance to the development of the cause of the party and
the country in the new era and to promoting the historical process of
the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.</span></span></span>] (see <a href="https://lcbackerblog.blogspot.com/2024/03/mapping-new-era-theory-xi-jinpings.html" target="_blank">here</a> for mapping of Chinese New Era Leninist theory).<br /></blockquote></blockquote></blockquote><blockquote><blockquote></blockquote></blockquote><p> Its consequences are now being implemented more clearly as Chinese Leninism continues its march from out of Reform and Opening Up Era core premises to those of the New Era. It is with that in mind that one might consider the following announcement: read the following announcement which was included in the <a href="https://www.gov.cn/yaowen/liebiao/202403/content_6936107.htm" target="_blank">remarks of Lou Qinjinan,</a> Conference Spokesperson:</p><p></p><blockquote>为中外记者提供更多的采访机会<br /><br />娄勤俭介绍,十四届全国人大二次会议即将开幕,国务院总理李强将作政府工作报告,国家发展改革委、财政部受国务院委托将向大会书面提交计划报告和预算报告。<br /><br />“社会的主要关切在上述三个报告中都有具体的回应,这三个报告经大会通过后将向社会公布,媒体和公众都能很方便地了解相关内容。”娄勤俭说。<br /><br />据介绍,大会新闻中心将增加部长记者会、“部长通道”的场次和出席人数,邀请国务院有关部门主要负责同志,就外交、经济、民生等主题回答中外记者提问,权威解读有关政策措施,对社会关注问题作深入解读和说明。此外,还将举行代表团“开放团组”活动,办好“代表通道”等,为中外记者提供更多的采访机会。<br /><br />“统筹考虑以上安排,今年十四届全国人大二次会议闭幕后,不举行总理记者会。如无特殊情况,本届全国人大后几年也不再举行总理记者会。”娄勤俭说。</blockquote><p></p><blockquote>Provide more interview opportunities for Chinese and foreign journalists <br /><br />Lou Qinjian introduced that the second session of the 14th National People's Congress is about to open. Premier Li Qiang will deliver a government work report. The National Development and Reform Commission and the Ministry of Finance will submit written plan reports and budget reports to the conference entrusted by the State Council. <br /><br />"The main concerns of society have specific responses in the above three reports. These three reports will be released to the society after they are adopted by the conference, so that the media and the public can easily understand the relevant contents." Lou Qinjian said. <br /><br />According to reports, the press center of the conference will increase the number of ministers’ press conferences and “ministers’ channels” and the number of attendees. It will invite leading comrades from relevant departments of the State Council to answer questions from Chinese and foreign reporters on topics such as diplomacy, economy, and people’s livelihood, and authoritatively interpret relevant policies and measures. Provide in-depth interpretation and explanation of issues of social concern. In addition, "open group" activities for delegations will be held and "representative channels" will be held to provide more interview opportunities for Chinese and foreign journalists. <br /><br />"Taking overall consideration of the above arrangements, the Prime Minister's Press Conference will not be held after the second session of the 14th National People's Congress this year. Unless there are special circumstances, the Prime Minister's Press Conference will not be held in the next few years of this National People's Congress." Lou Qinjian said.</blockquote>Reflecting reactions outside of China and writing in the New York Times (<i><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/04/world/asia/china-premier-news-conference.html" target="_blank">China Scraps Premier’s Annual News Conference in Surprise Move</a></i>), <span class="byline-prefix"> </span><span class="css-1baulvz" itemprop="name"><a class="css-n8ff4n e1jsehar0" href="https://www.nytimes.com/by/vivian-wang">Vivian Wang</a></span> and <span class="css-1baulvz last-byline" itemprop="name"><a class="css-n8ff4n e1jsehar0" href="https://www.nytimes.com/by/chris-buckley">Chris Buckley</a> described the change this way:</span><br /><blockquote>China’s premier will no longer hold a news conference after the country’s annual legislative meeting, Beijing announced on Monday, ending a three-decades-long practice that had been an exceedingly rare opportunity for journalists to interact with top Chinese leaders. The decision, announced a day before the opening of this year’s legislative conclave, was to many observers a sign of the country’s increasing information opacity, even as the government has declared its commitment to transparency and fostering a friendly business environment. It also reinforced how China’s top leader, Xi Jinping, has consolidated power, relegating all other officials, including the premier — the country’s No. 2, who oversees government ministries — to much less visible roles. China’s <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/article/china-leaders-xi-jinping.html">current premier, Li Qiang</a>, was widely considered to have been elevated to the role last year because of his loyalty to Mr. Xi. “Barring any special circumstances, there will not be a premier’s news conference in the next few years after this year’s legislative session either,” Lou Qinjian, a spokesman for the legislature, said at a news briefing about this year’s session.</blockquote><p>The reporting for Epoch Times advanced a different perspective: 新加坡国立大学李光耀公共政策学院副教授吴木銮(Alfred Wu)告诉美联社:“因为现在的结构是党领导一切,总理更像是党的命令的执行者,所以不再那么重要。这是主要信息。” [Alfred Wu, an associate professor at the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy at the National University of Singapore, told The Associated Press: "Because the structure now is that the party leads everything and the prime minister is more like the executor of the party's orders, it is not that important anymore. That is the main message."] (<a href="https://www.epochtimes.com/gb/24/3/2/n14193349.htm">两会取消总理新闻会 中共被指政治更黑暗</a> [The Two Sessions Prime Minister’s press conference is canceled, and the CCP was accused of darker politics]).</p><p> The full text of Luo Qinjian's remarks follows:</p><p><span></span></p><a name='more'></a><br /><p></p><p></p><h1 id="ti">
<a href="https://www.gov.cn/yaowen/liebiao/202403/content_6936107.htm" target="_blank">十四届全国人大二次会议举行发布会 大会发言人娄勤俭答中外记者问</a> </h1>
<div class="pages-date">
2024-03-04 21:49
<span class="font">来源:
新华社
</span>
<div class="pages_print mhide">
<span class="font index_switchsize">字号:<span class="default on">默认</span>
<span class="big">大</span>
<span class="bigger">超大</span>
</span>
<span class="split">|</span>
<span class="font printIco">打印</span>
<span class="split">|</span>
<div class="share" id="share">
<div class="share-box" id="share-box">
<a class="share-btn gwds_tsina" data-w="gwds_tsina" title="新浪微博"> </a>
<a class="share-btn gwds_weixin" data-w="gwds_weixin" title="微信"> </a>
<a class="share-btn gwds_qzone" data-w="gwds_qzone" title="qq空间"> </a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="trs_editor_view TRS_UEDITOR trs_paper_default trs_web"><p label="居中对齐" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0em;"><b><span style="color: #333399; text-indent: 0em;">十四届全国人大二次会议举行新闻发布会 大会发言人娄勤俭答中外记者问</span></b></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;"><span style="text-indent: 0em;">新华社北京3月4日电 十四届全国人大二次会议4日中午举行新闻发布会,大会发言人娄勤俭就会议议程和人大有关工作回答了中外记者提问。</span><br /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">娄勤俭介绍,本次大会5日上午开幕,11日下午闭幕,会期7天。大会议程共有7项,包括审议政府工作报告等6个报告,审议《中华人民共和国国务院组织法(修订草案)》的议案。大会的各项准备工作已全部就绪。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">今年是中华人民共和国成立75周年,是实现“十四五”规划目标任务的关键一年,也是全国人民代表大会成立70周年。大会将以习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想为指导,全面贯彻落实党的二十大精神,进一步把全国各族人民的思想和行动统一到党中央的决策部署上来,认真履行宪法和法律赋予的职责,将大会开成一次高举旗帜、真抓实干、团结奋进的大会。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">娄勤俭说,会议期间将举行三场记者会,并安排“代表通道”“部长通道”。会议采访以现场方式为主,综合采用视频、书面等多种方式进行。会议还鼓励和支持代表积极接受采访,与网民互动。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;"><b>坚持好完善好运行好人民代表大会制度</b></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">娄勤俭说,70年来,人民代表大会制度经风雨、见彩虹,为创造经济快速发展和社会长期稳定的“两大奇迹”提供了重要制度保障。特别是党的十八大以来,以习近平同志为核心的党中央推进人民代表大会制度理论和实践创新,推动人大工作取得历史性成就,人民代表大会制度更加成熟、更加定型。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">娄勤俭表示,全面贯彻党的二十大精神,为以中国式现代化全面推进强国建设、民族复兴伟业提供法治保障,是十四届全国人大及其常委会的中心任务。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">“新征程上,我们将围绕推进中国式现代化,不忘初心、牢记使命,坚持好、完善好、运行好人民代表大会制度,为强国建设、民族复兴伟业保驾护航。”娄勤俭说。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;"><b>2023年立法工作成果丰硕</b></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">过去一年,十四届全国人大及其常委会立法工作成果如何?</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">编制完成立法规划,规划包含130件项目,其中一类项目79件、二类项目51件;制定法律6件,修改法律8件,决定提请大会审议法律案1件,通过有关法律问题和重大问题的决定11件,正在审议中的法律案18件;开展了5项执法检查……</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">娄勤俭列举了一系列数据并表示,2023年十四届全国人大及其常委会立法工作成果丰硕、实现良好开局。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">“这些重要立法,有不少亮点。”娄勤俭说,比如,修改立法法和全国人大常委会组成人员守则,制定粮食安全保障法,修改公司法,制定无障碍环境建设法,修改海洋环境保护法,制定对外关系法、外国国家豁免法,修改民事诉讼法……</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">“下一步,我们将切实履行好国家立法机关的职责使命,推动中国特色社会主义法律体系更加科学完备、统一权威。”娄勤俭说。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;"><b>以高质量立法保障经济高质量发展</b></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">中国经济是国内外关注的焦点。娄勤俭说,全国人大及其常委会作为国家立法机关,主要通过行使国家立法权,为做好经济工作、推动高质量发展提供法治保障。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">他介绍,接下来全国人大的立法工作将在几方面重点发力:围绕改革抓立法,包括落实金融体制改革、促进民营企业发展壮大,通过立法把改革成果固定下来,增强经济发展的内生动力;聚焦开放抓立法,包括制定关税法、修改国境卫生检疫法,完善现行法律的涉外条款,持续优化营商环境;突出高质量发展抓立法,为深入推进生态文明建设和绿色低碳发展,组织生态环境法典编纂工作;立足保障和改善民生抓立法,包括制定学位法、学前教育法,修改传染病防治法等。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">“总的看,中国发展面临的有利条件强于不利因素,经济回升向好、长期向好的基本趋势没有改变,我们有足够的信心和底气。”娄勤俭表示,全国人大及其常委会将深入推进科学立法、民主立法、依法立法,稳中求进推动立法工作,以高质量立法保障经济高质量发展。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;"><b>全力支持香港基本法第23条立法工作</b></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">娄勤俭说,尽早完成香港基本法规定的维护国家安全立法,是香港特区履行维护国家安全的宪制责任,落实香港基本法、全国人大关于建立健全香港特别行政区维护国家安全的法律制度和执行机制的决定和香港国安法有关规定的法定义务。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">娄勤俭介绍,这项立法与香港国安法有效衔接,与香港其他法律融会贯通,共同构成系统完善的维护国家安全法律体系,有利于维护国家主权、安全、发展利益,保持香港长期繁荣稳定,保障香港全体居民的根本福祉,保护世界各地来香港投资者的利益,确保香港长治久安,“一国两制”行稳致远。“我们将继续密切关注、全力支持香港特区做好有关立法工作。”</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">在“一国两制”下,香港有着背靠祖国、联通世界的独特优势。娄勤俭说,未来中央将继续支持香港积极融入国家发展大局,主动对接国家发展战略,发挥好在国际国内双循环中的枢纽作用,使香港在国家经济高质量发展和新一轮高水平对外开放中更加繁荣昌盛。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;"><b>为中外记者提供更多的采访机会</b></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">娄勤俭介绍,十四届全国人大二次会议即将开幕,国务院总理李强将作政府工作报告,国家发展改革委、财政部受国务院委托将向大会书面提交计划报告和预算报告。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">“社会的主要关切在上述三个报告中都有具体的回应,这三个报告经大会通过后将向社会公布,媒体和公众都能很方便地了解相关内容。”娄勤俭说。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">据介绍,大会新闻中心将增加部长记者会、“部长通道”的场次和出席人数,邀请国务院有关部门主要负责同志,就外交、经济、民生等主题回答中外记者提问,权威解读有关政策措施,对社会关注问题作深入解读和说明。此外,还将举行代表团“开放团组”活动,办好“代表通道”等,为中外记者提供更多的采访机会。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">“统筹考虑以上安排,今年十四届全国人大二次会议闭幕后,不举行总理记者会。如无特殊情况,本届全国人大后几年也不再举行总理记者会。”娄勤俭说。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;"><b>开放合作才是推动科技发展的正确选择</b></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">就当下各国科技领域竞争问题,娄勤俭说,中国主张,开放合作才是探索科学前沿、推动科技发展的正确选择,科技竞技场应遵循科技发展规律,符合市场经济规则。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">“搞‘脱钩断链’‘小院高墙’只会阻碍全球科技进步,损害全球产业发展,拉大全球发展鸿沟。”他说。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">娄勤俭举了一个生动的例子:本世纪初,中国曾希望与有关国家和地区共同研发一套卫星导航系统,却因种种原因陷入僵局。通过近30年的不懈努力和刻苦攻关,我国的北斗卫星导航系统在全球范围内实现了广泛应用,成为经济社会发展的时空基石。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">“只要我们坚持自立自强,就没有攻克不了的难关。任何一项已知的技术,要卡是卡不住的,最多就是时间问题。关键是我们要加强科技知识产权的创造、应用和保护。”娄勤俭说,“我们提出实现高水平科技自立自强,并不是要关起门来搞研发,而是致力于推动全球科技创新协作。”</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">娄勤俭表示,下一步,全国人大及其常委会将研究推进科技创新方面的立法,不断完善科技法律体系。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;"><b>中国总体保持国防支出合理稳定增长</b></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">针对媒体关注的“国防预算”问题,娄勤俭说,每年的国防支出预算都纳入政府预算草案。根据大会议程,本次大会也将审查政府预算草案报告,之后对外公布。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">他表示,近年来,为维护国家主权、安全、发展利益,适应中国特色军事变革的需要,更好履行大国国际责任义务,中国在推动经济社会持续健康发展的同时,总体保持国防支出合理稳定增长,促进国防实力和经济实力同步提升。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">“我想强调的是,与美国等军事大国相比,中国的国防支出无论是占国内生产总值的比重、占国家财政支出的比重,还是国民人均国防费、军人人均国防费等,一直都是比较低的。”娄勤俭说。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">他表示,中国坚定不移走和平发展道路,愿与各国共享发展机遇,建设相互尊重、公平正义、合作共赢的新型国际关系,推动构建人类命运共同体,为人类和平与发展的崇高事业作出新的贡献。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;"><b>持续监督增发国债资金的管理和使用</b></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">去年夏天,我国多地遭遇暴雨、洪涝、台风等灾害。国务院提出增发1万亿元国债,集中力量支持灾后恢复重建,相应调整2023年中央财政预算。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">娄勤俭介绍,去年10月,十四届全国人大常委会第六次会议审查批准了国务院提出的2023年中央预算调整方案。目前,2023年1万亿元增发国债项目全部下达完毕,支持项目15000多个,切实保障和改善受灾地区人民群众的民生。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">“今年,全国人大常委会将持续监督增发国债资金的管理和使用情况,督促国务院有关部门加强项目和资金管理,确保每一笔资金都用好,用出实效。”娄勤俭说。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;"><b>坚持在法治基础上推进高水平对外开放</b></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">针对有外媒认为新修订的反间谍法扩大了间谍行为的范畴,娄勤俭说:“我要特别强调,这是对反间谍法的错误解读。”</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">他说,新修订的反间谍法是在参考国际通行做法、合理借鉴各国法律制度的基础上,完善了间谍行为的定义,明确了非法行为和合法行为的界限,增强了外企和外国人在华投资、工作、生活的确定性和安全感,不针对商业往来、科研合作、学术交流等正常活动。“我们反对通过曲解反间谍法抹黑破坏中国营商环境的行径。”</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">据介绍,近年来,全国人大常委会先后制定和修改了多部涉外法律,为保护在华外国人和境外企业、组织的合法权益提供了法律依据。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">“中国的大门对世界始终是打开的,不会关上。开着门,世界能够进入中国,中国也才能走向世界。”娄勤俭说,中国将坚持在法治基础上推进高水平对外开放,在扩大开放中推进涉外法治建设,不断夯实高水平开放的法治根基。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;"><b>大会将审议国务院组织法修订草案</b></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">国务院组织法是关于国务院组织制度和工作制度的基本法律。现行的国务院组织法是由1982年12月五届全国人大五次会议审议通过的。40多年来,为加强政府自身建设发挥了积极作用。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">娄勤俭说,党的二十大对转变政府职能、加快建设法治政府作出重点部署、提出明确要求。在认真总结实践经验的基础上,十四届全国人大常委会第七次会议决定将国务院组织法修订草案提请本次会议审议。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">他表示,修订草案已向社会公开征求意见。总的看,此次修订以法律形式落实深化党和国家机构改革的精神。修订的主要内容包括四个方面:一是明确国务院的性质地位和国务院工作的指导思想;二是完善国务院机构及其职权相关规定;三是健全国务院会议制度;四是增加国务院依法全面正确履行职能的制度措施。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;"><b>希美方遵信守诺,落实两国元首共识</b></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">针对大家普遍关注的中美关系问题,娄勤俭表示,中方的态度一以贯之,就是按照习近平主席提出的相互尊重、和平共处、合作共赢三原则,推动两国关系稳定、健康、可持续发展。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">他说,希望美方同中方一道,遵信守诺,从旧金山再出发,筑牢中美关系“五个共同”重要支柱,把两国元首旧金山会晤达成的共识和愿景落到实处。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">“在中国老百姓的印象中,经常看到一些美国国会议员抛出反华议案,采取针对中国机构、企业和公民的反华言行,甚至窜访中国台湾地区。”娄勤俭说,这些做法粗暴干涉中国内政,损害中方正当权益,干扰两国正常的交往合作。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">娄勤俭表示,过去几年来,虽然遭遇了多重困难,但中美立法机构仍通过多种方式保持着接触。今年是两国建交45周年,双方立法机构还是要多来往、多对话、多交流,增进彼此了解,为中美关系平稳发展发挥建设性作用。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;"><b>践行亲诚惠容理念,深化同周边国家合作</b></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">中国始终将周边置于外交全局的首要位置。10多年来,习近平主席出访足迹遍布周边各国,有力引领拓展睦邻友好格局。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">娄勤俭说,在各方的共同努力下,中国同地区国家一道,坚定不移走长期睦邻友好、共同发展繁荣的正确道路,推动构建人类命运共同体,取得累累硕果:</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">一是人类命运共同体理念深入人心。中国与周边国家的命运共同体建设,在中南半岛、中亚地区实现全覆盖,更为紧密的中国—东盟命运共同体建设扎实推进。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">二是共建“一带一路”走深走实。地区国家纷纷加入共建“一带一路”,一大批项目形成示范效应,为所在国经济社会发展提供了重要动力。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">三是经贸合作蓬勃发展。中国与地区国家达成《区域全面经济伙伴关系协定》,建成全球规模最大、潜力最大的自贸区,中国与东盟已多年互为最大贸易伙伴,在全球化逆风中树立了合作典范。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">“中国反对搞阵营对抗和小圈子,中国与周边国家的合作是开放的、包容的,不是排他的。”娄勤俭说,中方将继续积极践行亲诚惠容理念,深化同周边国家友好合作和利益融合,让中国式现代化惠及更多周边国家。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;"><b>代表工作委员会各项工作有序有力</b></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">“代表工作委员会成立以来,各项工作有序有力,实现良好开局,推动代表工作进一步走深走实。”娄勤俭说。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">娄勤俭介绍,全国人大常委会组成人员与418位代表建立直接联系,各专门委员会、工作委员会也直接联系若干名代表,实现常委会同代表联系全覆盖。一年来,有270多人次代表列席常委会会议,50余人次代表参加执法检查,23件次法律草案征求代表意见。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">据介绍,去年大会期间,代表提出的271件议案,交由9个专门委员会审议;对各方面工作提出的8314件建议、批评和意见,交由204家单位研究办理。目前,这些议案、建议已全部审议、办理完毕。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">“今年,我们将按照党中央关于加强和改进新时代人大代表工作的要求,修改完善代表法,持续提升代表工作水平,为人大代表依法履职提供更好服务保障。”娄勤俭说。(记者于佳欣、吴雨、朱超、黄垚、冯家顺)</p></div><p><br /></p><h1 id="ti"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">The
second session of the 14th National People's Congress held a press
conference. Speaker Lou Qinjian answered questions from domestic and
foreign reporters.</span></span></h1>
<div class="pages-date"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">
2024-03-04 21:49 </span></span><span class="font"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Source: Xinhua News Agency</span></span></span>
<div class="pages_print mhide"><span class="font index_switchsize"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Font size: </span></span><span class="default on"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Default </span></span></span> <span class="big"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">large </span></span></span> <span class="bigger"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">and extra large</span></span></span> </span> <span class="split"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">|</span></span></span> <span class="font printIco"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Print</span></span></span> <span class="split"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">|</span></span></span>
<div class="share" id="share">
<div class="share-box" id="share-box"><a class="share-btn gwds_tsina" data-w="gwds_tsina" title="Sina Weibo"> </a> <a class="share-btn gwds_weixin" data-w="gwds_weixin" title="WeChat"> </a> <a class="share-btn gwds_qzone" data-w="gwds_qzone" title="qq space"> </a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="trs_editor_view TRS_UEDITOR trs_paper_default trs_web">
<p label="居中对齐" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0em;"><b><span style="color: #333399; text-indent: 0em;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">The
second session of the 14th National People's Congress held a press
conference. Speaker Lou Qinjian answered questions from domestic and
foreign reporters.</span></span></span></b></p>
<p style="text-indent: 2em;"><span style="text-indent: 0em;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Xinhua
News Agency, Beijing, March 4th: The second session of the 14th
National People's Congress held a press conference at noon on the 4th.
Conference spokesperson Lou Qinjian answered questions from Chinese and
foreign reporters on the agenda of the session and the relevant work of
the National People's Congress.</span></span></span><br /></p>
<p style="text-indent: 2em;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Lou
Qinjian introduced that the conference opened on the morning of the 5th
and closed on the afternoon of the 11th, lasting seven days. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">There
are 7 items on the agenda of the conference, including the review of 6
reports including the government work report, and the review of the
"Organic Law of the State Council of the People's Republic of China
(Revised Draft)". </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">All preparations for the conference have been completed.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: 2em;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">This
year marks the 75th anniversary of the founding of the People's
Republic of China. It is a critical year for achieving the goals and
tasks of the "14th Five-Year Plan". It is also the 70th anniversary of
the founding of the National People's Congress. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">The
congress will be guided by Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese
Characteristics for a New Era, fully implement the spirit of the 20th
National Congress of the Communist Party of China, further unify the
thoughts and actions of people of all ethnic groups in the country into
the decision-making and deployment of the Party Central Committee, and
conscientiously fulfill the obligations entrusted by the Constitution
and laws. We must fulfill our responsibilities and turn the conference
into a conference that holds high the banner, works hard, and unites to
forge ahead.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: 2em;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Lou
Qinjian said that three press conferences will be held during the
meeting, and a "representative channel" and a "ministerial channel" will
be arranged. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Conference interviews are mainly conducted on-site, using a combination of video, written and other methods. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">The meeting also encouraged and supported representatives to actively accept interviews and interact with netizens.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: 2em;"><b><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Persist in improving, improving and operating the system of the People's Congress</span></span></b></p>
<p style="text-indent: 2em;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Lou
Qinjian said that over the past 70 years, the People's Congress system
has gone through ups and downs and seen rainbows, providing important
institutional guarantees for creating the "two miracles" of rapid
economic development and long-term social stability. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Especially
since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the
Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping as the core has promoted
theoretical and practical innovations in the People's Congress system,
promoted historic achievements in the work of the People's Congress, and
made the People's Congress system more mature and stereotyped.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: 2em;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Lou
Qinjian said that fully implementing the spirit of the 20th National
Congress of the Communist Party of China and providing legal guarantee
for comprehensively promoting the construction of a strong country and
national rejuvenation with Chinese-style modernization are the central
tasks of the 14th National People's Congress and its Standing Committee.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: 2em;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">"On
the new journey, we will focus on promoting Chinese-style
modernization, stay true to our original aspirations and keep our
mission in mind, adhere to, improve and operate the People's Congress
system well, and safeguard the great cause of building a strong country
and national rejuvenation." Lou Qinjian said.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: 2em;"><b><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Legislative work will achieve fruitful results in 2023</span></span></b></p>
<p style="text-indent: 2em;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">What
were the results of the legislative work of the 14th National People's
Congress and its Standing Committee in the past year?</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: 2em;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">The
legislative plan was compiled and included 130 projects, including 79
first-class projects and 51 second-class projects; 6 laws were enacted, 8
laws were revised, 1 legal case was decided to be submitted to the
General Assembly for review, and relevant legal issues and major issues
were passed 11 decisions were made and 18 legal cases were under review;
5 law enforcement inspections were carried out...</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: 2em;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Lou
Qinjian listed a series of data and said that the legislative work of
the 14th National People's Congress and its Standing Committee in 2023
has achieved fruitful results and achieved a good start.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: 2em;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">"These
important legislations have many highlights." Lou Qinjian said, for
example, they revised the Legislation Law and the Code of Conduct for
the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, formulated the
Food Security Law, revised the Company Law, formulated the Barrier-free
Environment Construction Law, and revised the Marine Environmental
Protection Law. Law, enact the Foreign Relations Law, the Foreign State
Immunity Law, amend the Civil Procedure Law...</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: 2em;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">"In
the next step, we will effectively fulfill the responsibilities and
missions of the national legislative body and promote the socialist
legal system with Chinese characteristics to be more scientific,
complete, unified and authoritative." Lou Qinjian said.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: 2em;"><b><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Ensure high-quality economic development with high-quality legislation</span></span></b></p>
<p style="text-indent: 2em;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">China's economy is the focus of attention at home and abroad. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Lou
Qinjian said that the National People's Congress and its Standing
Committee, as the national legislative body, mainly provide legal
guarantee for doing a good job in economic work and promoting
high-quality development through the exercise of national legislative
power.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: 2em;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">He
introduced that the next legislative work of the National People's
Congress will focus on several aspects: focusing on legislation around
reform, including implementing financial system reform, promoting the
development and growth of private enterprises, fixing the reform results
through legislation, and enhancing the endogenous driving force for
economic development. ; Focus on opening up and focus on legislation,
including formulating tariff laws, amending the Border Health and
Quarantine Law, improving foreign-related provisions of existing laws,
and continuing to optimize the business environment; highlighting
high-quality development and focusing on legislation, and organizing to
further promote the construction of ecological civilization and green
and low-carbon development Compilation of ecological and environmental
codes; legislation based on ensuring and improving people's livelihood,
including formulating academic degree law, preschool education law,
revising the law on prevention and control of infectious diseases, etc.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: 2em;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">"In
general, the favorable conditions facing China's development are
stronger than the unfavorable factors. The basic trend of economic
recovery and long-term improvement has not changed. We have enough
confidence and confidence." Lou Qinjian said that the National People's
Congress and its Standing Committee will We will further promote
scientific legislation, democratic legislation, and legislation in
accordance with the law, seek progress while maintaining stability, and
promote legislative work to ensure high-quality economic development
with high-quality legislation.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: 2em;"><b><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Fully support the legislative work on Article 23 of the Hong Kong Basic Law</span></span></b></p>
<p style="text-indent: 2em;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Lou
Qinjian said that completing the national security legislation
stipulated in the Hong Kong Basic Law as soon as possible is for the
Hong Kong Special Administrative Region to fulfill its constitutional
responsibility to safeguard national security and implement the Hong
Kong Basic Law and the National People's Congress's decision to
establish and improve the legal system and enforcement mechanism for the
Hong Kong Special Administrative Region to safeguard national security.
and legal obligations under the Hong Kong National Security Law.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: 2em;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Lou
Qinjian introduced that this legislation is effectively connected with
the Hong Kong National Security Law and is integrated with other laws in
Hong Kong to form a systematic and complete legal system for
safeguarding national security, which is conducive to safeguarding
national sovereignty, security, and development interests, maintaining
Hong Kong’s long-term prosperity and stability, and ensuring Hong Kong’s
long-term prosperity and stability. The fundamental welfare of all
residents, protecting the interests of investors from all over the world
in Hong Kong, ensuring the long-term peace and stability of Hong Kong,
and the long-term stability of "one country, two systems". </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">"We
will continue to pay close attention to and fully support the Hong Kong
Special Administrative Region in completing relevant legislative work."</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: 2em;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Under
"one country, two systems", Hong Kong has the unique advantage of being
backed by the motherland and connected to the world. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Lou
Qinjian said that in the future, the central government will continue
to support Hong Kong in actively integrating into the overall
development of the country, proactively aligning with the national
development strategy, and giving full play to its pivotal role in the
international and domestic dual cycles, so that Hong Kong can play a
leading role in the high-quality development of the national economy and
a new round of high-level opening up to the outside world. China will
become more prosperous.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: 2em;"><b><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Provide more interview opportunities for Chinese and foreign journalists</span></span></b></p>
<p style="text-indent: 2em;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Lou
Qinjian introduced that the second session of the 14th National
People's Congress is about to open. Premier Li Qiang will deliver a
government work report. The National Development and Reform Commission
and the Ministry of Finance will submit written plan reports and budget
reports to the conference entrusted by the State Council.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: 2em;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">"The
main concerns of society have specific responses in the above three
reports. These three reports will be released to the society after they
are adopted by the conference, so that the media and the public can
easily understand the relevant contents." Lou Qinjian said.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: 2em;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">According
to reports, the press center of the conference will increase the number
of ministers’ press conferences and “ministers’ channels” and the
number of attendees. It will invite leading comrades from relevant
departments of the State Council to answer questions from Chinese and
foreign reporters on topics such as diplomacy, economy, and people’s
livelihood, and authoritatively interpret relevant policies and
measures. Provide in-depth interpretation and explanation of issues of
social concern. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">In
addition, "open group" activities for delegations will be held and
"representative channels" will be held to provide more interview
opportunities for Chinese and foreign journalists.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: 2em;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">"Taking
overall consideration of the above arrangements, the Prime Minister's
Press Conference will not be held after the second session of the 14th
National People's Congress this year. Unless there are special
circumstances, the Prime Minister's Press Conference will not be held in
the next few years of this National People's Congress." Lou Qinjian
said.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: 2em;"><b><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Open cooperation is the right choice to promote scientific and technological development</span></span></b></p>
<p style="text-indent: 2em;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Regarding
the current competition issues in the field of science and technology
among various countries, Lou Qinjian said that China advocates that open
cooperation is the right choice to explore the frontiers of science and
promote the development of science and technology. The science and
technology arena should follow the laws of science and technology
development and comply with the rules of market economy.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: 2em;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">"Building
'decoupling, breaking links, and building high walls' will only hinder
global scientific and technological progress, harm global industrial
development, and widen the global development gap," he said.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: 2em;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Lou
Qinjian gave a vivid example: At the beginning of this century, China
hoped to jointly develop a satellite navigation system with relevant
countries and regions, but reached a deadlock due to various reasons. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Through
nearly 30 years of unremitting efforts and hard work, my country's
Beidou satellite navigation system has been widely used around the world
and has become the cornerstone of economic and social development in
space and time.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: 2em;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">"As
long as we insist on self-reliance and self-reliance, there will be no
difficulties that cannot be overcome. For any known technology, it will
be a matter of time at most before it becomes stuck. The key is that we
must strengthen the creation, application and protection of scientific
and technological intellectual property rights. Lou Qinjian said, "We
propose to achieve high-level scientific and technological self-reliance
and self-reliance. We do not mean to engage in R&D behind closed
doors, but are committed to promoting global scientific and
technological innovation collaboration."</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: 2em;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Lou
Qinjian said that in the next step, the National People's Congress and
its Standing Committee will study and promote legislation on scientific
and technological innovation and continuously improve the scientific and
technological legal system.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: 2em;"><b><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">China generally maintains reasonable and stable growth in defense expenditure</span></span></b></p>
<p style="text-indent: 2em;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Regarding
the "defense budget" issue that the media has focused on, Lou Qinjian
said that the annual defense expenditure budget is included in the
government budget draft. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">According
to the agenda of the conference, this conference will also review the
government budget draft report and then announce it to the public.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: 2em;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">He
said that in recent years, in order to safeguard national sovereignty,
security, and development interests, adapt to the needs of military
reform with Chinese characteristics, and better fulfill the
international responsibilities and obligations of a major power, China
has generally maintained a reasonable and stable growth in defense
expenditure while promoting sustained and healthy economic and social
development. , to promote the simultaneous improvement of national
defense strength and economic strength.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: 2em;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">“What
I want to emphasize is that compared with military powers such as the
United States, China’s defense expenditure has always been lower,
whether it is the proportion of GDP, the proportion of national fiscal
expenditure, per capita defense expenditure, and per capita defense
expenditure of military personnel. It's relatively low." Lou Qinjian
said.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: 2em;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">He
said that China is unswervingly following the path of peaceful
development and is willing to share development opportunities with other
countries, build a new type of international relations featuring mutual
respect, fairness, justice, and win-win cooperation, promote the
building of a community with a shared future for mankind, and make new
contributions to the noble cause of peace and development of mankind.
contribution.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: 2em;"><b><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Continue to supervise the management and use of funds issued from additional government bonds</span></span></b></p>
<p style="text-indent: 2em;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Last summer, many places in my country suffered from heavy rains, floods, typhoons and other disasters. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">The
State Council proposed to issue an additional 1 trillion yuan of
treasury bonds to concentrate efforts on supporting post-disaster
recovery and reconstruction, and adjust the 2023 central fiscal budget
accordingly.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: 2em;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Lou
Qinjian introduced that in October last year, the sixth meeting of the
Standing Committee of the 14th National People’s Congress reviewed and
approved the 2023 central budget adjustment plan proposed by the State
Council. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">At present, all 1
trillion yuan of additional government bond issuance projects in 2023
have been released, supporting more than 15,000 projects to effectively
protect and improve the livelihood of people in disaster-stricken areas.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: 2em;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">"This
year, the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress will
continue to supervise the management and use of funds from the
additional issuance of treasury bonds, and urge relevant departments of
the State Council to strengthen project and fund management to ensure
that every fund is used well and with real results." Lou Qinjian said.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: 2em;"><b><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Adhere to promoting high-level opening up on the basis of the rule of law</span></span></b></p>
<p style="text-indent: 2em;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">In
response to some foreign media's belief that the newly revised
Counterespionage Law has expanded the scope of espionage, Lou Qinjian
said: "I would like to emphasize in particular that this is a wrong
interpretation of the Counterespionage Law."</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: 2em;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">He
said that the newly revised Counterespionage Law is based on common
international practices and reasonable reference to the legal systems of
various countries. It improves the definition of espionage, clarifies
the boundaries between illegal and legal activities, and enhances the
ability of foreign companies and foreigners to operate in China. The
certainty and security of investment, work, and life are not targeted at
normal activities such as business dealings, scientific research
cooperation, and academic exchanges. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">"We oppose efforts to smear and undermine China's business environment by misinterpreting the Counterintelligence Law."</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: 2em;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">According
to reports, in recent years, the Standing Committee of the National
People's Congress has formulated and revised a number of foreign-related
laws, providing a legal basis for protecting the legitimate rights and
interests of foreigners and overseas enterprises and organizations in
China.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: 2em;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">"China's
door is always open to the world and will never be closed. With the
door open, the world can enter China and China can go to the world." Lou
Qinjian said that China will insist on promoting high-level opening up
on the basis of the rule of law and expand its While opening up, we will
advance the construction of foreign-related rule of law and
continuously consolidate the foundation of the rule of law for
high-level opening up.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: 2em;"><b><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">The congress will review the draft revision of the Organic Law of the State Council</span></span></b></p>
<p style="text-indent: 2em;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">The
Organic Law of the State Council is the basic law concerning the
organizational system and work system of the State Council. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">The
current Organic Law of the State Council was reviewed and adopted by
the Fifth Session of the Fifth National People's Congress in December
1982. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">For more than 40 years, it has played an active role in strengthening the government's own construction.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: 2em;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Lou
Qinjian said that the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of
China made key arrangements and put forward clear requirements for
transforming government functions and accelerating the construction of a
rule of law government. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">On
the basis of carefully summarizing practical experience, the seventh
meeting of the Standing Committee of the 14th National People's Congress
decided to submit the draft revision of the Organic Law of the State
Council to this meeting for deliberation.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: 2em;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">He said that the revised draft has been released to the public for comments. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Overall, this revision implements the spirit of deepening the reform of party and state institutions in legal form. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">The
main contents of the revision include four aspects: first, clarify the
nature and status of the State Council and the guiding ideology of the
State Council's work; second, improve the relevant provisions of the
State Council institutions and their powers; third, improve the State
Council meeting system; fourth, increase the State Council's full and
correct performance of its functions in accordance with the law.
institutional measures.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: 2em;"><b><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">It is hoped that the United States will keep its promise and implement the consensus reached by the two heads of state.</span></span></b></p>
<p style="text-indent: 2em;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Regarding
issues of Sino-US relations that are of widespread concern, Lou Qinjian
said that China’s attitude has been consistent, which is to promote the
stable, healthy and sustainable development of bilateral relations in
accordance with the three principles of mutual respect, peaceful
coexistence, and win-win cooperation proposed by President Xi Jinping.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: 2em;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">He
said that he hopes that the United States will work with China to keep
its promises, start from San Francisco, build a solid "five common"
important pillars of Sino-US relations, and implement the consensus and
vision reached by the two heads of state at the San Francisco meeting.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: 2em;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">"In
the minds of the Chinese people, we often see some U.S. congressmen
throwing out anti-China bills, adopting anti-China words and deeds
against Chinese institutions, companies and citizens, and even visiting
the Taiwan region of China." Lou Qinjian said that these actions grossly
interfere in China's internal affairs. , harming China's legitimate
rights and interests and interfering with normal exchanges and
cooperation between the two countries.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: 2em;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Lou
Qinjian said that despite encountering multiple difficulties in the
past few years, the Chinese and American legislative bodies have still
maintained contact through various methods. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">This
year marks the 45th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic
relations between the two countries. The legislative bodies of the two
countries still need to have more contacts, dialogues and exchanges to
enhance mutual understanding and play a constructive role in the stable
development of Sino-US relations.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: 2em;"><b><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Practice the concept of amity, sincerity, mutual benefit and inclusiveness and deepen cooperation with neighboring countries</span></span></b></p>
<p style="text-indent: 2em;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">China has always placed its surrounding areas at the top of its overall diplomatic agenda. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">For
more than 10 years, President Xi Jinping has visited neighboring
countries, effectively leading the expansion of good-neighborly and
friendly relations.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: 2em;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Lou
Qinjian said that with the joint efforts of all parties, China,
together with regional countries, has unswervingly followed the correct
path of long-term good-neighborly friendship, common development and
prosperity, promoted the construction of a community with a shared
future for mankind, and achieved fruitful results:</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: 2em;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">First, the concept of a community with a shared future for mankind is deeply rooted in the hearts of the people. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">The
construction of a community with a shared future between China and
neighboring countries has achieved full coverage in Indochina and
Central Asia, and the construction of a closer China-ASEAN community
with a shared future has been solidly advanced.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: 2em;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Second, the joint construction of the “Belt and Road Initiative” should be deepened and consolidated. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Countries
in the region have joined the Belt and Road Initiative one after
another, and a large number of projects have created a demonstration
effect, providing important impetus for the economic and social
development of the host countries.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: 2em;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Third, economic and trade cooperation is booming. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">China
has reached the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement
with regional countries and built the world's largest free trade zone
with the greatest potential. China and ASEAN have been each other's
largest trading partners for many years, setting a model for cooperation
amid the headwinds of globalization.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: 2em;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">"China
opposes camp confrontation and small circles. China's cooperation with
neighboring countries is open and inclusive, not exclusive." Lou Qinjian
said that China will continue to actively practice the concept of
amity, sincerity, mutual benefit and inclusiveness and deepen friendly
cooperation with neighboring countries. and interests, so that
Chinese-style modernization can benefit more neighboring countries.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: 2em;"><b><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">The work of the Representative Working Committee is orderly and effective</span></span></b></p>
<p style="text-indent: 2em;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">"Since
the establishment of the Representative Working Committee, all work has
been orderly and effective, achieving a good start and promoting the
representative work to be further deepened and solid." Lou Qinjian said.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: 2em;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Lou
Qinjian introduced that members of the National People's Congress
Standing Committee have established direct contact with 418
representatives, and various special committees and working committees
have also directly contacted several representatives, achieving full
coverage of contact between the Standing Committee and representatives. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Over
the past year, more than 270 representatives attended Standing
Committee meetings, more than 50 representatives participated in law
enforcement inspections, and representatives' opinions were solicited on
23 draft laws.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: 2em;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">According
to reports, during last year’s conference, 271 bills proposed by
representatives were submitted to 9 special committees for review; 8,314
suggestions, criticisms and opinions on various aspects of work were
submitted to 204 units for study and processing. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">At present, these proposals and suggestions have all been reviewed and processed.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: 2em;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">"This
year, in accordance with the requirements of the Party Central
Committee on strengthening and improving the work of People's Congress
deputies in the new era, we will amend and improve the Representative
Law, continue to improve the level of deputies' work, and provide better
service guarantees for National People's Congress deputies to perform
their duties in accordance with the law." Lou Qinjian said. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">(Reporters Yu Jiaxin, Wu Yu, Zhu Chao, Huang Yao, Feng Jiashun)</span></span></p>
</div><p><br /><br /><br /> </p><span><!--more--></span><p></p>Larry Catá Backerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06545101367530775497noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-24800874.post-76706812783278749772024-03-04T20:54:00.004-05:002024-03-04T20:56:31.052-05:00National Small Business Association v. Janet Yellen, Case 5:22-cv-01448-LCB (NDAla, slip op. 1 March 2024): Corporate Transparency Act Unconstitutional Pending Appeal<p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1q6Ns-dUGpAyGS02KwQnZHeLGsiSuXqKLmpyyDIIUFeyz4gPGBgJeNRIORoYRTQ30WYZSTq_Cb3au4gwVN2TUL5jtj4y6AGkU8d0ITeefv5L0Qda5caDv4HVP8O1M0tD7-kTQZtYWA4hSGmln7g7QW1lnGZeVGxxIVNYucuCVoVEa1Ihq8BEWkQ/s436/Screenshot%202024-03-04%20at%208.53.25%E2%80%AFPM.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="356" data-original-width="436" height="522" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1q6Ns-dUGpAyGS02KwQnZHeLGsiSuXqKLmpyyDIIUFeyz4gPGBgJeNRIORoYRTQ30WYZSTq_Cb3au4gwVN2TUL5jtj4y6AGkU8d0ITeefv5L0Qda5caDv4HVP8O1M0tD7-kTQZtYWA4hSGmln7g7QW1lnGZeVGxxIVNYucuCVoVEa1Ihq8BEWkQ/w640-h522/Screenshot%202024-03-04%20at%208.53.25%E2%80%AFPM.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Pix credit <a href="https://acgc.cipe.org/business-of-integrity-blog/beneficial-ownership-transparency-101/" target="_blank">here</a><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /> <p></p><p>In a 53 page opinion, the United States District Court for Northern Alabama has ruled,
in <a href="https://s-corp.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/051.-Memorandum-Opinion.pdf" target="_blank">National Small Business Association v. Janet Yellen</a>, Case 5:22-cv-01448-LCB (NDAla, slip op. 1 March 2024) that the Corporate Transparency Act (CTA) is
unconstitutional beaucause it exceeds Congress's legislative authority.<span> This is a 53-page decision that considered first issues of standing and then "</span>the Government’s proffered justifications for the CTA’s constitutionality—that the CTA falls within the ambit of the Commerce, Taxing, and Necessary and Proper Clauses, along with Congress’ foreign affairs and national security powers. After a close look at each of these putative justifications, the Court concludes that the CTA is not authorized by the Constitution." (NSBA v. Yellin, slip op. at p. 9).</p><p>As explained in an ABA Backgrounder, "the Corporate Transparency Act requires certain business entities (each defined as a “reporting company”) to file, in the absence of an exemption, information on their “beneficial owners” with the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (“FinCEN”) of the U.S. Department of Treasury (“Treasury”) (<a href="https://www.americanbar.org/groups/business_law/resources/business-law-today/2021-may/the-corporate-transparency-act/" target="_blank">here</a>). The information will not be publicly available, but FinCEN is authorized to disclose the information: </p><blockquote> The act became effective Jan. 1. Congress hoped it would help stop money-laundering by rooting out the use of anonymous shell companies and would track the flow of illicit money and protect U.S. national security interests. The law creates a beneficial ownership database and reporting requirements for companies to file ownership information to the U.S. Treasury Department, similar to existing requirements in the U.K. and the European Union. The law focuses primarily on small and private companies and <a href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/small-businesses-must-now-report-ownership-information-to-the-government-but-many-dont-know-about-it-bb13f2b6">applies to more than 32 million small businesses</a> nationwide. (<i><a href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/judge-strikes-down-law-requiring-corporate-ownership-disclosure-e6cf9ec7" target="_blank">Judge Strikes Down Law Requiring Corporate-Ownership Disclosure</a></i>)</blockquote><p>The press reporting noted that: "The legal challenge points to the friction between maintaining privacy rights and the government’s effort to uncover sources of criminal activity, especially as the U.S. <a href="https://apnews.com/article/european-union-sanctions-russia-ukraine-war-28a5d7faabbcbc5fe3a0de3ec84fd87d">has attempted to sanction</a> Russian oligarchs and wealthy friends of Russian President Vladimir Putin following the start of his invasion of Ukraine." (<i><a href="https://www.usnews.com/news/politics/articles/2024-03-04/small-business-reporting-requirement-found-unconstitutional-by-alabama-federal-judge" target="_blank">Small Business Reporting Requirement Found Unconstitutional by Alabama Federal Judge</a></i>).</p><p></p><p class="css-k3zb6l-Paragraph e1e4oisd0" data-type="paragraph"></p><blockquote><p class="css-k3zb6l-Paragraph e1e4oisd0" data-type="paragraph">Scott
Greytak, director of advocacy at anticorruption group Transparency
International U.S., said that Judge Burke’s ruling failed to recognize
the national security interests that were the basis for the CTA. “Instead,
Judge Burke’s opinion imagines a world in which international money
laundering simply doesn’t exist,” Greytak said in a statement, adding
that the group expects the ruling to be appealed and overturned by the
11th Circuit Court of Appeals. (<i><a href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/judge-strikes-down-law-requiring-corporate-ownership-disclosure-e6cf9ec7" target="_blank">Judge Strikes Down Law Requiring Corporate-Ownership Disclosure</a></i>)</p></blockquote><p>This is hardly the last word. It is expected that the case will be appealed and that the Government will move that the injunction be paused. Ordinarily neither would be remarkable. But this year may be different. The text of the Corporate Transparency Act may be accessed <a href="https://www.fincen.gov/sites/default/files/shared/Corporate_Transparency_Act.pdf" target="_blank">HERE</a>. The ABA Business Law Section Backgrounder may be accessed <a href="https://www.americanbar.org/groups/business_law/resources/business-law-today/2021-may/the-corporate-transparency-act/" target="_blank">HERE</a>. <br /></p><p><br /> <span></span></p><a name='more'></a><br /><br />1<br />UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT<br />NORTHERN DISTRICT OF ALABAMA<br />NORTHEASTERN DIVISION<br />NATIONAL SMALL BUSINESS )<br />UNITED, d/b/a the NATIONAL )<br />SMALL BUSINESS )<br />ASSOCIATION, et al., )<br />)<br />Plaintiffs, )<br />)<br />v. ) Case No. 5:22-cv-1448-LCB<br />)<br />JANET YELLEN, in her official )<br />capacity as Secretary of the )<br />Treasury, et al., )<br />)<br />Defendants. )<br />MEMORANDUM OPINION<br />The late Justice Antonin Scalia once remarked that federal judges should have<br />a rubber stamp that says STUPID BUT CONSTITUTIONAL. See Jennifer Senior, In<br />Conversation: Antonin Scalia, New York Magazine, Oct. 4, 2013. The Constitution,<br />in other words, does not allow judges to strike down a law merely because it is<br />burdensome, foolish, or offensive. Yet the inverse is also true—the wisdom of a<br />policy is no guarantee of its constitutionality. Indeed, even in the pursuit of sensible<br />and praiseworthy ends, Congress sometimes enacts smart laws that violate the<br />Constitution. This case, which concerns the constitutionality of the Corporate<br />Transparency Act, illustrates that principle.<br /><br /><br />2<br />When Congress passed the 2021 National Defense Authorization Act, it<br />included a bill called the Corporate Transparency Act (“CTA”). Although the CTA<br />made up just over 21 pages of the NDAA’s nearly 1,500-page total, the law packs a<br />significant regulatory punch, requiring most entities incorporated under State law to<br />disclose personal stakeholder information to the Treasury Department’s criminal<br />enforcement arm.<br />By requiring these disclosures, Congress aimed to prevent financial crimes<br />like money laundering and tax evasion, which are often committed through shell<br />corporations. Broadly defined, a shell corporation is a legal entity with no (or<br />minimal) employees, customers, business, or assets. Although shell corporations<br />serve many legitimate purposes, it’s also possible to disguise the identity of<br />interested individuals and the flow of money by layering shell companies on top of<br />each other, “such that each time an investigator obtains ownership records for a<br />domestic or foreign entity, the newly identified entity is yet another corporate entity,<br />necessitating a repeat of the same process[.]” Pub. L. 116-283 § 6402(4).<br />Yet corporate formation includes far more than for-profit enterprise. Each<br />year, the States grant formal status to millions of entities that can and do serve “any<br />lawful purpose,” including benefit corporations, non-profits, holding companies,<br />political organizations, and everything in between.<br />Case 5:22-cv-01448-LCB Document 51 Filed 03/01/24 Page 2 of 53<br /><br />3<br />With that in mind, this case presents a deceptively simple question: Does the<br />Constitution give Congress the power to regulate those millions of entities and their<br />stakeholders the moment they obtain a formal corporate status from a State? The<br />Government thinks so. While it acknowledges that Congress “can exercise only the<br />powers granted to it,” the Government says that the CTA is within Congress’ broad<br />powers to regulate commerce, oversee foreign affairs and national security, and<br />impose taxes and related regulations.<br />The Government’s arguments are not supported by precedent. Because the<br />CTA exceeds the Constitution’s limits on the legislative branch and lacks a sufficient<br />nexus to any enumerated power to be a necessary or proper means of achieving<br />Congress’ policy goals, the Plaintiffs are entitled to judgment as a matter of law. As<br />a result, the Court GRANTS the Plaintiffs’ motion for summary judgment and<br />DENIES the Government’s motion to dismiss and alternative cross-motion for<br />summary judgment.<br />I. Background<br />Plaintiffs. Plaintiff National Small Business Association is “an Ohio non-<br />profit corporation that represents and protects the rights of small businesses across<br />the United States,” including “over 65,000 businesses and entrepreneurs located in<br />all 50 states.” (Doc. 39-2 at 1-2). The NSBA’s stated purpose is “to advocate for its<br />Case 5:22-cv-01448-LCB Document 51 Filed 03/01/24 Page 3 of 53<br /><br />4<br />members” and their employees, and “to provide its members guidance and data on<br />how to navigate government regulations.” Id. at 2.<br />Plaintiff Isaac Winkles is an NSBA member and owner of two small<br />businesses, one of which “is a small family business with 3 full-time employees and<br />annual turnover of under $20 million.” (Doc. 39-3 at 1-2).<br />Procedural Background. The Treasury Department’s criminal-enforcement<br />bureau, the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (“FinCEN”), issued a final rule<br />implementing the CTA on September 29, 2022, slated to go into effect on January<br />1, 2024. 87 Fed. Reg. 59498 (Sept. 30, 2022) (codified at 31 C.F.R. § 1010.380). Six<br />weeks later, Plaintiffs sued the Treasury Department, along with Treasury Secretary<br />Janet Yellen and Acting Director of FinCEN Himamauli Das in their official<br />capacities, alleging that the CTA’s mandatory disclosure requirements exceed<br />Congress’ authority under Article I of the Constitution and violate the First, Fourth,<br />Fifth, Ninth, and Tenth Amendments. (Doc. 1). The parties agreed that the case<br />could be resolved on dispositive motions without discovery, so the parties cross-<br />moved for summary judgment in early 2023, with the Government simultaneously<br />moving to dismiss. (Docs. 23 & 24). In the following months, the parties and amici<br />exchanged hundreds of pages of briefing, and oral argument on the parties’ motions<br />was held in November 2023.<br />Case 5:22-cv-01448-LCB Document 51 Filed 03/01/24 Page 4 of 53<br /><br />5<br />The Operation of the Corporate Transparency Act. As always, “[o]ur<br />analysis begins and ends with the text,” Octane Fitness, LLC v. ICON Health &<br />Fitness, Inc., 572 U.S. 545, 553 (2014), and the text of the CTA is wide-ranging in<br />scope. The CTA regulates “reporting company[ies],” defined as “corporation[s],<br />limited liability company[ies], or other similar entit[ies]” that are either “(i) created<br />by the filing of a document with a secretary of state or a similar office under the law<br />of a State or Indian Tribe, or (ii) formed under the law of a foreign country and<br />registered to do business in the United States.” 31 U.S.C. § 5336(a)(11)(A). The<br />CTA exempts twenty-four kinds of entities from its reporting requirements,<br />including banks, insurance companies, and entities with more than twenty<br />employees, five million dollars in gross revenue, and a physical office in the United<br />States. § 5336(a)(11)(B).<br />In total, FinCEN estimates that the CTA applies to 32.6 million currently<br />existing entities and 5 million new entities formed each year from 2025 to 2034.<br />Beneficial Ownership Information Reporting Requirements, 87 Fed. Reg. at, 59,549.<br />The CTA requires these millions of entities to disclose the identity and information<br />of any “beneficial owner.” § 5336(b)(1)(A). A beneficial owner is defined as “an<br />individual who . . . (i) exercises substantial control over the entity; or (ii) owns or<br />controls not less than 25 percent of the ownership interests of the entity,” with some<br />exceptions for children, creditors, and a few others. § 5336(a)(3). The definition of<br />Case 5:22-cv-01448-LCB Document 51 Filed 03/01/24 Page 5 of 53<br /><br />6<br />“substantial control” is as vague as it sounds—although it includes some clear<br />categories like “senior officer[s],” FinCEN’s regulations “clarify” that a person with<br />substantial control also includes someone who “[h]as any other form of substantial<br />control over the reporting company” besides those listed. 31 C.F.R.<br />§ 1010.380(d)(1)(i)(D).<br />For new entities incorporated from January 1, 2024, onward, the CTA requires<br />them to disclose the identity and information of both Beneficial Owners and<br />“Applicants,” defined as “any individual who files an application to form a<br />corporation, LLC, or other similar entity under the laws of a State or Indian Tribe;<br />or registers [a foreign entity] to do business in the United States.” 31 U.S.C.<br />§ 5336(a)(2).<br />Reporting entities must give FinCEN a Beneficial Owner or Applicant’s full<br />legal name, date of birth, current address, and identification number from a driver’s<br />license, ID card, or passport. § 5336(a)(1), (b)(2)(A). Under the final rule, reporting<br />entities are also required to submit an image of the identifying document. 31 C.F.R.<br />§ 1010.380(b)(1)(ii)(E). If any of that information changes, the reporting company<br />must update FinCEN, 31 U.S.C. § 5336(b)(1)(D), and FinCEN retains Applicant and<br />Beneficial Owner information on an ongoing basis for at least five years after the<br />reporting company terminates. § 5336(c)(1).<br />Case 5:22-cv-01448-LCB Document 51 Filed 03/01/24 Page 6 of 53<br /><br />7<br />The CTA’s disclosure requirements aren’t toothless, either: knowing or<br />willful violations carry serious civil and criminal penalties. A willful provision of<br />false or fraudulent beneficial ownership information or failure to report “complete<br />or updated beneficial ownership information to FinCEN” by “any person” is<br />punishable by a $500 per day civil penalty and up to $10,000 in fines and 2 years in<br />federal prison, § 5336(h)(1), (3)(A); a knowing and unauthorized disclosure or use<br />of beneficial ownership information by “any person” is punishable by a $500 per<br />day civil penalty, along with a $250,000 fine and 5 years in federal prison,<br />§ 5336(h)(2), (3)(B); and a knowing and unauthorized use or disclosure while<br />violating another federal law “or as part of a pattern of any illegal activity involving<br />more than $100,000 in a 12-month period” by “any person” is punishable with a<br />$500,000 fine and 10 years in federal prison, § 5336(h)(3)(B)(ii)(II).<br />Crucially (at least for standing purposes), these severe penalties apply to<br />individuals, not reporting entities. For starters, a disembodied corporate entity<br />cannot be sentenced to federal prison. Beyond that, although the CTA does not<br />define “person,” it does define both “United States person” (§5336(a)(14)) and<br />“Foreign person” (§5336(a)(7)) to include corporations, partnerships, and trusts, and<br />uses those terms in other provisions. See § 5336(a)(11)(B)(xx). Yet the statute does<br />not use those terms in its penalty provisions, so the statute can be read only to<br />penalize individual beneficial owners and applicants, not reporting entities.<br />Case 5:22-cv-01448-LCB Document 51 Filed 03/01/24 Page 7 of 53<br /><br />8<br />The ultimate result of this statutory scheme is that tens of millions of<br />Americans must either disclose their personal information to FinCEN through State-<br />registered entities, or risk years of prison time and thousands of dollars in civil and<br />criminal fines.<br />II. Legal Standards<br />Although the Government requested summary judgment as an alternative to<br />its motion to dismiss, summary judgment is the most appropriate means for resolving<br />this case. The parties have waived discovery and agreed that this case can be<br />“resolved through dispositive motions.” (Doc. 16 at 3). Furthermore, when there are<br />no genuine issues of material fact and “the only issues before the Court are pure<br />questions of law,” disposition of the case by summary judgment is particularly<br />appropriate. Maxim Crane Works, L.P. v. Zurich Am. Ins., 11 F.4th 345, 350 (5th<br />Cir. 2021) (cleaned up); Saregama India Ltd. v. Mosley, 635 F.3d 1284, 1290 (11th<br />Cir. 2011) (“When the only question a court must decide is a question of law,<br />summary judgment may be granted.”).<br />Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56(a), summary judgment is warranted<br />if “there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and . . . the moving party is<br />entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S.<br />242, 247 (1986). Because there are no disputed issues of fact here, the Court need<br />only decide which parties are entitled to judgment as a matter of law.<br />Case 5:22-cv-01448-LCB Document 51 Filed 03/01/24 Page 8 of 53<br /><br /><br />9<br />III. Discussion<br />The Court’s opinion is in two parts. First, the Court considers its own<br />jurisdiction, looking mainly to the Plaintiffs’ standing. Having found that Winkles<br />is a regulated party and a member of the NSBA, and that the NSBA has associational<br />standing as a result, the Court concludes that both Plaintiffs have standing to bring<br />their constitutional claims.<br />With standing out of the way, the Court then addresses the Government’s<br />proffered justifications for the CTA’s constitutionality—that the CTA falls within<br />the ambit of the Commerce, Taxing, and Necessary and Proper Clauses, along with<br />Congress’ foreign affairs and national security powers. After a close look at each of<br />these putative justifications, the Court concludes that the CTA is not authorized by<br />the Constitution.<br />A. Standing<br />The first order of business is to make sure the Court has jurisdiction to decide<br />the merits of this case. Article III, § 2 of the U.S. Constitution confines the federal<br />judicial power to “cases” and “controversies,” and an “essential and unchanging part<br />of the case-or-controversy requirement of Article III” is the requirement that a<br />plaintiff have standing. Lujan v. Defs. of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 560 (1992). To<br />satisfy the “irreducible constitutional minimum of standing,” id., “a claimant must<br />present an injury that is concrete, particularized, and actual or imminent; fairly<br /><br /><br />11<br />requirements, like “tax returns, passport forms, and bank account applications.”<br />(Doc. 24-1 at 19-20). The Government also argues that Winkles isn’t injured by<br />disclosing government-provided information like a passport number to the<br />government. Id. at 20.<br />Yet federal subdivisions like FinCEN must still follow standard judicial<br />procedures to obtain even federally provided information without an express<br />authorization like the CTA’s. And although the Government says that disclosure to<br />FinCEN is no big deal because it’s “no secret” that Winkles is the beneficial owner<br />of at least one company, id., the Government never explains why it needs to compel<br />Winkles to disclose beneficial owner information at all if that information is so easily<br />discovered by other means. After all, FinCEN already compels banks and other<br />financial institutions to obtain nearly identical information from State entity<br />customers and provide it to FinCEN. See 31 C.F.R. § 1010.230(a) (requiring<br />“covered financial institutions” to “identify and verify beneficial owners of legal<br />entity customers.”).<br />The Government’s standing arguments miss the mark for an additional reason:<br />the injury to Winkles is not disclosure itself, but disclosure to FinCEN, the Treasury<br />Department’s criminal enforcement division. The mandatory disclosure of personal<br />information to FinCEN for law-enforcement purposes satisfies the injury<br />requirement for Winkles’ First, Fourth, and Fifth Amendment claims, since courts<br />Case 5:22-cv-01448-LCB Document 51 Filed 03/01/24 Page 11 of 53<br /><br />12<br />“accept as valid the merits of [the non-movant’s] legal claims” for standing purposes<br />when deciding a motion for summary judgment, Fed. Election Comm’n v. Cruz, 596<br />U.S. 289, 298 (2022), and Winkles has alleged that the CTA requires disclosure of<br />“sensitive personal information to FinCEN for law enforcement purposes.” (Doc. 1<br />at 4); see also id. at 11 (“Winkles will be subject to the Act’s reporting requirements<br />to give his sensitive personal information to FinCEN.”); and id. at 12-14, 21<br />(describing the injury as disclosure to FinCEN). Thus, the Court “must assume” that<br />the CTA violates constitutional “right[s] we must assume [Winkles] has.” Cruz, 596<br />U.S. at 298.<br />Winkles also has standing to challenge the CTA’s applicant disclosure<br />requirement. Because “standing is not dispensed in gross,” Lewis v. Casey, 518 U.S.<br />343, 358, n.6 (1996), Winkles is obligated “to demonstrate standing for each claim<br />he seeks to press.” DaimlerChrysler Corp. v. Cuno, 547 U.S. 332, 352 (2006). In a<br />pre-enforcement challenge like this one, the injury-in-fact requirement is met when<br />the plaintiff “alleges an intention to engage in a course of conduct arguably affected<br />with a constitutional interest, but proscribed by a statute, and there exists a credible<br />threat of prosecution” under that statute. Susan B. Anthony List v. Driehaus, 573 U.S.<br />149, 159 (2014) (internal quotation marks omitted).<br />Here, Winkles has submitted sworn testimony that he has “formed [other<br />Alabama entities] in the past,” and he “anticipate[s] forming other Alabama entities<br />Case 5:22-cv-01448-LCB Document 51 Filed 03/01/24 Page 12 of 53<br /><br />13<br />over the next few years.” (Doc. 39-3 at 2). Because the CTA would impose serious<br />criminal penalties on Winkles for non-compliance with the CTA’s applicant<br />disclosure requirements, “it is not necessary that [Winkles] first expose himself to<br />actual arrest or prosecution to be entitled to challenge [the] statute.” Steffel v.<br />Thompson, 415 U.S. 452, 459 (1974). And because there is no doubt the CTA will<br />be applied with its full force, “the plaintiffs’ fear of prosecution [is] not imaginary<br />or wholly speculative.” Susan B. Anthony List, 573 U.S. at 160 (internal quotation<br />marks omitted). As a result, Winkles has standing to challenge the CTA’s applicant<br />provisions because they present Winkles with a choice between compliance and<br />felony prosecution. (Doc. 35-3 at 3) (Winkles’ Affidavit: “[i]f I do not comply with<br />these rules, I understand that I may face fines and even imprisonment.”).<br />Finally, Winkles’ standing to challenge the CTA’s applicant and beneficial<br />owner provisions on First, Fourth, and Fifth Amendment grounds gives him standing<br />to challenge the CTA as a congressional overreach. Although “[i]ndividuals have no<br />standing to complain simply that their Government is violating the law,” Winkles<br />“is a party to an otherwise justiciable case or controversy,” and is therefore allowed<br />“to object that [his] injury results from disregard of the federal structure of our<br />Government.” Bond v. United States, 564 U.S. 211, 225-26 (2011).<br />Case 5:22-cv-01448-LCB Document 51 Filed 03/01/24 Page 13 of 53<br /><br />14<br />2. National Small Business Association<br />The Government attacks NSBA’s standing on three fronts, asserting that the<br />NSBA lacks organizational, third party, and associational standing. When it comes<br />to federal jurisdiction, however, standing on one leg is as good as standing on three.<br />Because Winkles is a member of the NSBA and has standing as an individual, the<br />NSBA has associational standing.<br />“An association has standing to bring suit on behalf of its members when its<br />members would otherwise have standing to sue in their own right.” Georgia<br />Republican Party v. Sec. & Exch. Comm’n, 888 F.3d 1198, 1203 (11th Cir. 2018).<br />“[O]rganizations can assert the standing of their members.” Summers v. Earth Island<br />Inst., 555 U.S. 488, 494 (2009). That said, organizations can’t merely allege that a<br />member has standing—instead, “an organization must make specific allegations<br />establishing that at least one identified member has suffered or will suffer harm.”<br />Georgia Republican Party v. Sec. & Exch. Comm’n, 888 F.3d 1198, 1203 (11th Cir.<br />2018) (cleaned up).<br />NSBA has done so here. Winkles has standing on his own and has been a<br />dues-paying member of the NSBA since 2021. (Doc. 39-2 at 4; Doc. 39-3 at 2).<br />Furthermore, “the interests at stake are germane to the [NSBA]’s purpose, and<br />neither the claim asserted nor the relief requested requires the participation of<br />individual members in the lawsuit.” Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Env’t<br />Case 5:22-cv-01448-LCB Document 51 Filed 03/01/24 Page 14 of 53<br /><br />15<br />Servs. (TOC), Inc., 528 U.S. 167, 181 (2000). As a result, the NSBA has satisfied<br />the requirements of associational standing.<br />Having determined that both Winkles and the NSBA have standing to<br />challenge the CTA, the Court next considers whether Congress had the authority to<br />enact it.<br />B. Constitutionality of the CTA<br />The powers of the federal government are expressly enumerated in the<br />Constitution. McCulloch v. Maryland, 4 Wheat. 316, 405 (1819). To protect<br />individual liberty, the Founders also drafted the Constitution to ensure “separation<br />and independence of the coordinate branches of the Federal Government,” which<br />“prevent[s] the accumulation of excessive power in any one branch.” Gregory v.<br />Ashcroft, 501 U.S. 452, 458 (1991). Within the green pastures of its enumerated<br />powers, however, Congress may frolic with “great latitude.” Nat’l Fed’n of Indep.<br />Bus. v. Sebelius, 567 U.S. 519, 537 (2012).<br />Still, because enumeration itself “presupposes something not enumerated,”<br />Congress cannot range wherever it pleases. Gibbons v. Ogden, 9 Wheat. 1, 195<br />(1824). It’s as simple as expressio unius est exclusio alterius: “The Constitution’s<br />express conferral of some powers makes clear that it does not grant others. And the<br />federal government ‘can exercise only the powers granted to it.’” NFIB, 567 U.S. at<br />534-35 (quoting McCulloch, 4 Wheat. at 405).<br />Case 5:22-cv-01448-LCB Document 51 Filed 03/01/24 Page 15 of 53<br /><br />16<br />To be sure, a “[p]roper respect for a coordinate branch of the government<br />requires that [a court] strike down an Act of Congress only if the lack of<br />constitutional authority to pass the act in question is clearly demonstrated.” Id. at<br />538 (cleaned up). But appropriate judicial deference to Congressional action ends at<br />the borders of the Constitution, because “there can be no question that it is the<br />responsibility of [the courts] to enforce the limits on federal power by striking down<br />acts of Congress that transgress those limits.” Id. After all, a law “beyond the power<br />of Congress” is “no law at all.” Nigro v. United States, 276 U.S. 332, 341 (1928).<br />The Government offers three sources of constitutional authority for Congress’<br />enactment of the CTA. First, the Government argues that Congress has the power to<br />enact the CTA under its foreign affairs powers. That is so, the Government says,<br />because the political branches have plenary power to conduct foreign affairs, and<br />Congress’ motivating interest in curbing foreign money laundering and other malign<br />foreign influences places the CTA under the aegis of those powers. Second, the<br />Government argues that Congress has the power to enact the CTA via its Commerce<br />Clause authority. Because many State entities engage in activities that qualify as or<br />affect “commerce,” the argument goes, the act of corporate formation itself is<br />enough to invoke Congress’ Commerce powers. Finally, the Government asserts that<br />the CTA is a necessary and proper exercise of Congress’ taxing power, since one<br />Case 5:22-cv-01448-LCB Document 51 Filed 03/01/24 Page 16 of 53<br /><br />17<br />purpose of the FinCEN database created by the CTA is to assist in efficient tax<br />administration.<br />1. Foreign Affairs & National Security<br />The Government first turns to Congress’ extensive powers over foreign affairs<br />and national security and the Necessary and Proper Clause. The Government’s<br />theory is this: In enacting the CTA, “Congress concluded that collecting beneficial<br />ownership information ‘is needed to . . . protect vital Unite[d] States national<br />security interests’; ‘better enable critical national security, intelligence, and law<br />enforcement efforts to counter money laundering, the financing of terrorism, and<br />other illicit activity’; and ‘bring the United States into compliance with international<br />anti-money laundering and countering the financing of terrorism standards.’”<br />(Doc. 24-1 at 27) (quoting Pub. L. 116-283 § 6402(5)).<br />And because the Executive Branch agrees with Congress about the<br />“necessity” of the CTA, says the Government, “there is a rational relationship<br />between FinCEN’s collecting limited beneficial ownership and applicant<br />information and advancing the national security and foreign policy interests of the<br />United States.” Id. The Government also contends that the Court should defer to the<br />political branches’ policy determination that compliance with international financial<br />standards is best achieved through the CTA, and that the CTA is within Congress’<br />foreign affairs and national security powers because foreign parties use domestic<br />Case 5:22-cv-01448-LCB Document 51 Filed 03/01/24 Page 17 of 53<br /><br /><br />18<br />shell companies to harm the United States’ interests. (Doc. 40 at 8). Not only that,<br />but “the Court must defer to the political branches on these matters, not to advocacy<br />groups or private citizens.” Id. at 28 (emphasis added).<br />The Government is absolutely right to say that courts should defer to the<br />political branches on matters of policy. As a matter of first principles, “[t]he conduct<br />of the foreign relations of our government is committed by the Constitution to the<br />executive and legislative—‘the political’—departments of the government.” Oetjen<br />v. Cent. Leather Co., 246 U.S. 297, 302 (1918). This is so not only because foreign<br />policy “should be undertaken only by those directly responsible to the people whose<br />welfare they advance or imperil,” but because “the Judiciary has neither aptitude,<br />facilities nor responsibility” for those policies. Chicago & S. Air Lines v. Waterman<br />S. S. Corp., 333 U.S. 103, 111 (1948). Thus, judicial deference to the political<br />branches is most stringently required in the arena of foreign affairs.<br />All the same, the Court’s “deference in matters of policy cannot . . . become<br />abdication in matters of law,” and its “respect for Congress’s policy judgments thus<br />can never extend so far as to disavow restraints on federal power that the<br />Constitution carefully constructed.” NFIB, 567 U.S. at 538. As already explained,<br />“[o]ur constitution limits the government to those powers specifically granted or<br />those that are necessary and proper to carry out the specifically granted ones.”<br />Afroyim v. Rusk, 387 U.S. 253, 257 (1967). Of course, Congress’ foreign affairs<br /><br /> <br /><br /><br />20<br />to allow concentrations of economic power, which they visualized as a government-<br />sponsored monopoly, and therefore chose” to leave incorporation to the States. Allen<br />D. Boyer, Federalism and Corporation Law: Drawing the Line in State Takeover<br />Regulation, 47 Ohio St. L.J. 1037, 1041 (1986).<br />Apart from quasi-public corporations like the Tennessee Valley Authority and<br />Amtrak (which were formed by acts of Congress), the Founders’ deliberate choice<br />to leave general incorporation to the States has gone unchanged, even at times when<br />calls for federal incorporation were at a fever pitch and Congress was perhaps most<br />willing to upset the balance of state and federal power. For instance, Congress<br />rejected twenty bills to establish federal incorporation between 1903 and 1914 alone.<br />Id. at 1049.<br />To be sure, the CTA is not a direct regulation of corporate formation. There<br />are no preemption or commandeering concerns here, contra (Doc. 23-1 at 21 n.9),<br />because the CTA does not establish general federal incorporation or force States to<br />demand beneficial owner and applicant information as a filing requirement for<br />incorporation; rather, the CTA is a federal reporting requirement imposed on entities<br />that voluntarily incorporate. Thus, the operative question in light of “[t]he<br />underlying assumptions of our dual form of government,” Kelly v. Robinson, 479<br />U.S. 36, 49 n.11 (1986) (citation omitted), is whether Congress’ Foreign Affairs<br />powers justify the CTA’s regulation of “creatures of state law,” which are ordinarily<br />Case 5:22-cv-01448-LCB Document 51 Filed 03/01/24 Page 20 of 53<br /><br />21<br />within the sovereign purview of the States. Cort, 422 U.S. at 84. In this case, the<br />answer is no.<br />The Supreme Court’s unanimous decision in Bond v. United States is<br />instructive. 572 U.S. 844 (2014). In Bond, a woman inflicted “irritating” but<br />ultimately harmless chemical burns on her husband’s mistress. Id. at 861. For that,<br />Bond was prosecuted and convicted for violating the Chemical Weapons Convention<br />Implementation Act of 1998, which “ma[d]e it a federal crime for a person to use or<br />possess any chemical weapon, and . . . punishe[d] violators with severe penalties.”<br />Id. at 848. The Chemical Weapons Act implemented the international Convention<br />on Chemical Weapons “pursuant to the Federal Government’s constitutionally<br />enumerated power to make treaties.” Id.<br />On appeal, the Supreme Court overturned Bond’s conviction, ruling that the<br />Chemical Weapons Act did not “reach purely local crimes.” Id. at 860. Instead, the<br />Court held that because “our constitutional structure leaves local criminal activity<br />primarily to the States,” courts “have generally declined to read federal law as<br />intruding on that responsibility, unless Congress has clearly indicated that the law<br />should have such reach.” Id. at 848. Thus, absent a clear indication from Congress,<br />the Court concluded that Congress’ treaty powers did not extend to Bond’s<br />“unremarkable” and “purely local” offense. Id.<br />Case 5:22-cv-01448-LCB Document 51 Filed 03/01/24 Page 21 of 53<br /><br />22<br />Although Bond’s central question was one of statutory (rather than<br />Constitutional) interpretation, the logical parallels between Bond and this case are<br />obvious. For starters, Congress’ treaty and foreign affairs powers are closely related.<br />And like local criminal law, corporate formation has always been the province of the<br />States. So although the CTA does not directly interfere with or commandeer State<br />incorporation practices, the CTA still “convert[s] an astonishing amount of<br />traditionally local . . . conduct into a matter for federal enforcement, and involve[s]<br />a substantial extension of federal police resources.” Id. at 863 (internal quotation<br />marks omitted).<br />The CTA also cannot be justified as necessary and proper to carry out<br />Congress’ foreign affairs powers. When Congress invokes the Necessary and Proper<br />Clause, it must “involve[] exercises of authority derivative of, and in service to, a<br />granted power.” NFIB, 567 U.S. at 560. This is a showing the Government has failed<br />to make. Instead, the Government seems to argue that regulation of purely internal<br />affairs may be necessary and proper to effectuate Congress’ foreign affairs powers<br />if foreign actors (or enough foreign actors) participate in those internal affairs to<br />illicit ends.<br />The Court can find little support in history or precedent for that position. The<br />only support, in fact, seems to be the CTA’s congressional findings, including the<br />finding that “malign actors seek to conceal their ownership of [corporate] entities in<br />Case 5:22-cv-01448-LCB Document 51 Filed 03/01/24 Page 22 of 53<br /><br />23<br />the United States to facilitate illicit activity, . . . harming the national security<br />interests of the United States and allies of the United States.” (Doc. 24-1 at 26-28)<br />(quoting Pub. L. 116-283 § 6402(3)). The Government offers these findings as proof<br />that the CTA is “rationally related to the implementation of a constitutionally<br />enumerated power” and thus is a necessary and proper exercise of Congress’ foreign<br />affairs powers. Id. at 26 (citing United States v. Comstock, 560 U.S. 126, 134<br />(2010)). But the CTA’s congressional findings are not enough to conclude that a<br />regulation in the purely domestic arena of incorporation is an “exercise[] of authority<br />derivative of, and in service to” Congress’ foreign affairs powers, especially in light<br />of the States’ historically exclusive governance of incorporation. NFIB, 567 U.S. at<br />560.<br />The Government also asserts that the Necessary and Proper Clause “extends<br />not only to Article I, § 8 powers, but to ‘all other Powers vested by th[e] Constitution<br />in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof,’”<br />(Doc. 40 at 11) (citing U.S. Const. art. I, § 8, cl. 18), but never explains what “other<br />Powers” it could invoke in the arena of foreign affairs to justify the CTA. Instead,<br />the Government cites Congress’ finding that the CTA is needed to “bring the United<br />States into compliance with international anti-money laundering and countering the<br />financing of terrorism standards.” (Doc. 24-1 at 27) (citing Pub. L. 116-283<br />§ 6402(5)(E)).<br />Case 5:22-cv-01448-LCB Document 51 Filed 03/01/24 Page 23 of 53<br /><br />24<br />Compliance with international standards may be good policy, but it is not<br />enough to make the CTA “necessary” or “proper.” As admirable as Congress’ goals<br />may be, this Court’s only job is to consider whether the CTA follows the<br />Constitution, not whether it is good policy. See Lester v. United States, 921 F.3d<br />1306, 1318 (11th Cir. 2019) (quoting Marbury v. Madison, 5 U.S. 137, 177 (1803))<br />(courts must “‘say what the law is,’ not what it should be.”). The law is clear on this<br />much: the Necessary and Proper Clause, “gives Congress authority to ‘legislate on<br />that vast mass of incidental powers which must be involved in the constitution,’” but<br />“it does not license the exercise of any ‘great substantive and independent power[s]’<br />beyond those specifically enumerated.” NFIB, 567 U.S. at 559 (quoting McCulloch,<br />4 Wheat. at 411, 421).<br />The Government’s reading of the Necessary and Proper Clause is far afield<br />from that principle. It would sanction almost any exercise of Congressional power<br />given the existence of a relevant international standard. Read that way, the Necessary<br />and Proper Clause would give Congress carte blanche to do as it pleases, allowing it<br />to “reach beyond the natural limit of its authority and draw within its regulatory<br />scope those who otherwise would be outside of it.” NFIB, 567 U.S. at 560; see also<br />Bond, 572 U.S. at 877-78 (Scalia, J., concurring) (reasoning that Congress’ general<br />foreign affairs powers cannot “come[] with no implied subject matter limitations,”<br />Case 5:22-cv-01448-LCB Document 51 Filed 03/01/24 Page 24 of 53<br /><br />25<br />otherwise “the possibilities of what the Federal Government may accomplish, with<br />the right [international standard] in hand, are endless and hardly farfetched.”).<br />Given the limits on Congress’ authority under the Necessary and Proper<br />Clause, Bond yields an unavoidable conclusion: the CTA is not authorized by<br />Congress’ foreign affairs powers, because those powers do not extend to purely<br />internal affairs, especially in an arena traditionally left to the States. Nor can<br />Congress look to international standards or agreements to extend those powers, no<br />matter how praiseworthy the policy goal, because “no agreement with a foreign<br />nation,” formal or informal, “can confer power on the Congress, or on any other<br />branch of Government, which is free from the restraints of the Constitution.” Reid<br />v. Covert, 354 U.S. 1, 16 (1957). As a result, this Court must look somewhere other<br />than Congress’ foreign policy powers to justify the CTA.<br />2. Commerce Clause<br />The Government also says that the CTA is within Congress’ power under the<br />Commerce Clause and the Necessary and Proper Clause. In relevant part, the<br />Constitution gives Congress the “Power . . . To regulate Commerce with foreign<br />Nations, and among the several States.” U.S. Const. art. I, § 8, cl. 3. As for the power<br />to regulate foreign commerce, “jurisprudence addressing Congress’s positive<br />Foreign Commerce Clause power is sparse,” and “the Supreme Court has never<br />clearly articulated the bounds of the positive foreign commerce power.” United<br />Case 5:22-cv-01448-LCB Document 51 Filed 03/01/24 Page 25 of 53<br /><br />26<br />States v. Davila-Mendoza, 972 F.3d 1264, 1270 (11th Cir. 2020). That said, the<br />Court “assume[s], without deciding, that the Foreign Commerce Clause has the same<br />scope as the Interstate Commerce Clause,” id. at 1271, so the analysis is identical.<br />Although “the path of” Commerce Clause jurisprudence “has not always run<br />smooth . . . it is now well established that Congress has broad authority under the<br />Clause.” NFIB, 567 U.S. at 549. The Supreme Court has identified “three broad<br />categories of activity that Congress may regulate under its commerce power.” United<br />States v. Morrison, 529 U.S. 598, 608 (2000).<br />In the Government’s view, the CTA’s regulations fit squarely within all three<br />categories: (1) the channels of interstate and foreign commerce, (2) the<br />instrumentalities of, and things and persons in, interstate and foreign commerce, and<br />(3) activities that have a substantial effect on interstate and foreign commerce.<br />(Doc. 24-1 at 28); see Morrison, 529 U.S. at 609. For brevity’s sake, and in line with<br />the Government’s arguments, the Court addresses the channels and instrumentalities<br />of commerce as a single category.<br />a) Channels and Instrumentalities of Commerce<br />First, the Government says the CTA is a valid regulation of the channels and<br />instrumentalities of commerce because “[b]oth the record and common sense<br />indicate that entities constituting CTA reporting companies frequently utilize the<br />Case 5:22-cv-01448-LCB Document 51 Filed 03/01/24 Page 26 of 53<br />27<br />channels of interstate commerce.” (Doc. 24-1 at 33). Yet this argument can’t be<br />reconciled with the plain text of the CTA.<br />It is “well-settled” that Congress has the power to regulate “those who use the<br />channels of interstate commerce in order that those channels will not become the<br />means of promoting or spreading evil, whether of a physical, moral or economic<br />nature.” United States v. Orito, 413 U.S. 139, 144 (1973). The channels of commerce<br />are “interstate transportation routes through which persons and goods move.” United<br />States v. Ballinger, 395 F.3d 1218, 1225 (11th Cir. 2005) (quoting Morrison, 529<br />U.S. at 613 n.5). These transportation routes “include highways, railroads, navigable<br />waters, and airspace, as well as telecommunications networks, and national<br />securities markets.” Id. at 1225-26 (cleaned up and collecting cases).<br />Congress can also “regulate and protect the instrumentalities of interstate<br />commerce, or persons or things in interstate commerce.” United States v. Lopez, 514<br />U.S. 549, 558 (1995). Unlike channels of commerce, instrumentalities of commerce<br />make the conduct of interstate commerce possible—typically “the people and things<br />themselves moving in commerce, including automobiles, airplanes, boats, and<br />shipments of goods,” along with “pagers, telephones, and mobile phones.”<br />Ballinger, 395 F.3d at 1226 (cleaned up and collecting cases).<br />The plain text of the CTA does not regulate the channels and instrumentalities<br />of commerce, let alone commercial or economic activity. The CTA applies to<br /><br /> <br /><br /><br />29<br />interest in real property,” as well as any “advice, request, or instruction . . . regarding<br />the transfer of funds, currency, or other money or credit in amounts exceeding<br />$10,000 to a person, account, or place outside the United States.” Id. at 34.<br />Second, the Shultz plaintiffs challenged the BSA’s requirement that “anyone<br />connected with the transportation into or out of the country of monetary instruments<br />exceeding $5,000 on any one occasion” must report the transaction. In tandem, they<br />also challenged the BSA’s grant of authority to the Treasury Secretary “to prescribe<br />regulations requiring residents and citizens of the United States, as well as<br />nonresidents in the United States and doing business therein, to maintain records and<br />file reports with respect to their transactions and relationships with foreign financial<br />agencies.” Id. at 36-37.<br />Third, the Shultz plaintiffs challenged the Treasury Secretary’s requirement<br />“that financial institutions file” a report “for each deposit, withdrawal, exchange of<br />currency, or other payment or transfer ‘which involves a transaction in currency of<br />more than $10,000.’” Id. at 39.<br />Shultz is not on point for two reasons. First, Shultz did not address Congress’<br />constitutional authority to enact the Bank Secrecy Act, only “the Act’s asserted<br />violation of specific constitutional prohibitions,” the First, Fourth, and Fifth<br />Amendments. Id. at 30, 44. Second, Shultz also illustrates the CTA’s over-<br />Case 5:22-cv-01448-LCB Document 51 Filed 03/01/24 Page 29 of 53<br /><br />30<br />inclusiveness problem: unlike the challenged disclosure requirements in Shultz, the<br />CTA regulates most State entities, not just entities that move in commerce.<br />The reporting and record-keeping requirements at issue in Shultz were upheld<br />largely because they governed negotiable instruments and money actually moving<br />in foreign and interstate commerce. As the Shultz Court concluded, Congress “was<br />not limited to any one particular approach to effectuate its concern that negotiable<br />instruments moving in the channels of [interstate] commerce were significantly<br />aiding criminal enterprise.” Id. at 46. Further, the BSA’s requirements were imposed<br />on banks, not bank customers, because “Congress recognized that the use of<br />financial institutions, both domestic and foreign, in furtherance of activities designed<br />to evade the regulatory mechanisms of the United States, had markedly increased.”<br />Id. at 38.<br />In sum, Shultz doesn’t stand for the principle that Congress may regulate an<br />entire class whenever some sub-class engages in commerce; Shultz affirms that<br />Congress may regulate a class’s use of the channels and instrumentalities of<br />commerce based on the activities of a sub-class. That is why Congress “could have<br />made the transmission of the proceeds of any criminal activity by negotiable<br />instruments in interstate or foreign commerce a separate criminal offense . . . [or]<br />required that each individual engaging in the sending of negotiable instruments<br />Case 5:22-cv-01448-LCB Document 51 Filed 03/01/24 Page 30 of 53<br /><br />31<br />through the channels of commerce maintain a record of such action.” Id. at 47<br />(emphasis added). But that is as far as Shultz goes.<br />American Power & Light Co. v. Sec. & Exch. Comm’n further proves the<br />point. 329 U.S. 90 (1946). There, two public utility holding companies challenged<br />congressional authority to enact the Public Utility Holding Act, which authorized<br />the Securities and Exchange Commission to require holding companies and their<br />subsidiaries to ensure that their structure “d[id] not unduly or unnecessarily<br />complicate the structure, or unfairly or inequitably distribute voting power among<br />security holders.” Id. at 97. Both plaintiffs in American Power & Light were part of<br />the same corporate structure, composed of an umbrella corporation, five sub-holding<br />companies (including the plaintiffs), and 237 “direct and indirect subsidiaries.” Id.<br />at 95-96. This “vast system embrace[d] utility properties in no fewer than 32 states<br />from New Jersey to Oregon and from Minnesota to Florida, as well as in 12 foreign<br />countries.” Id. at 98.<br />The Supreme Court affirmed the constitutionality of the act, noting first that<br />the challenged statute was “directed solely to public utility holding company systems<br />that use[d] the channels of interstate commerce.” 329 U.S. at 100. The Court held<br />that:<br />Congress, of course, has undoubted power under the commerce clause<br />to impose relevant conditions and requirements on those who use the<br />channels of interstate commerce so that those channels will not be<br />conduits for promoting or perpetuating economic evils. Thus to the<br />Case 5:22-cv-01448-LCB Document 51 Filed 03/01/24 Page 31 of 53<br /><br />32<br />extent that corporate business is transacted through such channels,<br />affecting commerce in more states than one, Congress may act directly<br />with respect to that business to protect what it conceives to be the<br />national welfare. It may prescribe appropriate regulations and<br />determine the conditions under which that business may be pursued.<br />Id. at 99-100 (emphasis added) (citations omitted).<br />Thus, the Government misses the mark when it argues that the Commerce<br />Clause allows Congress to regulate an entire class just because some members of the<br />class use the channels and instrumentalities of commerce. The shared principle<br />between Shultz and American Power & Light Co. is that Congress may “regulate the<br />channels and instrumentalities of commerce . . . to prohibit their use for harmful<br />purposes, even if the targeted harm itself occurs outside the flow of commerce and<br />is purely local in nature.” United States v. Ballinger, 395 F.3d 1218, 1226 (11th Cir.<br />2005) (affirming Congressional power to prohibit destruction of religious property<br />“in or affect[ing] interstate or foreign commerce.”). The Commerce Clause thus<br />allows Congress to regulate “commerce to the extent of forbidding and punishing<br />the use of such commerce,” but no further. Brooks v. United States, 267 U.S. 432,<br />436 (1925) (emphasis added).<br />These cases also illustrate how easily Congress could have written the CTA<br />to pass constitutional muster. For instance, nothing in Shultz or American Power &<br />Light Co. would bar Congress from imposing the CTA’s disclosure requirements on<br />State entities as soon as they engaged in commerce, or from prohibiting the use of<br />Case 5:22-cv-01448-LCB Document 51 Filed 03/01/24 Page 32 of 53<br /><br />33<br />interstate commerce to launder money, “evade taxes, hide . . . illicit wealth, and<br />defraud employees and customers.” Beneficial Ownership Information Reporting<br />Requirements, 87 Fed. Reg. at 59,501. Indeed, Congress has already done so in<br />countless other statutes. See, e.g., 18 U.S.C. § 1343 (criminalizing the<br />communication of information “in interstate or foreign commerce” for the purpose<br />of wire fraud).<br />But that is not what the CTA does. Because the CTA doesn’t regulate the<br />channels and instrumentalities of commerce or prevent their use for a specific<br />purpose, it cannot be justified as a valid regulation of those channels and<br />instrumentalities.<br />b) Substantial effect on Interstate and Foreign Commerce<br />The Government also says that the CTA is within Congress’ commerce power<br />because “Congress rationally concluded that the ability of certain legal entities to<br />withhold beneficial ownership and applicant information, taken in the aggregate,<br />substantially affects interstate commerce.” (Doc. 24-1 at 29) (cleaned up). Indeed,<br />Congress has broad Commerce Clause power “extend[ing] to activities that have a<br />substantial effect on interstate commerce,” including “activities that do so only when<br />aggregated with similar activities of others.” NFIB, 567 U.S. at 549 (internal<br />quotation marks omitted).<br />Case 5:22-cv-01448-LCB Document 51 Filed 03/01/24 Page 33 of 53<br /><br />34<br />In brief, this “substantial effects” doctrine allows Congress to regulate purely<br />intrastate, non-economic activity that (1) has a substantial effect on interstate<br />commerce in the aggregate, when (2) the regulation is in the service of a<br />comprehensive statute that regulates commercial activity on its face, and<br />(3) regulation of the non-economic, non-commercial activity is necessary to make<br />the broader regulation effective. Yet even under this expansive doctrine, the<br />Commerce Clause does not extend far enough to sanction the CTA.<br />First, the future activities of state entities are not enough to invoke Congress’<br />“substantial effects” commerce powers. Even a near certainty of future conduct is<br />insufficient—“[t]he Commerce Clause is not a general license to regulate an<br />individual from cradle to grave, simply because he will predictably engage in<br />particular transactions.” NFIB, 567 U.S. at 557. Congress may “anticipate the effects<br />on commerce of an economic activity,” but it has never been “permitted . . . to<br />anticipate that activity itself in order to regulate individuals not currently engaged in<br />commerce.” NFIB, 567 U.S. at 549. The Supreme Court’s commerce-clause<br />jurisprudence has always “involved preexisting economic activity.” Id.<br />If future activities are off the table, a substantial effects justification for the<br />CTA is limited to two possibilities: either (1) entity formation itself is a commercial<br />activity that substantially affects interstate commerce, or (2) the fact that “many<br />entities subject to the CTA do engage in interstate commercial activity” is enough<br />Case 5:22-cv-01448-LCB Document 51 Filed 03/01/24 Page 34 of 53<br /><br />35<br />to extend the Commerce power to a regulation of incorporated entities. (Doc. 24-1<br />at 30) (emphasis added). The Government wisely hangs its hat on the latter option<br />and concedes that “[i]t is the activities of these entities, not the mere fact that they<br />submitted documents to a Secretary of State, that implicates the Commerce Clause<br />and permits Congress to exercise its authority.” (Doc. 40 at 12).<br />That brings us to the central question: Does Congress have authority under<br />the Commerce Clause to regulate non-commercial, intrastate activity when “certain<br />entities, which have availed themselves of States’ incorporation laws, use the<br />channels of commerce, and their anonymous operations substantially affect<br />interstate and foreign commerce?” (Doc. 40 at 11). The Supreme Court’s Commerce<br />Clause decisions all point to the same conclusion: No.<br />For starters, “the most telling indication of [a] severe constitutional problem<br />. . . is the lack of historical precedent’ for Congress’s action.” NFIB, 567 U.S. at 549.<br />The Court cannot find, and the parties have not identified, any other State or federal<br />law like the CTA. The Government correctly points out that Congress routinely<br />requires entities to submit information to the government without a suspicion of<br />wrongdoing, but the cases it cites in support are not on point. (Doc. 40 at 11) (citing<br />Helvering v. Mitchell, 303 U.S. 393, 399 (1938) (upholding statute criminalizing tax<br />evasion as an exercise of Congress’ enumerated taxing power); and Elec. Bond &<br />Share Co. v. SEC, 303 U.S. 419, 432-33, 437 (upholding public utility holding<br />Case 5:22-cv-01448-LCB Document 51 Filed 03/01/24 Page 35 of 53<br /><br /><br />36<br />company regulation where petitioners conceded that their corporate structure and<br />operations “involve[d] continuous and extensive use of the mails and<br />instrumentalities of interstate commerce.”)).<br />Furthermore, “[i]n addition to being a historical anomaly,” Seila L. LLC v.<br />Consumer Fin. Prot. Bureau, 140 S. Ct. 2183, 2202 (2020), the CTA runs into<br />trouble because it is not a facial regulation of commercial activity, a hallmark of<br />valid substantial effects legislation. United States v. Morrison, 529 U.S. 598, 613<br />(2000). As already noted, the Government concedes that “submitt[ing] documents<br />to a Secretary of State” does not “implicate[] the Commerce Clause.” (Doc. 40 at<br />12). Thus, the Government’s real argument is that the connection between the act of<br />incorporation and the activities Congress sought to curb through the CTA is strong<br />enough to “permit[] Congress to exercise its authority.” Id. But the connection<br />between incorporation and criminal activity is far too attenuated to justify the CTA.<br />Indeed, if such an attenuated connection were enough, Congress’ commerce powers<br />would be functionally limitless.<br />The Supreme Court’s decision in United States v. Morrison is helpful on this<br />point: Congress, it said, can validly regulate intrastate activity where the regulated<br />activity is “economic in nature.” Morrison, 529 U.S. at 613. The Morrison Court<br />considered a challenge to a provision of the Violence Against Women Act that<br />“provide[d] a federal civil remedy for the victims of gender-motivated violence”<br /><br /> <br /><br /><br />38<br />activity only where that activity is economic in nature.” Id. at 613. And because<br />“[g]ender-motivated crimes of violence are not, in any sense of the phrase, economic<br />activity,” the Court concluded that aggregation of effects was not permissible. Id.<br />Finally, as the Supreme Court later explained, the cause of action created by<br />the Violence Against Women Act at issue in Morrison was “unconstitutional<br />because . . . it did not regulate economic activity.” Raich, 545 U.S. 1, 25<br />(distinguishing Morrison). Morrison thus established a “clear pattern of analysis”<br />for Commerce Clause cases: “Where economic activity substantially affects<br />interstate commerce, legislation regulating that activity will be sustained.” Id.<br />In Gonzalez v. Raich, the Supreme Court applied Morrison’s “clear pattern of<br />analysis” in upholding the federal regulation of purely intrastate manufacturing and<br />possession of marijuana. Id. In Raich, individuals who used medical marijuana,<br />which was legal under California law, challenged the enforcement of the Controlled<br />Substances Act after federal agents destroyed a plaintiff’s personal cannabis plants.<br />Id. at 6-7. Among other things, the Raich plaintiffs challenged the CSA as a violation<br />of the Commerce Clause “to the extent it prevent[ed] them from possessing,<br />obtaining, or manufacturing cannabis for their personal medical use.” Id.<br />Unlike the Plaintiffs here, the Raich plaintiffs did “not dispute that passage of<br />the CSA, as part of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act,<br />was well within Congress’ commerce power.” Id. at 15. Instead, they asserted a<br />Case 5:22-cv-01448-LCB Document 51 Filed 03/01/24 Page 38 of 53<br /><br />39<br />“limited,” as-applied claim that “the CSA’s categorical prohibition of the<br />manufacture and possession of marijuana as applied to the intrastate manufacture<br />and possession of marijuana for medical purposes pursuant to California law exceeds<br />Congress’ authority under the Commerce Clause.” Id.<br />On those narrow grounds, the Raich Court held that the CSA was a valid<br />exercise of Congress’ commerce power because, unlike the domestic violence at<br />issue in Morrison, growing marijuana even in small amounts was a “quintessentially<br />economic” activity, defined as “the production, distribution, and consumption of<br />commodities.” Id. at 25-26 (citation omitted). Thus, “[b]ecause the CSA . . . directly<br />regulate[d] economic, commercial activity . . . Morrison cast[] no doubt on its<br />constitutionality.” Id. at 26.<br />Leaning on the legislative purpose of the CTA, the Government asserts that<br />Raich governs here because Congress similarly sought to regulate “quintessentially<br />economic” activities through the CTA. (Doc. 24-1 at 31). Such activities include the<br />“use [of] shell companies to evade taxes, hide . . . illicit wealth, and defraud<br />employees and customers,” as well as money laundering. Beneficial Ownership<br />Information Reporting Requirements, 87 Fed. Reg. at 59,501. The Court agrees that<br />“it is difficult to imagine a more obviously commercial activity than engaging in<br />financial transactions involving the profits of unlawful activity.” United States v.<br />Goodwin, 141 F.3d 394, 399 (2d Cir. 1997).<br />Case 5:22-cv-01448-LCB Document 51 Filed 03/01/24 Page 39 of 53<br /><br />40<br />Even so, the Government has conceded that the act of incorporation is not<br />enough to invoke the Commerce power, so it runs into the same problem here as it<br />does elsewhere—the plain text of the CTA does not regulate the quintessentially<br />economic activities the Government asserts or require entities to engage in those<br />activities to be regulated. As repeatedly shown, incorporation is “in no sense an<br />economic activity that might, through repetition elsewhere, substantially affect any<br />sort of interstate commerce.” Lopez, 514 U.S. at 567.<br />Here, as in Morrison, “the but-for causal chain from” incorporation “to every<br />attenuated effect upon interstate commerce” is too attenuated to be justified under<br />the Commerce Clause. Morrison, 529 U.S. at 615. Courts may not “pile inference<br />upon inference in a manner that would bid fair to convert congressional authority<br />under the Commerce Clause to a general police power of the sort retained by the<br />States.” Lopez, 514 U.S. at 567. Thus, “[n]o matter how inherently integrated”<br />corporate formation is with the activities of those entities, “they are not the same<br />thing: They involve different transactions, entered into at different times, with<br />different” parties. NFIB, 567 U.S. at 558 (internal quotation marks omitted). Because<br />“[t]he proximity and degree of connection between” the formation of an entity and<br />its activities is too attenuated, “[s]uch a law cannot be sustained under a clause<br />authorizing Congress to ‘regulate Commerce.’” Id.; see also Morrison, 529 U.S. at<br />616 n.6 (noting that “the but-for causal chain must have its limits in the Commerce<br />Case 5:22-cv-01448-LCB Document 51 Filed 03/01/24 Page 40 of 53<br /><br />41<br />Clause area”). Indeed, such a permissive “view of causation . . . would obliterate the<br />distinction between what is national and what is local in the activities of commerce.”<br />A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States, 295 U.S. 495, 554 (1935).<br />The Government also justifies the CTA as a “general regulatory statute<br />bearing a substantial relation to commerce.” (Doc. 40 at 11-12) (citing Alabama-<br />Tombigbee Rivers Coal. v. Kempthorne, 477 F.3d 1250, 1273 (11th Cir. 2007)). It is<br />true that Congress has “substantial leeway to regulate purely intrastate activity<br />(whether economic or not) that it deems to have the capability, in the aggregate, of<br />frustrating the broader regulation of interstate economic activity.” United States v.<br />Maxwell, 446 F.3d 1210, 1215 (11th Cir. 2006). Congress’ “substantial leeway”<br />includes the “aggregation of economic effects . . . where the federal action in<br />question is ‘an essential part of a larger regulation of economic activity, in which the<br />regulatory scheme could be undercut unless the intrastate activity were regulated.’”<br />Alabama-Tombigbee Rivers Coal., 477 F.3d at 1272 (quoting Lopez, 514 U.S. at<br />561).<br />There are three problems with this argument. First, the “comprehensive<br />regulatory scheme” framework does not apply to a “single-subject statute whose<br />single subject is itself non-economic.” Maxwell, 446 F.3d at 1216 n.6 (noting that<br />appellant was “challeng[ing] a component of a broader regulatory scheme whose<br />subject [was] decidedly economic.”). The CTA is just such a statute. As already<br />Case 5:22-cv-01448-LCB Document 51 Filed 03/01/24 Page 41 of 53<br /><br />42<br />shown, it is not enough that some sub-class of entities engage in illicit, commercial,<br />or economic activity. Nor are legislative statements that the CTA is a<br />“comprehensive bipartisan reform of . . . anti-money laundering laws” enough to<br />make it so. (Doc. 24-1 at 30-31) (quoting 166 Cong. Rec. S7289, S7309 (Dec. 9,<br />2020) (statement of Sen. Brown)).<br />Rather, unlike a “constitutionally ‘comprehensive’” statute that “regulate[s]<br />an entire market for a commodity,” the CTA regulates entities, owners, and<br />applicants that incorporate an entity with their state, an “isolated, discrete act[]” like<br />the statutes “that were the subject of regulation in Lopez and Morrison.” Maxwell,<br />466 F.3d at 1217 n.7. In other words, incorporation is a single, discrete action far<br />closer to “possession of a gun in a school zone or gender-motivated violence” than<br />a general regulation of controlled substances. Id. at 1216 n.6.<br />Second, the Government’s argument misses that the “essential part of a larger<br />regulation” analysis typically comes into play when assessing whether an exercise<br />of the Commerce power is necessary and proper, not whether the exercise itself is<br />within Congress’ Commerce power. See NFIB, 567 U.S. at 558-59 (treating the<br />Commerce Clause and Necessary and Proper Clause analyses as distinct inquiries).<br />The “comprehensive regulatory scheme” analysis “poses a problem for . . . as-<br />applied challenge[s], because when a general regulatory statute bears a substantial<br />relation to commerce, the de minimis character of individual instances arising under<br />Case 5:22-cv-01448-LCB Document 51 Filed 03/01/24 Page 42 of 53<br /><br />43<br />that statute is of no consequence.” Alabama-Tombigbee Rivers Coal., 477 F.3d at<br />1272 (quotation marks omitted). But the Government’s argument fails to explain<br />how this principle applies in the context of the facial challenge here, besides its<br />repeated assertions that Congress need only use means that are “rationally related”<br />to its commerce power. (Doc. 24-1 at 26) (citing Comstock, 560 U.S. at 134).<br />Once again, these arguments simply do not address the fact that the CTA does<br />not regulate economic or commercial activity on its face. More than that, the<br />Government’s core cases on this point all involve statutes that did facially regulate<br />commerce. See, e.g., Raich, 545 U.S. at 15 (noting that there was no “dispute that<br />passage of the CSA . . . was well within Congress’ commerce power.”); Maxwell,<br />446 F.3d at 1212 (rejecting as-applied challenge to 18 U.S.C. § 2252A(a)(5)(B),<br />which prohibits possession or access to child pornography that is “transported [or<br />produced] using any means or facility of interstate or foreign commerce or in or<br />affecting interstate or foreign commerce by any means”).<br />Third, the Government’s argument that the CTA is necessary and proper to<br />carry out a legitimate exercise of Congress’ commerce powers fails because the CTA<br />is far from essential. Alabama-Tombigbee Rivers Coal., 477 F.3d at 1272. FinCEN’s<br />2016 Customer Due Diligence rule requires “covered financial institutions” to<br />“identify and verify beneficial owners of legal entity customers.” 31 C.F.R.<br />§ 1010.230(a). And how does the CDD rule define a “legal entity customer?” As “a<br />Case 5:22-cv-01448-LCB Document 51 Filed 03/01/24 Page 43 of 53<br /><br />44<br />corporation, limited liability company, or other entity that is created by the filing of<br />a public document with a Secretary of State or similar office, a general partnership,<br />and any similar entity formed under the laws of a foreign jurisdiction that opens an<br />account,” unless the entity fits into one of sixteen exemptions, eight fewer than the<br />CTA. Id. § 1010.230(e)(1)-(2).<br />The CDD rule defines beneficial owner broadly as well: “Each individual<br />. . . who owns, directly or indirectly, 25 percent or more” of the entity; has<br />“significant responsibility to control, manage, or direct a legal entity,” including “a<br />Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, Chief Operating Officer,<br />Managing Member, General Partner, President, Vice President, or Treasurer)” and<br />“[a]ny other individual who regularly performs similar functions.” Id.<br />§ 1010.230(d)(1)-(2).<br />To be clear, FinCEN’s CDD rule and the CTA provide FinCEN with nearly<br />identical information, but the CDD rule does so in a constitutionally acceptable<br />manner. See Shultz, 416 U.S. at 49 (approving similar bank record-keeping<br />requirements). Even the CTA itself acknowledges the similarity. See 31 U.S.C.<br />§ 5336(b)(1)(F) (requiring the Secretary of the Treasury to promulgate regulations<br />that “collect [beneficial owner and applicant] information . . . in a form and manner<br />that ensures the information is highly useful in . . . confirming beneficial ownership<br />information provided to financial institutions.” (emphasis added); see also Pub. L.<br />Case 5:22-cv-01448-LCB Document 51 Filed 03/01/24 Page 44 of 53<br /><br /><br />45<br />116-283 § 6402 (6)(B) “It is the sense of Congress that . . . [collection of] beneficial<br />ownership information . . . [will] confirm beneficial ownership information provided<br />to financial institutions.”).<br />Even at the outer limits of the Necessary and Proper Clause, the practical<br />similarities between these two regulations make it hard to justify a conclusion that<br />“failure to regulate” corporate entities upon formation would “leave a gaping hole”<br />in Congress’ fight against illicit corporate activity and money laundering. Raich, 545<br />U.S. at 22; cf. NFIB, 567 U.S. at 619 (Ginsburg, J., concurring in part) (reasoning<br />that the ACA’s individual insurance mandate was necessary and proper because<br />“[w]ithout the individual mandate . . . guaranteed-issue and community-rating<br />requirements would trigger an adverse-selection death spiral in the health-insurance<br />market”).<br />Finally, as our analysis began with the text, so too does it end with it. Octane<br />Fitness, 572 U.S. at 553. And the text of the CTA is missing a crucial component of<br />valid substantial effects legislation: it “has no express jurisdictional element which<br />might limit its reach to a discrete set of [activities] that additionally have an explicit<br />connection with or effect on interstate commerce.” Lopez, 514 U.S. at 562; see also<br />31 U.S.C. § 5336. The inclusion of a jurisdictional hook is standard operating<br />procedure for Commerce Clause legislation for good reason—it “precludes any<br />serious challenge to the constitutionality of [a] statute as beyond the Commerce<br /><br /> power, because it guarantees ‘a legitimate nexus with interstate commerce.’”<br />Goodwin, 141 F.3d at 400 (quoting Lopez, 514 U.S. at 561).<br />The absence of a jurisdictional hook from the CTA is even more mystifying<br />because Congress knows how to include one when it wants to. So commonplace are<br />these jurisdictional phrases that, for purposes of statutory interpretation, courts<br />assume that “Congress uses different modifiers to the word ‘commerce’ in the design<br />and enactment of its statutes.” Cir. City Stores, Inc. v. Adams, 532 U.S. 105, 115<br />(2001). When Congress legislates pursuant to its Commerce Clause authority, “[t]he<br />phrase ‘affecting commerce’ indicates Congress’ intent to regulate to the outer limits<br />of its authority under the Commerce Clause,” while “the general words ‘in<br />commerce’ and the specific phrase ‘engaged in commerce’ are understood to have a<br />more limited reach.” Id.<br />There are many examples of this principle, including a recent Eleventh Circuit<br />case which upheld 18 U.S.C. § 231(a)(3), a statute “which prohibits impeding law<br />enforcement officers during a civil disorder affecting interstate commerce.” United<br />States v. Pugh, 90 F.4th 1318 (11th Cir. 2024). Other examples abound—for<br />instance, Congress has set wage and hour requirements for “[e]nterprise[s] engaged<br />in commerce or in the production of goods for commerce,” 29 U.S.C. § 203(s)(1),<br />and imposed registration requirements on “any person engaged in the business of<br />manufacturing gambling devices, if the activities of such business in any way affect<br />Case 5:22-cv-01448-LCB Document 51 Filed 03/01/24 Page 46 of 53<br />47<br />interstate or foreign commerce.” 15 U.S.C. § 1173(a); see also Ballinger, 395 F.3d<br />at 1229 (collecting statutes).<br />Faced with the loud silence of the text, the Government argues that Congress<br />meant to regulate interstate and foreign commerce in the CTA: “The CTA is<br />authorized based on the undisputed facts that certain entities, which have availed<br />themselves of States’ incorporation laws, use the channels of commerce, and their<br />anonymous operations substantially affect interstate and foreign commerce.”<br />(Doc. 40 at 11); see also id. (citing to Congressional findings and legislative history);<br />and (Doc. 24-1 at 29) (citing Congressional findings that the “collection of beneficial<br />ownership information is needed to protect interstate commerce.”) (cleaned up).<br />In any event, what Congress intended to do is not the Court’s animating<br />concern, because “it is ultimately the provisions of our laws rather than the principal<br />concerns of our legislators by which we are governed.” Oncale v. Sundowner<br />Offshore Servs., Inc., 523 U.S. 75, 79 (1998). Of course, the presumption that<br />Congressional action is constitutional gives the CTA a significant head start. United<br />States v. Ruggiero, 791 F.3d 1281, 1284 (11th Cir. 2015). And yet even with that<br />head start, “the most formidable argument[s] concerning the statute’s purposes c[an]<br />not overcome the clarity [found] in the statute’s text.” Kloeckner v. Solis, 568 U.S.<br />41, 55 n.4 (2012). Congress, for good or ill, “says in a statute what it means and<br />means in a statute what it says.” Carcieri v. Salazar, 555 U.S. 379, 392 (2009).<br />Case 5:22-cv-01448-LCB Document 51 Filed 03/01/24 Page 47 of 53<br />48<br />As for appeals to congressional findings, “the existence of congressional<br />findings is not sufficient, by itself, to sustain the constitutionality of Commerce<br />Clause legislation. Simply because Congress may conclude that a particular activity<br />substantially affects interstate commerce does not necessarily make it so.” Morrison,<br />529 U.S. at 614 (cleaned up). On the contrary, “[w]hether particular operations affect<br />interstate commerce sufficiently to come under the constitutional power of Congress<br />to regulate them is ultimately a judicial rather than a legislative question, and can be<br />settled finally only by this Court.” Lopez, 514 U.S. at 557 n.2, (alteration in original)<br />(quoting Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States, 379 U.S., 241, 273 (Black, J.,<br />concurring)). And congressional findings lose their weight in the face of the<br />Government’s failure to articulate limiting principles for its Commerce Clause<br />arguments, which makes “the concern . . . that Congress might use the Commerce<br />Clause to completely obliterate the Constitution’s distinction between national and<br />local authority seem[] well founded.” Morrison, 529 U.S. at 615. As a result,<br />“Congress’ findings are substantially weakened by the fact that they rely so heavily<br />on a method of reasoning that [courts] have already rejected as unworkable if we are<br />to maintain the Constitution’s enumeration of powers.” Id.<br />All the same, maybe Congress’ omission of a jurisdictional hook from the<br />CTA was just inartful drafting. No matter, “it is beyond [the Court’s] province to<br />rescue Congress from its drafting errors, and to provide for what we might think is<br />Case 5:22-cv-01448-LCB Document 51 Filed 03/01/24 Page 48 of 53<br />49<br />the preferred result.” Lamie v. U.S. Tr., 540 U.S. 526, 542 (2004) (cleaned up); see<br />also Arizona v. Mayorkas, 143 S. Ct. 478, 479 (2022) (Gorsuch, J., dissenting)<br />(observing that federal courts are “court[s] of law, not policymakers of last resort.”).<br />Because “[i]t is emphatically the province and duty of” this Court to interpret the<br />law, not write it, the Court cannot amend the CTA to include a jurisdictional hook.<br />Marbury, 5 U.S. at 177. Only Congress can do that.<br />Because the CTA does not regulate commerce on its face, contain a<br />jurisdictional hook, or serve as an essential part of a comprehensive regulatory<br />scheme, it falls outside Congress’ power to regulate non-commercial, intrastate<br />activity.<br />C. Taxing Power & Necessary and Proper Clause<br />The Court turns finally to the Government’s argument that the CTA is justified<br />by Congress’ taxing power and the Necessary and Proper Clause.<br />The Government first argues that Plaintiffs have conceded the CTA may be a<br />proper application of Congress’ taxing power, and so their facial challenge must fail.<br />(Doc. 40 at 14) (citing United States v. Salerno, 481 U.S. 739, 745 (1987)). That is<br />a misreading of Plaintiffs’ brief, which said that “[i]f Congress were to limit use and<br />access of the FinCEN database to tax collection purposes, it might be justified under<br />the Necessary and Proper Clause as rationally related to the Taxing Power.” (Doc. 39<br />Case 5:22-cv-01448-LCB Document 51 Filed 03/01/24 Page 49 of 53<br />50<br />at 21). That statement does not amount to a concession that the CTA might actually<br />be a valid exercise of the taxing power.<br />Moving on, the Plaintiffs do not dispute Congress’ power to levy taxes. See<br />U.S. Const. Art. I, § 8, cl. 1; amend. XVI. And although the CTA’s civil penalties,<br />like all civil penalties, “yield[] the essential feature of any tax” by “produc[ing] at<br />least some revenue for the Government,” the Government does not claim that the<br />CTA’s civil penalties are a tax. NFIB, 567 U.S. at 564. Nor could it, since revenue<br />production is necessary but not sufficient to qualify a government action as a tax.<br />Under NFIB’s “functional approach,” the CTA’s civil penalties are not a tax: they<br />are not paid into the Treasury and have no income thresholds; the penalty amounts<br />are fixed rather than variable; the penalties are not “found in the Internal Revenue<br />Code and enforced by the IRS”; and the penalties are imposed only on those who<br />“knowingly” or “willfully” violate the law, and “[s]uch scienter requirements are<br />typical of punitive statutes,” not taxes. Id. at 564-66.<br />Instead, the Government posits that “the collection of beneficial ownership<br />information is necessary and proper to ensure taxable income is appropriately<br />reported,” and that Congress recognized this relationship by “draft[ing] the CTA to<br />allow ‘[o]fficers and employees of the Department of the Treasury [to] obtain access<br />to beneficial ownership information for tax administration purposes[.]’” (Doc. 24-1<br />at 36-37) (quoting 31 U.S.C. § 5336(c)(5)(B)). In other words, the CTA’s<br />Case 5:22-cv-01448-LCB Document 51 Filed 03/01/24 Page 50 of 53<br />51<br />regulations are constitutional because they are sufficiently “incidental” to the taxing<br />power. McCulloch, 4 Wheat. at 418.<br />Although the relationship between disclosure provisions and the taxing power<br />is “well recognized,” (Doc. 40 at 15), the cases relied on by the Government<br />illustrate that providing access to the CTA’s database for tax administration purposes<br />is not enough to establish a sufficiently close relationship here. See Helvering, 303<br />U.S. at 399 (noting that tax return disclosure requirements are an exercise of the<br />taxing power itself); Kramer, 2008 WL 313827, at *3 (holding that a federal<br />occupational tax and registration requirement for gun manufacturers, dealers, and<br />importers was a “legitimate exercise[] of Congress’ taxation power”).<br />As previously discussed, the Necessary and Proper Clause will not justify an<br />act of Congress unless it “involve[s] exercises of authority derivative of, and in<br />service to, a granted power.” NFIB, 567 U.S. at 560. Thus, Congress’ broad authority<br />under the Necessary and Proper Clause depends on the force and vigor of Congress’<br />enumerated powers for its existence. Put plainly, “[w]hen the inquiry is whether a<br />federal law has sufficient links to an enumerated power to be within the scope of<br />federal authority, the analysis depends not on the number of links in the<br />congressional-power chain but on the strength of the chain.” Comstock, 560 U.S. at<br />150 (Kennedy, J., concurring); but see Randy E. Barnett, The Original Meaning of<br />the Necessary and Proper Clause, 6 U. PA. J. CONST. L. 183, 186 (2003) (stating that<br />Case 5:22-cv-01448-LCB Document 51 Filed 03/01/24 Page 51 of 53<br />52<br />the Founders believed the Clause “did not go ‘a single step beyond the delegated<br />powers.’”).<br />The chain here is weak indeed. It would be a “substantial expansion of federal<br />authority” to permit Congress to bring its taxing power to bear just by collecting<br />“useful” data and allowing tax-enforcement officials access to that data. NFIB, 567<br />U.S. at 560. Read that way, the Necessary and Proper Clause would sanction any<br />law that provided for the collection of information useful for tax administration and<br />provided tax officials with access. All Congress would have to do to craft a<br />constitutional law is simply impose a disclosure requirement and give tax officials<br />access to the information.<br />That kind of unfettered legislative power “is in no way an authority that is<br />‘narrow in scope,’ or ‘incidental’ to the exercise of the commerce power.” Id.<br />(citations omitted). Thus, “even if” the CTA’s provisions were “necessary,” “such<br />an expansion of federal power is not a ‘proper’ means for making those [policy<br />goals] effective.” Id.<br />IV. CONCLUSION<br />The Corporate Transparency Act is unconstitutional because it cannot be<br />justified as an exercise of Congress’ enumerated powers. This conclusion makes it<br />unnecessary to decide whether the CTA violates the First, Fourth, and Fifth<br />Amendments.<br />Case 5:22-cv-01448-LCB Document 51 Filed 03/01/24 Page 52 of 53<br />53<br />For these reasons, the Plaintiffs are entitled to summary judgment as a matter<br />of law. The Court GRANTS the Plaintiffs’ Motion for Summary Judgment<br />(Doc. 23) and DENIES the Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss or Alternative Cross<br />Motion for Summary Judgment (Doc. 24). The Court will separately issue a final<br />judgment.<br />DONE and ORDERED March 1, 2024.<br />_________________________________<br />LILES C. BURKE<br />UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE<br />Case 5:22-cv-01448-LCB Document 51 Filed 03/01/24 Page 53 of 53<br /><p></p>Larry Catá Backerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06545101367530775497noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-24800874.post-52223353112603269842024-03-04T15:43:00.013-05:002024-03-04T15:47:29.426-05:00Trump v. Anderson, 601 U. S. ____ (2024): Text of Slip Opinion <div><p> </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhl8Mw9h9xIfiRAPtHLg1MS1Oi6BRKJ8Nfm5LURib-pqPFhVw2T110Z7kazlaZDTcgBzl-4O3Qp2b_qh1LCmQp6AAXB68r1DLqEKj_IRX40r5blIZl0dkbI1GdSgQI1Rg1zFeqCEFPQjraIgt-1eJpVYoq0OQw6Nv5Jg8s4_sWasRgIZ2lzUZh77A/s730/Screenshot%202024-03-04%20at%203.36.28%E2%80%AFPM.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="409" data-original-width="730" height="358" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhl8Mw9h9xIfiRAPtHLg1MS1Oi6BRKJ8Nfm5LURib-pqPFhVw2T110Z7kazlaZDTcgBzl-4O3Qp2b_qh1LCmQp6AAXB68r1DLqEKj_IRX40r5blIZl0dkbI1GdSgQI1Rg1zFeqCEFPQjraIgt-1eJpVYoq0OQw6Nv5Jg8s4_sWasRgIZ2lzUZh77A/w640-h358/Screenshot%202024-03-04%20at%203.36.28%E2%80%AFPM.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Pix credit <a href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/vancouver-does-away-with-alphabetical-order-on-election-ballots-1.4696092" target="_blank">here</a><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p></p><p></p><blockquote> The majority’s choice of a different path leaves the remaining Justices with a choice of how to respond. In my judgment, this is not the time to amplify disagreement with stridency. The Court has settled a politically charged issue in the volatile season of a Presidential election. Particularly in this circumstance, writings on the Court should turn the national temperature down, not up. For present purposes, our differences are far less important than our unanimity: All nine Justices agree on the outcome of this case. That is the message Americans should take home. (BARRETT, J., concurring in part and concurring in the judgment).<br /></blockquote><p></p><p> On 4 March 2023, the Justices of the U.S. Supreme Curt issued their opinion (<i>per curiam</i>) in Trump v. Anderson (No. 23–719). 601 U.S. --- (2024). The essence of the unanimous opinion was that the state Courts of Colorado exceeded their authority with respect to presidential elections; States lack the power to enforce Section 3 of the 14th Amendment against Presidential candidates. The extent of state authority remains to be tested. </p><blockquote> This case raises the question whether the States, in addition to Congress, may also enforce Section 3. We conclude that States may disqualify persons holding or attempting to hold state office. But States have no power under the Constitution to enforce Section 3 with respect to federal offices, especially the Presidency (Slip op. per curiam, p. 6, §II.B).</blockquote><p>Yet that was the least interesting part of the opinion, as important as it is given the current circumstances of U.S political life.</p><p>Far more interesting was what appears to be the dress rehearsal for what comes after. That takes the form of the sparring between Justices SOTOMAYOR, KAGAN, and JACKSON on one side, and the rest of the Justices (except Justice BARRETT), on the other. The issue that brought out the fissures of future litigation (and maybe an enduring jurisprudence) turned on the answer to the question that follows the <i>per curiam</i> holding--if states lack the power to enforce Section 3 of the 14th Amendment against Presidential candidates, who does and how is that authority to be exercised? A majority of the present court believes they might have the answer, and shared the rudiments of the answer that followed that belief. Justice Sotomayor, joined by Justices Kagan, and Jackson, like Justice Barrett, thought that the reflection on what comes next was unnecessary. But unlike Justice Barrett, Justices Sotomayor, Kagan, and Jackson offered their own beliefs about the way than question (not raised) ought to be decided. </p><p>Perhaps Justice Barrett was right--this case might not have been either the right place or the right time to indulge in a dress rehearsal for the opinions that surely appear already to be in genesis for the case that will almost inevitably arise (in one form or anther). Perhaps the lawyers (and those who drive legal discourse among the masses and political officials) might be grateful for a potential sneak peek. In the process they, again, provide a much clearer window on their politics and the consequential premises that will drive their interpretive projects to some plausible place. Interpretation, in these matters, is invariably a function of the premises and principles one brings to them--along with the toolkit of interpretive methodologies which can translate premise into an interpretation that is correct or the best precisely because it most closely aligns with the privileged premises that drove the analysis. One is also reminded that the federal constitution (and the normative political system it operationalizes) provides sometimes large spaces of plausible interpretation and a range of privileging principles among which one can choose and remain true to the text and the spirit of the Constitutional document. The rest is a function of jurisprudentially driven political solidarity. <br /></p><p>The text of the <i>percuriam</i> and the two opinions (Barrett, J., and Sotomayer, J.) follow. The original may be accessed <a href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/23pdf/23-719_19m2.pdf" target="_blank">HERE</a>.<br /></p><p><br /></p><p><span></span></p><p><span></span></p><a name='more'></a><p></p><p> </p> Slip Opinion) Cite as: 601 U. S. ____ (2024)<br />Per Curiam<br /><blockquote>NOTICE: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in the<br />United States Reports. Readers are requested to notify the Reporter of<br />Decisions, Supreme Court of the United States, Washington, D. C. 20543,<br />pio@supremecourt.gov, of any typographical or other formal errors.</blockquote><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES<br />No. 23–719<br />DONALD J. TRUMP, PETITIONER v.<br />NORMA ANDERSON, ET AL.<br />ON WRIT OF CERTIORARI TO THE SUPREME COURT<br />OF COLORADO<br />[March 4, 2024]<br />P ER CURIAM .<br /></div><div> </div><div>A group of Colorado voters contends that Section 3 of the<br />Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution prohibits for-<br />mer President Donald J. Trump, who seeks the Presidential<br />nomination of the Republican Party in this year’s election,<br />from becoming President again. The Colorado Supreme<br />Court agreed with that contention. It ordered the Colorado<br />secretary of state to exclude the former President from the<br />Republican primary ballot in the State and to disregard any<br />write-in votes that Colorado voters might cast for him.<br />Former President Trump challenges that decision on sev-<br />eral grounds. Because the Constitution makes Congress,<br />rather than the States, responsible for enforcing Section 3<br />against federal officeholders and candidates, we reverse.<br />I<br />Last September, about six months before the March 5,<br />2024, Colorado primary election, four Republican and two<br />unaffiliated Colorado voters filed a petition against former<br />President Trump and Colorado Secretary of State Jena<br />Griswold in Colorado state court. These voters—whom we<br />refer to as the respondents—contend that after former<br /><br /><br />2 TRUMP v. ANDERSON<br />Per Curiam</div><div><br />President Trump’s defeat in the 2020 Presidential election,<br />he disrupted the peaceful transfer of power by intentionally<br />organizing and inciting the crowd that breached the Capitol<br />as Congress met to certify the election results on January<br />6, 2021. One consequence of those actions, the respondents<br />maintain, is that former President Trump is constitution-<br />ally ineligible to serve as President again.<br />Their theory turns on Section 3 of the Fourteenth Amend-<br />ment. Section 3 provides:<br />“No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Con-<br />gress, or elector of President and Vice President, or<br />hold any office, civil or military, under the United<br />States, or under any State, who, having previously<br />taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer<br />of the United States, or as a member of any State leg-<br />islature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any<br />State, to support the Constitution of the United States,<br />shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against<br />the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies<br />thereof. But Congress may by a vote of two-thirds of<br />each House, remove such disability.”<br />According to the respondents, Section 3 applies to the for-<br />mer President because after taking the Presidential oath in<br />2017, he intentionally incited the breaching of the Capitol<br />on January 6 in order to retain power. They claim that he<br />is therefore not a qualified candidate, and that as a result,<br />the Colorado secretary of state may not place him on the<br />primary ballot. See Colo. Rev. Stat. §§1–1–113(1), 1–4–<br />1101(1), 1–4–1201, 1–4–1203(2)(a), 1–4–1204 (2023).<br />After a five-day trial, the state District Court found that<br />former President Trump had “engaged in insurrection”<br />within the meaning of Section 3, but nonetheless denied the<br />respondents’ petition. The court held that Section 3 did not<br />apply because the Presidency, which Section 3 does not<br />mention by name, is not an “office . . . under the United<br /><br />3Cite as: 601 U. S. ____ (2024)<br />Per Curiam</div><div><br />States” and the President is not an “officer of the United<br />States” within the meaning of that provision. See App. to<br />Pet. for Cert. 184a–284a.<br />In December, the Colorado Supreme Court reversed in<br />part and affirmed in part by a 4 to 3 vote. Reversing the<br />District Court’s operative holding, the majority concluded<br />that for purposes of Section 3, the Presidency is an office<br />under the United States and the President is an officer of<br />the United States. The court otherwise affirmed, holding<br />(1) that the Colorado Election Code permitted the respond-<br />ents’ challenge based on Section 3; (2) that Congress need<br />not pass implementing legislation for disqualifications un-<br />der Section 3 to attach; (3) that the political question doc-<br />trine did not preclude judicial review of former President<br />Trump’s eligibility; (4) that the District Court did not abuse<br />its discretion in admitting into evidence portions of a con-<br />gressional Report on the events of January 6; (5) that the<br />District Court did not err in concluding that those events<br />constituted an “insurrection” and that former President<br />Trump “engaged in” that insurrection; and (6) that former<br />President Trump’s speech to the crowd that breached the<br />Capitol on January 6 was not protected by the First Amend-<br />ment. See id., at 1a–114a.<br />The Colorado Supreme Court accordingly ordered Secre-<br />tary Griswold not to “list President Trump’s name on the<br />2024 presidential primary ballot” or “count any write-in<br />votes cast for him.” Id., at 114a. Chief Justice Boatright<br />and Justices Samour and Berkenkotter each filed dissent-<br />ing opinions. Id., at 115a–124a, 125a–161a, 162a–183a.<br />Under the terms of the opinion of the Colorado Supreme<br />Court, its ruling was automatically stayed pending this<br />Court’s review. See id., at 114a. We granted former Presi-<br />dent Trump’s petition for certiorari, which raised a single<br />question: “Did the Colorado Supreme Court err in ordering<br />President Trump excluded from the 2024 presidential pri-<br />mary ballot?” See 601 U. S. ___ (2024). Concluding that it<br /><br />4 TRUMP v. ANDERSON<br />Per Curiam</div><div><br />did, we now reverse.<br />II<br />A<br />Proposed by Congress in 1866 and ratified by the States<br />in 1868, the Fourteenth Amendment “expand[ed] federal<br />power at the expense of state autonomy” and thus “funda-<br />mentally altered the balance of state and federal power<br />struck by the Constitution.” Seminole Tribe of Fla. v. Flor-<br />ida, 517 U. S. 44, 59 (1996); see also Ex parte Virginia, 100<br />U. S. 339, 345 (1880). Section 1 of the Amendment, for in-<br />stance, bars the States from “depriv[ing] any person of life,<br />liberty, or property, without due process of law” or<br />“deny[ing] to any person . . . the equal protection of the<br />laws.” And Section 5 confers on Congress “power to enforce”<br />those prohibitions, along with the other provisions of the<br />Amendment, “by appropriate legislation.”<br />Section 3 of the Amendment likewise restricts state au-<br />tonomy, but through different means. It was designed to<br />help ensure an enduring Union by preventing former Con-<br />federates from returning to power in the aftermath of the<br />Civil War. See, e.g., Cong. Globe, 39th Cong., 1st Sess.,<br />2544 (1866) (statement of Rep. Stevens, warning that with-<br />out appropriate constitutional reforms “yelling secession-<br />ists and hissing copperheads” would take seats in the<br />House); id., at 2768 (statement of Sen. Howard, lamenting<br />prospect of a “State Legislature . . . made up entirely of dis-<br />loyal elements” absent a disqualification provision). Sec-<br />tion 3 aimed to prevent such a resurgence by barring from<br />office “those who, having once taken an oath to support the<br />Constitution of the United States, afterward went into re-<br />bellion against the Government of the United States.”<br />Cong. Globe, 41st Cong., 1st Sess., 626 (1869) (statement of<br />Sen. Trumbull).<br />Section 3 works by imposing on certain individuals a pre-<br />ventive and severe penalty—disqualification from holding<br /><br />5Cite as: 601 U. S. ____ (2024)<br />Per Curiam</div><div><br />a wide array of offices—rather than by granting rights to<br />all. It is therefore necessary, as Chief Justice Chase con-<br />cluded and the Colorado Supreme Court itself recognized,<br />to “ ‘ascertain[ ] what particular individuals are embraced’ ”<br />by the provision. App. to Pet. for Cert. 53a (quoting Grif-<br />fin’s Case, 11 F. Cas. 7, 26 (No. 5,815) (CC Va. 1869) (Chase,<br />Circuit Justice)). Chase went on to explain that “[t]o accom-<br />plish this ascertainment and ensure effective results, pro-<br />ceedings, evidence, decisions, and enforcements of deci-<br />sions, more or less formal, are indispensable.” Id., at 26.<br />For its part, the Colorado Supreme Court also concluded<br />that there must be some kind of “determination” that Sec-<br />tion 3 applies to a particular person “before the disqualifi-<br />cation holds meaning.” App. to Pet. for Cert. 53a.<br />The Constitution empowers Congress to prescribe how<br />those determinations should be made. The relevant provi-<br />sion is Section 5, which enables Congress, subject of course<br />to judicial review, to pass “appropriate legislation” to “en-<br />force” the Fourteenth Amendment. See City of Boerne v.<br />Flores, 521 U. S. 507, 536 (1997). Or as Senator Howard<br />put it at the time the Amendment was framed, Section 5<br />“casts upon Congress the responsibility of seeing to it, for<br />the future, that all the sections of the amendment are car-<br />ried out in good faith.” Cong. Globe, 39th Cong., 1st Sess.,<br />at 2768.<br />Congress’s Section 5 power is critical when it comes to<br />Section 3. Indeed, during a debate on enforcement legisla-<br />tion less than a year after ratification, Sen. Trumbull noted<br />that “notwithstanding [Section 3] . . . hundreds of men<br />[were] holding office” in violation of its terms. Cong. Globe,<br />41st Cong., 1st Sess., at 626. The Constitution, Trumbull<br />noted, “provide[d] no means for enforcing” the disqualifica-<br />tion, necessitating a “bill to give effect to the fundamental<br />law embraced in the Constitution.” Ibid. The enforcement<br />mechanism Trumbull championed was later enacted as<br />part of the Enforcement Act of 1870, “pursuant to the power<br /><br />6 TRUMP v. ANDERSON<br />Per Curiam</div><div><br />conferred by §5 of the [Fourteenth] Amendment.” General<br />Building Contractors Assn., Inc. v. Pennsylvania, 458 U. S.<br />375, 385 (1982); see 16 Stat. 143–144.<br />B<br />This case raises the question whether the States, in addi-<br />tion to Congress, may also enforce Section 3. We conclude<br />that States may disqualify persons holding or attempting<br />to hold state office. But States have no power under the<br />Constitution to enforce Section 3 with respect to federal of-<br />fices, especially the Presidency.<br />“In our federal system, the National Government pos-<br />sesses only limited powers; the States and the people retain<br />the remainder.” Bond v. United States, 572 U. S. 844, 854<br />(2014). Among those retained powers is the power of a<br />State to “order the processes of its own governance.” Alden<br />v. Maine, 527 U. S. 706, 752 (1999). In particular, the<br />States enjoy sovereign “power to prescribe the qualifica-<br />tions of their own officers” and “the manner of their election<br />. . . free from external interference, except so far as plainly<br />provided by the Constitution of the United States.” Taylor<br />v. Beckham, 178 U. S. 548, 570–571 (1900). Although the<br />Fourteenth Amendment restricts state power, nothing in it<br />plainly withdraws from the States this traditional author-<br />ity. And after ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment,<br />States used this authority to disqualify state officers in ac-<br />cordance with state statutes. See, e.g., Worthy v. Barrett,<br />63 N. C. 199, 200, 204 (1869) (elected county sheriff ); State<br />ex rel. Sandlin v. Watkins, 21 La. Ann. 631, 631–633 (1869)<br />(state judge).<br />Such power over governance, however, does not extend to<br />federal officeholders and candidates. Because federal offic-<br />ers “ ‘owe their existence and functions to the united voice<br />of the whole, not of a portion, of the people,’ ” powers over<br />their election and qualifications must be specifically “dele-<br />gated to, rather than reserved by, the States.” U. S. Term<br /><br />7Cite as: 601 U. S. ____ (2024)<br />Per Curiam</div><div><br />Limits, Inc. v. Thornton, 514 U. S. 779, 803–804 (1995)<br />(quoting 1 J. Story, Commentaries on the Constitution of<br />the United States §627, p. 435 (3d ed. 1858)). But nothing<br />in the Constitution delegates to the States any power to en-<br />force Section 3 against federal officeholders and candidates.<br />As an initial matter, not even the respondents contend<br />that the Constitution authorizes States to somehow remove<br />sitting federal officeholders who may be violating Section 3.<br />Such a power would flout the principle that “the Constitu-<br />tion guarantees ‘the entire independence of the General<br />Government from any control by the respective States.’ ”<br />Trump v. Vance, 591 U. S. 786, 800 (2020) (quoting Farmers<br />and Mechanics Sav. Bank of Minneapolis v. Minnesota, 232<br />U. S. 516, 521 (1914)). Indeed, consistent with that princi-<br />ple, States lack even the lesser powers to issue writs of<br />mandamus against federal officials or to grant habeas cor-<br />pus relief to persons in federal custody. See McClung v.<br />Silliman, 6 Wheat. 598, 603–605 (1821); Tarble’s Case, 13<br />Wall. 397, 405–410 (1872).<br />The respondents nonetheless maintain that States may<br />enforce Section 3 against candidates for federal office. But<br />the text of the Fourteenth Amendment, on its face, does not<br />affirmatively delegate such a power to the States. The<br />terms of the Amendment speak only to enforcement by Con-<br />gress, which enjoys power to enforce the Amendment<br />through legislation pursuant to Section 5.<br />This can hardly come as a surprise, given that the sub-<br />stantive provisions of the Amendment “embody significant<br />limitations on state authority.” Fitzpatrick v. Bitzer, 427<br />U. S. 445, 456 (1976). Under the Amendment, States can-<br />not abridge privileges or immunities, deprive persons of<br />life, liberty, or property without due process, deny equal<br />protection, or deny male inhabitants the right to vote (with-<br />out thereby suffering reduced representation in the House).<br />See Amdt. 14, §§1, 2. On the other hand, the Fourteenth<br />Amendment grants new power to Congress to enforce the<br /><br />8 TRUMP v. ANDERSON<br />Per Curiam</div><div><br />provisions of the Amendment against the States. It would<br />be incongruous to read this particular Amendment as<br />granting the States the power—silently no less—to disqual-<br />ify a candidate for federal office.<br />The only other plausible constitutional sources of such a<br />delegation are the Elections and Electors Clauses, which<br />authorize States to conduct and regulate congressional and<br />Presidential elections, respectively. See Art. I, §4, cl. 1;<br />Art. II, §1, cl. 2.1 But there is little reason to think that<br />these Clauses implicitly authorize the States to enforce Sec-<br />tion 3 against federal officeholders and candidates. Grant-<br />ing the States that authority would invert the Fourteenth<br />Amendment’s rebalancing of federal and state power.<br />The text of Section 3 reinforces these conclusions. Its fi-<br />nal sentence empowers Congress to “remove” any Section 3<br />“disability” by a two-thirds vote of each house. The text im-<br />poses no limits on that power, and Congress may exercise it<br />any time, as the respondents concede. See Brief for Re-<br />spondents 50. In fact, historically, Congress sometimes ex-<br />ercised this amnesty power postelection to ensure that<br />some of the people’s chosen candidates could take office.2<br />But if States were free to enforce Section 3 by barring can-<br />didates from running in the first place, Congress would be<br />——————<br /><blockquote>1 The Elections Clause directs, in relevant part, that “[t]he Times,<br />Places and Manner of holding Elections for Senators and Representa-<br />tives, shall be prescribed in each State by the Legislature thereof.” Art.<br />I, §4, cl. 1. The Electors Clause similarly provides that “[e]ach State<br />shall appoint, in such Manner as the Legislature thereof may direct, a<br />Number of Electors,” who in turn elect the President. Art. II, §1, cl. 2.<br />2 Shortly after the Fourteenth Amendment was ratified, for instance,<br />Congress enacted a private bill to remove the Section 3 disability of Nel-<br />son Tift of Georgia, who had recently been elected to represent the State<br />in Congress. See ch. 393, 15 Stat. 427. Tift took his seat in Congress<br />immediately thereafter. See Cong. Globe, 40th Cong., 2d Sess., 4499–<br />4500 (1868). Congress similarly acted postelection to remove the disa-<br />bilities of persons elected to state and local offices. See Cong. Globe, 40th<br />Cong., 3d Sess., 29–30, 120–121 (1868); ch. 5, 15 Stat. 435–436.</blockquote><br /><br />9Cite as: 601 U. S. ____ (2024)<br />Per Curiam</div><div><br />forced to exercise its disability removal power before voting<br />begins if it wished for its decision to have any effect on the<br />current election cycle. Perhaps a State may burden con-<br />gressional authority in such a way when it exercises its “ex-<br />clusive” sovereign power over its own state offices. Taylor,<br />178 U. S., at 571. But it is implausible to suppose that the<br />Constitution affirmatively delegated to the States the au-<br />thority to impose such a burden on congressional power<br />with respect to candidates for federal office. Cf. McCulloch<br />v. Maryland, 4 Wheat. 316, 436 (1819) (“States have no<br />power . . . to retard, impede, burden, or in any manner con-<br />trol, the operations of the constitutional laws enacted by<br />Congress”).<br />Nor have the respondents identified any tradition of state<br />enforcement of Section 3 against federal officeholders or<br />candidates in the years following ratification of the Four-<br />teenth Amendment.3 Such a lack of historical precedent is<br />generally a “ ‘telling indication’ ” of a “ ‘severe constitutional<br />problem’ ” with the asserted power. United States v. Texas,<br />599 U. S. 670, 677 (2023) (quoting Free Enterprise Fund v.<br />Public Company Accounting Oversight Bd., 561 U. S. 477,<br />505 (2010)). And it is an especially telling sign here, be-<br />cause as noted, States did disqualify persons from holding<br />state offices following ratification of the Fourteenth Amend-<br />ment. That pattern of disqualification with respect to state,<br />but not federal offices provides “persuasive evidence of a<br />general understanding” that the States lacked enforcement<br />power with respect to the latter. U. S. Term Limits, 514<br />——————<br /><blockquote>3 We are aware of just one example of state enforcement against a<br />would-be federal officer. In 1868, the Governor of Georgia refused to<br />commission John Christy, who had won the most votes in a congressional<br />election, because—in the Governor’s view—Section 3 made Christy inel-<br />igible to serve. But the Governor’s determination was not final; a com-<br />mittee of the House reviewed Christy’s qualifications itself and recom-<br />mended that he not be seated. The full House never acted on the matter,<br />and Christy was never seated. See 1 A. Hinds, Precedents of the House<br />of Representatives §459, pp. 470–472 (1907).</blockquote><br /><br />10 TRUMP v. ANDERSON<br />Per Curiam</div><div><br />U. S., at 826.<br />Instead, it is Congress that has long given effect to Sec-<br />tion 3 with respect to would-be or existing federal office-<br />holders. Shortly after ratification of the Amendment, Con-<br />gress enacted the Enforcement Act of 1870. That Act<br />authorized federal district attorneys to bring civil actions in<br />federal court to remove anyone holding nonlegislative of-<br />fice—federal or state—in violation of Section 3, and made<br />holding or attempting to hold office in violation of Section 3<br />a federal crime. §§14, 15, 16 Stat. 143–144 (repealed, 35<br />Stat. 1153–1154, 62 Stat. 992–993). In the years following<br />ratification, the House and Senate exercised their unique<br />powers under Article I to adjudicate challenges contending<br />that certain prospective or sitting Members could not take<br />or retain their seats due to Section 3. See Art. I, §5, cls. 1,<br />2; 1 A. Hinds, Precedents of the House of Representatives<br />§§459–463, pp. 470–486 (1907). And the Confiscation Act<br />of 1862, which predated Section 3, effectively provided an<br />additional procedure for enforcing disqualification. That<br />law made engaging in insurrection or rebellion, among<br />other acts, a federal crime punishable by disqualification<br />from holding office under the United States. See §§2, 3, 12<br />Stat. 590. A successor to those provisions remains on the<br />books today. See 18 U. S. C. §2383.<br />Moreover, permitting state enforcement of Section 3<br />against federal officeholders and candidates would raise se-<br />rious questions about the scope of that power. Section 5<br />limits congressional legislation enforcing Section 3, because<br />Section 5 is strictly “remedial.” City of Boerne, 521 U. S., at<br />520. To comply with that limitation, Congress “must tailor<br />its legislative scheme to remedying or preventing” the spe-<br />cific conduct the relevant provision prohibits. Florida Pre-<br />paid Postsecondary Ed. Expense Bd. v. College Savings<br />Bank, 527 U. S. 627, 639 (1999). Section 3, unlike other<br />provisions of the Fourteenth Amendment, proscribes con-<br />duct of individuals. It bars persons from holding office after<br /><br />11Cite as: 601 U. S. ____ (2024)<br />Per Curiam</div><div><br />taking a qualifying oath and then engaging in insurrection<br />or rebellion—nothing more. Any congressional legislation<br />enforcing Section 3 must, like the Enforcement Act of 1870<br />and §2383, reflect “congruence and proportionality” be-<br />tween preventing or remedying that conduct “and the<br />means adopted to that end.” City of Boerne, 521 U. S., at<br />520. Neither we nor the respondents are aware of any other<br />legislation by Congress to enforce Section 3. See Tr. of Oral<br />Arg. 123.<br />Any state enforcement of Section 3 against federal office-<br />holders and candidates, though, would not derive from Sec-<br />tion 5, which confers power only on “[t]he Congress.” As a<br />result, such state enforcement might be argued to sweep<br />more broadly than congressional enforcement could under<br />our precedents. But the notion that the Constitution grants<br />the States freer rein than Congress to decide how Section 3<br />should be enforced with respect to federal offices is simply<br />implausible.<br />Finally, state enforcement of Section 3 with respect to the<br />Presidency would raise heightened concerns. “[I]n the con-<br />text of a Presidential election, state-imposed restrictions<br />implicate a uniquely important national interest.” Ander-<br />son v. Celebrezze, 460 U. S. 780, 794–795 (1983) (footnote<br />omitted). But state-by-state resolution of the question<br />whether Section 3 bars a particular candidate for President<br />from serving would be quite unlikely to yield a uniform an-<br />swer consistent with the basic principle that “the President<br />. . . represent[s] all the voters in the Nation.” Id., at 795<br />(emphasis added).<br />Conflicting state outcomes concerning the same candi-<br />date could result not just from differing views of the merits,<br />but from variations in state law governing the proceedings<br />that are necessary to make Section 3 disqualification deter-<br />minations. Some States might allow a Section 3 challenge<br />to succeed based on a preponderance of the evidence, while</div><div></div><div></div><div><br />12 TRUMP v. ANDERSON<br />Per Curiam<br />others might require a heightened showing. Certain evi-<br />dence (like the congressional Report on which the lower<br />courts relied here) might be admissible in some States but<br />inadmissible hearsay in others. Disqualification might be<br />possible only through criminal prosecution, as opposed to<br />expedited civil proceedings, in particular States. Indeed, in<br />some States—unlike Colorado (or Maine, where the secre-<br />tary of state recently issued an order excluding former Pres-<br />ident Trump from the primary ballot)—procedures for ex-<br />cluding an ineligible candidate from the ballot may not<br />exist at all. The result could well be that a single candidate<br />would be declared ineligible in some States, but not others,<br />based on the same conduct (and perhaps even the same fac-<br />tual record).<br />The “patchwork” that would likely result from state en-<br />forcement would “sever the direct link that the Framers<br />found so critical between the National Government and the<br />people of the United States” as a whole. U. S. Term Limits,<br />514 U. S., at 822. But in a Presidential election “the impact<br />of the votes cast in each State is affected by the votes cast”—<br />or, in this case, the votes not allowed to be cast—“for the<br />various candidates in other States.” Anderson, 460 U. S.,<br />at 795. An evolving electoral map could dramatically<br />change the behavior of voters, parties, and States across the<br />country, in different ways and at different times. The dis-<br />ruption would be all the more acute—and could nullify the<br />votes of millions and change the election result—if Section<br />3 enforcement were attempted after the Nation has voted.<br />Nothing in the Constitution requires that we endure such<br />chaos—arriving at any time or different times, up to and<br />perhaps beyond the Inauguration.<br />* * *<br />For the reasons given, responsibility for enforcing Section<br />3 against federal officeholders and candidates rests with<br />Congress and not the States. The judgment of the Colorado<br />13Cite as: 601 U. S. ____ (2024)<br />Per Curiam<br />Supreme Court therefore cannot stand.<br />All nine Members of the Court agree with that result.<br />Our colleagues writing separately further agree with many<br />of the reasons this opinion provides for reaching it. See<br />post, Part I (joint opinion of SOTOMAYOR, KAGAN, and<br />J ACKSON, JJ.); see also post, p. 1 (opinion of BARRETT , J.).<br />So far as we can tell, they object only to our taking into ac-<br />count the distinctive way Section 3 works and the fact that<br />Section 5 vests in Congress the power to enforce it. These<br />are not the only reasons the States lack power to enforce<br />this particular constitutional provision with respect to fed-<br />eral offices. But they are important ones, and it is the com-<br />bination of all the reasons set forth in this opinion—not, as<br />some of our colleagues would have it, just one particular ra-<br />tionale—that resolves this case. In our view, each of these<br />reasons is necessary to provide a complete explanation for<br />the judgment the Court unanimously reaches.<br />The judgment of the Colorado Supreme Court is reversed.<br />The mandate shall issue forthwith.<br />It is so ordered.<br />BARRETT , J., concurring<br />_________________<br />_________________<br />1Cite as: 601 U. S. ____ (2024)</div><div>Opinion of BARRETT , J.<br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES<br />No. 23–719<br />DONALD J. TRUMP, PETITIONER v.<br />NORMA ANDERSON, ET AL.<br />ON WRIT OF CERTIORARI TO THE SUPREME COURT<br />OF COLORADO<br />[March 4, 2024]<br />J USTICE BARRETT , concurring in part and concurring in<br />the judgment.<br /></div><div>I join Parts I and II–B of the Court’s opinion. I agree that<br />States lack the power to enforce Section 3 against Presiden-<br />tial candidates. That principle is sufficient to resolve this<br />case, and I would decide no more than that. This suit was<br />brought by Colorado voters under state law in state court.<br />It does not require us to address the complicated question<br />whether federal legislation is the exclusive vehicle through<br />which Section 3 can be enforced.<br />The majority’s choice of a different path leaves the re-<br />maining Justices with a choice of how to respond. In my<br />judgment, this is not the time to amplify disagreement with<br />stridency. The Court has settled a politically charged issue<br />in the volatile season of a Presidential election. Particu-<br />larly in this circumstance, writings on the Court should<br />turn the national temperature down, not up. For present<br />purposes, our differences are far less important than our<br />unanimity: All nine Justices agree on the outcome of this<br />case. That is the message Americans should take home.</div><div></div><div> </div><div>_________________<br />_________________</div><div>SOTOMAYOR, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part<br /></div><div>1Cite as: 601 U. S. ____ (2024)<br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">SOTOMAYOR, KAGAN, and JACKSON, JJ., concurring in judgment<br />SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES<br />No. 23–719<br />DONALD J. TRUMP, PETITIONER v.<br />NORMA ANDERSON, ET AL.<br />ON WRIT OF CERTIORARI TO THE SUPREME COURT<br />OF COLORADO<br />[March 4, 2024]<br />J USTICE S OTOMAYOR, J USTICE KAGAN, and J USTICE<br />J ACKSON, concurring in the judgment.<br /></div><div>“If it is not necessary to decide more to dispose of a case,<br />then it is necessary not to decide more.” Dobbs v. Jackson<br />Women’s Health Organization, 597 U. S. 215, 348 (2022)<br />(ROBERTS, C. J., concurring in judgment). That fundamen-<br />tal principle of judicial restraint is practically as old as our<br />Republic. This Court is authorized “to say what the law is”<br />only because “[t]hose who apply [a] rule to particular cases<br />. . . must of necessity expound and interpret that rule.”<br />Marbury v. Madison, 1 Cranch 137, 177 (1803) (emphasis<br />added).<br />Today, the Court departs from that vital principle, decid-<br />ing not just this case, but challenges that might arise in the<br />future. In this case, the Court must decide whether Colo-<br />rado may keep a Presidential candidate off the ballot on the<br />ground that he is an oathbreaking insurrectionist and thus<br />disqualified from holding federal office under Section 3 of<br />the Fourteenth Amendment. Allowing Colorado to do so<br />would, we agree, create a chaotic state-by-state patchwork,<br />at odds with our Nation’s federalism principles. That is<br />enough to resolve this case. Yet the majority goes further.<br />Even though “[a]ll nine Members of the Court” agree that<br />this independent and sufficient rationale resolves this case,<br /> </div><div>SOTOMAYOR, KAGAN, JACKSON, JJ., concurring in the judgment<br />2 TRUMP v. ANDERSON<br />SOTOMAYOR, KAGAN, and JACKSON, JJ., concurring in judgment<br /> </div><div>five Justices go on. They decide novel constitutional ques-<br />tions to insulate this Court and petitioner from future con-<br />troversy. Ante, at 13. Although only an individual State’s<br />action is at issue here, the majority opines on which federal<br />actors can enforce Section 3, and how they must do so. The<br />majority announces that a disqualification for insurrection<br />can occur only when Congress enacts a particular kind of<br />legislation pursuant to Section 5 of the Fourteenth Amend-<br />ment. In doing so, the majority shuts the door on other po-<br />tential means of federal enforcement. We cannot join an<br />opinion that decides momentous and difficult issues unnec-<br />essarily, and we therefore concur only in the judgment.<br />I<br />Our Constitution leaves some questions to the States<br />while committing others to the Federal Government. Fed-<br />eralism principles embedded in that constitutional struc-<br />ture decide this case. States cannot use their control over<br />the ballot to “undermine the National Government.” U. S.<br />Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton, 514 U. S. 779, 810 (1995).<br />That danger is even greater “in the context of a Presidential<br />election.” Anderson v. Celebrezze, 460 U. S. 780, 794–795<br />(1983). State restrictions in that context “implicate a<br />uniquely important national interest” extending beyond a<br />State’s “own borders.” Ibid. No doubt, States have signifi-<br />cant “authority over presidential electors” and, in turn,<br />Presidential elections. Chiafalo v. Washington, 591 U. S.<br />578, 588 (2020). That power, however, is limited by “other<br />constitutional constraint[s],” including federalism princi-<br />ples. Id., at 589.<br />The majority rests on such principles when it explains<br />why Colorado cannot take Petitioner off the ballot. “[S]tate-<br />by-state resolution of the question whether Section 3 bars a<br />particular candidate for President from serving,” the major-<br />ity explains, “would be quite unlikely to yield a uniform an-<br />swer consistent with the basic principle that ‘the President<br /> </div><div>SOTOMAYOR, KAGAN, JACKSON, JJ., concurring in the judgment<br />3Cite as: 601 U. S. ____ (2024)<br />SOTOMAYOR, KAGAN, and JACKSON, JJ., concurring in judgment<br /> </div><div>. . . represent[s] all the voters in the Nation.’ ” Ante, at 11<br />(quoting Anderson, 460 U. S., at 795). That is especially so,<br />the majority adds, because different States can reach “[c]on-<br />flicting . . . outcomes concerning the same candidate . . . not<br />just from differing views of the merits, but from variations<br />in state law governing the proceedings” to enforce Section<br />3. Ante, at 11.<br />The contrary conclusion that a handful of officials in a<br />few States could decide the Nation’s next President would<br />be especially surprising with respect to Section 3. The Re-<br />construction Amendments “were specifically designed as an<br />expansion of federal power and an intrusion on state sover-<br />eignty.” City of Rome v. United States, 446 U. S. 156, 179<br />(1980). Section 3 marked the first time the Constitution<br />placed substantive limits on a State’s authority to choose<br />its own officials. Given that context, it would defy logic for<br />Section 3 to give States new powers to determine who may<br />hold the Presidency. Cf. ante, at 8 (“It would be incongru-<br />ous to read this particular Amendment as granting the<br />States the power—silently no less—to disqualify a candi-<br />date for federal office”).<br />That provides a secure and sufficient basis to resolve this<br />case. To allow Colorado to take a presidential candidate off<br />the ballot under Section 3 would imperil the Framers’ vi-<br />sion of “a Federal Government directly responsible to the<br />people.” U. S. Term Limits, 514 U. S., at 821. The Court<br />should have started and ended its opinion with this conclu-<br />sion.<br />II<br />Yet the Court continues on to resolve questions not before<br />us. In a case involving no federal action whatsoever, the<br />Court opines on how federal enforcement of Section 3 must<br />proceed. Congress, the majority says, must enact legisla-<br />tion under Section 5 prescribing the procedures to “ ‘ “ascer-<br />tain[ ] what particular individuals” ’ ” should be disqualified.<br />SOTOMAYOR, KAGAN, JACKSON, JJ., concurring in the judgment<br />4 TRUMP v. ANDERSON<br />SOTOMAYOR, KAGAN, and JACKSON, JJ., concurring in judgment<br />Ante, at 5 (quoting Griffin’s Case, 11 F. Cas. 7, 26<br />(No. 5,815) (CC Va. 1869) (Chase, Circuit Justice)). These<br />musings are as inadequately supported as they are gratui-<br />tous.<br />To start, nothing in Section 3’s text supports the major-<br />ity’s view of how federal disqualification efforts must oper-<br />ate. Section 3 states simply that “[n]o person shall” hold<br />certain positions and offices if they are oathbreaking insur-<br />rectionists. Amdt. 14. Nothing in that unequivocal bar sug-<br />gests that implementing legislation enacted under Section<br />5 is “critical” (or, for that matter, what that word means in<br />this context). Ante, at 5. In fact, the text cuts the opposite<br />way. Section 3 provides that when an oathbreaking insur-<br />rectionist is disqualified, “Congress may by a vote of two-<br />thirds of each House, remove such disability.” It is hard to<br />understand why the Constitution would require a congres-<br />sional supermajority to remove a disqualification if a simple<br />majority could nullify Section 3’s operation by repealing or<br />declining to pass implementing legislation. Even peti-<br />tioner’s lawyer acknowledged the “tension” in Section 3 that<br />the majority’s view creates. See Tr. of Oral Arg. 31.<br />Similarly, nothing else in the rest of the Fourteenth<br />Amendment supports the majority’s view. Section 5 gives<br />Congress the “power to enforce [the Amendment] by appro-<br />priate legislation.” Remedial legislation of any kind, how-<br />ever, is not required. All the Reconstruction Amendments<br />(including the due process and equal protection guarantees<br />and prohibition of slavery) “are self-executing,” meaning<br />that they do not depend on legislation. City of Boerne v.<br />Flores, 521 U. S. 507, 524 (1997); see Civil Rights Cases, 109<br />U. S. 3, 20 (1883). Similarly, other constitutional rules of<br />disqualification, like the two-term limit on the Presidency,<br />do not require implementing legislation. See, e.g., Art. II,<br />§1, cl. 5 (Presidential Qualifications); Amdt. 22 (Presiden-<br />tial Term Limits). Nor does the majority suggest otherwise.<br />SOTOMAYOR, KAGAN, JACKSON, JJ., concurring in the judgment<br /> </div><div>5Cite as: 601 U. S. ____ (2024)<br />SOTOMAYOR, KAGAN, and JACKSON, JJ., concurring in judgment<br /> </div><div>It simply creates a special rule for the insurrection disabil-<br />ity in Section 3.<br />The majority is left with next to no support for its require-<br />ment that a Section 3 disqualification can occur only pursu-<br />ant to legislation enacted for that purpose. It cites Griffin’s<br />Case, but that is a nonprecedential, lower court opinion by<br />a single Justice in his capacity as a circuit judge. See ante,<br />at 5 (quoting 11 F. Cas., at 26). Once again, even peti-<br />tioner’s lawyer distanced himself from fully embracing this<br />case as probative of Section 3’s meaning. See Tr. of Oral<br />Arg. 35–36. The majority also cites Senator Trumbull’s<br />statements that Section 3 “ ‘provide[d] no means for enforc-<br />ing’ ” itself. Ante, at 5 (quoting Cong. Globe, 41st Cong., 1st<br />Sess., 626 (1869)). The majority, however, neglects to men-<br />tion the Senator’s view that “[i]t is the [F]ourteenth<br />[A]mendment that prevents a person from holding office,”<br />with the proposed legislation simply “affor[ding] a more ef-<br />ficient and speedy remedy” for effecting the disqualifica-<br />tion. Cong. Globe, 41st Cong., 1st Sess., at 626–627.<br />Ultimately, under the guise of providing a more “com-<br />plete explanation for the judgment,” ante, at 13, the major-<br />ity resolves many unsettled questions about Section 3. It<br />forecloses judicial enforcement of that provision, such as<br />might occur when a party is prosecuted by an insurrection-<br />ist and raises a defense on that score. The majority further<br />holds that any legislation to enforce this provision must<br />prescribe certain procedures “ ‘tailor[ed]’ ” to Section 3, ante,<br />at 10, ruling out enforcement under general federal stat-<br />utes requiring the government to comply with the law. By<br />resolving these and other questions, the majority attempts<br />to insulate all alleged insurrectionists from future chal-<br />lenges to their holding federal office.<br />* * *<br />“What it does today, the Court should have left undone.”<br /> </div><div>SOTOMAYOR, KAGAN, JACKSON, JJ., concurring in the judgment<br />6 TRUMP v. ANDERSON<br />SOTOMAYOR, KAGAN, and JACKSON, JJ., concurring in judgment</div><div><br />Bush v. Gore, 531 U. S. 98, 158 (2000) (Breyer, J., dissent-<br />ing). The Court today needed to resolve only a single ques-<br />tion: whether an individual State may keep a Presidential<br />candidate found to have engaged in insurrection off its bal-<br />lot. The majority resolves much more than the case before<br />us. Although federal enforcement of Section 3 is in no way<br />at issue, the majority announces novel rules for how that<br />enforcement must operate. It reaches out to decide Section<br />3 questions not before us, and to foreclose future efforts to<br />disqualify a Presidential candidate under that provision. In<br />a sensitive case crying out for judicial restraint, it abandons<br />that course.<br />Section 3 serves an important, though rarely needed, role<br />in our democracy. The American people have the power to<br />vote for and elect candidates for national office, and that is<br />a great and glorious thing. The men who drafted and rati-<br />fied the Fourteenth Amendment, however, had witnessed<br />an “insurrection [and] rebellion” to defend slavery. §3.<br />They wanted to ensure that those who had participated in<br />that insurrection, and in possible future insurrections,<br />could not return to prominent roles. Today, the majority<br />goes beyond the necessities of this case to limit how Section<br />3 can bar an oathbreaking insurrectionist from becoming<br />President. Although we agree that Colorado cannot enforce<br />Section 3, we protest the majority’s effort to use this case to<br />define the limits of federal enforcement of that provision.<br />Because we would decide only the issue before us, we concur<br />only in the judgment.<br /><br /><br /><div id="mainContainer"><div id="viewerContainer" tabindex="0">
</div>
</div>
<div id="dialogContainer">
</div>
</div>Larry Catá Backerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06545101367530775497noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-24800874.post-74906609951313446232024-03-03T17:06:00.021-05:002024-03-04T14:50:56.461-05:00Mapping New Era Theory: 习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想科学体系 [Xi Jinping’s Scientific System of Socialist Thought with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era]<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpZ67sCPaQ_EAemHqVfTGcZne5UvqEr8bE2NLY4dnNr5ltlsB9JYIZB76dtfbuXfYCXbXp3r530gBstjiVmSL_IncMftbm2PgblcQVJy6gZw1texK94VarAuIkhDLuZkY1sEBwtRx-cZ0QkyHGzu8MipnqARBsVJw4nbuKE1k4bgLSzfvMhcpWig/s534/Screenshot%202024-03-02%20at%202.21.31%E2%80%AFPM.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="370" data-original-width="534" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpZ67sCPaQ_EAemHqVfTGcZne5UvqEr8bE2NLY4dnNr5ltlsB9JYIZB76dtfbuXfYCXbXp3r530gBstjiVmSL_IncMftbm2PgblcQVJy6gZw1texK94VarAuIkhDLuZkY1sEBwtRx-cZ0QkyHGzu8MipnqARBsVJw4nbuKE1k4bgLSzfvMhcpWig/s16000/Screenshot%202024-03-02%20at%202.21.31%E2%80%AFPM.png" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Pix credit <a href="https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/dJfVP_7oiZUQAo8nIFWdAw" target="_blank">here </a>(Learning Map/Study Guide)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p><br /><br /></p><p>For both friends and foes of China, the Chinese political-economic model--its contemporary Marxist-Leninist structures--has become something of a fetish. In one sense it has been reduced to an object--a thing encapsulated in words--that ca be used to signal loyalty or opposition (for example), or to manage targeted populations (one way or another). In another sense, it has become the vessel through which it is possible to "signify" China and its governance apparatus--either as a marker of bad, good, or indifferent. Lastly, it serves to define place, space, and time; in this case either China, or more often it is useful to define the spaces (including ideological spaces) that are "not China. All of this is fair--and an ancient set of practices that ave been studied (and used) from a variety of perspectives for an even wider variety of purposes.</p><p></p><p>Still, every once in a while it pays to recall that Chinese Marxist-Leninism is not an object, or objectifier of the institutions and apparatus of power in that nation. This is especially so in Chine Leninism's "New Era" emerging from out of the prior era of "Reform and Opening Up." To that end it is useful to move beyond a treatment of its parts as a series of ideological slogans to the system for which it serves as sign and signal. A closer study of the internal guts of contemporary Chinese Leninism in its current "New" era rewards its student. </p><p>Indeed, Chinese Leninist theory as it has developed substantially and in important ways during the leadership of Xi Jinping; it remains a dynamic process. That dynamism, in turn, has added a level of difficulty for anyone seeking to distill the essence of contemporary Chinese Leninism in this New Era (new, that is, from the passing Era of Reform and Opening Up). The difficulty is not limited to foreigners. As theoretical underpinnings have developed since the 1920s, it has become more complex and layered. Even as specific premises, principles and manifestations of Leninist frameworks have been given shorter names, both the number of these components of New Era Leninism, and their relationship to each other has proven to be a challenge. </p><p>To some extent, the General Program of the Chinese Communist Party Constitution proves helpful. BUt it has its own challenges. It is an organic documents that must be read simultaneously in the traditional linear fashion (that is from beginning to end), and at the same time as a series of layers, each of which manifesting the essence of Leninism during its historical eras of central relevance (revolutionary era; the era of class, struggle, the era of reform and opening up, and now the new era). That also requires a certain level of sophistication that may prove challenging to those who do not devote themselves full time to the study and application of theory within the complex ecologies of Chinese Marxist-Leninism as a structural, normative, and operational system. </p><p>It is thus of great interest when authoritative elements of the vanguard of leading social forces--organized as the Communist Party of China and vested with the leadership and guidance authority of the nation under the theories of Marxism and Leninism and its progressive dialectics firmly planted on the socialist road toward the establishment of a communist society in China--permits the development and circulation of a text-based chart which attempts to describe the ecologies of principles and premises, and their inter-relations, that together constitute New Era theory--<a href="https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/dJfVP_7oiZUQAo8nIFWdAw" target="_blank">习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想科学体系</a> [Xi Jinping’s Scientific System of Socialist Thought with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era] and its core related premises. The text chart is introduced this way:</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_p2mKIgJ35wPbpL_1Ek6tPTBWfgGcApXuwJtsgG6FG0CnQZFQRMrqZ__6ddSivEOzswJKrdpNfDCs3Rv-FYAl99ETqCffBeG61wGZs7iuDW0dhtvR1tCwfhhccs6fklXkkYlbUFUqxwS5RAyH1NEZbZ4NJqZcBPSmvj0iMCDCuxr2OWAr2wkPXA/s641/Screenshot%202024-03-03%20at%205.16.31%E2%80%AFPM.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="312" data-original-width="641" height="195" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_p2mKIgJ35wPbpL_1Ek6tPTBWfgGcApXuwJtsgG6FG0CnQZFQRMrqZ__6ddSivEOzswJKrdpNfDCs3Rv-FYAl99ETqCffBeG61wGZs7iuDW0dhtvR1tCwfhhccs6fklXkkYlbUFUqxwS5RAyH1NEZbZ4NJqZcBPSmvj0iMCDCuxr2OWAr2wkPXA/w400-h195/Screenshot%202024-03-03%20at%205.16.31%E2%80%AFPM.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Pix credit <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1R9aaaypY5Y" target="_blank">here</a></span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><blockquote><p><a href="https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/dJfVP_7oiZUQAo8nIFWdAw" target="_blank">巩固拓展主题教育成果,这份导图学习收藏 </a><br /> 学习大国 2024-02-05 04:25 </p><p>北京 学习贯彻习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想主题教育,是贯彻落实党的二十大精神的重大举措。2024年2月4日,主题教育总结会议在京召开。从去年4月开始,主题教育自上而下分两批进行,目前已基本结束。巩固拓展主题教育成果,深入领会习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想,这份要点导图学习收藏↓↓↓ </p><p>A Mapping of collected knowledge that consolidates and expands thematic educational achievements<br />Study the Great Country 2024-02-05 04:25 Beijing<br /><br />Studying and implementing the thematic education of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era is a major means of implementing the spirit of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China. On February 4, 2024, the theme education summary meeting was held in Beijing. Starting from April last year, thematic education has been carried out in two batches from top to bottom and is now basically completed. Consolidate and expand the results of thematic education, and deeply understand Xi Jinping’s new era of socialism with Chinese characteristics. Learn and collect this key map↓↓↓</p></blockquote><p>The Text Chart may prove quite useful for those who could profit from a rationalized organization of the principles, and premised, along with their inter-relations, that together describe the the whole of Chinese Leninism for the New Era. It provides a quite useful insight into the way in which the core of leadership now understands the premise ecologies of New Era theory as the current expression of Leninist response to the fundamental objective justifying its existence--the stay on and move the nation forward with the ·socialist" path toward the establishment of a Communist society in China--one with, at least at this point, with Chinese characteristics. For those on the outside it serves as a hint of the neural pathways that inevitably produce the forms and thrusts of Chinese responses to and projections onto the world beyond its borders.</p><p></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2gLZb_M5CmGoYaY-I5_fx_6-43iZlsFiSuTbui6KRWzPSpsObsw6E7egab2OLsbaoeoxZZi9HS_3ZgQ0QIn3jDQGAw8ciMuuaTvl-2932ex5-QiyUaFaLwbx0aPwea8LviYOY6_jUQDoiIm_JDp-HQg3qbWCReygXguVTWtNBbSFiLHyv4sak5Q/s417/Screenshot%202024-03-03%20at%205.12.54%E2%80%AFPM.png" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="363" data-original-width="417" height="279" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2gLZb_M5CmGoYaY-I5_fx_6-43iZlsFiSuTbui6KRWzPSpsObsw6E7egab2OLsbaoeoxZZi9HS_3ZgQ0QIn3jDQGAw8ciMuuaTvl-2932ex5-QiyUaFaLwbx0aPwea8LviYOY6_jUQDoiIm_JDp-HQg3qbWCReygXguVTWtNBbSFiLHyv4sak5Q/w320-h279/Screenshot%202024-03-03%20at%205.12.54%E2%80%AFPM.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Pic credit<a href="https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.antidotomx.com%2F%3Fu%3Dends-of-the-earth-verse-meaning-and-significance-in-rr-oYrljatp&psig=AOvVaw1Kg2KBS1Kiq2dy_TE2RMPs&ust=1709590276817000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBUQjhxqFwoTCMD_wamO2YQDFQAAAAAdAAAAABAO" target="_blank"> here</a></span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p>However one values this system, its values, and structures, along with
its core premises, a better understanding of its structures, framework
and the normative substance of its core values is always useful beyond
the instrumental fetishism of it uses otherwise. If nothing else, it
might help to understand both the choices and constraints of Chinese
decision making on the world stage and within its own territory. </p><p>The Text Chart follows below. It is then disassembled and reconstituted in a layered format suitable for English speakers/readers (together with the original Chinese text from which it is drawn). My hope is that this may prove of some use for those who try t align Leninist theory in contemporary China with contemporary expressions as Chinese national policies and choices. In the process, the reader can acquire a better introduction to many of the key principles that constitute Chinese Leninism and that appear from time to time in Chinese political discourse. A final caution: (1) each of these points can be best understood as condensation, a reduction and essentialization, of what in some cases are much more nuanced elaborations to which they refer; (2) notice the way the key premises overlap reproducing a dialectics within the conceptual universe of New Era Leninism. (for introductions to some key terms see, e,g, <a href="https://wb.beijing.gov.cn/home/wswm/yyhj/fyyd/202107/t20210703_2428361.html" target="_blank">here</a> (1), <a href="https://wb.beijing.gov.cn/home/wswm/yyhj/fyyd/202107/t20210715_2437449.html" target="_blank">here</a> (2), <a href="https://language.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202008/17/WS5f39f2b0a310834817260bdd.html" target="_blank">here</a> (3), <a href="https://wb.beijing.gov.cn/home/wswm/yyhj/fyyd/202107/t20210727_2449805.html" target="_blank">here</a> (4), <a href="https://wb.beijing.gov.cn/home/wswm/yyhj/fyyd/202108/t20210812_2467461.html" target="_blank">here</a> (5), <a href="https://wb.beijing.gov.cn/home/wswm/yyhj/fyyd/202108/t20210818_2471359.html" target="_blank">here</a>(6), <a href="https://wb.beijing.gov.cn/home/wswm/yyhj/fyyd/202109/t20210908_2488219.html" target="_blank">here</a>(7), <a href="https://language.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202011/03/WS5fa10fc6a31024ad0ba82d47.html" target="_blank">here</a>(8), <a href="https://language.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202011/16/WS5fb22d01a31024ad0ba9467d.html" target="_blank">here</a>(9), <a href="https://language.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202012/22/WS5fe17d3da31024ad0ba9d581.html" target="_blank">here(</a>10). <br /></p><span><a name='more'></a></span><p></p><p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiE1wDPuZAgnK4De_Bue-yHLGBkED_CnXD-6jCJazLLIG5rze-W9g4DLYtiCruCModg5Wd5QHF3Bvq6nWqm7SqaRhVOUaKJ3InWYsvhs60jSptMQrVnxUYEw6W75ozAUtfFDgQ7xqhGux6HtL1mxq8G-VyRBc1jEdBGZaLDPRXunkBk8846xAbTXQ/s3875/640.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3875" data-original-width="1080" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiE1wDPuZAgnK4De_Bue-yHLGBkED_CnXD-6jCJazLLIG5rze-W9g4DLYtiCruCModg5Wd5QHF3Bvq6nWqm7SqaRhVOUaKJ3InWYsvhs60jSptMQrVnxUYEw6W75ozAUtfFDgQ7xqhGux6HtL1mxq8G-VyRBc1jEdBGZaLDPRXunkBk8846xAbTXQ/w178-h640/640.png" width="178" /></a></div><p> </p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWigmEMGsBKzyu9AZip0FfhcIdk8DPVTPz_su0bUbdcXDnVxDgdLnBgYtEC6k0t_enPo2e4h4LhjFCfWUEHUG88BSmEjI8MqeSeDQxdKzCbjm9Od-s17LYGq3vEj76Oca_MjGlVPqQ3SJA60dSQz0zwJGoUrMiGgW7-ZdLnqKRlz-y513E7T3Xmw/s2830/640-1.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2830" data-original-width="1080" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWigmEMGsBKzyu9AZip0FfhcIdk8DPVTPz_su0bUbdcXDnVxDgdLnBgYtEC6k0t_enPo2e4h4LhjFCfWUEHUG88BSmEjI8MqeSeDQxdKzCbjm9Od-s17LYGq3vEj76Oca_MjGlVPqQ3SJA60dSQz0zwJGoUrMiGgW7-ZdLnqKRlz-y513E7T3Xmw/w244-h640/640-1.png" width="244" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFn4SI7kBHmh25kQUlMiwkS12w12wbBNRr8fLzJRe3NMu9RY3uZZpPpkLjIcBoBeIelavrk88Stp34QgH7M3Yn9SSkomNpE3jCr2rqTaGe6aFy80INrWAcWQKEFasBUT4X_JglEEarQw5mQVRguIzjEk-9braV7bdGLm95MuCNl1G4YcSZdIbGCw/s2694/640-2.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2694" data-original-width="1080" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFn4SI7kBHmh25kQUlMiwkS12w12wbBNRr8fLzJRe3NMu9RY3uZZpPpkLjIcBoBeIelavrk88Stp34QgH7M3Yn9SSkomNpE3jCr2rqTaGe6aFy80INrWAcWQKEFasBUT4X_JglEEarQw5mQVRguIzjEk-9braV7bdGLm95MuCNl1G4YcSZdIbGCw/w256-h640/640-2.png" width="256" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">The Chart is entitled </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">学习导图/ Learning Map or Study Guide <br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Everything that follows is tied together in a syllabus or curricular guide map (学冈导图).</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"> </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">The guide map is divided into 13 major components:</div><p></p><blockquote>(1) 习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想科学体系 [Xi Jinping’s Scientific System of Socialist Thought with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era]<br />(2) <a href="http://theory.people.com.cn/n1/2022/1021/c40531-32549042.html" target="_blank">两个确立</a> [Two Establishes]<br />(3) <a href="http://english.scio.gov.cn/featured/chinakeywords/2021-05/13/content_77493417.htm" target="_blank">四个意识</a> [Four Consciousnesses]<br />(4) 四个自信 [Four Self-Confidences]<br />(5) <a href="http://theory.people.com.cn/n1/2022/1021/c40531-32549042.html" target="_blank">两个维护</a> [Two Safeguards]<br />(6) 『五位一体』总体布局 [Five-in-one-Overall Layout (of the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics)]<br />(7) <a href="https://www.moj.gov.cn/pub/sfbgw/zwgkztzl/2021nzt/dsxxjy20210506/dszl/dsbk/202203/t20220309_450152.html" target="_blank">『四个全面』战略布局 </a>[Four Pronged Comprehensive Strategy]<br />(8) <a href="https://www.12371.cn/special/zgsxdh/" target="_blank">中国式现代化</a> [Chinese Style Modernization]<br />(9) <a href="https://www.chinanews.com.cn/cj/2024/03-03/10173310.shtml" target="_blank">推动高质量发展 </a>[Promote High Quality Development]<br /> (10)<a href="http://dangjian.people.com.cn/n1/2022/0908/c117092-32521964.html" target="_blank"> 建设社会主义文化强国</a> [Developing a Strong Socialist Culture in China]<br />(11) <a href="https://www-gov-cn.translate.goog/zhengce/202401/content_6925405.htm?_x_tr_sl=zh-CN&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=sc" target="_blank">建设美丽中国</a> [Building a Beautiful China]<br />(12) <a href="https://nnsa.mee.gov.cn/qmgjanjyr/ztgjaqg/202304/t20230419_1027636.html" target="_blank">坚定维护国家安全</a> [Firmly Safeguard National Security]<br />(13) <a href="https://www.mfa.gov.cn/eng/zxxx_662805/202309/t20230922_11148422.html" target="_blank">推动构建人类命运共同体</a> [Build a Community with a Shared Future for Mankind]</blockquote><p>Each of these is then further sub-divided:</p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><b> (1) 习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想科学体系 [Xi Jinping’s Scientific System of Socialist Thought with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era] is composed of four parts:</b></span></p><p></p><blockquote>(i) <a href="https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%AA%E6%98%8E%E7%A1%AE/59181261" target="_blank">十个明确 </a>[Ten Clarifications/Affirmations] (Discussion papers <a href="http://theory.people.com.cn/n1/2021/1129/c40531-32294143.html" target="_blank">here</a>,<br /></blockquote><p></p><blockquote><blockquote> (I) <i><b>明确</b></i>中国特色社会主义最本质的特征是中国共产党领导,中国特色社会主义制度的最大优势是中国共處婆鋼品:-由果替價隊是靈煙堅益來冒杂學:<br />鑫醬、做到“两个维护”。[<span class="HwtZe" lang="en"><span class="jCAhz ChMk0b"><span class="ryNqvb">(I) It is clear that the most essential feature of socialism with Chinese characteristics is the leadership of the Communist Party of China, and the greatest advantage of the socialist system with Chinese characteristics is the Chinese coexistence.</span></span><span class="jCAhz"><span class="ryNqvb">
</span></span><span class="jCAhz ChMk0b"><span class="ryNqvb">We must achieve "two safeguards" [<i>NOTE: (1) </i></span></span></span><i>"Safeguard the 'core' status of General Secretary Xi Jinping within the CCP"; (2)"To safeguard the centralized authority of the Party"</i><span class="HwtZe" lang="en"><span class="jCAhz ChMk0b"><span class="ryNqvb">].</span></span></span>]<br /><br />(II) <b><i>明确</i></b>坚持和发展中国特色社会主义,总任务是实现社会主义现代化和中华民族伟大复兴,在全面建成小康社会的基础上,分两步走在本世纪中叶建成富强民主文明和谐美丽的社会主义现代化强国,以中国式现代化推进中华民族伟大复兴。[<span class="HwtZe" lang="en"><span class="jCAhz ChMk0b"><span class="ryNqvb">(II) It is clear that the overall task of upholding and developing socialism with Chinese characteristics is to realize socialist modernization and the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. On the basis of building a moderately prosperous society in an all-round way, we will build a prosperous, strong, democratic, civilized, harmonious and beautiful society by the middle of this century in two steps. We must build a modern and powerful socialist country and promote the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation through Chinese-style modernization.</span></span></span>]<br /><br />(III) <b><i>明确</i></b>新时代我国社会主要矛盾是人民日益增长的美好生活需要和不平衡不充分的发展之间的矛盾,必须坚持以人民为中心的发展思想,发展全过程人民民主,推动人的全面发展、全体人民共同富裕取得更为明显的实质性进展。[<span class="HwtZe" lang="en"><span class="jCAhz ChMk0b"><span class="ryNqvb">(III) It is clear that the main contradiction in our society in the new era is the contradiction between the people's growing needs for a better life and unbalanced and inadequate development. We must adhere to the people-centered development idea, develop people's democracy throughout the process, and promote the all-round development of people. development and common prosperity for all people.</span></span></span>]<br /><br />(IV) <b><i>明确</i></b>中国特色社会主义事业总体布局是经济建设、政治建设、文化建设、社会建设、生态文明建设五位一体,战略布局是全面建设社会主义现代化国家、全面深化改革、全面依法治国、全面从严治党四个全面。[<span class="HwtZe" lang="en"><span class="jCAhz ChMk0b"><span class="ryNqvb">(IV) It is clear that the overall layout of the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics is five-in-one: economic construction, political construction, cultural construction, social construction, and ecological civilization construction. The strategic layout is to comprehensively build a socialist modern country, comprehensively deepen reforms, comprehensively govern the country according to law, comprehensively Strictly govern the party in four aspects.</span></span></span>]<br /><br />(V) <b><i>明确</i></b>全面深化改革总目标是完善和发展中国特色社会主义制度、推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化。[<span class="HwtZe" lang="en"><span class="jCAhz ChMk0b"><span class="ryNqvb">(V) It is clear that the overall goal of comprehensively deepening reform is to improve and develop the socialist system with Chinese characteristics and promote the modernization of the national governance system and governance capabilities.</span></span></span>]<br /><br />(VI) <b><i>明确</i></b>全面推进依法治国总目标是建设中国特色社会主义法治体系、建设社会主义法治国家。[<span class="HwtZe" lang="en"><span class="jCAhz ChMk0b"><span class="ryNqvb">(VI) It is clear that the overall goal of comprehensively promoting the rule of law is to build a socialist legal system with Chinese characteristics and a socialist country ruled by law.</span></span></span>] [discussion <a href="https://www.uscc.gov/sites/default/files/2023-05/Moritz_Rudolf_Testimony.pdf" target="_blank">here</a>]<br /><br />(VII)<b><i> 明确</i></b>必须坚持和完善社会主义基本经济制度,使市场在资源配置中起决定性作用,更好发挥政府作用,把握新发展阶段,贯彻创新、协调、绿色、开放、共享的新发展理念,加快构建以国内大循环为主体、国内国际双循环相互促进的新发展格局,推动高质量发展,统筹发展和安全。[<span class="HwtZe" lang="en"><span class="jCAhz ChMk0b"><span class="ryNqvb">(VII) It is clear that we must uphold and improve the basic socialist economic system so that the market plays a decisive role in resource allocation, and let the government play its role better, grasp the new development stage, and implement the new development concepts of innovation, coordination, green, openness, and sharing, Accelerate the construction of a new development pattern with the domestic cycle as the main body and the domestic and international dual cycles reinforcing each other, promote high-quality development, and coordinate development and security.</span></span></span>]<br /><br />(VIII) <b><i>明确</i></b>党在新时代的强军目标是建设一支听党指挥、能打胜仗、作风优良的人民军队,把人民军队建设成为世界一流军队。[<span class="HwtZe" lang="en"><span class="jCAhz ChMk0b"><span class="ryNqvb">(VIII) It is clear that the party’s goal of strengthening the military in the new era is to build a people’s army that obeys the party’s command, can win wars, and has a good work style, and to build the people’s army into a world-class army.</span></span></span>]<br /><br />(IX) <b><i>明确</i></b>中国特色大国外交要服务民族复兴、促进人类进步,推动建设新型国际关系,推动构建人类命运共同体。[<span class="HwtZe" lang="en"><span class="jCAhz ChMk0b"><span class="ryNqvb">(IX) It is clear that major-country diplomacy with Chinese characteristics should serve national rejuvenation, promote human progress, promote the construction of a new type of international relations, and promote the construction of a community with a shared future for mankind.</span></span></span>]<br /><br />(X) <i><b>明确</b></i>全面从严治党的战略方针,提出新时代党的建设总要求,全面推进党的政治建设、思想建设、组织建设、作风建设、纪律建设,把制度建设贯穿其中,深入推进反腐败斗争,落实管党治党政治责任,以伟大自我革命引领伟大社会革命。[<span class="HwtZe" lang="en"><span class="jCAhz ChMk0b"><span class="ryNqvb">(X) It is clear that the strategic policy of comprehensively and strictly governing the party must be clarified, it must progressively develop the general requirements for party building in the new era, comprehensively promote the party’s political construction, ideological construction, organizational construction, work style construction, and discipline construction, integrate system construction throughout it, and deeply promote the reform and opening up of the party. Fight corruption, implement the political responsibility of party management, and lead the great social revolution with great self-revolution.</span></span></span>]</blockquote></blockquote><p></p><blockquote>(ii) <a href="https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%9B%E4%B8%AA%E5%9D%9A%E6%8C%81/22239956" target="_blank">十四个坚持</a> [Fourteen "Persist-in"/Commitments/Adherances]<br /></blockquote><blockquote></blockquote><p></p><blockquote><p></p><blockquote><p>(I) 坚持觉对一切工作的领导 [<span class="HwtZe" lang="en"><span class="jCAhz ChMk0b"><span class="ryNqvb">Commit to conscious party leadership in all work</span></span>]</span><br /></p><p>(II) 坚持以人民为中心 [<span class="HwtZe" lang="en"><span class="jCAhz ChMk0b"><span class="ryNqvb">Adhere to the people-centered approach</span></span></span>]<br /></p><p>(III) 坚持全面深化改革 [<span class="HwtZe" lang="en"><span class="jCAhz ChMk0b"><span class="ryNqvb">Adhere to comprehensively deepen reform</span></span><span class="jCAhz"><span class="ryNqvb"> </span></span></span>]<br /></p><p>(IV) 坚持新发展理念 [<span class="HwtZe" lang="en"><span class="jCAhz ChMk0b"><span class="ryNqvb">Adhere to a new vision in development concepts</span></span></span>]<br /></p><p>(V) 坚持人民当家作主 [Commit to the principle that <span class="HwtZe" lang="en"><span class="jCAhz ChMk0b"><span class="ryNqvb">the people are the masters of the country</span></span></span>]<br /></p><p>(VI) 坚持全面依法治国 [<span class="HwtZe" lang="en"><span class="jCAhz ChMk0b"><span class="ryNqvb">Adhere to the comprehensive [Socialist] rule of law</span></span> in all governance</span>]<br /></p><p>(VII) 坚持社会主义核心价值体系 [<span class="HwtZe" lang="en"><span class="jCAhz ChMk0b"><span class="ryNqvb">Adhere to the socialist core value system</span></span></span>]<br /></p><p>(VIII) 坚持在发展中保障和改善民生 [<span class="HwtZe" lang="en"><span class="jCAhz ChMk0b"><span class="ryNqvb">Persist in development to ensure and improve the people's livelihood</span></span></span>] <br /></p><p>(IX) 坚持人与自然和谐共生 [<span class="HwtZe" lang="en"><span class="jCAhz ChMk0b"><span class="ryNqvb">Adhere to the harmonious coexistence between man and nature</span></span></span>]<br /></p><p>(X) 坚持总体国家安全观 [<span class="HwtZe" lang="en"><span class="jCAhz ChMk0b"><span class="ryNqvb">Adhere to the overall national security concept]</span></span><span class="jCAhz"><span class="ryNqvb"> </span></span></span><br /></p><p>(XI) 坚持党对人民军队的绝对领导 [<span class="HwtZe" lang="en"><span class="jCAhz ChMk0b"><span class="ryNqvb">Uphold the Party’s absolute leadership over the people’s military</span></span></span>]<br /></p><p>(XII) 坚持“一国两制”和推进祖国统一 [<span class="HwtZe" lang="en"><span class="jCAhz ChMk0b"><span class="ryNqvb">Adhere to "one country, two systems" and promote the reunification of the motherland</span></span></span>]<br /></p><p>(XIII) 坚持推动构建人类命运共同体 [<span class="HwtZe" lang="en"><span class="jCAhz ChMk0b"><span class="ryNqvb">Persist in promoting the construction of a community with a shared future for mankind</span></span></span>]<br /></p><p>(XIV) 坚持全面从严治党 [<span class="HwtZe" lang="en"><span class="jCAhz ChMk0b"><span class="ryNqvb">Adhere to comprehensive and strict governance of the party</span></span></span>]<br /> </p></blockquote></blockquote><p></p><blockquote>(iii) <a href="https://www.12371.cn/2023/04/03/ARTI1680514740355141.shtml" target="_blank">十三个方面成就</a> [Thirteen Aspects of Achievement]<br /></blockquote><blockquote><blockquote> 在坚持党的全面领导、全面从严治党、经济建设、全面深化改革开放、政治建设、全面依法治国、文化建设、社会建设、生态文明建设、国防和军队建设、维护国家安全、坚持“一国两制”和推进祖国统一、外交工作等方面取得的历史性成就和发生的历史性变革。[<span class="HwtZe" lang="en"><span class="jCAhz ChMk0b"><span class="ryNqvb">(I) upholding the Party's overall leadership, (II) comprehensively and strictly governing the Party, (III) economic development, (IV) comprehensively deepening reform and opening up, (V) political construction, (VI) comprehensive rule of law, (VII) cultural construction, (VIII) social construction, (IX) ecological civilization construction, (X) national defense and military construction, (XI) safeguarding national security, (XII) adhering to "one country, two systems" ” and the historic achievements and changes that have occurred in promoting the reunification of the motherland, and (XIII) diplomatic work.</span></span></span>]</blockquote></blockquote><p> <br /></p><blockquote>(iv) <a href="https://www-news-cn.translate.goog/politics/20240208/68decc165eaa4277b11534407d53a722/c.html?_x_tr_sch=http&_x_tr_sl=zh-CN&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=sc" target="_blank">六个必须坚持</a> [Six Musts] (discussed <a href="http://www.qstheory.cn/laigao/ycjx/2022-11/26/c_1129162257.htm" target="_blank">here</a>)<br /></blockquote><blockquote><blockquote> (I) 必须坚持人民至上 [<span class="HwtZe" lang="en"><span class="jCAhz ChMk0b"><span class="ryNqvb">(I) We must adhere to putting the People</span></span></span>]<br />(II) 必须坚持自信自立 [<span class="HwtZe" lang="en"><span class="jCAhz ChMk0b"><span class="ryNqvb">(II) We must persist in self-confidence and self-reliance</span></span></span>]<br />(III) 必须坚持守正创新 [<span class="HwtZe" lang="en"><span class="jCAhz ChMk0b"><span class="ryNqvb">(III) We must adhere to integrity and innovation</span></span></span>] <br />(IV) 必须坚持问题导向 [<span class="HwtZe" lang="en"><span class="jCAhz"><span class="ryNqvb"></span></span><span class="jCAhz ChMk0b"><span class="ryNqvb">(IV) Must adhere to problem orientation</span></span></span>]<br />(V) 必须坚持系统观念 [<span class="HwtZe" lang="en"><span class="jCAhz ChMk0b"><span class="ryNqvb">(V) Must adhere to a systematic concept</span></span><span class="jCAhz"><span class="ryNqvb"> </span></span></span>]<br />(VI)必须坚持胸怀天下 [<span class="HwtZe" lang="en"><span class="jCAhz ChMk0b"><span class="ryNqvb">(VI) We must persist in being world-minded]</span></span></span><br /></blockquote></blockquote><p> <br /></p><p><br /><b><span style="font-size: medium;">(2) <a href="https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%B8%A4%E4%B8%AA%E7%A1%AE%E7%AB%8B/59181060" target="_blank">两个确立</a> [Two Establishes]</span></b></p><p></p><blockquote><p>(i) 确立习近平同志党中央的核心、全党的核心地位 [Establish Comrade Xi Jinping as the core of the Party Central Committee and the core position of the entire party]</p><p> (ii) 确立习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想的指导地位 [Establish the guiding position of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era]</p></blockquote><p></p><p></p><blockquote><blockquote>(I) 党在新时代取得的重大政治成果 [<span class="HwtZe" lang="en"><span class="jCAhz ChMk0b"><span class="ryNqvb">These are the Party’s major political achievements in the new era</span></span></span>]<br />(II) 对新时代党和国家事业发展、对推进中华民族伟大复兴历史进程具有决定性意义 [They are both <span class="HwtZe" lang="en"><span class="jCAhz ChMk0b"><span class="ryNqvb">of decisive significance to the development of the cause of the party and the country in the new era and to promoting the historical process of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.</span></span></span>]<br /></blockquote></blockquote><br /><br /><b><span style="font-size: medium;">(3) <a href="http://english.scio.gov.cn/featured/chinakeywords/2021-05/13/content_77493417.htm" target="_blank">四个意识</a> [Four Consciousnesses] (also <a href="http://newyork.china-consulate.gov.cn/eng/xw/201603/t20160303_4715380.htm" target="_blank">here</a>)<br /></span></b><p></p><p></p><blockquote><blockquote>(i) 政治意识 [conscious maintenance of political integrity]<br />(ii) 大局意识 [conscious attention to the broader picture/situation]<br />(iii) 核心意识 [conscious of following the leadership core]<br />(iv) 看齐意识 [conscious alignment with the Central Committee]</blockquote></blockquote><p><br /><br /><br /><b><span style="font-size: medium;">(4) <a href="http://ex.chinadaily.com.cn/exchange/partners/82/rss/channel/language/columns/v0m20b/stories/WS5f6aac20a31024ad0ba7b349.html" target="_blank">四个自信</a> [Four Self-Confidences]</span></b><br /></p><blockquote>(i) 坚定道路自信 [self-confidence in the [Socialist] path]<br /></blockquote><p></p><blockquote><blockquote> 坚信中国特色社会主义道路是我国实现现代化、创造人民美好生活的必由之路,是实现中华民族伟大复兴的必由之路。[We firmly believe that the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics is the only way for our country to realize modernization and create a better life for the people, and it is the only way to achieve the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. ]</blockquote></blockquote><p></p><blockquote>(ii) 坚定理论自信 [self-confidence in the theory]<br /></blockquote><blockquote><blockquote> 坚信中国特色社会主义理论体系是指导党和人民实现中华民族伟大复兴的正确理论,是立足时代前沿、与时俱进的科学理论。[<span class="HwtZe" lang="en"><span class="jCAhz ChMk0b"><span class="ryNqvb">We firmly believe that the theoretical system of socialism with Chinese characteristics is the correct theory to guide the party and the people to achieve the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. It is a scientific theory based on the forefront of the times and advancing with the times.</span></span></span>]</blockquote></blockquote><blockquote>(iii) 坚定制度自信 [self-confidence in the system]<br /></blockquote><p></p><blockquote><blockquote> 坚信中国特色社会主义制度是当代中国发展进步的根本制度保障,是具有明显制度优势、强大自我完善能力的先进制度。[We firmly believe that the socialist system with Chinese characteristics is the fundamental institutional guarantee for the development and progress of contemporary China. It is an advanced system with obvious institutional advantages and strong self-improvement capabilities. ] <br /></blockquote></blockquote><blockquote>(iv) 坚定文化自信 [cultural self-confidence]</blockquote><p></p><blockquote><blockquote>坚信中国特色社会主义文化积淀着中华民族最深层的精神追求,代表着中华民族独特的精神标识,是激励全党全国各族人民奋勇前进的强大精神力量。[We firmly believe that the socialist culture with Chinese characteristics embodies the deepest spiritual pursuit of the Chinese nation, represents the unique spiritual identity of the Chinese nation, and is a powerful spiritual force that inspires the entire Party and people of all ethnic groups to move forward bravely.]</blockquote></blockquote><br /><b><span style="font-size: medium;">(5) <a href="http://xitheory.china.com.cn/2022-10/09/content_78431252.html" target="_blank">两个维护</a> [Two Safeguards/"Upholds"]</span></b><p></p><p></p><p></p><blockquote><p>(i) 坚决维护习近平总书记党中央的核心、全党的核心地位 [<span class="HwtZe" lang="en"><span class="jCAhz ChMk0b"><span class="ryNqvb">Resolutely safeguard General Secretary Xi Jinping’s central position as the core of the Party Central Committee and the entire Party</span></span></span>]</p><p>(ii) 坚决维护党中央权威和集中统-领导 [<span class="HwtZe" lang="en"><span class="jCAhz ChMk0b"><span class="ryNqvb">Resolutely safeguard the authority and centralized leadership of the Party Central Committee</span></span></span>]</p></blockquote><blockquote><blockquote>党的十八大以来我们党的重大政治成果和宝贵经验,是最根本的政治纪律和政治规矩。 [Our party’s major political achievements and valuable experiences since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China are the most fundamental political disciplines and rules.]</blockquote></blockquote><p><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>(6)</b></span><a href="http://english.scio.gov.cn/m/featured/chinakeywords/2023-03/20/content_85178604.htm" target="_blank">『</a><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><a href="http://english.scio.gov.cn/m/featured/chinakeywords/2023-03/20/content_85178604.htm" target="_blank">五位一体』总体布局</a> [Five-in-one-Overall (Development) Layout (of the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics)]</b></span><br /><br /></p><blockquote>(i) 经济建设 [Economic Development]<br />(ii) 政治建设 [Political Development]<br />(iii) 文化建设 [Cultural Development]<br />(iv) 社会建设 [Social Development]<br />(v) 生态文明建设 [Ecological Civilization Development]<br /><blockquote>中国特色社会主义事业总体布局,是我们党对社会主义建设规律在实践和认识上不断深化的重要成 [The overall layout of the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics is an important achievement of our party’s continuous deepening of practice and understanding of the laws of socialist construction.]</blockquote></blockquote><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>(7) <a href="https://language.chinadaily.com.cn/2017xuexi/2015-02/26/content_29848998.htm" target="_blank">『四个全面』战略布局</a> [Four Pronged Comprehensive Strategy]</b></span><br /></p><blockquote>(i) 全面建设社会主义现代化国家 [Comprehensively build a modern socialist country ()]<br /></blockquote><blockquote><blockquote> 战略目标,在“四个全面”中居于引领地位。[Comprehensively build a modern socialist country strategic goals, taking the leading position in the "Four Comprehensives". ] <br /></blockquote></blockquote><blockquote>(ii) 全面深化改革 [Comprehensively deepen reforms]<br />(iii) 全面依法治国 [Comprehensively governing the country in accordance with law]<br />(iv) 全面从严治党 [Comprehensively and strictly govern the Party]</blockquote><blockquote><blockquote> 三大战略举措,为全面建设社会主义现代化国家提供重要保障 [These three major strategic measures provide important guarantees for the comprehensive construction of a modern socialist country] </blockquote></blockquote><br /><p></p><p> (8) 中国式现代化 [Chinese Style Modernization]<br /><br /></p><blockquote>(i) 中国特色(五方面)[Chinese Characteristics (five aspects)]<br /></blockquote><p></p><blockquote><blockquote>(I) 人口规模巨大的现代化 [(I) Modernization for a country with a huge populaiton]<br />(II) 全体人民共同富裕的现代化[(II) Modernizatn with common prosperity for all people]<br />(III) 物质文明和精神文明相协调的现代化 [(III) Modernization that harmonizes material civilization and spiritual civilization]<br />(IV) 人与自然和谐共生的现代化 [(IV) Modernization in which man and nature coexist harmoniously]<br />(V) 走和平发展道路的现代化 [(V) Modernization follwoing the path of peaceful development ]</blockquote></blockquote><p></p><blockquote>(ii) 本质要求 (九个)[Essential Requirements (nine)]</blockquote><blockquote><blockquote> (I) 坚持中国共产党领导,(II) 坚持中国特色社会主义,(III) 实现高质量发展,(IV) 发展全过程人民民主,(V) 丰富人民精神世界,(VI) 实现全体人民共同富裕,(VII) 促进人与自然和谐共生,(VIII) 推动构建人类命运共同体,(IX) 创造人类文明新形态。[(I) Uphold the leadership of the Communist Party of China, (II) Adhere to socialism with Chinese characteristics, (III) Achieve high-quality development, (IV) Develop people's democracy throughout the process, (V) Enrich the people's spiritual world, (VI) Achieve common prosperity for all people , (VII) Promote the harmonious coexistence between man and nature, (VIII) Promote the construction of a community with a shared future for mankind, (IX) Create a new form of human civilization.]</blockquote></blockquote><blockquote>(iii) 重大原则 (五个)[Major Principles (five)]</blockquote><blockquote><blockquote>(I) 坚持和加强党的全面领导 [(I) Uphold and strengthen the party’s overall leadership ]<br />(II) 坚持中国特色社会主义道路 [(II) Adhere to the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics]<br />(III) 坚持以人民为中心的发展思想 [(III) Adhere to the people-centered development philosophy]<br />(IV) 坚持深化改革开放 [(IV) Persist in deepening reform and opening up]<br />(V) 坚持发扬斗争精神 [(V) Persist in carrying forward the spirit of struggle]</blockquote></blockquote><blockquote>(iv) 重大关系 (六个)[Significant Relationships (six)]</blockquote><blockquote><blockquote>(I) 正确处理顶层设计与实践探索的关系 [(I) Correctly handle the relationship between top-level design and practical exploration]<br />(II) 正确处理战略与策略的关系 [(II) Correctly handle the relationship between strategy and tactics ]<br />(III) 正确处理守正与创新的关系 [(III) Correctly handle the relationship between integrity and innovation ]<br />(IV) 正确处理效率与公平的关系 [(IV) Correctly handle the relationship between efficiency and fairness]<br />(V) 正确处理活力与秩序的关系 [(V) Correctly handle the relationship between vitality and order ]<br />(VI) 正确处理自立自强与对外开放的关系 [(VI) Correctly handle the relationship between self-reliance and self-reliance and opening up to the outside world]</blockquote></blockquote><p></p><p>(9) 推动高质量发展 [Promote High Quality Development]</p><p></p><blockquote> (i) 新发展理念 [New Development Concepts]<br /></blockquote><blockquote><blockquote>创新 协调 绿色 开放 共享 [Innovation, coordination, green, openness, sharing]</blockquote></blockquote><blockquote>(ii) 新发展格局 [New Development Structures [Dual Circulation]]<br /></blockquote><p></p><blockquote><blockquote> 加快构建以国内大循环为主体、国内国际双循环相互促进的新发展格局 [Accelerate the construction of a new development pattern with domestic circulation as the main element and with domestic and international dual circulations reinforcing each other. ]</blockquote></blockquote><p></p><blockquote>(iii) “<a href="https://cpc-people-com-cn.translate.goog/n1/2023/0220/c164113-32627447.html?_x_tr_sch=http&_x_tr_sl=zh-CN&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=sc" target="_blank">两个毫不动摇</a>” [Two Unwaivering Principles]<br /></blockquote><blockquote><blockquote>(I) 毫不动摇巩固和发展公有制经济 [(I) Unswervingly consolidate and develop the public economy] <br />(II) 毫不动摇鼓励、支持、引导非公有制经济发展 [(II) Unswervingly encourage, support, and guide the development of the non-public economy]</blockquote></blockquote><blockquote>(iv) “<a href="https://baike.sogou.com/v99811564.htm" target="_blank">两个健康</a>” [Two Healthy Developments]<br /></blockquote><p></p><blockquote><blockquote> (I) 促进非公有制经济健康发展 [(I) Promote the healthy development of the non-public economy]<br />(II) 促进非公有制经济人士健康成长 [(II) Promote the healthy growth of people in the non-public sector of the economy]</blockquote></blockquote><p></p><blockquote>(v) 新时代做好经济工作的规律性认识 <a href="http://cpc.people.com.cn/xuexi/n/2015/0721/c385474-27336357.html" target="_blank">“五个必须”</a> [<span class="HwtZe" lang="en"><span class="jCAhz ChMk0b"><span class="ryNqvb">Understanding the “<a href="http://www.news.cn/politics/2023-12/20/c_1130038445.htm" target="_blank">Five Musts</a>” for doing a good job in economic work in the new era</span></span></span> ] [also <a href="http://cpc.people.com.cn/xuexi/n/2015/0721/c385474-27336357.html" target="_blank">here</a>; <a href="http://www.cppcc.gov.cn/zxww/2023/12/25/ARTI1703475007697348.shtml" target="_blank">here</a>]<br /></blockquote><p></p><blockquote><blockquote>(I) 必须把坚持高质量发展作为新时代的硬道理 [(I) We must adherence to high-quality development which must be regarded as the last word in the new era]<br />(II) 必须坚持深化供给侧结构性改革和着力扩大有效需求协同发力 [(II) We must persist in deepening supply-side structural reforms and focus on expanding effective demand through coordinated efforts ]<br />(III) 必须坚持依靠改革开放增强发展内生动力 [(III) We must persist in relying on reform and opening up to enhance the endogenous driving force for development]<br />(IV) 必须坚持高质量发展和高水平安全良性互动 [(IV) We must adhere to high-quality development and high-level safe and positive interactions]<br />(V) 必须把推进中国式现代化作为最大的政治 [(V) We must regard promoting Chinese-style modernization as the top political priority]</blockquote></blockquote><p></p><blockquote>(vi) 实施 乡村振兴战略 [Impementing the Rural Revitalization Strategy]</blockquote><blockquote><blockquote>(I) 总目标——农业农村现代化 [(I) Overall goal—agricultural and rural modernization]<br />(I) 总方针一--坚持农业农村优先发展 [(II) General Policy Primary Goal - Adhere to the priority development of agriculture and rural areas]<br />(III) 总要求——产业兴旺、生态宜居、乡风文明、治理有效、生活富裕 [(III) General requirements - prosperous industry, livable ecology, civilized rural customs, effective governance, and prosperous life]<br />(IV) 坚持乡村全面振兴,实现乡村产业振兴、人才振兴、文化振兴、生态振兴、组织振兴,推动农业全面升级、农村全面进步、农民全面发展。[(IV) Adhere to the comprehensive revitalization of rural areas, achieve the revitalization of rural industries, talents, culture, ecology, and organizations, and promote the comprehensive upgrading of agriculture, comprehensive rural progress, and all-round development of farmers.]</blockquote></blockquote>(10) 建设社会主义文化强国 [Developing a Strong Socialist Culture in China]<br /><blockquote>(i) “<a href="https://www-dangjian-com.translate.goog/shouye/sixianglilun/lilunqiangdang/202310/t20231019_6685508.shtml?_x_tr_sch=http&_x_tr_sl=zh-CN&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=sc" target="_blank">两个结合</a>” [Two Combinations]<br /></blockquote><blockquote><blockquote>(I) 坚持和发展马克思主义必须同中国具体实际相结合 [(I) Upholding and developing Marxism must be combined with China’s specific reality]<br />(II) 坚持和发展马克思主义必须同中华优秀传统文化相结合 [(II) Upholding and developing Marxism must be combined with China’s excellent traditional culture]</blockquote></blockquote><blockquote>(ii) 中华文明的突出特性 (“五个突出特性”)[<span class="HwtZe" lang="en"><span class="jCAhz ChMk0b"><span class="ryNqvb">Outstanding characteristics of Chinese civilization (“Five Outstanding Characteristics”)</span></span></span>]<br /></blockquote><blockquote><blockquote> (I) 突出的连续性 [(I) Outstanding Continuity]<br />(II) 突出的创新性 [(II) Outstanding innovation]<br />(III) 突出的统一性 [(III) Outstanding unity]<br />(IV) 突出的包容性 [(IV) Outstanding inclusiveness]<br />(V) 突出的和平性 (V) Outstanding peacefulness]</blockquote></blockquote><blockquote>(iii) 学习贯彻 习近平 文化思想(“七个着力”)[S<span class="HwtZe" lang="en"><span class="jCAhz ChMk0b"><span class="ryNqvb">tudy and implement Xi Jinping’s cultural thoughts (“Seven Focuses”)</span></span></span>]<br /></blockquote><blockquote><blockquote>(I) 着力加强党对宣传思想文化工作的领导 [(I) Focus on efforts to strengthen the party’s leadership over ideological and cultural propaganda work]<br />(II) 着力建设具有强大凝聚力和引领力的社会主义意识形态 [(II) Focus on building a socialist ideology with strong cohesion and leadership]<br />(III) 着力培育和践行社会主义核心价值观 [(III) Focus on cultivating and practicing socialist core values]<br />(IV) 着力提升新闻舆论传播力引导力影响力公信 [(IV) Focus on improving the dissemination, guidance, influence and credibility of news and public opinion]<br />(V) 力着力赓续中华文脉、推动中华优秀传统文化创造性转化和创新性发展 [(V) Strive to continue the Chinese cultural context and promote the creative transformation and innovative development of China’s excellent traditional culture]<br />(VI) 着力推动文化事业和文化产业繁荣发展 [(VI) Focus on efforts to promote the prosperity and development of cultural undertakings and cultural industries]<br />(VII) 着力加强国际传播能力建设、促进文明交流互鉴 [(VII) Focus on strengthening international communication capabilities and promoting exchanges and mutual learning among civilizations]</blockquote></blockquote><blockquote>(iv) 新时代新征程网信工作的使命任务 (<a href="https://cn.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202402/26/WS65dbe5cda3109f7860dd2dc8.html" target="_blank">“十个坚持”</a>)[<span class="HwtZe" lang="en"><span class="jCAhz ChMk0b"><span class="ryNqvb">The mission and tasks of cybersecurity work in the new era and new journey (“Ten Persistences”)</span></span></span>] [also <a href="https://cn.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202402/26/WS65dbe5cda3109f7860dd2dc8.html" target="_blank">here</a>]<br /></blockquote><blockquote><blockquote>(I) 坚持党管互联网 [(I) Persist on insisting that the Party governs the Internet]<br />(II) 坚持网信为民 [(II) Persist in adhering to the objective of Internet information for the people ]<br />(III) 坚持走中国特色治网之道 [(III) APersist in aherance to the approach of Internet governance with Chinese characteristics]<br />(IV) 坚持统筹发展和安全 [(IV) Insist on coordinating development and security]<br />(V) 坚持正能量是总要求、管得住是硬道理、用得好是真本事 [(V) Persist on adhering to positive energy as the general requirement, being able to control it is the last word, and using it well is the real skill]<br />(VI) 坚持筑牢国家网络安全屏障 [(VI) Persist in building a strong national network security barrier]<br />(VII) 坚持发挥信息化驱动引领作用 [(VII) Persist in adhering to the leading role of informatization]<br />(VIII) 坚持依法管网、依法办网、依法上网 [(VIII) Persist in adherance to the concept of managing the Internet in accordance with the law, operating the Internet in accordance with the law, and accessing the Internet in accordance with the law]<br />(IX) 坚持推动构建网络空间命运共同体 [(IX) Persist in promoting the building of a community with a shared future in cyberspace]<br />(X) 坚持建设忠诚干净担当的网信工作队伍 [(X) Persist in building a loyal, clean and responsible cybersecurity and informatization work team]</blockquote></blockquote><p>(11) <a href="https://www-gov-cn.translate.goog/zhengce/202401/content_6925405.htm?_x_tr_sl=zh-CN&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=sc" target="_blank">建设美丽中国</a> [Building a Beautiful China]</p><p></p><p></p><blockquote>(i) 继续推进生态 [Continue to Promote Environmentalism]<br />(ii) <a href="https://baike-baidu-com.translate.goog/item/%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E%E5%BB%BA%E8%AE%BE/7116586?_x_tr_sl=zh-CN&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=sc" target="_blank">文明建设</a> [Build Ecological Civilization] [also <a href="https://www-qstheory-cn.translate.goog/dukan/qs/2023-11/15/c_1129973752.htm?_x_tr_sch=http&_x_tr_sl=zh-CN&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=sc" target="_blank">here</a>]<br /> (iii) 正确处理 [Correctly Handle Contradiction]<br /> (iv) “五个重大关系” ["Five Significant Relationships"]</blockquote><p></p><blockquote><blockquote>(I) 正确处理高质量发展和高水平保护的关系 [(I) Correctly handle the relationship between high-quality development and high-level protection]<br />(II) 正确处理重点攻坚和协同治理的关系 [(II) Correctly handle the relationship between key tasks and collaborative governance ]<br />(III) 正确处理自然恢复和人工修复的关系 [(III) Correctly handle the relationship between natural recovery and artificial restoration ]<br />(IV) 正确处理外部约束和内生动力的关系 [(IV) Correctly handle the relationship between external constraints and endogenous motivation ]<br />(V) 正确处理“双碳”承诺和自主行动的关系 [(V) Correctly handle the relationship between “double carbon” commitments and independent actions]</blockquote></blockquote><br /><p></p><p></p><p><br />(12) 坚定维护国家安全 [Firmly Safeguard National Security]<br /></p><blockquote>(i) 坚持总体国家安全观 [Adhere to the Overall National Security Concept]</blockquote><blockquote><blockquote>(I) 必须坚持国家利益至上 [(I) National interests must be put first]<br />(II) 以人民安全为宗旨 [(II) Taking people's safety is the primary purpose] <br />(III) 以政治安全为根本 [(III) Natonal security is based on political security]<br />(IV) 以经济安全为基础 [(IV) It is based on economic security]<br />(V) 以军事文化社会安全为保障 [(V) It is guaranteed by military culture and the security of the social order]<br />(VI) 以促进国际安全为依托 [(VI) It relies on promoting international security]<br />(VII) 维护各领域国家安全 [(VII) National security must be maintained in all fields] <br />(VIII) 推进国家安全体系和能力现代化 [(VIII) national security systems and capabilities must be advanced and modernized] <br />(IX) 走中国特色国家安全道路 [(IX) The national security concept fllows the path of national security with Chinese characteristics]</blockquote></blockquote><p><br />(13) 推动构建人类命运共同体 [Build a Community with a Shared Future for Mankind]<br /></p><blockquote>(i) 高质量共建“一带一路” [High Quality Joint Construction of the Belt & Road Initiative]</blockquote><p></p><blockquote><blockquote>(I) 原则——共商 共建 共享 [(I) Principle - Consultation, Contribution and Sharing]<br />(II) 理念一-开放 绿色 廉洁 [(II) Concept 1-Open, Green and Integrity]<br />(III) 目标-高标准 惠民生 可持续 [(III) Goal-high standards, benefiting people’s livelihood, sustainable]<br />(IV) 愿景将“一带一路”建成和平之路、繁荣之路、开放之路、创新之路、文明之路 [(IV) Vision to build the “Belt and Road” into a road of peace, prosperity, openness, innovation and civilization] <br />(V) 中国支持高质量共建“一带一路”八项行动 [(V) China supports eight actions to jointly build the “Belt and Road” with high quality]<br /><blockquote>(a) 构建“一带一路”立体互联互通网络 [(a) Build a three-dimensional interconnection network along the Belt and Road Initiative]<br />(b) 支持建设开放型世界经济 [(b) Support the building of an open world economy]<br />(c) 开展务实合作 [(c) Carry out practical cooperation]<br />(d) 促进绿色发展推动科技创新 [(d) Promote green development and promote technological innovation]<br />(e) 支持民间交往 [(e) Support people-to-people exchanges]<br />(f) 建设廉洁之路 [(f) Building a path to integrity]<br />(g) 完善“一带一路”国际合作机制 [(g) Improve the mechanisms for “Belt and Road” international cooperation]</blockquote></blockquote></blockquote><br /><p></p><p></p><br /><p> <br /><br /> <br /><br /><br /> <br /><br /><br /><br /></p><p></p>Larry Catá Backerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06545101367530775497noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-24800874.post-14960718573972170932024-03-02T09:08:00.006-05:002024-03-02T09:08:54.431-05:00Part 3 (Chapter 2; A First Reading of Definitive Text: The UNHRC Endorsement Resolution and the Endorsed UNGP)--Vetting the Discussion Draft: "The United Nations Guiding Principles for Business and Human Rights: A Commentary" <p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgChKMgrwD8q2d6CunBCOjxVTRcdK15cvLDuOpEZnPVzxADn_bTpnwkgGtDSqArl-6U3FmtPW1KEWiqsAhgwwDbJ7zkuZMbcAbPGJBMWJV6PIx0fnsIay7Xg4pj6o6Pvi_AJyx5ctEySzlzFFmyxD-uJHwn1K683UAbWOzHyEtNFOa7rYJKA9TMYw/s851/Screenshot%202024-03-01%20at%208.11.26%E2%80%AFPM.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="508" data-original-width="851" height="382" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgChKMgrwD8q2d6CunBCOjxVTRcdK15cvLDuOpEZnPVzxADn_bTpnwkgGtDSqArl-6U3FmtPW1KEWiqsAhgwwDbJ7zkuZMbcAbPGJBMWJV6PIx0fnsIay7Xg4pj6o6Pvi_AJyx5ctEySzlzFFmyxD-uJHwn1K683UAbWOzHyEtNFOa7rYJKA9TMYw/w640-h382/Screenshot%202024-03-01%20at%208.11.26%E2%80%AFPM.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p>I
have been working on the production of a
comprehensive commentary of the United Nations Guiding Principles for
Business
and Human Rights. This is a humbling task. It follows the production of
both an official commentary, written in tandem with the UNGP itself, and
a collective commentary of the UNGP undertaken by some of the most
distinguished students of other fields of human rights, business, and
its
related fields of academic<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>study ( <i>The UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights: A Commentary</i> (Barnali Choudhury (ed); Edward Elgar, 2023).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbclgzuZodBq3bnFOEi0mqOyVeKC-cf0WSBdHmIuGolGo__OEwaRnEP7IhnijCrk-ZoLtDA3xg7b2Vc7MBo9BsJnsXLHFTBTW1YgVqkuglAqZGExQDvewvi9UmK1_FfUSYMbWBsP67eW8whpz1xitYrF3Nl2ZFa_awyFkZTTJ3yRzOMwJIEc10tQ/s447/Screenshot%202023-03-28%20at%204.50.20%20PM.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="447" data-original-width="392" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbclgzuZodBq3bnFOEi0mqOyVeKC-cf0WSBdHmIuGolGo__OEwaRnEP7IhnijCrk-ZoLtDA3xg7b2Vc7MBo9BsJnsXLHFTBTW1YgVqkuglAqZGExQDvewvi9UmK1_FfUSYMbWBsP67eW8whpz1xitYrF3Nl2ZFa_awyFkZTTJ3yRzOMwJIEc10tQ/w351-h400/Screenshot%202023-03-28%20at%204.50.20%20PM.png" width="351" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">I
am at a point where I can start vetting portions of the draft. I hope
to share those discussion drafts with a wider audience in hopes of
getting feedback.In these posts I provide a short summary of the draft
chapter and a link t access a 'pdf' version. </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> All draft chapters may be
found on my <i><a href="https://www.thecpe.org/projects/education-projects/" target="_blank">Coalition for Peace & Ethics Website</a></i> website at UNGP Commentary Page <a href="https://www.thecpe.org/projects/education-projects/the-united-nations-guiding-principles-for-business-and-human-rights-a-commentary/" target="_blank">HERE</a>. </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span></p><p>This
post introduces the manuscript's Chapter 2 ("A First Reading of Definitive Text: The UNHRC Endorsement Resolution and the Endorsed UNGP"). The objectives of this chapter is fairly
straightforward.It is meant to introduce the reader to the key documents around which any reading of the UNGP might rely. For purposes of this Commentary the four key texts are the Resolution of the UN Human Rights Commission endorsing the UNGP, the Report of John Ruggie first circulating the draft pf the UNGP in November 2010, and then delivering the final version of the UNGP in March 2011, and the text of the UNGP as endorsed. Of these, the UNHRC Endorsement Resolution and the 2010 draft Report of the SRSG may not be given the prominence they might deserve for understanding in or extracting the meaning of the text/intent of the UNGP--its spirit and its Principles. <br /><br /></p><blockquote><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPQAKwm2f4dDeojMfozcApfXFF9iSCpgsBu1S-XmStRqAvLpZ6ik_45eXzN_ag3mxilNx1FY76hhUyCZq9vKs0N5fpdLm4J1bolroA9tRDCcEa2kckPYCxjgEhzIWiSq1z50w20gb6KOozyEW9OcA9c0kd0JnbD6nEMmG22QXavwoEk2jkL2tG6w/s325/Screenshot%202024-03-01%20at%209.33.25%E2%80%AFPM.png" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="136" data-original-width="325" height="168" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPQAKwm2f4dDeojMfozcApfXFF9iSCpgsBu1S-XmStRqAvLpZ6ik_45eXzN_ag3mxilNx1FY76hhUyCZq9vKs0N5fpdLm4J1bolroA9tRDCcEa2kckPYCxjgEhzIWiSq1z50w20gb6KOozyEW9OcA9c0kd0JnbD6nEMmG22QXavwoEk2jkL2tG6w/w400-h168/Screenshot%202024-03-01%20at%209.33.25%E2%80%AFPM.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Pix credit <a href="https://archive.ph/Qf8r3" target="_blank">here</a></span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table>Taken together, and at least for purposes of interpretation and commentary, the UNHRC endorsement gave prominence to the authoritative text of the UNGP, significance to the intention and objectives of its principal drafters, as memorialized in the SRSG’s work between 2005 and 2011 and in the preambular materials to its endorsement, and weight to the UNGP Working Group as an advocacy and coordinating body for application of the UNGP and its “further progress” to be undertaken by other actors. Together, then, these strands of text, intent/objectives, and application, then must be built into commentary. Nonetheless, because the UNHRC did not appoint a supreme authoritative interpretive body to guide either the reading of the UNGP or the direction of its progress, creating merely another special procedure as a coordinating and advocacy space, the UNHRC left open a large doorway to a broad range of interpretive possibilities. The significance of these possibilities would be manifested both in theory, advocacy, and in the way in which the UNGP would be operationalized. Each of these—except the text itself—is important both as a (historical) marker, and as a record of the feasibility of implementing interpretive possibilities. Text, however, is what survives. And it is in text that the Commentary will use as its analytical core. <br /><br /><br /> This chapter of the Commentary, then, has as its principal purpose the provision of a summary and commentary of the three principal critical originating texts around which the UNGP—as idea and action—are grounded. First, Section 2.1 considers more carefully the UNHRC Res itself; then Section 2.2 examines the construction of a framework around a hoped for overall interpretive intent of SRGG Ruggie which he sought to build into the 2011 SRSG Report in the shadow of the 2010 SRSG Draft Report UNGP; and lastly ¶ 2.3 will present a summary of the text of UNGP as an integrated whole. The intention is to provide an overview of the entirety of the textual project that is the UNGP before a deeper examination of its parts, the vectors through which intention has been inserted or projected, and the manifestation of interpretation and intent in the application of the UNGP by actors seeking to influence or solidify text as act, that is, of the conscious human experience of the UNGP. (From Chapter 2)<br /></blockquote><p></p><p><style>@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1107305727 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:DengXian;
panose-1:2 1 6 0 3 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-alt:等线;
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612033 953122042 22 0 262159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Bodoni 72";
panose-1:0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Times New Roman \(Body CS\)";
panose-1:2 11 6 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-alt:"Times New Roman";
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536859905 -1073711039 9 0 511 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Bodoni 72 Book";
panose-1:0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-alt:"BODONI 72 BOOK";
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"\@DengXian";
panose-1:2 1 6 0 3 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612033 953122042 22 0 262159 0;}p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin:0in;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Bodoni 72";
mso-fareast-font-family:DengXian;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman \(Body CS\)";}.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
mso-ascii-font-family:"Bodoni 72";
mso-fareast-font-family:DengXian;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-font-family:"Bodoni 72";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman \(Body CS\)";}div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}</style></p><p></p><p></p><p>The Chapter 2 discussion draft may be accessed directly <a href="https://www.thecpe.org/projects/education-projects/the-united-nations-guiding-principles-for-business-and-human-rights-a-commentary/the-united-nations-guiding-principles-for-business-and-human-rights-a-commentary/" target="_blank">HERE</a>. The text of the draft of chapter 2 as of the time of this posting also follows below.</p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9zxmadqGMYAkNawJDBrhJWsOJN6W7ayWruVlw42XWWHnm0vVuFjoO77rdiu65b2mEnej4Hx5neeQ3SUnGuGjIm2o5_lpsrbJE6tEJA04fk7v9gf4_PomwkuyDFTd44G2wN5G0xMiujD-9UBL2o-Qs0w9E1a4OEcWyD4HEGYNsfYLrR_FMFtc9ew/s477/Screenshot%202024-02-25%20at%209.27.03%E2%80%AFPM.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="477" data-original-width="339" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9zxmadqGMYAkNawJDBrhJWsOJN6W7ayWruVlw42XWWHnm0vVuFjoO77rdiu65b2mEnej4Hx5neeQ3SUnGuGjIm2o5_lpsrbJE6tEJA04fk7v9gf4_PomwkuyDFTd44G2wN5G0xMiujD-9UBL2o-Qs0w9E1a4OEcWyD4HEGYNsfYLrR_FMFtc9ew/s320/Screenshot%202024-02-25%20at%209.27.03%E2%80%AFPM.png" width="227" /></a></div><br /> <p></p><span><a name='more'></a></span><p>
</p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 20pt;">2</span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 20pt;"> </span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 20pt;">A First Reading of Definitive Text: The UNHRC Endorsement
Resolution and the Endorsed UNGP <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: 20pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The Guiding Principles were unveiled in two stages,
separated by about half a year, by John G. Ruggie in his role as <span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">Special Representative of the
Secretary-General on Business & Human Rights</span> (SRSG), together with
a<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>guidance intended summarizing of the
SRSG’s work from 2005 to 2011.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>First, a
set of Draft Principles were circulated in November 2010.<a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[1]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>After a period set aside for public comment
and following revision of the text,<a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a> the SRSG
circulated the final version of the UNGP (with an included Official Commentary)
in March 2011 annexed to his (final) 2011 SRSG Report,<a href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[3]</span></sup></span></sup></a> the text
of which was substantially revised from the circulated November 2010 Draft.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In addition to the annex of the definitive
text of the UNGP, the 2011 SRSG Report included a summing up—a summary overview
of the process leading to the definitive draft and a concise explanation of
context and objectives, as well as normative choices that give substance to the
text.<a name="_Ref316825542"></a><a href="#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _Ref316825542;"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[4]</span></sup></span></sup></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Ref316825542;"></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>A year later, the United Nations circulated a much more extensive
“interpretive guide” to the “Second Pillar” of the UNGP, the corporate
responsibility to respect human rights, overseen by the former SSRN, John
Ruggie,<a href="#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a> who
expressed the “hope that this Guide will help ground those efforts soundly and
squarely on the original meaning and intent of the Guiding Principles
themselves.”<a href="#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">The UN Human Rights Council (UNHRC)
endorsed the UNGP by resolution of 16 June 2011.<a href="#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a> The
UNHRC Resolution included several actions that may be useful in developing any
commentary on the UNGP text.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>First the
UNHRC endorsed the text of the UNGP as delivered in the 2011 SRSG Report.<a href="#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a> Second,
the UNHRC Resolution underscored both the anticipated role of the UNGP in
“generating greater shared understanding of business and human rights
challenges among all stakeholders”<a href="#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a> and also
its character as a stepping stone “on which further progress can be made.”<a href="#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a> Third, in
the course of endorsing the UNGP, the UNHRC also took the opportunity of creating
an institutional organ within the aegis of the UN Geneva operations—a special procedure,<a href="#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[11]</span></span></span></span></a> the
Working Group on the Issue of Human Rights and Transnational corporations and
other business enterprises (the “UNGP Working Group”), as a coordinating body
for further progress.<a href="#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[12]</span></span></span></span></a> And
Lastly, the UNHRC Res established “a Forum on Business and Human Rights under
the guidance of the [UNGP] Working Group.”<a href="#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[13]</span></span></span></span></a> The
Forum<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>has been from its initial meeting
through the time of the writing of this Commentary an important event at which
many individuals and organizations that seek to drive the application of the
UNGP and collective understanding of its provisions, have met under the
leadership of the UN BHR Working Group.<a href="#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[14]</span></span></span></span></a> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">Together, and at least for purposes
of interpretation and commentary, the UNHRC endorsement gave <i>prominence</i>
to the authoritative text of the UNGP, <i>significance</i> to the intention and
objectives of its principal drafters, as memorialized in the SRSG’s work
between 2005 and 2011 and in the preambular materials to its endorsement, and <i>weight</i>
to the UNGP Working Group as an advocacy and coordinating body for application
of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the UNGP and its “further progress”
to be undertaken by other actors. Together, then, these strands of text,
intent/objectives, and application, then must be built into commentary.
Nonetheless, because the UNHRC did not appoint a supreme authoritative interpretive
body to guide either the reading of the UNGP or the direction of its progress,
creating merely another special procedure as a coordinating and advocacy space,
the UNHRC left open a large doorway to a broad range of interpretive
possibilities. The significance of these possibilities would be manifested both
in theory, advocacy, and in the way in which the UNGP would be operationalized.
Each of these—except the text itself—is important both as a (historical)
marker, and as a record of the feasibility of implementing interpretive
possibilities. Text, however, is what survives. And it is in text that the
Commentary will use as its analytical core.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">This chapter of the Commentary,
then, has as its principal purpose the provision of a summary and commentary of
the three principal critical originating texts around which the UNGP—as idea
and action—are grounded.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>First, Section
1.1 considers more carefully the UNHRC Res itself; then §1.2 examines the
construction of a framework around a hoped for overall interpretive intent of
SRGG Ruggie which he sought to build into the 2011 SRSG Report in the shade of
the <span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">2010 SRSG Draft Report UNGP</span>;
and lastly ¶ 1.3 will present a summary of the text of UNGP as an integrated whole.
The intention is to provide an overview of the entirety of the textual project
that is the UNGP before a deeper examination of its parts, the vectors through
which intention has been inserted or projected, and the manifestation of
interpretation and intent in the application of the UNGP by actors seeking to influence
or solidify text as act, that is, of the conscious human experience of the UNGP.<a href="#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[15]</span></span></span></span></a> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">2.1 U.N. Human Rights Council Endorsement</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">As is customary in the resolutions and related products of
public international organizations after 1945, the UNHRC Res begins with an
untitled preamble of seven paragraphs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>These are used to specify context and intent/objectives of the textual
materials that follow.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is a record of
the frame of reference for reading the text as closely as possible to the way
its creators wanted it read.<a href="#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[16]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Under the rules of interpretation of the
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, a treaty’s text includes its
preambles and annexes.<a href="#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[17]</span></span></span></span></a> The
preambular text is followed by eighteen paragraphs that make up the substantive
body of the resolution, including the act of endorsement itself, and a number
of consequential directions and actions that are to be connected with that
endorsement.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">2.1.1 Endorsement Preambular Materials</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">Two of the Preambular
paragraphs<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>focused on context.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The first<a href="#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[18]</span></span></span></span></a> <i>recalled</i>
the text of the UNHRC resolutions establishing<a href="#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[19]</span></span></span></span></a> and the
extending<a href="#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[20]</span></span></span></span></a>
the mandate of the SRSG. These are important to the extent that the substance
and context of both carry over into the<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>interpretive matrix of the UNGP. In particular, the authorizing<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>UNHRC Resolution of 2005 was grounded in a
recognition that “transnational corporations and related<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>business enterprises can contribute to the
enjoyment of human rights.”<a href="#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[21]</span></span></span></span></a> The UNHRC
2005 Resolution, in establishing the SRSG mandate, included a set of mandated objectives
that were to be memorialized in whatever instrument<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>was produced as a result of the SRSG’s work.<a href="#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[22]</span></span></span></span></a> Substantial
text was also devoted to the mechanics and necessity of balanced consultations
among a representative variety of stakeholders. The UNHRC 2008 Resolution
extending the SRSG mandate included additional expectations touching on the
substantive content and form of whatever text was to be produced. Underscored
in this respect was the insistence that the primary responsibility to promote
and protect human rights lies with states; embracing the principle that
corporations have a responsibility to respect human rights; recognizing the
role of both states and other public actors in enacting relevant regulation;
and recognizing the role of markets and private law in the face of weak
national legislation and implementation.<a href="#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[23]</span></span></span></span></a> Indeed,
it is worth noting that a substantial part of the preambular materials in the
Endorsement resolution had already appeared in the UNHRC’s 2008 Resolution
extending the mandate of the SRSG.<a href="#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[24]</span></span></span></span></a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">The second<a href="#_ftn25" name="_ftnref25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[25]</span></span></span></span></a> <i>recalled</i>
the text of the 2007 institution building reforms of the UNHRC in two
resolutions adopted in 2007. One adopted the text of “United Nations Human
Rights Council: Institution-Building.”<a href="#_ftn26" name="_ftnref26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[26]</span></span></span></span></a> The
other adopted the “Code of Conduct for Special Procedures Mandate-Holders of
the Human Rights Council,”<a href="#_ftn27" name="_ftnref27" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[27]</span></span></span></span></a>
especially relevant to the work of the SRSG.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Of particular value to a commentary of the UNGP was the emphasis on the
nature and character of human rights within the scope of the work of the UNHRC.<a href="#_ftn28" name="_ftnref28" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[28]</span></span></span></span></a> This
includes<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the basic (aspirational) principles
of the then contemporary public global human rights system.<a href="#_ftn29" name="_ftnref29" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[29]</span></span></span></span></a> These,
though stated in the well-known and often recited absolute terms of the
fundamental framing of human rights as norm and for its impact on legitimate
legality,<a href="#_ftn30" name="_ftnref30" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn30;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[30]</span></span></span></span></a> produce
an effective system of balancing though its discursive tropes avoids the
language of balance.<a href="#_ftn31" name="_ftnref31" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn31;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[31]</span></span></span></span></a> These
principles will play an important role in mapping the scope of the UNGP’s
interpretive possibilities. For example, the UNGP adopts a principle of
prioritization of rights remediation grounded in assessments of severity as a
function of irremediability.<a href="#_ftn32" name="_ftnref32" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn32;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[32]</span></span></span></span></a> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">The other five preambular
paragraphs sketched out issues of intent and objectives.<a href="#_ftn33" name="_ftnref33" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn33;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[33]</span></span></span></span></a> One <i>stressed</i>
the centrality of the state as the bearer of the primary responsibility to
promote and protect human rights and fundamental freedoms<a href="#_ftn34" name="_ftnref34" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn34;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[34]</span></span></span></span></a>—a
carryover from the 2008 Resolution extending the SRSG’s mandate, now applied specifically
as an intentional guidance to reading the endorsement of the text of the UNGP. This
was reflected in the first Pillar of the UNGP text.<a href="#_ftn35" name="_ftnref35" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn35;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[35]</span></span></span></span></a> Another
<i>emphasized</i> that enterprises have a responsibility to respect human
rights.<a href="#_ftn36" name="_ftnref36" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn36;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[36]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This was reflected in the second Pillar of
the UNGP text.<a href="#_ftn37" name="_ftnref37" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn37;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[37]</span></span></span></span></a> Combining
the implications of these two, another <i>recognized </i>that proper
legislation of enterprise-responsible operations fulfills two distinct
functions—that of contributing to the promotion and protection of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and respect for human rights, and that of
channeling the benefits of business toward that contribution.<a href="#_ftn38" name="_ftnref38" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn38;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[38]</span></span></span></span></a> The thrust
of these three preambular expressions <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>is
fairly clear—it is built around three core premises which are then reflected in
the structure of the UNGP.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The first is
that states occupy the apex position of legality with a responsibility to
“promote and protect.” The second is that enterprises have a compliance <i>responsibility
to “respect.”</i> And the third is that both share in the furtherance of “proper
regulation” that is aligned with those responsibilities. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">Thus, it might follow that states
and other public entities can share in the development of a regulatory matrix
aligned to the fundamental principles of the character of human rights. By 2019
John Ruggie could refer to the term “smart mix of measures”<a href="#_ftn39" name="_ftnref39" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn39;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[39]</span></span></span></span></a> to mean
“exactly what it says: a combination of voluntary and mandatory, as well as
national and international measures.”<a href="#_ftn40" name="_ftnref40" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn40;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[40]</span></span></span></span></a> These measures
were to be assessed against the scope of the duty or responsibility assigned to
states and business respectively,<a href="#_ftn41" name="_ftnref41" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn41;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[41]</span></span></span></span></a> but
grounded in the core objectives of “contributing to” and “channeling the
benefits of” economic activity toward the realization of human rights. What is
left undefined are those key terms, around which context may produce
differences in meaning and application: “benefits of business”, “responsible
operation,” “assist in channeling,” as well as the role of mass organizations
in the process. That, in turn, keeps open, the space within which these terms
may be applied as a function of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>sometimes quite distinct operational premises of important
economic-political models, and within them. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>More succinctly, the framework does not impose
a single optimal “answer” but merely a structure within which the multiple and
variegated values systems of human social collectives may adjust their
behaviors to incorporate<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>those
objectives, but always with contextual characteristics. The approach in the
United States, the European Union, China, Cuba, and Indonesia may produce quite
distinct regimes on the ground. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">That basic framing intent then
highlights the challenge, or contradiction, and the objective of the UNGP
within the human rights system coordinated within the institutional structures
of international organization around the United Nation system. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The challenge is described as an expression of
<i>concern</i> respecting state capacity to undertake their regulatory duty, as
well as the regulatory gaps resulting from the misalignment of the structures
of economic production and national sources of regulation.<a href="#_ftn42" name="_ftnref42" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn42;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[42]</span></span></span></span></a> The
contradiction follows—the failure “fully realize the benefits of globalization
or derive maximally the benefits of activities of transnational corporations
and other business enterprise.”<a href="#_ftn43" name="_ftnref43" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn43;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[43]</span></span></span></span></a> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>That produces the articulation of an
objective: to “mitigate the negative impact of globalization on vulnerable
economies, fully realize the benefits of globalization or derive maximally the
benefits of activities of transnational corporations and other business
enterprises.”<a href="#_ftn44" name="_ftnref44" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn44;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[44]</span></span></span></span></a> That
last foundational and perhaps transformational objective then provides a
foundation for the last: an expression of the justification for endorsement
around “the importance of building the capacity of all actors to better manage
challenges in the area of business and human rights.”<a href="#_ftn45" name="_ftnref45" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn45;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[45]</span></span></span></span></a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">2.1.2 Endorsement Operational Provisions</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The Preamble is followed by the eighteen paragraphs of the
body of the resolution. The first endorses the UNGP as annexed to the 2011 SRSG
Report of the SRSG.<a href="#_ftn46" name="_ftnref46" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn46;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[46]</span></span></span></span></a> It is
important to note the connection between the UNGP and <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the three pillar Protect, Respect, Remedy
framework.<a href="#_ftn47" name="_ftnref47" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn47;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[47]</span></span></span></span></a>
The UNHRC Res directly aligns the UNGP text (its thirty-one principles plus the
General Principles) with the normative project of implementing the “protect,
respect, remedy” framework first formally presented in the SRSG’s 2008 Report.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And this alignment affects both the way that
the endorsement resolution is written, and the expectation about the meaning
and objectives of the UNGP text. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">The first three paragraphs also
relate to the work of the SRSG, and, in that context, also suggest the template
within which further work might be undertaken. Of particular significance was
the SRSG’s working style, which was <i>welcomed</i>, the character of which was
described as “comprehensive, transparent and inclusive consultations conducted
with relevant and interested actors in all regions” with the object of
“generating greater shared understanding of business and human rights
challenges among all stakeholders.”<a href="#_ftn48" name="_ftnref48" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn48;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[48]</span></span></span></span></a> Tied to
that objective is the importance given by the UNHRC to the task of developing
and raising awareness, the SRSG’s success with which was <i>commended</i>.<a href="#_ftn49" name="_ftnref49" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn49;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[49]</span></span></span></span></a> Consultation
and awareness raising, then, appear to describe at least two notable characteristics
of a legitimating working style that ought to permeate<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the interpretation and application of the
UNGP. By implication, those principal characteristics become a point of mimesis<a href="#_ftn50" name="_ftnref50" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn50;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[50]</span></span></span></span></a>--repetition
and simulation that then finds its way into the operating style of states and
enterprises seeking to apply and comply with their respective duty to protect
and responsibility to respect under the UNGPs. These notions of reproduction
and simulation (for example of intention) will also mark the plausible
interpretative range of the text of the UNGP itself.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">Paragraphs four and five state key
points about the context in which the UNGP will be placed. First, the UNHRC
contextualizes the UNGP both within the constellation of human rights and as a
vehicle for realizing the better regulation of human rights impacts in
business. Paragraph four <i>recognizes </i>the role for the UNGP in the implementation
of the protect, respect, remedy framework. Nonetheless, it embeds that
recognition<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>within two objectives.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The first is the use of the idea of UNGP and
its principles (the two are not the same)<a href="#_ftn51" name="_ftnref51" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn51;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[51]</span></span></span></span></a> as the
basis for making further progress to enhancing standards and practices with
regard to business and human rights. The second is to use the UNGP and its
principles as guidance for enhancing business and human rights standards and
practices. Both objectives are to be bent to the greater objective of
contributing to socially sustainable globalization, but with a caveat: “without
foreclosing any other long term development, including further enhancement of
standards.”<a href="#_ftn52" name="_ftnref52" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn52;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[52]</span></span></span></span></a> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">Paragraph five emphasizes multi-stakeholder<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dialogue and analysis—as the UNHRC had done
since the start of the SRSG mandate. In this case the emphasis was aligned with
the objectives to further two fundamental goals. <i>The first</i> was to
“maintain and build on the results achieved to date.”<a href="#_ftn53" name="_ftnref53" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn53;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[53]</span></span></span></span></a> Note
here the two distinct sub-goals. One is to <i>maintain;</i> the other is <i>to
build on.</i> The first suggests an objective of preserving the development and
its forms of the UNGP, and the second suggests the need to further develop the
forms and operation of the UNGP. One cautions against moving backwards; the
other points to further development. The intent, then, is not to stay in place,
and certainly not to move back to the time before the UNGP. The emphasis
appears to be on moving forward—but from the foundation, forms, and principles
of the UNGP. The UNGP, then, are meant to provide the cage in which development
is to be fostered.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The second was to
ensure that the mechanics of development privilege substantial consultation
among organized mass society, public and private—and especially with those mass
organizations with a stake in the development from and out of the UNGP.
mechanics of that fostering is to be achieved, as it had in the development of
the UNGP after 2005, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>on the critical
modalities of consultation<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>of
“multi-stakeholder dialogue.” </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">Paragraph 6 then turns to the
creation of an institutional framework within which the forward looking
mandates and expectations might be coordinated, and perhaps realized. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Central to that institutionalization was the
creation of the Working Group on the issue of human rights and transnational
corporations and other business enterprise (the UN Working Group) and
specifying its mandate.<a href="#_ftn54" name="_ftnref54" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn54;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[54]</span></span></span></span></a> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At the time of its creation, and the
elaboration of its initial mandate, the UN Working Group served to underscore
the core objectives tied to endorsement. These objectives—“further progress”
and “enhancing standards,”<a href="#_ftn55" name="_ftnref55" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn55;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[55]</span></span></span></span></a> and the
twin objectives embedded in the multi-stakeholder dialog principles<a href="#_ftn56" name="_ftnref56" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn56;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[56]</span></span></span></span></a>--
emphasized both the structural importance of the UNGP. When aligned with the
expectations written into the endorsement resolution preambular materials—respecting
“proper regulation” and the need to overcome the negative impact of
globalization—it becomes clearer that endorsement was not just of the text of
the UNGP, but also of an expectation that this text would serve as a
springboard, the framework, and the baseline premises toward the full
realization of the benefits of globalization.<a href="#_ftn57" name="_ftnref57" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn57;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[57]</span></span></span></span></a> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">The coordinating responsibilities
of the Working Group were the subject of elaboration in Paragraphs 7-9. To
those ends, Paragraph 7 encouraged all institutional actors “to cooperate
fully” with the Working Group,<a href="#_ftn58" name="_ftnref58" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn58;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[58]</span></span></span></span></a>
especially respecting Working Group country visits. That has sometimes proven
to be a sensitive not just for UN special procedures of the UNHRC, like the UN
Working Group, but for the institutions of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>the High Commissioner for Human Rights as well.<a href="#_ftn59" name="_ftnref59" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn59;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[59]</span></span></span></span></a> Paragraph
8 invites public international organizations to consult<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>with the Working Group “when formulating or
developing relevant policies and instruments.”<a href="#_ftn60" name="_ftnref60" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn60;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[60]</span></span></span></span></a> That
suggests both the coordinating role of the UN Working Group, but also the
expectation that further development in this field would occur beyond the
UNGP.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Lastly Paragraph 9 requests that
the UN Secretary General and the UN Hugh Commissioner for Human Rights to find
ways of providing “all the assistance necessary to the Working Group for the
effective fulfillment of its mandate.”<a href="#_ftn61" name="_ftnref61" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn61;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[61]</span></span></span></span></a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">Paragraphs 10 and 11 touch on
issues of capacity building.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The first
targets national human rights institutions established in accordance with the
Paris Principles.<a href="#_ftn62" name="_ftnref62" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn62;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[62]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The structuring of the UN Working Group and
national human rights institutions reflect a certain amount of mimicry. The
UNHRC welcomed the role of the national human rights institutions to develop
the capacity “in relation to business and human rights” in order to “develop
further capacity to fulfill that role.”<a href="#_ftn63" name="_ftnref63" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn63;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[63]</span></span></span></span></a> That
capacity building would be undertaken through the UN Working Group within its
mandate under Paragraph 6. Paragraph 11 painted with a broader brush. It
requests a report from the UN Secretary General on the manner in which the UN
system “can contribute to the advancement of the business and human rights
agenda and the dissemination and implementation of the Guiding Principles.”<a href="#_ftn64" name="_ftnref64" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn64;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[64]</span></span></span></span></a> Several
points might be extracted from that request.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The first is that the UN system as a whole is to be committed to the
principles in the UNGP, at least in spirit and as an aspirational set of
principles. Their role, however, is to contribute—not to implement, operate, or
advance on their own. The second is that there is now a “thing” to be known as
a “business and human rights agenda” within the more general agenda of human
rights.<a href="#_ftn65" name="_ftnref65" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn65;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[65]</span></span></span></span></a> Third,
that agenda includes the UNGP. Fourth, the UNGP, within that agenda, is to be
not merely disseminated but also implemented. Lastly, implementation and
dissemination are understood as a function of capacity building. The circle is
complete if one can understand that capacity building may also be an important
element of contributing to the advancement of the UNGP project. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">The resulting Report of the UN
Secretary General<a href="#_ftn66" name="_ftnref66" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn66;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[66]</span></span></span></span></a>
suggested the way in which the forward facing role of the UNGP was to be
realized almost from the moment of its endorsement. The Report contextualized
the role of the UN Working Group after endorsement, and the place of the
business and huma rights field within the broader agendas of human rights
generally.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.5in;">While the Working Group established by
the Human Rights Council has an important role to play in advancing the
implementation of the Guiding Principles, the sheer scale and complexity of the
business and human rights agenda requires larger concerted efforts that involve
the United Nations system as a whole. This view is also reflected in calls by
Governments, business and civil society for the United Nations to play an
active role in advancing the dissemination and implementation of the Guiding
Principles.<a href="#_ftn67" name="_ftnref67" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn67;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[67]</span></span></span></span></a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The Report considered the effect of endorsement of the UNGP.
The UNGP are to be treated as authoritative “both inside and outside the remit
of the United Nations, for moving the business and human rights agenda to a new
stage, focused on ensuring effective implementation.”<a href="#_ftn68" name="_ftnref68" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn68;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[68]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is to the forms in which the UNGP serve as
a point of convergence for the further development of global standards and
initiatives on business and human rights.<a href="#_ftn69" name="_ftnref69" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn69;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[69]</span></span></span></span></a> It is
in this sense that the UNGP ought to be embedded in the larger human rights
agendas of the UN system.<a href="#_ftn70" name="_ftnref70" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn70;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[70]</span></span></span></span></a> That,
in turn, became a topic for interaction between the UNOHCHR and the UN
Secretary General.<a href="#_ftn71" name="_ftnref71" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn71;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[71]</span></span></span></span></a> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Lastly,
and in connection with the endorsement and the creation of the UN Working
Group, the UNHRC established the Forum on Business and Human Rights<a href="#_ftn72" name="_ftnref72" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn72;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[72]</span></span></span></span></a> which,
under the guidance of the UN Working Group was to be held annually “o discuss
trends and challenges in the implementation of</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">the Guiding Principles and promote dialogue and cooperation
on issues linked to business and human rights, including challenges faced in
particular sectors, operational environments or in relation to specific rights
or groups, as well as identifying good practices.”<a href="#_ftn73" name="_ftnref73" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn73;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[73]</span></span></span></span></a> The
Forum is open to a significant range of stakeholders and meet for two working
days. The UN Working Group is to include in its annual report its reflections
on the proceedings in the Forum and recommendations for thematic subjects.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Taken
together, then, the UNHRC 2011 UNGP Res. Provides a substantial amount of
signals about the<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>UNGP, its role,
function, and place within the constellation of human rights within the United
Nations system, and from there, within the broader discussion about human
rights globally. Those signals then serve two purposes, at least for purposes
of commentary. First it suggests context for the interpretation of the UNGP’s
principles, and the aggregation of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>those
principles into the structural system that the UNGP develops. Second, it also
suggests the contours that will serve to define the spirit or idea of the UNGP—something
that stands apart from the UNGP as an amalgam of principles that form a
coherent whole. It is a means towards systems of proper regulation; it creates
the structures that enhance the ability of economic enterprises to contribute
to the promotion, protection, and fulfillment of and respect for human
rights.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It confirms the corporate
obligation to promote, protect, and fulfill human rights; it establishes a
principle that economic enterprises assist in channeling the benefits of
business toward the enjoyment of human rights; it serves as a structure for
elaborating the objective that proper regulation has as its object the
effective mitigation of the negative impact of globalization on vulnerable
economies (however that is conceived and measured); and that a normative
regulatory structure is necessary<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>to
ensure that states “maximally” extract the benefits of the activities of
economic enterprises.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
idea of the UNGPs speaks to a framework “on which further progress can be
made;” its spirit contributes to socially sustainable globalization without
foreclosing other long term development objectives; and it s<span style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">e</span>ts the tone and provides the
structure for conversations about human rights and business. The spirit of the
UNGP, its manifestation as an idea, establishes “a common global platform for
action, on which cumulative progress can be built, step-by-step, without
foreclosing any other promising longer-term developments;”<a href="#_ftn74" name="_ftnref74" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn74;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[74]</span></span></span></span></a> in the
process “elaborating the implications of existing standards and practices for
States and businesses; integrating them within a single, logically coherent and
comprehensive template.”<a href="#_ftn75" name="_ftnref75" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn75;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[75]</span></span></span></span></a> What it
is not is a legal system or a toolkit—it suggests objectives, directions and
framework—but not the answers. These last elaborations of the <i>spirit of the UNGP</i>
, of the UNGP as an idea on or through which the public and private law of
business and human rights could be elaborated, and through which a consensus
could be built around the objectives of economic activity, and the relationship
of this spirit to the detailed principles that serve as the operative heart of
the UNGP were discussed by the SRSG in his 2011 SRSG Report presenting the
final draft of the UNGP to the UNHRC. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">2.2 The 2011 SRSG Report Presenting the UNGP
Definitive Text</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">In its publication of the UNGP, the United Nations noted the
following:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.5in;">This publication contains the
"Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights: Implementing the United
Nations ‘Protect, Respect and Remedy’ Framework", which were developed by
the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on the issue of human
rights and transnational corporations and other business enterprises. The Special
Representative annexed the Guiding Principles to his final report to the Human
Rights Council (A/HRC/17/31), which also includes an introduction to the Guiding
Principles and an overview of the process that led to their development.<a href="#_ftn76" name="_ftnref76" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn76;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[76]</span></span></span></span></a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">It is possible to ignore this as purely descriptive.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The SRSG did develop the UNGP which
implemented the “protect, respect, remedy” framework which the SRSG also
introduced. The SRSG did annex the final version of the UNGP to his final
report, the 2011 SRSG Report,<a href="#_ftn77" name="_ftnref77" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn77;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[77]</span></span></span></span></a> and the
2011 SRSG Report also included an introduction to the UNGP. That would be a
fair reading, though one perhaps closer to the edges of plausibility. Equally
plausible is the possibility that the effort to remind readers of this also
suggested the importance of the SRSG’s views on the UNGP as an aid to plausible
interpretation of its text, as well as the idea and function of the UNGP as a
whole. In that sense, the SRSG’s thoughts might not be determinative, but they
ought to be persuasive. They represent the intent of one of the principal
“developers” of the UNGP, operating under a mandate of the institution in whose
behalf the UNGP were developed. It follows that this “introduction” constitutes
not just one of the key <span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;">travaux
préparetoires</span> of the UNGP, but also a text that acquired a measure of
interpretive authority. To that extent it is worth considering here along with
the instrument of endorsement and the text of the UNGP. The 2011 SRSG Report
was actually four reports: the Report introducing the text of the UNGP along
with three substantial addendums. The first spoke to “Piloting principles for
effective company/stakeholder grievance mechanisms: A report of lessons learned.”<a href="#_ftn78" name="_ftnref78" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn78;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[78]</span></span></span></span></a> The
second<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>reported on “Human rights and
corporate law: trends and observations from a cross-national study” conducted
by the SRSG.<a href="#_ftn79" name="_ftnref79" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn79;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[79]</span></span></span></span></a>
The third elaborated “principles for responsible contracts.”<a href="#_ftn80" name="_ftnref80" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn80;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[80]</span></span></span></span></a> These
were immediately followed by the 2011 SRSG Report on Conflict Regions.<a href="#_ftn81" name="_ftnref81" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn81;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[81]</span></span></span></span></a> Each
will be considered in subsequent chapters considering the text of the UNGP. For
this chapter the focus is on the 2011 SRSG Report. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>However,
even so limited, there is a complication that might contribute towards
interpretive dissonance.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The final text
of the 2011 SRSG Report,<a href="#_ftn82" name="_ftnref82" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn82;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[82]</span></span></span></span></a> was in
some ways considerably different than the draft of what would become the 2011
SRSG Report introduction that was circulated in November 2010.<a href="#_ftn83" name="_ftnref83" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn83;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[83]</span></span></span></span></a> The
differences may be useful in approaching the “definitive” introduction, both
for what was included in the final version and for what served as the initial
vision around which the draft NGP were to be presented, and perhaps also
encased, at least from the perspective of interpretive guidance for reading and
applying the text. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">2.2.1 The 2011 SSRG Report</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The focus of the 2011 SRSG Report is on historical
development, and the data driven context that produced the UNGP—as a framework,
and as the aggregation of the principles that give that structure its normative
thrust and form.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The introduction thus
provides guidance toward both textual interpretation of the principles and the
elaboration of the spirit of the UNGP as a whole. That spirit could be
understood as the cluster of cire principles given expression by and through
the UNGP, and that permeates each of its thirty-one principles and its general
principles.<a href="#_ftn84" name="_ftnref84" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn84;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[84]</span></span></span></span></a> The
result was the production of something that might be considered as close to an
official history of the UNGP as one might obtain under the circumstances.<a href="#_ftn85" name="_ftnref85" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn85;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[85]</span></span></span></span></a> It may
be important to note that every history generates its own counter-narratives.<a href="#_ftn86" name="_ftnref86" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn86;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[86]</span></span></span></span></a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It
stars with the core premise—that globalization made the process leading,
eventually, to the UNGP inevitable. That inevitability was grounded in the
success of the private sector as the ordering and driving force in the
development of productive forces.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
consequential liberation of productive forces from the normative oversight of
territorially limited states required a corrective—perhaps to bring back a
balance between public and private sectors. The driving force of that
trajectory as a function of the consequences of the triumph of the private in
the 1990s was the emergence of a “heightened social awareness of businesses’
impact on human rights [which] also attracted the attention of the United
Nations.”<a href="#_ftn87" name="_ftnref87" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn87;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[87]</span></span></span></span></a>
It is worth underscoring this principle and situating it in the text and spirit
of the UNGP—what drives the project, and serves as its bedrock normative first
principle,<a href="#_ftn88" name="_ftnref88" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn88;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[88]</span></span></span></span></a>
is the goal-belief that the imbalance between public and private sectors has
created an imbalance in the impacts of economic activity on human rights,
imbalances that need correction by better aligning private sector economic
activity with public sector human rights guardrails. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>But
the path toward correction was to be littered with failure and failed
approaches.<a href="#_ftn89" name="_ftnref89" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn89;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[89]</span></span></span></span></a>
Principal among them were the Norms on Transnational Corporations and Other
Business Enterprises “drafted by an expert subsidiary body of what was then the
Commission on Human Rights.”<a href="#_ftn90" name="_ftnref90" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn90;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[90]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> Their fundamental error was to replicate
the imbalance that was the object of reform.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>In place of a private sector (and the economic activity they drove)
detached from the normative constraints of politics organized within the state
system and its collective manifestations in UN institutions, the Norms offered
to transform the private sector into a hybrid public administrative under the
supervision of the state. “Essentially, this sought to impose on companies,
directly under international law, the same range of human rights duties that
States have accepted for themselves under treaties they have ratified.</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: DengXian; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bodoni 72"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Bodoni 72";">“</span><a href="#_ftn91" name="_ftnref91" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn91;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[91]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> Its principal failing was that the Norms
were not voluntary and in the process overrode, without much democratic
deliberation, substantial core normative consensus about the private sector and
the role and purpose of economic activity in many states.<a href="#_ftn92" name="_ftnref92" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn92;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[92]</span></span></span></span></a> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The Norms produced “a deeply
divisive debate” among key stakeholder with diverging interests,<a href="#_ftn93" name="_ftnref93" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn93;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[93]</span></span></span></span></a>
resulting in the abandonment of the Norms and the substitution of a new effort.
The mandate of the SRSG, then, was understood to have been born out of the
ashes of the failed Norms—and that birth story significantly affected the
approach to be undertaken thereafter. This “new process” under the mandate of
the SRSG produced the UNGP and this last report.<a href="#_ftn94" name="_ftnref94" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn94;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[94]</span></span></span></span></a> For
supporters this was a virtue; for others it posed a threat sufficiently large
that the Norms project as a formal project was abandoned—until resurrected 2014
in the form of the effort to draft an international instrument for the
regulation of the human rights effects of business.<a href="#_ftn95" name="_ftnref95" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn95;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[95]</span></span></span></span></a> That
dialectical process—from the Norms, to the UNGP, and then back to the Norms in
new forms, was initially criticized by Professor Ruggie early in its process of
development.<a href="#_ftn96" name="_ftnref96" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn96;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[96]</span></span></span></span></a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Paragraphs 4 -5 of the 2011
Report then describe the three phases through which the work of the SRSG
evolved.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The first phase<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>was a cleaning phase, “[r]eflecting the
mandate’s origins in controversy”<a href="#_ftn97" name="_ftnref97" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn97;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[97]</span></span></span></span></a> and
thus focused on data gathering—the identification and clarification of existing
standards and practices.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It set the<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tone of the mandate project as one that was
meant to be data driven—one that would derive its principles from its
aggregation, synthesis, and interpretation of data against aspirational ideals—<i>effectively
an inductive process</i> against what was by implication the rejected deductive
processes leading to the Norms. The former is data and context driven; the latter
is driven by logical suppositions. The SRSG noted the production of a
substantial amount of research<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>that
“provided a broader and more solid factual basis for the ongoing business and
human rights discourse, and is reflected in the Guiding Principles annexed to
this report.”<a href="#_ftn98" name="_ftnref98" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn98;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[98]</span></span></span></span></a> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It is worth noting that
neither the SRSG nor the critical text speak to inductive or deductive
principles, nor to the critical role of dialectics in crafting a framework
document.<a href="#_ftn99" name="_ftnref99" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn99;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[99]</span></span></span></span></a>
Instead, much of this is subsumed within the once quite lively debate about the
SRSG’s “principled pragmatism”—a concept that the SRSG introduced in his 2006
SRSG Report.<a href="#_ftn100" name="_ftnref100" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn100;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[100]</span></span></span></span></a>
His purpose was to provide greater conceptual clarity on the distinctive roles
between public and private sector entities.<a href="#_ftn101" name="_ftnref101" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn101;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[101]</span></span></span></span></a> What
he managed to describe was the data driven contextually based iterative
process, guided by the overarching framework of an objective (aligning business
activity with consequences for its impacts on human rights).<a href="#_ftn102" name="_ftnref102" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn102;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[102]</span></span></span></span></a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i>Nonetheless, the principal
point is clear enough</i>: inductive reasoning provides a sounder basis for the
development and implementation of human rights in economic activity than
deductive approaches. It was on that basis that the SRS was able to undertake
the second phase of his work in the wake of the renewal of his mandate by the
UNHRC—that of producing and submitting recommendations.<a href="#_ftn103" name="_ftnref103" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn103;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[103]</span></span></span></span></a> To
that end, again an inductive approach was undertaken.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The SRSG considered the “many initiatives,
public and private, which touched on business and human rights,<a href="#_ftn104" name="_ftnref104" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn104;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[104]</span></span></span></span></a> and
determined that they pointed to a problem of anarchy—of order without a center.
This gap<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the SRSG filled in 2008 with
the introduction of the overarching framework (merging data and response from
phase one) of “the “Protect, Respect and Remedy” Framework he had developed
following three years of research and consultations.”<a href="#_ftn105" name="_ftnref105" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn105;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[105]</span></span></span></span></a> The
UNHRC welcomed the framework, “providing, thereby, the authoritative focal
point that had been missing.”<a href="#_ftn106" name="_ftnref106" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn106;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[106]</span></span></span></span></a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Paragraphs 6-9, the SRSG
developed a concise summary of the utility and value of the ‘Protect, Respect,
Remedy’ three pillar Framework and its critical role in structuring the UNGP
and providing its core normative foundations. Paragraph 6 described the essence
of the three pillar framework.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It did more,
though: it also set out an interpretive principle: “Each pillar is an essential
component in an inter-related and dynamic system of preventative and remedial
measures.”<a href="#_ftn107" name="_ftnref107" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn107;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[107]</span></span></span></span></a>
Paragraph 7 then suggested the intrinsic utility of the Framework,<a href="#_ftn108" name="_ftnref108" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn108;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[108]</span></span></span></span></a> and
Paragraph 8 touched on its quasi-democratic legitimacy, grounded in the
extensive consultations that led to their formation, which suggested positive
reception.<a href="#_ftn109" name="_ftnref109" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn109;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[109]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Again, the issue might have touched on
democratic legitimacy, but it also deepened the argument of inductive
authority. Lastly, those data points then served as a basis for taking the
“Protect, Respect, and Remedy” Framework on step further—toward its
operationalization; “to provide concrete and practical recommendations for its
implementation. This constitutes the mandate’s third phase.”<a href="#_ftn110" name="_ftnref110" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn110;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[110]</span></span></span></span></a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Again, the inductive
methodology served as the basis for the completion of the third phase of the
project leading to the drafting of the UNGP: the “Council asked the Special
Representative, in developing the Guiding Principles, to proceed in the same
research-based and consultative manner that had characterized his mandate all
along.”<a href="#_ftn111" name="_ftnref111" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn111;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[111]</span></span></span></span></a>
The 2011 Report notes that not only were the UNGP ”</span> <span style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">informed by extensive discussions with all
stakeholder groups,”<a href="#_ftn112" name="_ftnref112" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn112;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[112]</span></span></span></span></a> but
they were “road-tested” as well.<a href="#_ftn113" name="_ftnref113" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn113;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[113]</span></span></span></span></a> That
testing was essential, not merely for the success of inductive based drafting
but also to underscore the point of workability even at the formative stage of
the UNGP’s development. The text of the draft UNGP were also “road-tested” by
key stakeholders.<a href="#_ftn114" name="_ftnref114" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn114;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[114]</span></span></span></span></a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The 2011 Report then shifts
gears, from historical context, to the development and application of the
driving ideology for developing the UNGP—data driven inductive processes
organized around the c UNGP’s core normative principle in the goal of bringing the
public and private sectors into balance around the management of the human
rights impacts of economic activity (organized around business). It bears
emphasis that the 2011 Report does not embrace any set of normative principles
over the value or preference for any specific manifestation of
political-economic models. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The inductive
methodology of the SRSG effectively precluded pre-judging value, which would
have been better aligned with a fundamentally deductive process.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And, indeed, it is likely that one of the
points of contention between the SRSG and critical stakeholder revolved around
this issue—though the debate rarely spoke in those terms.<a href="#_ftn115" name="_ftnref115" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn115;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[115]</span></span></span></span></a> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>First, the SRSG suggested that
the UNGP might best be understood as the end of a phase in the development of a
relationship between human rights and business activity—in the now famous
expression that the UNGP “will mark the end of the beginning: by establishing a
common global platform for action, on which cumulative progress can be built,
step-by-step, without foreclosing any other promising longer-term
developments.”<a href="#_ftn116" name="_ftnref116" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn116;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[116]</span></span></span></span></a> That
is meant to serve as an interpretive silver lining.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Precisely because the UNGP operate as “soft
law” it can be understood as a point in further development rather than a break
on that development.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Because the UNGP
are grounded in the inductive principle of framing, the UNGP must be understood
as a single point in a long iterative process of development. In effect the
UNGP contribute to the dialective of human rights in the field of business. It
is meant to produce further work from and through it. That is its value—that it
serves as a platform rather than as a stopping point.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Within the UNGP platform the consumers and
producers of business and human rights can engage in further dialective through
which the field will continue to evolve and the forms of operationalization
will develop. That is the object of Paragraph 14:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.5in;"><span style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">The
Guiding Principles’ normative contribution lies not in the creation of new
international law obligations but in elaborating the implications of existing
standards and practices for States and businesses; integrating them within a
single, logically coherent and comprehensive template; and identifying where
the current regime falls short and how it should be improved.<a href="#_ftn117" name="_ftnref117" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn117;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[117]</span></span></span></span></a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">From this broad and dynamic reading a caution. The UNGP are
not meant as a toolkit, though it can serve as a basis for their creation. Again
the rejection of deductive principles produces a rejection by the SRSG of the
idea that the principles can be “taken off the shelf and plugged in.”<a href="#_ftn118" name="_ftnref118" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn118;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[118]</span></span></span></span></a>
Indictive principles suggests the intersubjectivity of context and iterations
–every contextually driven effort to implement and interpret will produce an
effect that will also affect the way in which the UNGP principles are read
going forward. The UNGP, then, are meant to embody generative principles. That
will prove unsatisfactory to those who sought a deductive fixity in the UNGP—an
anchor that could be projected through legal institutions. That, for example,
was the essence of the fundamental critique of Amnesty International in 2010.<a href="#_ftn119" name="_ftnref119" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn119;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[119]</span></span></span></span></a> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>What is thus presented is something that,
within these parameters is meant to be universally applicable, practical, and
effective for the prevention, mitigation, and remediation of human rights harms
in economic activity.<a href="#_ftn120" name="_ftnref120" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn120;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[120]</span></span></span></span></a> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">2.2.2 The 2010 SRSSG Draft Report UNGP</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Where the 2011 SRSG Report focused on historical context, process,
and the critical application of an inductive process to develop a structural
platform within which it is possible to develop practices for the management of
the adverse impacts of economic activity on human rights, the focus of the 2010
SRSG Draft Report UNGP was substance—and more particularly on the substantive
principles within which private sector activities, driven by individuals and
economic collectives can operate in the shadow of a responsibility to respect
human rights. For purposes of interpretation, one must be able to read the UNGP
text (and extract the principles around which the spirit of the UNGP are
manifested) against its history and principled methodology, and also against the
normative substance around which the principles are drafted. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Paragraph
1 of the 2010 SRSG Draft Report UNGP starts by guiding textual reading of the
UNGP around and through the prism of its critical element—not the state, or
civil society—but economic activity; not a particular form that business can
take, such as a corporation, partnership, conglomerate, joint venture, value or
supply chain, or the like—but business understood as a complex nexus of
economics, law and politics.<a href="#_ftn121" name="_ftnref121" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn121;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[121]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>That nexus is posited as having been at some
sort of reasonable equilibrium in which the roles of the state and of non-state
actors were aligned.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But the last
several decades have “witnessed growing institutional misalignments, from local
levels to the global, between the scope and impact of economic forces and
actors, and the capacity of societies to manage their adverse consequences.”<a href="#_ftn122" name="_ftnref122" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn122;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[122]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At the heart of this misalignment is the
corporation, which has evolved to embody “complex forms that challenge
conventional understanding and policy designs.”<a href="#_ftn123" name="_ftnref123" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn123;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[123]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These changes have affected all regions and
states; they have effectively shattered the old status quo.<a href="#_ftn124" name="_ftnref124" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn124;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[124]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Change is not merely expedient; change is
necessary to restore the alignment between the economic, policy, political, and
social forces represented by business and those represented by the state.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This
opening paragraph nicely sets the stage for the elaboration of both the theory
and praxis that is to follow. Its purpose is specific—to focus on the problem
of the governance of private aggregations of economic power.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The logic of this construct is
straightforward.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Economic, political,
and communal spheres operate best when they exist in a stable system in which
each contributes to the social fabric and each is bound by a set of obligations
that ensure the stability of the system and the likelihood that it will work
towards maximizing the ability of this construct to contribute to the welfare
of people and the stability of the state.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>But the logic of globalization<a href="#_ftn125" name="_ftnref125" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn125;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[125]</span></span></span></span></a> has
changed the traditional alignment of these three communities.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Though the SRSG focuses on the misalignment
caused by the evolution of corporate power,<a href="#_ftn126" name="_ftnref126" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn126;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[126]</span></span></span></span></a>
misalignment also has roots in the evolution of state and communal power.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For example, regimes of free movements of
capital, goods, and services has substantially altered the relationship between
states and corporations, but has also changed the relationship of states with
their populations and with other states as well.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The burgeoning network of agreements among
states has substantially altered the relationship between states and greatly
augmented the institutional character and regulatory power of the community of
states through increasingly effective international organizations, both public
and private in character.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
decentralization of power has substantially increased the number and character
of stakeholders in global society.<a href="#_ftn127" name="_ftnref127" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn127;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[127]</span></span></span></span></a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>But
the SRSG does not mean to set the world right.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>His object is more modest in scope, though not in aim. The sort of
“epochal changes”<a href="#_ftn128" name="_ftnref128" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn128;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[128]</span></span></span></span></a>
suggested by the description of changes in the global order is well represented
in the microcosm<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>of the transformation
of the framework governance regimes on business and human rights.<a href="#_ftn129" name="_ftnref129" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn129;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[129]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The microcosm of business and human rights,
as exemplary of the misalignments in governance regimes, proved irresistible—it
provided a contained space within which new approaches could be developed and
implemented “to map the challenges and recommend effective means to address
them.”<a href="#_ftn130" name="_ftnref130" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn130;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[130]</span></span></span></span></a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>However,
something as simple in theory as human rights as a conceptual meta-concept<a href="#_ftn131" name="_ftnref131" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn131;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[131]</span></span></span></span></a> proved
more difficult to elaborate in practice, and especially in the specific context
of economic activity where the aim was to “shift from institutional
misalignments onto a socially sustainable path.”<a href="#_ftn132" name="_ftnref132" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn132;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[132]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The SRSG thus moves from the description of
the problem—misalignment—to the consequences of its resolution, requiring
“operational and cultural changes in and among governments as well as business
enterprises—to create more effective combinations of existing competencies as
well as devising new ones.”<a href="#_ftn133" name="_ftnref133" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn133;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[133]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Thus, the SRSG moves from the singular focus
on business, where he started the report, to the implication of that focus: the
need for governments as well as businesses to change their behavior.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>That
transformation<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>has a topography—just
like a Leninist Party must ensure that the people follow the Socialist path,
the embedding of human rights in economic activity must follow<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>a “socially sustainable path.”<a href="#_ftn134" name="_ftnref134" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn134;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[134]</span></span></span></span></a> And<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>it has a new name: “socially sustainable globalization.”<a href="#_ftn135" name="_ftnref135" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn135;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[135]</span></span></span></span></a> But
the SRSG makes it clear that this is not thee well-worn path of the prior
century—something new is required: “it being a relatively new policy domain,
business and human rights differs significantly from the traditional human
rights agenda. . . . Moreover, the tools available for dealing with business
and human rights differ from those addressing State-based human rights
violations, where only public international law can impose binding obligation.”<a href="#_ftn136" name="_ftnref136" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn136;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[136]</span></span></span></span></a> In
recognizing the need to implement socially sustainable governance along the
socially sustainable path is still “in the early stages of this journey,”<a href="#_ftn137" name="_ftnref137" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn137;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[137]</span></span></span></span></a> though
one that requires “operational and cultural changes” among all relevant actors
“to create more effective combinations of existing competencies.”<a href="#_ftn138" name="_ftnref138" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn138;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[138]</span></span></span></span></a>
Additionally, business and human rights is acknowledged as new a policy domain
as the international community is at the early stages of the journey to
sustainable governance.<a href="#_ftn139" name="_ftnref139" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn139;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[139]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Business and human rights involve “all rights
that enterprises can affect,”<a href="#_ftn140" name="_ftnref140" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn140;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[140]</span></span></span></span></a>
include all rights holders,<a href="#_ftn141" name="_ftnref141" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn141;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[141]</span></span></span></span></a> and
can invoke a broader range of regulatory tools than traditional state or
international institutional actors.<a href="#_ftn142" name="_ftnref142" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn142;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[142]</span></span></span></span></a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>International
institutional involvement is necessary because the traditional balance between
business and state actors cannot be brought back into balance without its
intervention.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Moreover, because multiple
regulatory systems are involved, the scope of the problem of business and human
rights is considerably broader than the problems usually subject to the
regulatory frameworks of the law-state.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Globalization has produced something of a parity of power between
companies and some states.<a href="#_ftn143" name="_ftnref143" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn143;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[143]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The result is that the issue of business and
human rights is bound up with the issue of states and human rights—companies
may be complicit in the legal system based human rights violations of states,
and states may be involved in the human rights violations of companies.<a name="_Ref320049871"></a><a href="#_ftn144" name="_ftnref144" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn144;" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _Ref320049871;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[144]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Ref320049871;"></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The two distinct governance areas are thus intimately connected, yet
each is also subject to governance regimes that, though overlapping, are not
the same.<a href="#_ftn145" name="_ftnref145" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn145;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[145]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In addition, both law-state and corporate
social-norm systems are intertwined with networks of regulation at the
international level.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Finally, the human
rights obligations of states, corporations and international organizations are
bound up in larger webs of legal and social norm constraints.<a href="#_ftn146" name="_ftnref146" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn146;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[146]</span></span></span></span></a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>For
the SRSG, then, the problem of misalignment is the expression of a macro issue
that is supported in some measure by the underling structural incapacities of
states: “State practices exhibit substantial legal and policy incoherence and
gaps.”<a href="#_ftn147" name="_ftnref147" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn147;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[147]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Policy incoherence is the outward expression
of institutional incapacity in the face of changing circumstances.<a href="#_ftn148" name="_ftnref148" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn148;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[148]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At the international level, incoherence is
evidenced by the disordered state of territorial limits of state action.<a href="#_ftn149" name="_ftnref149" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn149;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[149]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Extraterritoriality is at once valued both
for its ordering effect on behavior across borders, and encouraged as a means
of controlling the activity of business.<a href="#_ftn150" name="_ftnref150" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn150;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[150]</span></span></span></span></a> But it
is also reviled as a means of projecting power from dominating to subordinated
states.<a href="#_ftn151" name="_ftnref151" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn151;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[151]</span></span></span></span></a>
The SRSG suggests a very narrow form of extraterritoriality—the power of the
home state to assert regulatory authority over its citizens or the entities it
has chartered.<a href="#_ftn152" name="_ftnref152" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn152;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[152]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The SRSG avoids the more aggressive versions
of extraterritoriality and suggests, a superior alternative model: the
substitution of inter-state consensus standards for projections of state power
abroad.<a href="#_ftn153" name="_ftnref153" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn153;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[153]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And indeed, one can understand both the need
for extraterritoriality as a tool and its solution, as there exists powerful
evidence of the consequences of misalignment and the way it produces incentives
to extend the subordination of smaller states by larger ones in the form of
extraterritoriality.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Misalignment is
also the expression of a macro issue that is supported, in some measure, by the
underlying structural incapacities of companies.<a href="#_ftn154" name="_ftnref154" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn154;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[154]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Thus, misalignment and incoherence involve
not merely adjustments between public and private governance, but also among
states and within the legal ordering of the community of states.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Having identified the scope and character of the problem,
the SRSG theorizes a solution and posits a suggested approach to
implementation.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
Report asserted the proposition that one major reason that past public and
private approaches have fallen short of the mark has been the lack of an
authoritative focal point around which the expectations and actions of relevant
stakeholders could converge. Therefore, when the SRSG was asked to submit
recommendations to the Human Rights Council in 2008 he made only one: that the
Council endorse the ‘Protect, Respect and Remedy’ Framework he had proposed,
following three years of extensive research and inclusive consultations on every
continent,<a href="#_ftn155" name="_ftnref155" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn155;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[155]</span></span></span></span></a>
which is then described.<a href="#_ftn156" name="_ftnref156" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn156;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[156]</span></span></span></span></a> The value
of the “Protect, Respect and Remedy” Framework as a remedy for the regulatory
misalignments that served as a part of the genesis of the project leading to
the UGP is then examined. That examination suggests the interweaving of the
three pillars as the essential element in creating alignments and bridging
regulatory gaps—both as to form and function, with each pillar serving as “an
essential component in supporting what is intended to be a dynamic system of
preventative and remedial measures.<a href="#_ftn157" name="_ftnref157" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn157;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[157]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The breadth of its influence also suggests
its utility,<a href="#_ftn158" name="_ftnref158" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn158;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[158]</span></span></span></span></a>
even before it has been operationalized.<a href="#_ftn159" name="_ftnref159" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn159;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[159]</span></span></span></span></a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">If the “Protect, Respect and
Remedy” Framework provides the theoretical “authoritative focal point around
which the expectations and actions of relevant stakeholders could converge”<a href="#_ftn160" name="_ftnref160" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn160;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[160]</span></span></span></span></a> then
the Guiding Principles provide the operational focal point for the
project.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“The Guiding Principles that
follow constitute the next step, providing the ‘concrete and practical
recommendations’ for the Framework’s implementation requested by the Council.”<a href="#_ftn161" name="_ftnref161" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn161;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[161]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The nature of the<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Guiding Principles’ contribution to the
resolution of the problem that gave rise to the SRSG’s project is complex and
subtle.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Guiding Principles
contribute to the “operational and cultural changes in and among governments as
well as business enterprises—to create more effective combinations of existing
competencies as well as devising new ones”<a href="#_ftn162" name="_ftnref162" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn162;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[162]</span></span></span></span></a> not by
changing contemporary legal and social norm structures, but by providing a new
organization for them.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>That organization
is grounded in elaboration of existing practices and standards, their
integration within a single framework, and the identification of areas that
require further development<a href="#_ftn163" name="_ftnref163" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn163;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[163]</span></span></span></span></a>—marking
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the UNGP’s normative contribution as “the
end of the beginning.”<a href="#_ftn164" name="_ftnref164" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn164;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[164]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But at the same time, the operationalization
proposed (in the form of the Guiding Principles) is not meant to be what the
SRSG described as a mere “tool kit, simply to be taken off the shelf and
plugged in.”<a href="#_ftn165" name="_ftnref165" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn165;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[165]</span></span></span></span></a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>And
so the 2010 SRSG Draft Report UNGP ends where it started—mindful of the
difficulties of theorizing and implementing a single coherent and comprehensive
framework that “will reflect the fact that we live in a world of 192 United
Nations Member States, 80,000 transnational enterprises, ten times as many
subsidiaries and countless millions of national firms, most of which are small
and medium-sized enterprises.”<a href="#_ftn166" name="_ftnref166" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn166;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[166]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Draft Principles reflect these points of
convergence, autonomy, polycentricity, and flexibility both within the
governance frameworks of each of the components of the system articulated, and
within the proposed framework itself.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
space between the 2010 SRSG Draft Report UNGP <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and its revised version submitted as the 2011
SRSG Report, which served as the basis on which UNHRC endorsement was secured,
is now clearly visible. Clear as well is the value of reading the 2011 SRSG
Report in the shadow of the 2010 SRSG Draft Report UNGP. The former focused
almost entirely on framing issues—historical justification, the embrace and
practice of generative inductive analytics as the basis both for the
development of the UNGP and the adoption of a principle of constant evolution. almost
purely framing objective.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The 2010
SRSG<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Draft Report UNGP gave a fuller
description of the normative framing within which it was possible to discuss
the historical context and the methodologies constructed around these normative
foundations—the socially sustainable path.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>With that in mind it might eb possible to extract a little different set
of meanings from the sixteen paragraphs of the 2011 SRSG Report.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
2011 SRSG Report provides the most well developed synthesis and exposition of
the business and human rights project begun by the Special Representative in
2005.<a href="#_ftn167" name="_ftnref167" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn167;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[167]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The first three paragraphs of the
Introduction set the stage by suggesting the historical inevitability of the
Guiding Principles.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Paragraph 1 suggests
the inevitability of the project, arising from a fundamental evolution of
global society within which the “issue of business and human rights became
permanently implanted on the global policy agenda in the 1990s, reflecting the
dramatic worldwide expansion of the private sector at the time, coupled with a
corresponding rise in transnational economic activity.”<a href="#_ftn168" name="_ftnref168" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn168;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[168]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Paragraphs
2-3 are particularly important for distinguishing the Guiding Principles
project from more aggressive earlier efforts,<a href="#_ftn169" name="_ftnref169" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn169;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[169]</span></span></span></span></a> and to
confine them to a governance space that would not threaten any of the principal
stakeholders, particularly states with respect to which the earlier efforts
“evoked a deeply divisive debate.”<a href="#_ftn170" name="_ftnref170" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn170;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[170]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This is important for setting the political
context in which the Guiding Principles are framed—that they do not extend law
or impose additional obligations on states or recognize a new status for
non-state actors.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Special
Representative stresses this point.<a href="#_ftn171" name="_ftnref171" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn171;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[171]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Introduction itself is then presented as
the final product of the alternative process <i>successfully initiated</i> built
on and avoiding the failure of the Norms process.<a href="#_ftn172" name="_ftnref172" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn172;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[172]</span></span></span></span></a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
next set of paragraphs then recount the process from concept to principle.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Paragraphs 4 and 5 provide a distilled
summary of the first two phases of the process that produced,<a href="#_ftn173" name="_ftnref173" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn173;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[173]</span></span></span></span></a> and by
the method of its production, legitimated, the “Protect, Respect and Remedy”
Framework on which the Guiding Principles are based.<a href="#_ftn174" name="_ftnref174" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn174;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[174]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Paragraph 4 is also important for its
suggestion of the necessity of institutionalization of the Guiding Principles
project—the informational (and legitimating) basis of the project is founded on
knowledge of existing standards and practices “that has continued to the
present”—the essence of the inductive process that make the UNGP more
authoritative.<a href="#_ftn175" name="_ftnref175" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn175;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[175]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The fruits of the second phase of the
Project—“that the Council support the ‘Protect, Respect and Remedy’ Framework
[the Special Representative] had developed following three years of research
and consultations”<a href="#_ftn176" name="_ftnref176" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn176;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[176]</span></span></span></span></a>—was
described in Paragraph 6.<a href="#_ftn177" name="_ftnref177" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn177;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[177]</span></span></span></span></a>
Paragraph 6 sketches the three pillar framework in broad strokes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It provides a very generalized sense of the
fundamental characteristics of the three pillar framework—grounded in two
distinct but interlinked sources of obligation that are tied by the joint
obligation to remedy breaches of obligation.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">Paragraph 7 returns to the issue of
legitimization.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It describes the breadth
of formal acceptance of the framework by critical stakeholders in the public,
non-governmental, and business sectors.<a href="#_ftn178" name="_ftnref178" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn178;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[178]</span></span></span></span></a> It
suggests functional acceptance by international organizations that have drawn
on the “Protect, Respect and Remedy” Framework “in developing their own
initiatives in the business and human rights domain.”<a href="#_ftn179" name="_ftnref179" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn179;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[179]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Paragraph 8 expands on the legitimization
theme by cataloguing “the large number and inclusive character of stakeholder
consultations convened by and for the mandate [that] no doubt have contributed
to its widespread positive reception.”<a href="#_ftn180" name="_ftnref180" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn180;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[180]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The object, of course, is to emphasize both
substantive legitimacy—grounded in facts—and process legitimacy, derived from
the adherence to generally accepted methods of stakeholder consultation as a
substitute for the conventional processes of democratic governance in states.<a href="#_ftn181" name="_ftnref181" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn181;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[181]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Stake holding legitimates action the way mass
popular movements legitimate changes in government sometimes, in their active
and representative capacities, who come “to constitute a global movement of
sorts in support of a successful mandate.”<a href="#_ftn182" name="_ftnref182" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn182;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[182]</span></span></span></span></a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This
legitimating acceptance led to phase three of the project—operationalizing the
three pillar framework, “to provide concrete and practical recommendations for
its implementation.”<a href="#_ftn183" name="_ftnref183" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn183;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[183]</span></span></span></span></a> Those
concrete and practical recommendations were to take the form of guiding
principles.<a href="#_ftn184" name="_ftnref184" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn184;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[184]</span></span></span></span></a>
These Guiding Principles were reinforced by (and reinforced) the approach taken
to produce the “Protect, Respect and Remedy” Framework upon which the Guiding
Principles are based.<a href="#_ftn185" name="_ftnref185" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn185;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[185]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As such, the Guiding Principles are grounded
in the same sort of principled pragmatism that marked the development of the
three-pillar framework, including the “road testing” of particular guidelines<a href="#_ftn186" name="_ftnref186" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn186;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[186]</span></span></span></span></a> and
extensive consultations on the wording of the text. <a href="#_ftn187" name="_ftnref187" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn187;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[187]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“In short, the Guiding Principles aim not
only to provide guidance that is practical, but also guidance informed by
actual practice.”<a href="#_ftn188" name="_ftnref188" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn188;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[188]</span></span></span></span></a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">And what result? The Special
Representative suggested the principal objective of these efforts: to establish
“a common global platform for action, on which cumulative progress can be
built, step-by-step, without foreclosing any other promising longer-term
developments.”<a href="#_ftn189" name="_ftnref189" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn189;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[189]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Introduction ends with a description of
the Guiding Principles defining its scope and purpose by what the Guiding
Principles are not, focusing on two characteristics in particular.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The first has already been mentioned—the
Guiding Principles are not a normatively positive project; their object is
merely to integrate or to repackage the cluster of legal and social norms that
already binds states and corporations (at least as these touch on issues of
human rights), “within a single, logically coherent and comprehensive template;
and identifying where the current regime falls short and how it should be
improved.”<a href="#_ftn190" name="_ftnref190" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn190;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[190]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Second, the fact that the Guiding Principles
do not mean to create new legal obligations does not mean that it is no more
than a more efficient codex; “the Guiding Principles are not intended as a tool
kit, simply to be taken off the shelf and plugged in.”<a href="#_ftn191" name="_ftnref191" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn191;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[191]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There is a certain amount of art involved in
the application of the Guiding Principles, precisely because it involves the
interactions of legal and social norms, of states and corporations, of national
and international norms, and of rights and remedies within and beyond the law
of states.<a href="#_ftn192" name="_ftnref192" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn192;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[192]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Neither normative system nor mere toolbox,
then, the Guiding Principles are offered as “universally applicable and yet
practical. . .<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>[doctrines] on the
effective prevention of, and remedy for, business-related human rights harm.”<a href="#_ftn193" name="_ftnref193" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn193;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[193]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Nonetheless, in the process, the UNGP were
understood, from the beginning to be (1) porous—inviting collateral efforts;
(2) polycentric—insisting that the three pillar framework was more than
cosmetic and reflected distinctive regulatory and operational forces that
required coordination; and (3) inductively iterative—positing a data driven
collaboration toward the realization of the singular core objective of the UNGP
project: to correct the misalignments “between the scope and impact of economic
forces and actors, and the capacity of societies to manage their adverse
consequence”<a href="#_ftn194" name="_ftnref194" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn194;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[194]</span></span></span></span></a>
the normative basis of which is defined by and as human rights. To that end the
UNGP were developed to “to achieve tangible results for affected individuals
and communities, and thereby also contributing to a socially sustainable
globalization.”<a href="#_ftn195" name="_ftnref195" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn195;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[195]</span></span></span></span></a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">2.3 The UNGP Definitive Text: A Wholistic Summary </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">The
object of this section is to provide a brief narrative summary description of
the text of the UNGP. While there will be considerable attention paid to the
text of each of its principles, it is important to consider the whole of the
principles together in one place. That exercise aligns with the UNGP’s
instruction that it be “understood as a coherent whole and should be read,
individually and collectively, in terms of their objective of enhancing
standards and practices.”<a href="#_ftn196" name="_ftnref196" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn196;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[196]</span></span></span></span></a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">The
UNGP text is divided into three sections or “Pillars” preceded by an unnumbered
section entitled “General Principles.” The three sections parallel the three
Pillar structure of the UNGPs <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>framework
announced in 2008 plus its overarching Chapeau (general principles; state duty
to protect; corporate responsibility to respect; and access to remedy). Each of
the substantive sections of the UNGP (state duty, corporate responsibility, and
remedial rights) are divided into two broad sections: foundational principles
and operational principles. These may then be further sub-divided. The broad
division—foundations and operations, reflects both the working style of the
SRSG’s work leading to the development of the UNGP and also the core inductive
iterative premise on which they were conceived. Each section, then, is meant to
operationalize an internal dialectic in which foundation principles affect the
operational principles, and that effect on operational principles then affects
foundational principles—and so on </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">The
General Principles of the UNGP are meant to provide the framework within which
the substantive provisions of the UNGP ought to be read.<a href="#_ftn197" name="_ftnref197" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn197;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[197]</span></span></span></span></a> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The first<i> </i>section, the state duty to
protect human rights, is set out in ten principles (UNGP Principles 1-10).<a href="#_ftn198" name="_ftnref198" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn198;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[198]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Those ten principles, in turn <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>is sub-divided among the state duty
foundational principles (UNGP Principles 1-2), and the state duty’s operational
principles (UNGP Principles 3-10).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These
operational principles are then divided among general state regulatory and
policy functions (UNGP Principle 3); the state-business nexus (UNGP Principles 4-6);
conflict affected area rules (UNGP Principle 7); and the provisions on policy
coherence (UNGP Principles 8-10). </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">The
second section, the corporate responsibility to respect human rights consists
of fourteen principles (UNGP Principles 1-24).<a href="#_ftn199" name="_ftnref199" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn199;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[199]</span></span></span></span></a> Again,
following the structure of the state duty, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the corporate respect for human rights <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>is divided among foundational principles (UNGP
Principles 11-15); and operational principles (UNGP Principles 16-24). The
operational principles are themselves are further divided among principles on
policy commitments (UNGP Principle 16); Human right due diligence (UNGP principles
17-21); remediation (UNGP Principle 22); and issues of context in responding to
human rights risks (UNGP Principles 23-24). </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">The
third section, access to remedy consists of seven principles (UNGP Principles
25-31).<a href="#_ftn200" name="_ftnref200" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn200;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[200]</span></span></span></span></a> Again,
the remedies principles are divided among foundational principles (UNGP Principle
25); and operational principles (UNGP Principles 26-31).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The operational principles are subdivided
into state based judicial remedies (UNGP Principle 26); state based non-judicia
remedies (UNGP Principle 27); non-state based grievance mechanisms (UNGP Principles
28-30); and effectiveness criteria principles (UNGP Principle 31).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">2.3.1 General
Principles</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">The UNGP General
Principles are meant to guide the interpretation and application of the
principles that follow. To that end, several key interpretive guardrails were
specified.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It also serves to situate
those principles within the “protect, respect, and remedy” Framework which was
the basis on which the UNGP were to be structured. To that end, the General
Principles sought to crystalize the essence of the Three Pillar framework.
Unlike the other UNGP Principles, the General Principles do not include an
official<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Commentary. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The General Principles first
recognizes that the UNGP are “grounded in recognition of” the states’ existing
obligations to respect, protect and fulfill human rights.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It then recognizes the role of business as
specialized organs of society performing specialized functions with respect to
which a broad scope of compliance is expected. Lastly it recognizes the
fundamental principle of aligning rights and obligations with remedies.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The General Principles then
set out four key interpretive premises. <i>The first </i>touches on
applicability of the UNGP. The principles apply to all States and all business
enterprises. They do not directly apply to anyone or anything else</span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">—including
religious institutions and civil society</span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">.
<i>The second</i> touches on a set of first principles for interpretation of
the principles that follow.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The UNP are
to be treated as a coherent whole; they are to read in terms of their
objective, which is also specified. Interpretation, then, is to be an
objectives based project. The singular objective, one worth repeating: “enhancing
standards and practices with regard to business and human rights, drawn from
paragraph 4 of the UNHRC endorsement resolution (and discussed above) in a way
that seeks to <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>achieve tangible results
for affected individuals and communities, and thereby also contributing to a socially
sustainable globalization.” <i>The third</i> is set out in the form of a
caution—that the UNGP neither create new international law nor undermine
existing or future State obligations under international law. <i>The fourth</i>
creates an interpretive privileging of sorts and with it an interpretive
tension. One the one hand the UNGP are to be implemented (and interpreted) in a
non-discriminatory manner.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>On the other
particular attention must be paid, with respect to both, to the rights and
needs of identified traditionally vulnerable or at risk groups.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">2.3.2 The State
Duty to Protect Human Rights.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">The first Pillar
State duty to protect human rights is divided between foundational and
operational principles. Operational principles are then further subdivided
among (1) General State Regulatory and Policy Functions; (2) The State-Business
Nexus; (3) Supporting Business Respect for Human Rights in Conflict-Affected
Areas; and (4) Ensuring Policy Coherence.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i>2.3.2.1 Foundational
Principles</i>. UNGP Principles 1 and 2 set out the foundational principles
around the concept of the state duty to protect human rights. These are to be
understood and applied in a way that aligns with the UNGP’s general principles,
and especially consonant with the UNGP’s core objective: enhancing standards
and practices with regard to business and human rights in ways that contribute
to socially sustainable globalization.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Principle 1 sets the general
operative principle—States must protect against human rights abuse. That duty
extends to the limits of their territory and/or jurisdiction. It applies to
human rights abuses by third parties including business enterprises. The
Commentary notes that this duty derives from the international human rights law
obligations imposed on States to respect, protect and fulfill the human rights
of individuals. This duty is implemented through the use of those actions
expected of states in fulfilling their political and public functions: polities,
legislation, regulation, and adjudication. The fulfillment however is judged
against a standard of effectiveness.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And
effectiveness is judged, in turn, by reference to the taking of appropriate
steps to prevent, investigate, punish and refers human rights abuse. The
commentary describes the duty to protect as a standard of conduct. And the
standard against which such conduct is assessed is international human rights
law, with the caveat drawn from the General Principles, that international
human rights law applies to any state<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>only to the extent that the State has obligated itself under principles
of international law (jus cogens providing the exception, and international
customary law the dialectical framework).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Principle 2 speaks to clarity
and transparency in regulatory and policy manifestations of compliance with the
state duty. First, States should clearly set <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>out expectations with respect to which
business is expected to comply. Those expectations are targeted to business
domiciled in their territories and/or jurisdiction.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But it is made to extend to the entirety of
the business’ operations where ever that may be. The Commentary speaks to the
extra-territorial regulation of business domiciled in a State. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Principle does not take a position on the
issue of the outward projection of state regulatory power through domestically
chartered enterprises’ operations abroad. The Commentary, however, does provide
some examples of ways in which such extraterritorial projection might be
accomplished.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i>2.3.2.2 Operational
Principles</i>. UNGP Principles 3-10 set out the principles through which the
state duty is operationalized. These are organized into four sets of
principles: (1) General State Regulatory and Policy Functions; (2) The
State-Business Nexus; (3) Supporting Business Respect for Human Rights in
Conflict-Affected Areas; and (4) Ensuring Policy Coherence.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The “General State Regulatory
and Policy Functions” sub-part of the State duty are set out in Principle 3.
Principle 3 lists four means by which States meet their duty to protect human
rights.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The first touches on enforcing
laws touching on business and human rights, and periodically assessing their
adequacy. The second focuses on legal coherence.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>That is, that other laws do not constrain the
proper application and enforcement of laws<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>touching on business and human rights. Particularly targeted is
corporate law, which, the Commentary suggests directly shape business
behavior—and thus the core ideology of markets and private behavior. The third
suggests approaches to policy and guidance for business relating to their
activities that may impact human rights. The fourth stresses the development of
modalities for business communication about the way in which they address human
rights impacts. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">The
Commentary starts with a reminder that business might under some circumstances
prefer state regulatory action over inaction, especially when state action is
deeply embedded in the “smart mix of measures developed in the SRSG pre
endorsement reports. The key, of course, is the emphasis on embedding
traditional regulation within polycentric governance structures. The Commentary
also reminds states about the dangers of “law washing”—the practice of enacting
laws which are thereafter not enforced. Avoidance of law washing requires both
enforcement and assessment of the state of law making. The Commentary includes
a reminder that incoherence between human rights law and the workhorse
regulatory structures for economic activity—corporate, securities, and contract
(private) law matters. The Commentary does not suggest a preference for an
underlying ideology of the relationship of economic and politics. It does
suggest a preference for the development of more robust guidance mechanisms—the
private sphere, in this case, can work better under the guidance and leadership
of the state where the state seeks to operationalize a smart mix of regulation.
The Commentary then elaborates on corporate communication.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is understood as a function of the
capacity building, but also as an instrument of nudging state approved
behaviors. The Commentary notes the . </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The “State-Business Nexus” sub-part
of the State duty to protect human rights is elaborated in UNGP Principles 4-6.
Principal 4 is short; its Commentary is considerably longer. The focus of
Principle are a specific category of economic enterprises—those owned or
controlled by the State—either directly or effectively through State support
from export credit agencies, and investment insurance or guarantee mechanisms.
In those cases Principle 4 demands “additional steps,” including considering
but not requiring human rights due diligence required of economic actors in
markets under the second Pillar responsibility to respect human rights. The
Commentary notes the conceptual and practical difficulties for a State that
acts as regulator, as “trustee” of the international human rights regime, and
as the principal or driving force in the economic activity regulated by and
through the State. There are no easy answers offered, only this: the connection
between the State (effectively as an economic actor gives rise to both a
heightened and a more targeted duty to protect. That duty falls on the State
and its agencies through which economic activity is owned or controlled, or
nudged, etc. In those circumstances it might be appropriate to treat the
agencies<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>as economic actors (akin to
private shareholders) and hold them to account under the principles and
mechanisms of the UNGP 2<sup>nd</sup> Pillar. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Principle 5 touches on State
oversight of their human rights obligations in the context of its own
procurement contracting. The “adequate oversight”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>obligations extend to relationships with
business enterprises with which the State contracts with or legislates for. The
Commentary speaks to the core objective of the Principle is to target business
enterprises through which the State may privatize<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the delivery of services.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Commentary urges clarification of the
obligation of the enterprise to respect human rights, and oversight strategies,
including independent monitoring ad accountability. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Principle 6 then broadens the
focus of Principle 5 to include all enterprises with which the State does
business—for example, purchasing paper clips or leasing property, etc. With
respect to these relationships, the State “should promote respect for human
rights.” The Commentary suggests that these commercial engagements provide a
great opportunity<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>to “promote awareness
of and respect for human rights.” To those ends, the Commentary suggests the
value of embedding this awareness in contracts—subject to (in the language of
the Commentary, “with due regard”) to the State’s relevant obligations under
national and international law.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The “Supporting Business
Respect for Human Rights in Conflict-Affected Areas” sub-part of the State Duty
to protect human rights is elaborated in UNGP Principle 7. The core premise of
Principle 7 is that the risk of gross human rights abuses are heightened in
conflict-affected areas. These areas, for purposes of Principle 7 may not be in
the territories or subject to control by the State to which Principle 7 is
directed, though it applies with equal force to the State within the
territories of which the conflict occurs. In these context the State has an
additional duty—“to help ensure”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>that
enterprises operating in conflict-affects areas<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>“are not involved” with such abuses.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Principle 7 offers four suggestions (the “including by” language
suggesting that States are free to develop other means of meeting the standard
of the Principle. The first two offer positive aid.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>One is to “engage” with such enterprises “at
the earliest stage possible” to prevent or mitigate risk of harm. The second <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>is to provide “adequate assistance” for
businesses to assess and address the heightened risk. The third suggest
punitive measures—denying access to public support or services to and refusing
to cooperate with to enterprises in volved in gross human rights abuses. The
last suggests a review and development of current policies, legislation,
regulations, and enforcement measure. The Commentary suggests the consultation
is a two way street; it is in the best interests of business to consult with
their home states to reduce risk (not necessarily of human rights abuses, but
of compliance grounded in the consequences of such human rights abuses). The
Commentary also gently suggests the context in which home states ought to
project power out into host states through their consultation and guidance
relationships with business. The Commentary reminds States of the importance of
cultivating policy coherence among its ministries, of developing early warning
systems, and of developing useful systems of rewards and punishments that have
effect. These are all meant to be measure sin addition to those otherwise
demanded of States under international humanitarian law. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The “Ensuring Policy Coherence”
sub-part of the State duty to protect human rights is elaborated in Principles
8-10. Principle 8 provides guidance on State policy coherence within its
administrative apparatus and its political branches. The Principle targets
“governmental departments, agencies, and other State-based institutions” but
only those that shape business practices. These entities should be made “aware
of and observe” national human rights obligations. Recall the General
Principles limiting principle that State acquire no additional legal
obligations under international law by operation of the UNGPs. The highlighted
means of meeting this obligation are the provision of relevant information,
training, and support. The Commentary speaks to the obligation as a useful
mechanism for balancing between incompatible core premises of a State’s
political economic system. The Commentary does not offer suggestions except
implicitly<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>through the premise of the
superiority of human rights as a function of the State’s legal obligations in
international law. The Commentary distinguished between vertical and horizontal
coherence. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Principle 9 extends the
insights of Principle 8 to the international field. It adopts a “maintain
adequate domestic policy space” standard to be applied when States pursue
business-related<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>policy objectives with
other States or businesses.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
principal targets are investment treaties or contracts. The Commentary make
that clear.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But also high on the
priority list are the internal human rights related consequences of investment,
free trade and similar agreements—where the terms of such agreements “may
constrain States from fully implementing new human rights legislation, or put
them at risk of binding international arbitration if they do so.”</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Principle 10 then ramps the
insights of Principles 8 and 9 to the area of multilateral institutions that
deal with business-related issues. In that context Principle 10 offers three
pathways to policy coherence.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The first
is to ensure that multilateral institutions neither restrain nor hinder their
member states from meeting their duty to protec.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The second is to encourage multilateral
institutions to promote respect for human rights and help States to meet their
duty—with a focus on technical assistance, capacity-building and awareness
raining. The last is to draw on the UNGP themselves to promote shared<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>understanding and advance international
cooperation in the management of business and human rights challenges. The
Commentary provides justifications for the thrust of multilateral institutional
capacity building. In the process they suggest important framework objectives
for the UNGP: to share information about challenges and best practices that
help evolve smart mixes (and aligns with the fact based iterative approach of
the UNGP), to nudge compliance by “laggards” states; and to reinforce the UNGP
as a common reference point—and thus to solidify its role as a platform. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">2.3.3 The
Corporate Responsibility to Respect Human Rights.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">The second Pillar
corporate responsibility to respect human rights is divided between
foundational and operational principles. Operational principles are further
divided among principles on policy commitments (UNGP Principle 16); Human right
due diligence (UNGP principles 17-21); remediation (UNGP Principle 22);
and issues of context in responding to human rights risks (UNGP Principles
23-24).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">The
foundational principles for the corporate responsibility to respect human
rights is substantially more elaborate than those for the state duty to protect
human rights.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The reason is
straightforward—State duty under international law is relatively well
understood; the need in the UNGP was to align what exists with the objectives
of the UNGP relating to business and human rights. Corporate responsibility—at
least its textual expression and rationalization, is far less developed, and
its alignment must be made not just to international public law, but to private
law and the quite well developed principles on the basis of which markets
driven non-state sector economic activity has been developed for the last
several hundred years. That construction and challenge drove much of the work
of the SRSG, and its result, the second pillar corporate responsibility to
respect human rights proved to be the most contentious part of the UNGP. The
sub-textual issues touched on the relationship between private markets and public
policy; and between models of corporate purpose—at one extreme the ideology of
purely private welfare enhancement through markets protected by the state; at
the other an ideology of public policy and public objectives driving<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>economic activity and the focus of economic
purpose. The extreme private approach tended toward approaching human rights in
economic activity as a purely public issue with respect to which compliance
with law was the extent of responsibility; the extreme public approach tended toward
approaching human rights as the core purpose of economic activity, the
expression of which was to be guided and directed by state based objectives,
though responsibility for its effectuation remained the duty of economic
actors.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>One was premised on the
separation of public and private functions; the other posited that economic
activity merely expressed delegated public authority which though privatized
remained subject to the authority and guidance of the state. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">The
UNGP sought to take a position somewhere in the middle—effectively positing
what might develop into system of administrative supervision as a function of
preventing, mitigating, and remedying human rights harms but in which the
driving force of economic activity continued to express private rather than
State preferences. That middle is expressed practically, through the system of
human rights due diligence, and by embedding the prevent, mitigate and remedy
model as a part of the operational costs of doing business but subject to the
policy caveat that business value prevention above mitigation, and mitigation
above remedy. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i>2.3.2.1 Foundational
Principles</i>. The Foundational principles seek to describe the corporate
responsibility to respect human rights and to situate it within the smart mix
of regulatory measures posited in the first pillar State duty. <i>Principle
11<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>expresses the core premise</i>: that
business enterprises should respect human rights.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is worth noting that other human
collectives, including corporate stakeholders may not share this same level of
respecting human rights—primary among them are civil society elements that may
operate as a social collective.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Having
expressed the core premise, Principle 11 then attempts to explain it: resecting
human rights has two elements; first to avoid infringing on the human rights of
others and second to address adverse human rights impacts with which they are
involved.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Both derive from the core
objective of the UNGP as set out in the 2011 SRSG 2011 Report: “establishing universally
applicable and yet practical Guiding Principles on the effective prevention of,
and remedy for, business-related human rights harm,”<a href="#_ftn201" name="_ftnref201" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn201;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[201]</span></span></span></span></a> the
purpose of which, underscored by the UNHRC in its endorsement resolution, was </span>to
“mitigate the negative impact of globalization on vulnerable economies, fully
realize the benefits of globalization or derive maximally the benefits of
activities of transnational corporations and other business enterprises.”<a href="#_ftn202" name="_ftnref202" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn202;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[202]</span></span></span></span></a> The
Commentary describes the responsibility to respect as a “global standard of
expected conduct,” one that is autonomous of the state and its regulatory
duties. The Commentary also articulates the operative premise of the
standard—that irrespective of legal or compliance obligation, in the face of
adverse human rights impacts the enterprise must first seek to prevent, then
mitigate and if neither is possible, then remedy those adverse impacts. The
term “impacts” is defined as a measurable object in Principle 12. Lastly the
Commentary cautions enterprises, in the pursuit of their own human rights
responsibilities, against undermining the ability of the State to meet their
own duty, especially the integrity of the judicial process. That caution ties
the 2<sup>nd</sup> Pillar corporate responsibility to the third pillar remedial
obligation, shared between States and enterprises. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Principle
12 provides a catalogue of rights to which the responsibility refers.
Enterprises should respect “internationally recognized human rights .” Because
the responsibility to respect exists autonomously of the State duty,
international recognition are not limited to those recognized either by home or
host states. At the same time, Principle 12 also identifies the International
Bill of Human Rights<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(IBHR) and the
principles concerning fundamental rights set out in the ILO’s Declaration on
Fundamental Principles and Rights to Work. The Commentary reminds one that
though all human rights apply, in practice different clusters of rights will be
impacted depending on context. The Commentary also suggested that the IBHR and
the ILO core conventions<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>are benchmarks
against which assessments of impacts ought to be made. The Commentary also
serves to remind that, consonant with the expectations of the General
Principles, the UNGP be applied in this context with particular attention to
adverse impacts on individuals or groups at heightened risk of adverse impact,
which may be addressed not by recognized international huma rights law but
norms and declarations and the like.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Principle
13 then fleshes out the nature of the respect “standard of conduct” in two
ways.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The first requires enterprises
seeking to comply with the responsibility to respect to “avoid causing or
contributing to adverse human rights impacts” and to address them when they
occur. The second requires enterprises to “seek to prevent or mitigate” adverse
impacts that are “directly linked” to their “operations, products or services
by their business relationships.”. These <span style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">requirements</span> reinforce the action hierarchy built into the
prevent, mitigate, and remedy principle by eliminating choice between these
alternatives. Instead it posits that the enterprise must first seek to prevent,
then to mitigate, and only then to remedy. <span style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">The requirements also expand the decoupling of the enterprise from both
its home and host states. The operative territory of the autonomous enterprise
is defined by its supply chain and supply chain relationships, which the
Commentary specifically cross-references with Principle 19. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Principle 14 then suggests the
breadth of the responsibility to respect across different sorts of economic
actors. It first broadly defines applicability to all<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>business enterprises regardless of size,
sector, operational context, ownership and structure. Nonetheless, it then
provides that the means by which the responsibility is met will vary, perhaps
considerably depending on two factors.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The first is the “scale and complexity” of their operations. The
second<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>is the “severity” of adverse
human rights impacts.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Both factors are
weighed to produce a contextual optimum approach. The balancing of capacity as
a function of size and operations against severity of impacts is discussed in
the Commentary. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Principle 15 then sets out the
way in which the corporate responsibility ought to be textualized. The
contextual application of the foundational principles should be set out in
policies and processes with three critical elements. The first is a textual policy
commitment to meet their responsibility to respect. The second is to develop
and have in place a human rights due diligence process, which is the subject of
a significant part of the second pillar’s operational principles. The third is
to develop processes to enable remediation (though curiously not prevention or
mitigation measures).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Commentary
references Principles 16-24 as the means by which an enterprise “knows and
shows” respect for human rights.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><i><span style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">2.3.2.2 Operational Principles</span></i><span style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">. </span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">UNGP Principles
16-24 set out the principles through which the corporate responsibility is
operationalized. These are further divided among principles on Policy Commitment
(UNGP Principle 16); Human right due diligence (UNGP principles 17-21);
remediation (UNGP Principle 22); and issues of context in responding to human
rights risks (UNGP Principles 23-24). </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">The
“Policy Commitment” sub-part of the corporate responsibility to respect human
rights is elaborated in Principle 16. Policy commitment is understood as a
critical performative act—the basis for embedding the responsibility to respect
within their operations.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is thus both
object and signification. It signifies the transposition of standards into
commitments that produce the ideal of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>respect against which process, conduct and operations may be
assessed<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and measured. The heart of
Principle 16 are a description of the five key elements of a policy commitment.
The first is that the policy commitment is to be approved at the most senior
level of the business enterprise—presumably the entity that controls production
in an integrated or organized production chain. Second, the policy commitment
must be informed by relevant internal and external expertise.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Presumably that protects against the
transformation of a policy commitment into a propaganda effort without
substance.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Third, includes a description
of the enterprise’s human rights expectations of personnel, business partners
and other parties (but only those “directly linked” to its operations, products
and services. Fourth, the text (or other representation) of the policy
commitment must be communicated<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>(internally and externally) to relevant parties beyond personnel and
business partners.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Fifth, the policy
commitment must be reflected in operational policies and procedures; it must in
effect be transposed from policy to operations.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>One imagines that would be undertaken through the structures of a
contextually relevant human rights due diligence system. The Commentary Makes
clear that the policy commitment may be crafted in whatever form accords with
the usual forms and practices of an enterprise. The Commentary cautions that
relevant expertise is both contextually determined and a function of
complexity. The Commentary emphasizes that the “directly linked” standard can
include a wide array of actors—including state functionaries and
institutions—aligning this with State duty Principles 4-6. Lastly the
Commentary sought to bring in concepts of policy coherence into the development
of a policy commitment. Again there is an effort to align this with State duty Principles
8-10.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">The
“Human Rights Due Diligence ” sub-part of the corporate responsibility to
respect human rights is elaborated in Principles 17-21. It represents the heart
of the operational provisions of the corporate responsibility to respect human
rights. Principle 17 provides the framework around which a human rights due
diligence system is created, and the factors identified against which the
effectiveness and value of the system is to be measured. <i>First the purpose
of human rights due diligence is articulated</i>—to “identify, prevent,
mitigate, and account for” the way in which an enterprise addresses adverse
human rights impacts. <i>Second, the scope of human rights due diligence is
identified</i>—assessing actual and potential adverse human rights impacts. <i>Third,
the components of a human rights due diligence system are identifies</i>—each
further elaborated in succeeding UNGP Principles—(1) assessing impacts; (2)
integrating and acting on findings; (3) tracking responses; and (4)
communicating how impacts are addressed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">Principle
17 then provides the meta-structures and premises under which systems of HRDD
are to operate. They are organized in three points. <i>The first</i> carries
over<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and seeks to operationalize a core
premise drawn from the responsibility to respect foundational principles<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(and especially UNGP Principle 13): HRDD
systems ought to cover adverse human rights impacts that may be caused by or
contributed to through the enterprise’s own activities<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>or which may be “directly linked” to its
operations, products, services or business relationships. <i>The second</i>
carries over and seeks to operationalize the contextualizing core premise of
the corporate responsibility drawn from the end Pillar foundational principles
(and especially UNGP Principle 14): HRDD systems will vary as a function of the
size of the enterprise, the nature and context of operations, and the severity
of impacts. <i>The third</i> adds a temporal element: HRDD systems are not
snapshots but rather signal—or in the language of the UNGP they are meant to be
ongoing with a sensitivity to the premise that human rights risks change over
time. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">The
Commentary underlines the role of Principle 17 as an organizational chapeau,
defining parameters that are ten elaborated in Principles 18-21. The Commentary
proffers a definition of “human rights risks” as an enterprise’s actual or potential
human rights impacts.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Potential impacts,
in turn, are to be addressed through prevention or mitigation; actual impacts
are addressed through remediation under Principle 22. The Commentary suggests
that HRDD may be embedded within an enterprise’s risk management systems.
However, the Commentary warns against adopting the sensibilities of risk
management as incompatible with the “prevent, mitigate, remedy” operational
premises of HRDD. The Commentary addressed the practical aspects of complexity
in very large enterprises suggesting an approach that generalizes or targets
compliance. Most importantly, the Commentary raises the <i>issue of complicity</i>
within HRDD systems. The Commentary proffers a triggering standard:
“contributes to, or is seen as contributing to” adverse human rights
impacts.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It notes that complicity has
public and private law aspects, with the public aspect narrower and defined
strictly by law. Private l (or non-legal as the Commentary has it) complicity
is ordered by private law and by the expectations of the market. The Commentary
then offers a “business case” for HRDD. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">Principle
18 focuses on the “identify and assess” standards for a HRDD system. The
“identify and assess” standard applies to actual or potential adverse human
rights impacts. Impacts are attributable to an enterprise where the impact is
directly attributed to it or where it results from their business
relationships. Principle 18 then specifies the process elements of the
“identify and assess” standard.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>First,
the process should draw on internal and external expertise.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Second, the process should involve “meaningful
consultation”. Meaningful consultation includes with potentially affected
groups and other relevant stakeholders. The meaning of “relevant” and
“potentially affected” is a function of the size of the enterprise and the
nature and context of the operation. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">The
Commentary to Principle 18 adds context.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>At the same time it aligns the process of HRDD systemicity with the
principled pragmatist (inductive and iterative) process that marked the work of
the SRSG in developing the UNGP. “Identify and assess” is characterized as the
initial step in the operation of a HRDD system. Its purpose is to develop a
factual basis for assessment, and then for action. In the process of using
“identification and assessment” to understand specific impacts, the Commentary
specifies that it ought to occur before a business activity is undertaken, it
ought to identify those who might be affected, it ought to catalogue relevant
human rights standards and issues, and project the nature of the (adverse)
impact. While the focus is on adverse impact the Principle and its commentary
is silent respect any assessment of specifically positive impact, though that
may be implied as part of the “business case.” Special care ought to be taken
respecting vulnerable and marginalized groups. Assessments ought to occur
periodically rather than being triggered by a decision to engage in a specific
activity. Consultation is undertaken to more accurately assess the human rights
impacts of proposed or undertaken activity subject to HRDD.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">Principle
19 then focuses on the consequences of the impacts analysis of Principle 18—the
prevention and mitigation of human rights impacts. Where prevention and
mitigation is possible (recall that under Principle 17, impacts for which
neither prevention nor mitigation are possible are considered under the
remediation provisions of Principle 22), enterprises are expected to take <i>appropriate
action</i>. That starts with an obligation<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>to <i>integrate</i> findings developed under Principle 18’s “identify
and assess” exercise, across relevant internal functions and processes.
“Effective integration”, in turn, requires the assignment of responsibility for
addressing the impact to an appropriate level and function within the
enterprise. It also requires an alignment of this assignment with
internal-decision-making, budget, and oversight processes that avoid
impeding<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>such response. The Principle is
silent with respect to outsourcing such responsibility. In addition
“appropriate action”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>is defined as
contextually determined. “Appropriate action” will turn on the relation of the
enterprise to the impact.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Effectiveness
is measured as a function of whether the enterprise “causes or contributes”. To
the impacts or whether the enterprise is involved solely because the impact is
“directly linked” to its “operations, products or services by a business
relationship.” Appropriate action” is also made dependent on the concept of
“leverage,” a concept developed in the Commentary and found nowhere else in the
UNGP. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">The
Commentary amplifies the standards and approaches of Principle 19.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>First it underscores the critical importance
of horizontal integration of specific findings concerning human rights impacts
an enterprise policy commitment (UNGP Principle 16) embedded in all relevant
business functions . This reflects the emphasis of policy coherence in both the
State duty and the corporate responsibility pillars. It also underscores the
division between actual and potential human rights impacts analysis—the former
to be subject to remediation, the latter to prevention and mitigation
measures.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Commentary explains to
under the “contributes or may contribute” standard, the enterprise ought to
take “necessary steps” (1) to cease or prevent its contribution, and (2) to use
“leverage” to mitigate any remaining impact.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>This approach, of course, is subject to the balancing and timing rules
of Principle24. The Commentary defines “leverage”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>as a situation in which the “enterprise has
the ability to effect change in the wrongful practices of an entity that causes
a harm.” It should be noted that the obligation to use leverage does not also
require that leverage be successfully used. The Commentary also speaks to the
cultivation of leverage in the business relationships of the enterprise.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Leverage, for example, ought to be exercised
if it exists and might prevent or mitigate impact. Leverage may be increased
by<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“offering capacity building, or other
incentives.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Here the<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>UNGP seek to align the working patterns of
Principles 3, 8, and 10 of the State Duty, with the deployment of leverage in
the operation of HRDD.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">On
the other hand, the Commentary explains that where an enterprise<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>is only “directly linked” to the adverse
impact complexity standards apply. In this case that produces a factor
balancing approach in which the quantum of leverage, the importance of the
relationship with the offending entity is balanced against the severity of the
impact, which is itself mitigated by the extent to which terminating a
relationship will itself produce adverse human rights impacts. Again, the Commentary<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>requires reading against or aligned with
Principe 24. Complexity also augurs the use of independent experts. The
Commentary also speaks to the analytics of crucial relationships in the factor
balancing framework of Principle 19. It offers a definition grounded in an
assessment of the “essential to the enterprise’s business” standard coupled
with a showing of no reasonable alternative source. Severity is understood both
as an intensifier of impact but also of the speed with which a response is
required. The more severe the impact, then, the quicker the expected response
and the more significant a showing must be made of countervailing factors
(quantum of leverage and importance of product or relationship, and human
rights impact of terminations). Where the abuse continues under these standards
the obligation to prevent, mitigate or remedy remains.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">Principle
20 speaks to verification. The focus is on the extent to which adverse human
rights impacts identified and assessed (Principle 18) have produced
“appropriate action” (Principle 19) that are effective. To that end, tracking
is required. The development of a HRDD tracking system requires attention to
two key elements.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The first is the
ensuring that tracking effectiveness be based on appropriate (contextually)
“qualitative and quantitative indicators.” The second is that effective
tracking ought to draw on internally and externally sources feedback. That
feedback must include affected stakeholders (identified via the systems
specified in Principle 18). The Commentary emphasizes that effectiveness
tracking serves two different purposes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The first is connected to the adverse impact that produced the need for
response.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The second is institutional:
“to drive continuous improvement.” Special attention ought to be devoted to
effectiveness analytics touching on vulnerable and marginalized groups at
heightened risk of adverse impact. The Commentary suggests that effectiveness
tracking be integrated into “relevant internal reporting processes” and that in
that context the enterprise might achieve efficiencies through “tool
sharing”—including data and analytics. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Data
and qualitative measures may also be extracted from an analysis of activity
touching on the enterprise’s operational level grievance mechanisms (Principle
29). </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">Principle
21 then shift the focus from internal effectiveness tracking (Principle 20) and
assessment to external communication and accountability. The object is
accountability communication beyond that which may be required under the law of
the home or host state and directed principally to stakeholders and their
defenders. Special attention is mandated for business activity posing risks of
severe impact.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Principle 21 then
describes the form and context of such accountability communication. First, it
must be accessible and of a form and frequency that reflects the enterprise’s
impacts. Second, it must provide information sufficient for recipients to
evaluate the adequacy of response. Third, it must not provide so much
information that the disclosure creates a risk to (1) affected stakeholders,
(2) personnel, or (3) “legitimate requirements of commercial confidentiality.”
The Commentary describes the essence of Principle 21 as the operationalization
of a “know and show” principle. It also suggests that communication is not
limited to text. It may also include in-person meetings, online dialogues,
consultation and formal reports. Of course memorializing<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>any such efforts are likely prudent in the
event recollections differ. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
Commentary does suggest that formal reporting “is expected”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in the face of situations of severe risk .
The Commentary also suggests the benefits of independent verification—akin,
perhaps, to an auditing function. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">The
“Remediation” sub-part of the corporate responsibility to respect human rights
is elaborated in Principle 22. Principle 22 applies where an enterprise
identifies (Principles17 and 18) that they meet the “cause or contribute”
standard<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>related to adverse
impacts.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Under those circumstances an enterprise<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>should “provide for or cooperate in” their
remediation. Either may be undertaken through “legitimate processes.” The
Commentary makes clear that remediation is the fallback position under a HRDD
system with emphasis on prevention and mitigation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Remediation is required where an enterprise
“has not foreseen or been able to prevent” adverse impacts. The “been able to
prevent” standard must be aligned with the balancing of factor analysis of
Principles 19, 23 and<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>24. The Commentary
describes the remediation obligation as requiring “active engagement.”
Operational level grievance mechanisms are offered as a useful mechanism for
active engagement in remediation of adverse impact—but those must meet the
requirements of Principle 31 to be deemed legitimate. Where remediation is
required arising in “directly linked” situations, the enterprise is not
required to directly provide remediation “though it may take a role in doing
so.” Remediation in criminal matters requires cooperation with judicial
mechanisms and the Commentary cross references the guidance in the third Pillar
remediation principles.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">The
“Issues of Context” sub-part of the corporate responsibility to respect human
rights is elaborated in Principles 23-24. These provisions refine both the
analytics of HRDD and the assessment of responsive action under specific
circumstances.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They create principles
through which enterprises may balance factors and weigh<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>alternatives. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">Principle
23 provides a hierarchy of compliance against which adverse impacts analysis
must be undertaken. First, Principle 23 specifies that, without contextual
exception, enterprises must first <i>comply</i> with all applicable law, and <i>respect</i>
internationally recognized human rights, everywhere they operate. Legal
compliance is mandatory; normative conformity is expected around that core of
legal compliance. Left unspecified are what constitutes “applicable” law or
“internationally recognized” human rights which appear to include norms beyond
law at the international level. Second, it provides that where legal compliance
and respect for internationally recognized human rights<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>produce “conflicting requirements,” then the
enterprise must seek ways to honor the principles of internationally recognized
human rights.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Third, the enterprise must
treat the risk of “causing or contributing” to gross human rights abuses as a
matter of legal compliance everywhere they operate.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The last appears to elevate internationally recognized
human rights in the face of gross abuses even where neither the home nor host
state has recognized those rights with respect to which it may have no
obligation under the UNGP General Principles. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">The
Commentary provides a little clarification. It reminds that the responsibility
to respect is distinct from the duty to protect and that law and norms are to
be treated in the first instance, as distinct realms of compliance. Where legal
compliance makes respect impossible then enterprises are expected to respect
international human rights to the extent possible.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Left unstated is whether, irrespective of
legal capacity, such failure to comply still produce a remediation obligation
where as a result<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>of the impossibility
adverse impacts<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>occur under
international rights even if they are not recognized in a home or host state.
Here Principle 23 and 24 read together suggest that remediation in such
circumstances is plausible, though not a necessary reading. The Commentary
suggests extensive consultations, with governments, experts and international
institutions in the case of conflict. The Commentary also suggests that issues
of complicity in<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>conflict affected areas
may transform such conflicts between national law and international rights into
one affecting the liability of an enterprise under systems of international
criminal law (for example<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>under the Rome
Statute of the International Criminal Court). In all such cases enterprises
ought to adjust their conduct to avoid exacerbating the impact.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">Principle
24 speaks to prioritization of action in the face of adverse impacts. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The rule of prioritization is
straightforward.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Prioritization applies
to both actual and potential adverse human rights impacts. The enterprise must
prioritize responses as a function of severity—responding first to the most
severe impacts “or where delayed response would make them irremediable.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Commentary adds specifics.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>First prioritization does not excuse the
obligation to, in the last instance. Provide remedies under Principle 22.
Second, prioritization may also be affected by national legislation or public
management. Third, the standard of severity in prioritization is not to be
understood as an absolute concept.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Instead it is relative to other identified impacts.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Implied is the idea that all impact must be
resolved—the most severe first through application of principles of prevention
and mitigation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The others, to the
extent that there are no alternatives, through (eventual) remediation. In this
respect Principle 24 must be read to align with Principles 17, 19, and 22.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">2.3.4 Access to
Remedy.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">The third Pillar
on access to remedy is, like the state duty to protect and the corporate
responsibility to respect human rights, divided between foundational and
operational principles. The operational principles are further subdivided into
state based judicial remedies (UNGP Principle 26); state based non-judicia
remedies (UNGP Principle 27); non-state based grievance mechanisms (UNGP
Principles 28-30); and effectiveness criteria principles (UNGP Principle 31).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i>2.3.4.1 Foundational
Principle</i>. The foundational principle on access to remedy of Principle 25 is
directed to States. It is understood as an essential element of a State ‘s duty
to protect human rights. States are required to “take appropriate steps to
ensure. . . that when<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>such abuses occur
. . those affected have access to effective remedy. ” The means by which such
access to effective remedy is realized is “through judicial, administrative, or
other appropriate means.” Note the interplay of expectations: (1) the
obligation applies to “business-related human rights abuse” (2) the objective
is <i>effective </i>remedy; (3) the obligation requires taking appropriate
steps with the goal of “ensuring”; (4) the duty extends to the full extent of
their territory and jurisdiction (which could be worldwide in some instances);
and (5)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the means by which goal and
objective may be realized<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>is quite
broad. “Effectiveness,” the term used throughout the access to remedy pillar
are defined by reference to the criteria set out in Principle 31 but only for
non-judicial grievance mechanisms, both State-based and non-State-based.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>With respect to State-based judicial
mechanisms it is presumed that effectiveness is measured by the application of
the general and specific principles of the constituted legal order in which
they are embedded. It follows that while the effectiveness criteria of non-judicial
grievance mechanisms may be coordinated around a single set of principles, one
might expect more variation in the effectiveness criteria of State-based
Judicial mechanisms except to the extent of conformity to the expectations set
out n Principle 26. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Despite this, it
ought to be noted that the criteria in Principle 31 mirror the fundamental
criteria for the operation of rule of law based judicial systems.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The Commentary to Principle 25
amplifies the foundational principle of remedial access. It reiterates the core
rationale for remedial access—rights without remedy may render meaningless the
State duty to protect and impossible effective operation of HRDD. This applies
even in the face of the privileging of prevention and mitigation strategies
under HRDD. The Commentary identifies two aspects of access of remedy—one is
procedural and the other is substantive. Grievance mechanisms are procedural;
the remedies provided through such grievance mechanisms are substantive. Both
remedy and mechanism can take a variety of forms. Remedies have as their aim to
“counteract or make good and human rights harms.” Grievance mechanisms “should
be impartial, protected from corruption and free from political or other
attempts to influence the outcome.”</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The Commentary defines a
grievance as a perceived injustice<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>evoking a sense of entitlement by the remedy seeker.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>That entitlement is detached form law and, in
addition to law may be based on contract (private law), promises, custom, or a
generalized notion of fairness. Grievance mechanisms are understood to include any
routinized process through which grievances may be raised and remedies
provided. State based grievance mechanisms are broadly defined to include judicial
and non-judicial bodies—courts, labor tribunals, national human rights
institutions, National Contact Points under the OECD Guidelines for
Multinational Enterprises, ombuds institutions, and government run complaints
offices. The Commentary also aligns effectiveness of access to remedy with
public with public awareness of their existence and operation. Lastly the
Commentary explains that these systems should form<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>a “foundation of a wider system of remedy.
These wider systems can incorporate mechanisms for effective prevention and
mitigation.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i>2.3.4.2 Operational
Principles</i>. UNGP Principles 26-31 set out the principles through which the
access to remedy pillar is operationalized. These are further divided among
principles on<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>state based judicial
remedies (UNGP Principle 26); state based non-judicia remedies (UNGP Principle
27); non-state based grievance mechanisms (UNGP Principles 28-30); and
effectiveness criteria principles (UNGP Principle 31).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The “State-Based Judicial
Mechanisms” sub-part of the access to remedy pillar is elaborated in Principle
26.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The text of the principle is short;
its explanation in the Commentary is considerably longer. The Principle
provides that States should take “appropriate steps to ensure” the
effectiveness of its domestic judicial mechanisms when addressing business
related human rights abuses.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Effectiveness is tied to efforts to reduce legal, practical and other
barriers<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>that “could lead” to denial of
access to the courts, and thus to remedy. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The Commentary underscore the
premise that <i>effective</i> judicial mechanisms are at the core of access to
remedy. The issue, then, revolves around effectiveness. It is to an<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>elaboration of the principles around which
the concept of effectiveness is understood that the Commentary devotes
substantial space. <i>The first principle of effect</i>iveness is to avoid the
erection of barriers to “legitimate cases.” This avoidance of barriers applies,
in the first instance only where judicial recourse is “an essential part” of
accessing remedy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>The second
principle of effectiveness</i> is to avoid corruption of the judicial process.
That notion, in turn, centers on structural corruption—and the embrace of the
ideal of judicial independence. Independence is understood, in turn, as
liberation from economic or political pressures from State agents, business
actors, and the avoidance of the obstruction of “legitimate and peaceful
activities” of human rights defenders.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">The
Commentary then provides examples of legal and procedural barriers. Three
examples of legal barriers are set out. One is the continued adherence to
ancient and<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>strict principles of asset
partitioning as a fundamental legal characteristics of legal persons. Another
touches on the use of legal doctrine to foreclose the interposition of judicial
proceedings that effectively “deny justice” without regard to the merits of the
claim. A third involves legal or social disabilities imposed on vulnerable or
traditionally marginalized groups that affects their ability to access judicial
mechanisms. Four examples of “practical or procedural” barriers are given. The
first concerns costs of bringing claims. The second involves<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the difficulties (including financial
resource difficulties) of securing legal representation. The third are centered
on procedural rules making claim aggregation difficult. The last turn on State
failure to provide sufficient resources to its prosecutors. Lamented, as well,
are the power imbalances at the heart of many of the barriers described.
Particular attention is suggested in that respect in each of the three stages
of remedy:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>identified as access,
procedures, and outcome. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">The
”State-Based Non-Judicial Grievance Mechanisms” sub-part of the access to
remedy pillar is elaborated in Principle 27. Principle 27 mirrors Principle 26.
It provides that States should provide “effective and appropriate “non-judicial
grievance mechanisms, to operate alongside judicial mechanisms. Recall the
definition of “grievance mechanism” from the Commentary to Access to Remedy Foundational
Principle 25: any routinized process through which grievances may be raised and
remedies provided. These non-judicial state-based mechanisms are
envisioned<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>as part of a “comprehensive
State-based system for the remedy” of business-related human rights abuse. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">The
Commentary provides more detail. State-based non judicial remedies are
understood to “play an essential role” but only as a complement and supplement
to judicial mechanisms. They are effectively assigned a role as second order
grievance mechanisms. They serve primarily to relieve the burdens on the
judiciary and to play a primary role when a judicial remedy is not required.
They also serve a gap filling role. To those ends, the mandates of existing
non-judicial<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>State-based grievance
mechanisms could be broadened or new mechanisms added. The forms suggested including
“mediation-based, adjudicative, or culturally appropriate<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and rights-compatible processes.” The
Commentary single out national human rights institutions for the potential role
they might play in the construction and operation of systems of State-based
non-judicial grievance mechanisms. Effectiveness, again, is measured against
the criteria of Principle 31. The Commentary carries over the sensitivity to
power imbalances described in Principle 26 Commentary to the operation of the
mechanisms constituted via Principle 27. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">The
”Non-State-Based Grievance Mechanisms” sub-part of the access to remedy pillar
is elaborated in Principles 28-30. While Principles 27-28 direct that States
“should take appropriate steps” (Principle 26) and “should provide effective
and appropriate”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mechanisms (Principle
27), Principle 28 provides only that States “should consider ways to
facilitate” access to effective non-Stat-based grievance mechanisms. That
consideration is focused on those grievance mechanisms “dealing with”
business-related human rights harms. Of course, non-State-based grievance
mechanism in many systems are not dependent on action by the State but may
arise through private law. Facilitation, and the management of effectiveness,
however, are two of the critical roles that the State may play in the
development of these mechanism, and as part of the “comprehensive State-based
system for the remedy of business-related human rights abuse” envisioned in
Principle 27. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">The Commentary first identifies the
location of such non-State-based mechanism. <i>One category of these mechanisms</i>
includes private actors. Among them are mechanisms are administered by the
business enterprise alone. Another may be administered by an industry
association or a multi-stakeholder group.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Either of these forms of non-State grievance mechanisms may include
stakeholders. With respect to these, the structural sensibilities influencing
the construction of State-based non-judicial mechanisms (Principle 27) are
applied—though, “non-judicial, but may use adjudicative, dialogue-based or
other culturally appropriate and rights-compatible processes.” The Commentary
suggests the factors that make these grievance mechanisms useful—they serve to
reduce barriers to access to remedy that sometimes may prove difficult for
State-based mechanisms. <i>Another category of such mechanisms </i>are
distinguished from private mechanisms—these are non-State-based mechanisms
operated by regional and international human rights bodies. Though the
Commentary reminds that these bodies traditionally dealt with State adverse
human rights impacts, they have dealt with the failure by States to meet their
duty to protect human rights <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(and thus
provide a potential resource against States for violation of their State Duty
obligations under the first pillar of the UNGP). Lastly, the Commentary
identifies awareness raising as a means of facilitation—but with an emphasis
that such awareness include the notion that these exist “alongside the
mechanisms provided by States.”</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">Principles 29 and 30 then provide
specific mandates for enterprise administered grievance mechanisms (Principle
29), and industry, multi-stakeholder and other collaborative initiatives
(Principle 30). </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">Principle 29 then provides the
rationale and basis for non-State-based grievance mechanisms <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>operated by enterprises (with or without
stakeholder participation) and sets put the mandate for their creation
(fulfilling in this way the remediation<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>obligation of the 2d Pillar Principle 22). Principle 29<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>starts with the rationale for non-Sate-based
grievance mechanisms—to “make it possible for grievances to be addressed early
and remediated directly.” It then sets out the mandate for business
enterprises:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>to “establish or
participate [recall the 2 Principal forms of non-State-based mechanisms
described in the Commentary to Principe 28] for individuals and communities”
adversely impacted. It ought to be noted that the term “communities appears
only three time in the UNGP—in the General Principles (goal of the UNGP to
achieve tangible results for individuals and communities), and in the
Commentary to Principle 25 (where the reference is to “aggrieved communities”),
and in the body of the text of Principle 29. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">The Commentary reemphasizes the
categorization of non-State based mechanisms introduced in the Commentary to
Principle 28. The Commentary emphasizes the informality of the process ads
compared, for example to State-based judicial mechanisms. The bulk of the
Commentary focuses on the two key functions of operational level grievance
mechanisms with respect to the fulfilment of the corporate responsibility to
respect human rights. <i>The first</i> is to support the identification of
adverse impacts (and thus is intimately connected with the HRDD identification
and assessment mechanisms elaborated in Principle 18. Effectively the grievance
mechanism serves as a data source critical for the operation of HRDD. The
second is to provide a structure through which the enterprise may meet the
remediation obligations of Principe 22. The object here is not merely remedial,
but also, because intervention occurs early in the process and is resolved
quickly, of mitigating harm. The Commentary notes that because enterprise based
grievance mechanisms serve both remedial purposes and HRDD input and analysis
purposes, it need not be confined to actual complaints of harms (actual
impacts) but may be invoked by those raising concerns (potential impacts)—with
the “aim to identify any legitimate concerns of those who may be adversely
impacted.” The effectiveness criteria of Principle 31 apply to these
mechanisms. They are understood, within the constellation of access to remedy
as “important <i>complements</i> to wider stakeholder engagement and collective
bargaining processes.” At the same time the Commentary cautions against the use
of these grievance mechanisms to undermine collective action or to preclude
access to State-based mechanisms. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">Principle 30 then touches on the
role and constitution of “industry, multi-stakeholder and other collaborative
initiatives.” These must be “based on respect for human rights-related
standards” and should “ensure that effective grievance mechanisms are
available.” The Commentary adds that these mechanism are becoming more
available . These bodies are organized around codes of conduct, performance
standards, global framework agreements, and “similar undertakings.” The
Commentary cautions that these initiatives “should ensure” the availability of
effective mechanisms for the raising of concerns (recall the understanding and
purpose of concern raising in the Commentary to Principle 29) by affected
parties or their legitimate representatives. The trigger is subsumed within a
“belief” standard.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Accountability
measures ought to be developed and applied. And the mechanisms ought to
“help<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>enable the remediation” of adverse
impacts. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">The
”Effectiveness Criteria for Non-Judicial Grievance Mechanisms” sub-part of the
access to remedy pillar is elaborated in Principle 31. State-based judicial
mechanisms are not covered within Principle 31, though Principle 26 provides
very general criteria<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>or aspirational
goals for State-based judicial mechanisms otherwise subject to the effectiveness
expectations of their respective constitutional and political orders.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Principle 31 identifies seven general
effectiveness criteria and an additional criteria applicable to operational
level non-State-based mechanisms. The seven criteria specify that to be
effective, these mechanisms should be: (1) legitimate; (2) accessible; (3)
predictable; (4) equitable; (5)transparent; (6) rights compatible; and (7) a
source of continuous learning. Operational level mechanisms must also be (1)
based on engagement and dialogue. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">Each
of these criteria are further elaborated in the body of Principle 31. <i>Legitimacy</i>
enables trust and is attached to accountability for fair conduct of process. <i>Accessibility</i>
is grounded in being known to stakeholders to whom adequate assistance is
provided to surmount particular barriers to access. <i>Predictability </i>is a
function of clear and known procedures and clarity respecting types of
available processes and outcomes. <i>Equity</i> touches on reasonable access to
information and information sources, advice and expertise necessary to engage
in the grievance process. <i>Transparency</i> is based on keeping parties
informed about the progress of the grievance process and the public informed
sufficiently to build confidence in its effectiveness.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Rights-compatibility is a function of
outcomes and remedies aligning with internationally recognized human rights.
And <i>continuous learning sourcing</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>serves to project the identification of lessons for improving the
mechanism and preventing future grievance and harm. For operational level
mechanisms, engagement and dialogue requires consulting with stakeholder groups<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>on issues of design<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and focusing on dialogue as a means of
addressing and resolving grievance. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">The
Commentary builds on the central premises of Principle 31—that a grievance
mechanism can serve its purpose only “if the people it is intended to serve [1]
know about it, [2] trust it and [3] are able to use it.” The criteria
identified are understood as providing a benchmark for grievance mechanism
design and operation. The Commentary notes that the term “grievance mechanism”
is a “term of art.” However, it is a term of art that may be inapposite when
applied to a specific mechanism—nonetheless the criteria<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>for effectiveness “remain the same.” The
Commentary ends with additional guidance respecting the eight criteria. It
notes that a policy of party non-interference is critical for building system
trust. It identifies among barriers to access “lack of awareness of the
mechanism, language, literacy, costs, physical location and fears of reprisal.”
It urges as a trust building mechanisms the provision of public information
about the procedures offered., along with flexibly applied time frames for
resolution. It emphasizes the importance of informational parity to ensure
trust. It notes that communication throughout the process is essential to
retaining confidence in the grievance mechanisms.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It notes that grievances may not be
appropriately framed in human rights terms and that a fair process of
translation ought to be applied to such grievances. It also notes that applying
data driven analytics to the rates and forms of grievance would be useful in
making more efficient and effective the enterprises HRDD systems. Lastly, for
operational level grievance mechanisms, the Commentary<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>notes the importance of stakeholder
engagement in mechanism design <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and in
constructing the range and forms of remedy. The closer the system gets to
adjudication the greater the incentive to ensure that its process is provided
by “a legitimate, independent third party mechanism” to avoid conflict of
interest or its appearance and enhance trust.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span></p>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;"><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[1]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">.</span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For
the text of the 2010 Draft –Special Representative of the Secretary General on
the Issue of Human Rights and Transnational Corporations and Other Business
Enterprises, John G. Ruggie, Draft Guiding Principles for the Implementation of
United Nations “Protect, Respect, and Remedy” Framework, A/HRC/--- (N.D.
circulated from November 2010) available [https://media.business-humanrights.org/media/documents/files/reports-and-materials/Ruggie-UN-draft-Guiding-Principles-22-Nov-2010.pdf;
or </span><a href="https://menschenrechte-durchsetzen.dgvn.de/fileadmin/user_upload/menschenr_durchsetzen/bilder/Menschenrechtsdokumente/Ruggie-UN-draft-Guiding-Principles-22-Nov-2010.pdf"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">https://menschenrechte-durchsetzen.dgvn.de/fileadmin/user_upload/menschenr_durchsetzen/bilder/Menschenrechtsdokumente/Ruggie-UN-draft-Guiding-Principles-22-Nov-2010.pdf</span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">], last accessed 25 February 2024 (the
“2010 SSRSG Draft Report UNGP”).</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Discussed infra Chapter 5.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[3]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">. Special Representative of the Secretary
General on the Issue of Human Rights and Transnational Corporations and Other
Business Enterprises, John G. Ruggie, Guiding Principles on Business and Human
Rights: Implementing the United Nations “Protect, Respect, and Remedy”
Framework, A/HRC/17/31 (21 March 2011) (the “2011 SRSG Report”); available [https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/g11/121/90/pdf/g1112190.pdf?token=QH15WazfHNG8Jl3sao&fe=true],
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>last accessed 25 February 2024. <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[4]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ibid., </i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">and discussion, infra
¶ 1.2. </span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a>
United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, The Corporate
Responsibility to Respect Human Rights: An Interpretive Guide (NY and Geneva:
United Nations, 2012); available [https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/publications/hr.puB.12.2_en.pdf],
last accessed 25 February 2024.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a>
Human Rights Council, Resolution Adopted by the Human Rights Council, Human
Rights and Transnational Corporations and Other Business Enterprises
(A/HRC/RES/17/4 (6 July 2011); available [https://documents.un.org/doc/resolution/gen/g11/144/71/pdf/g1114471.pdf?token=EbkJJ9fi5EPSINaIFB&fe=true]
last accessed 12 February 2024 (hereafter the UNHRC 2011 UNGP Res) . </p>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a>
UNHRC 2011 UNGP Res, §1. </p>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
§3.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
§4. </p>
</div>
<div id="ftn11" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[11]</span></span></span></span></a> The
UN describes special procedures this way: “The special procedures of the Human
Rights Council are independent human rights experts with mandates to report and
advise on human rights from a thematic or country-specific perspective. They
are non-paid and elected for 3-year mandates that can be reconducted for
another three years.” United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human
Rights, Human Rights, Special Procedures website available
[https://www.ohchr.org/en/special-procedures-human-rights-council], last accessed
16 February 2024. Within the scope of their mandates they are expected,
generally, to contribute to the development of international human rights
through a variety of activities, including advocacy, outreach, evidence
gathering and consultations onsite, and by providing advice on technical issues
within the purview of their mandate. Ibid. </p>
</div>
<div id="ftn12" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[12]</span></span></span></span></a> UNHRC
UNGP Res, §6. </p>
</div>
<div id="ftn13" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[13]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
§§12-13.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn14" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[14]</span></span></span></span></a> The
organizers of the United Nations Forum on Business and Human Rights styles it “the
world's largest annual gathering on business and human rights with more than
2,000 participants from government, business, community groups and civil
society, law firms, investor organisations, UN bodies, national human rights
institutions, trade unions, academia and the media. United Nations, Office of
the High Commissioner for Human Rights, United Nations Forum on Business and
Human Rights website, available [https://www.ohchr.org/en/hrc-subsidiary-bodies/united-nations-forum-business-and-human-rights],
last accessed 15 February 2024. </p>
</div>
<div id="ftn15" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[15]</span></span></span></span></a> Brian
Kemple, <i>The Intersection of Semiotics and Phenomenology: Peirce and
Heidegger in Dialogue</i> (De Gruyter, 2019).</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn16" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[16]</span></span></span></span></a> Max
H. Hulme, “Preambles in Treaty Interpretation,” University of Pennsylvania Law
Review 164(5) (2016)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1281 - 1343 (noting
possible tension between text-context and object-purpose).</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn17" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[17]</span></span></span></span></a>
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, United Nations Treaty Series, vol.
1155, p. 331 (23 May 1969, entry into force 27 January 1980); art. 31(2). </p>
</div>
<div id="ftn18" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[18]</span></span></span></span></a>
UNHRC 2011 UNGP Res, supra., Preamble ¶ 1.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn19" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[19]</span></span></span></span></a>
Human Rights Commission,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Human rights
and transnational corporations and other business enterprises, Resolution
2005/69 (20 April 2005) (hereafter the UNHRC 205 Resolution).</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn20" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[20]</span></span></span></span></a>
Human Rights Council, “Mandate of the Special Representative of the
Secretary-General on the issue of human rights and transnational corporations
and other business enterprises” (A/HRC/Res/8/7 (18 June 2008)) [https://ap.ohchr.org/documents/E/HRC/resolutions/A_HRC_RES_8_7.pdf]
(hereafter the UNHRC 2008 Resolution).</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn21" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[21]</span></span></span></span></a>
UNHRC 2005 Resolution, supra, Preamble.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn22" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[22]</span></span></span></span></a>
These included the identification and clarification of standards of corporate
responsibility, the role of international cooperation among states in
establishing regulation, the foregrounding of complicity standards tied,
initially at least, to concepts of ‘spheres of influence’; to develop methods
of assessing human rights impacts; and to develop business best practices.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Resolution 2005/69, supra, ¶ 1. </p>
</div>
<div id="ftn23" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[23]</span></span></span></span></a>UNHRC
2008 Resolution, supra.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn24" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref24" name="_ftn24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[24]</span></span></span></span></a>
Compare<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>UNHRC 2011 UNGP Res, Preamble ¶¶
3-7 with UNHRC 2011 UNGP Res ¶¶ 2-7.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn25" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref25" name="_ftn25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[25]</span></span></span></span></a> UNHRC
2011 UNGP Res, supra, Preamble ¶<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2. </p>
</div>
<div id="ftn26" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref26" name="_ftn26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[26]</span></span></span></span></a>
UN Human Rights Council, Institution Building of the United Nations Human
Rights Council (A/HRC/Res/5/1 (18 June 2007).</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn27" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref27" name="_ftn27" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[27]</span></span></span></span></a>
UN Human Rights Council, <span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Code of
Conduct for Special Procedures Mandate-Holders of the Human Rights Council
(A/HRC/Res/5/2 (18 June 2007)).</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn28" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref28" name="_ftn28" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[28]</span></span></span></span></a> See
generally Bertrand G. Ramcharon, <i>The Law, Policy, and Politics of the UN
Human Rights Council</i> (Leiden: Brill Nijhoff, 2015).</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn29" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref29" name="_ftn29" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[29]</span></span></span></span></a>UN
Human Rights Council, <span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Code of Conduct
for Special Procedures Mandate-Holders, supra</span>. Among the most relevant:</p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.5in;">(a) Reaffirmed that all human
rights are universal, indivisible, interrelated, interdependent and mutually
reinforcing and that all human rights must be treated in a fair and equal
manner on the same footing and with the same emphasis;</p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.5in;">(b) Acknowledged that peace and
security, development and human rights are the pillars of the United Nations
system and that they are interlinked and mutually reinforcing; . . . </p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.5in;">(d) Stressed the importance of
“ensuring universality, objectivity and non-selectivity in the consideration of
human rights issues, and the elimination of double standards and
politicization”;</p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.5in;">(e) Further recognized that the
promotion and protection of human rights “should be based on the principles of
cooperation and genuine dialogue and aimed at strengthening the capacity of
Member States to comply with their human rights obligations for the benefit of
all human beings”;</p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.5in;">(f) Decided that “the work of the
Council shall be guided by the principles of universality, impartiality,
objectivity, and non-selectivity, constructive international dialogue and
cooperation, with a view to enhancing the promotion and protection of all human
rights, civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights, including the
right to development”; Ibid., Preamble ¶ 3. </p>
</div>
<div id="ftn30" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref30" name="_ftn30" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn30;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[30]</span></span></span></span></a>
Among the numerous invocations, see, e.g., UNHRC,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Promoting human rights and fundamental
freedoms through a better understanding of traditional values of humankind:
best practices (A/HRC/21/L2 (21 September 2012).</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn31" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref31" name="_ftn31" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn31;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[31]</span></span></span></span></a> Peter
Makossah and Gilbert Mittawa, ‘Social Media, Peace and Security in Africa,’ in In
Dan Kuwali (ed) <i>The Palgrave Handbook of Sustainable Peace and Security in
Africa</i> (Cham, Switzerland: Springer (Palgrave Macmillan), 2022), 241-252,
247-48; Theo Van Boven, ‘Categories of Rights,’ in Daniel Moeckli et al. (eds) <i>International
Human Rights Law</i> (OUP, 2018), p. 140; Larry Catá Backer, China, in Jean
d’Aspremont, and John Haskell (eds), <i>Tipping Points in International Law:
Critique and Commitment</i> 52-73 (CUP, 2021)</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn32" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref32" name="_ftn32" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn32;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[32]</span></span></span></span></a>
UNGP, Principle 24, discussed infra, Chapter 8.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn33" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref33" name="_ftn33" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn33;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[33]</span></span></span></span></a>
UNHRC 2011 UNGP Res., ¶¶ 2-7.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn34" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref34" name="_ftn34" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn34;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[34]</span></span></span></span></a> UNHRC
2011 UNGP Res, Preamble ¶3.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn35" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref35" name="_ftn35" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn35;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[35]</span></span></span></span></a>
UNGP, supra, Principles 1-10.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn36" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref36" name="_ftn36" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn36;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[36]</span></span></span></span></a> UNHRC
2011 UNGP Res, Preamble ¶4.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn37" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref37" name="_ftn37" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn37;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[37]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
Principles 11-24.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn38" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref38" name="_ftn38" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn38;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[38]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
Preamble ¶ 5 (“can contribute to the promotion, protection and fulfilment of
and respect for human rights and assist in channeling the benefits of business
towards contributing to the enjoyment of human rights and fundamental
freedoms.”). </p>
</div>
<div id="ftn39" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref39" name="_ftn39" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn39;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[39]</span></span></span></span></a>
UNGP, Principle 3, Commentary.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn40" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref40" name="_ftn40" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn40;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[40]</span></span></span></span></a> John
Ruggie, Keynote Address by John Ruggie at the Conference ‘Business & Human
Rights: Towards a Common Agenda for Action’ (2 December 2019); available [https://shiftproject.org/resource/john-ruggie-keynote-finland2019/],
last accessed 1 February 2024.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn41" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref41" name="_ftn41" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn41;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[41]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn42" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref42" name="_ftn42" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn42;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[42]</span></span></span></span></a> UNHRC
2011 UNGP Res, Preamble ¶ 6.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn43" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref43" name="_ftn43" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn43;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[43]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.
</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn44" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref44" name="_ftn44" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn44;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[44]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn45" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref45" name="_ftn45" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn45;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[45]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
Preamble ¶ 7. </p>
</div>
<div id="ftn46" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref46" name="_ftn46" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn46;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[46]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 1. </p>
</div>
<div id="ftn47" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref47" name="_ftn47" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn47;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[47]</span></span></span></span></a>
The Three Pillar Framework—the state duty to protect human rights, the
corporate responsibility to respect human rights, and the remedial obligations
of both was first presented in the 2008 Report of the SRSG. <span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">Special Representative of the
Secretary-General on the issue of human rights and transnational corporations
and other business enterprises.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Protect,
Respect and Remedy: a Framework for Business and Human Rights</span></i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">, U.N. Doc. A/HRC/8/5 (April 7, 2008). It is </span></span>discussed
with the other principal Travaux Préparatoires of SRSG John G Ruggie (2005-2011)
in more detail infra Chapter 3.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn48" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref48" name="_ftn48" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn48;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[48]</span></span></span></span></a> UNHRC
2011 UNGP Res, supra., ¶ 2.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn49" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref49" name="_ftn49" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn49;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[49]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 3. </p>
</div>
<div id="ftn50" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref50" name="_ftn50" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn50;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[50]</span></span></span></span></a>
Arne Melberg, <i>Theories of Mimesis</i> (CUP, 1995) (imitation, repetition, reproduction,
simulation as difference rather than as similarity; Ibid., p. 4). See also Paul
Woodruff, ‘Aristotle on Mimesis,’ <i>Essays on Aristotle’s poetics</i> 73-95 (Princeton
University Press, 1992).</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn51" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref51" name="_ftn51" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn51;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[51]</span></span></span></span></a>
To be discussed infra Chapter 12.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn52" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref52" name="_ftn52" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn52;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[52]</span></span></span></span></a>
UNHRC 2011 UNGP Res, supra, ¶ 4.Socially sustainable globalization refers to
the social dimensions of globalization., and more specifically the sense that
globalization might increase economic growth but increases social inequalities.
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>See, Marc Bacchetta and Marion Jansen,
Making Globalization Socially Sustainable (World Trade Organization and International
Labor Organization, 2011). <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The caveat to
the goal of realizing socially sustainable globalization might <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>reference might be meant to recall the <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1986 General Assembly Resolution 41/128 (4
December 1986) Declaration on the Right to Development, which in its Article
1.1 declared that the right to development “is an inalienable human right by
virtue of which every human person and all peoples are entitled to participate
in, contribute to, and enjoy economic, social, cultural and political
development, in which all human rights and fundamental freedoms can be fully
realized.”</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn53" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref53" name="_ftn53" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn53;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[53]</span></span></span></span></a>
UNHRC 2011 UNGP Res, supra., ¶ 5.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn54" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref54" name="_ftn54" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn54;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[54]</span></span></span></span></a>
UNHRC 2011 UNGP Res., ¶ 6. The Working Group, its mandate and its work after
2011 are discussed infra at Chapter 10.1.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn55" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref55" name="_ftn55" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn55;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[55]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 4. </p>
</div>
<div id="ftn56" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref56" name="_ftn56" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn56;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[56]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 5.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn57" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref57" name="_ftn57" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn57;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[57]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
preamble ¶¶ 5-6.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn58" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref58" name="_ftn58" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn58;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[58]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 7.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn59" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref59" name="_ftn59" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn59;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[59]</span></span></span></span></a>
See, e.g., Zeid Ra'ad Al Hussein, Denial of access and lack of cooperation with
UN bodies will not diminish scrutiny of a State's human rights record, Human
Rights Council 35th session, Opening Statement by Zeid Ra'ad Al Hussein, United
Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (6 June 2017); available [https://www.ohchr.org/en/statements/2017/06/denial-access-and-lack-cooperation-un-bodies-will-not-diminish-scrutiny-states],
last accessed 20 February 2024 (“As this Council is aware, where the human
rights situation appears critical, and where access is repeatedly denied to my
Office, the only option open to us may be to conduct various forms of remote
monitoring. So long as refusals to enable access to persist, I will be
compelled to consider reporting publicly and regularly on their findings,” Ibid.);
International Commission of Jurists, Venezuela: Visit by relevant UN human
rights experts needed due to crisis (5 October 2017); available [https://www.icj.org/venezuela-visit-by-relevant-un-human-rights-experts-needed-due-to-crisis/],
last accessed 20 February 2024 .</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn60" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref60" name="_ftn60" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn60;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[60]</span></span></span></span></a>
UNHRC 2011 UNGP Res., ¶ 8.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn61" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref61" name="_ftn61" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn61;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[61]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 9</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn62" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref62" name="_ftn62" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn62;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[62]</span></span></span></span></a>
UNGA, Resolution: Principles relating to the Status of National Institutions
(The Paris Principles) (20 December 1993; UNGA Res 14/134).</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn63" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref63" name="_ftn63" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn63;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[63]</span></span></span></span></a>
UNHRC 2011 UNGP Res., ¶ 10.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn64" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref64" name="_ftn64" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn64;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[64]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 11.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn65" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref65" name="_ftn65" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn65;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[65]</span></span></span></span></a>
Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, Website: Business and Human
Rights; available [https://www.ohchr.org/en/topic/business-and-human-rights],
las accessed 25 February 2024 (“UN Human Rights is mandated to lead the
business and human rights agenda within the UN system, and to develop guidance
and training relating to the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights
in collaboration with the Working Group on Business and Human Rights.” Ibid)</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn66" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref66" name="_ftn66" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn66;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[66]</span></span></span></span></a> UN
Secretary General, Contribution of the United Nations system as a whole to the
advancement of the business and human rights agenda and the dissemination and
implementation of the Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights, UNHRC
A/HRC/21/21 (2 July 2012); available [https://ap.ohchr.org/documents/dpage_e.aspx?si=A/HRC/21/21]
(UNSG 2012 Report)); last accessed 21 February 2024. Corregium, A/HRC/21/21/Corr.1
(17 July 2012); available [https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/g12/152/93/pdf/g1215293.pdf?token=lJTzzPPUiwvGd7Rofo&fe=true],
last accessed 21 February 2024. </p>
</div>
<div id="ftn67" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref67" name="_ftn67" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn67;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[67]</span></span></span></span></a>
UNSG 2012 Report, supra, ¶ 7. The UN Working Group is to play a supporting role
in the work of the UNHCHR in providing guidance and clarification on issues
relating to the interpretation of the UNGP. Ibid., ¶ 96. </p>
</div>
<div id="ftn68" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref68" name="_ftn68" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn68;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[68]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 12. </p>
</div>
<div id="ftn69" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref69" name="_ftn69" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn69;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[69]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 13.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn70" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref70" name="_ftn70" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn70;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[70]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶¶29-30. e</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn71" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref71" name="_ftn71" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn71;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[71]</span></span></span></span></a> Considered
infra at Chapter 12. See, e.g., UNOHCHR, Draft Concept Note: The role of the UN
system in advancing the business and human rights agenda; Panel Discussion –
Twenty-third session of the Human Rights Council (30 May 2013); available [https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/RegularSession/Session23/Concept_Note_HRAgenda.pdf],
last accessed 22 February 2024 (“it is essential that the United Nations system
as a whole—including agencies, funds, programmes and initiatives—address the
issue of business and human rights not only in its formulation the Post-2015
Sustainable Development Goals, but also in strategies, policies, and practices
aimed at their implementation.” Ibid.).</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn72" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref72" name="_ftn72" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn72;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[72]</span></span></span></span></a>
UNHRC 2011 UNGP Res., ¶¶ 12-17.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn73" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref73" name="_ftn73" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn73;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[73]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 12.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn74" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref74" name="_ftn74" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn74;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[74]</span></span></span></span></a> 2011
SRSG Report ¶ 13.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn75" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref75" name="_ftn75" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn75;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[75]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 14</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn76" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref76" name="_ftn76" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn76;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[76]</span></span></span></span></a>
UNGP, p. 1 (front matter).</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn77" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref77" name="_ftn77" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn77;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[77]</span></span></span></span></a> 2011
SRSG Report, ¶¶ 1-16.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn78" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref78" name="_ftn78" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn78;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[78]</span></span></span></span></a> <span style="font-size: 11pt;">Special Representative of the Secretary General on the
Issue of Human Rights and Transnational Corporations and Other Business
Enterprises, John G. Ruggie, Addendum1: Piloting principles for effective
company/stakeholder grievance mechanisms: A report of lessons learned
A/HRC/17/31/Add.1 (24 May 2011); available [https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/g11/133/55/pdf/g1113355.pdf?token=VAGw7LPHqBebfT2dlQ&fe=true];
last accessed 25 February 2024 (the “2011 SRSG Report Addendum 1”).</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn79" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref79" name="_ftn79" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn79;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[79]</span></span></span></span></a> <span style="font-size: 11pt;">Special Representative of the Secretary General on the
Issue of Human Rights and Transnational Corporations and Other Business
Enterprises, John G. Ruggie, Addendum 2: Human rights and corporate law: trends
and observations from a cross-national study conducted by the Special
Representative A/HRC/17/31/add.2 (23 May 2011); available [https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/g11/133/25/pdf/g1113325.pdf?token=clQ4uyxuKetg7LSpws&fe=true];
last accessed 25 February 2024 (the “2022 SRSG Report Addendum 2”).</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn80" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="#_ftnref80" name="_ftn80" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn80;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[80]</span></span></span></span></a> <span style="font-size: 11pt;">Special Representative of the Secretary General on the
Issue of Human Rights and Transnational Corporations and Other Business
Enterprises, John G. Ruggie, Addendum 3: Principles for responsible contracts:
integrating the management of human rights risks into State-investor contract
negotiations: guidance for negotiators A/HRC/17/31/Add.3 (25 May 2011);
available [https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/g11/134/20/pdf/g1113420.pdf?token=thaF2WZkS4FuLSqSFT&fe=true];
last accessed 25 February 2024 2011 (the “SSRG Report Addendum 3”).</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn81" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref81" name="_ftn81" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn81;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[81]</span></span></span></span></a> Special
Representative of the Secretary General on the Issue of Human Rights and
Transnational Corporations and Other Business Enterprises, John G. Ruggie,
Business and human rights in conflict-affected regions: challenges and options
towards State responses A/HRC/17/32 (27 May 2011); available
[https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/g11/135/63/pdf/g1113563.pdf?token=Vl5XEMdPZslHQiME5s&fe=true];
last accessed 25 February 2025.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn82" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref82" name="_ftn82" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn82;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[82]</span></span></span></span></a> A
full citation is here worth a repeat: </p>
</div>
<div id="ftn83" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref83" name="_ftn83" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn83;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[83]</span></span></span></span></a> <span style="font-size: 11pt;">2010 SSRSG Draft Report UNGP</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn84" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref84" name="_ftn84" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn84;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[84]</span></span></span></span></a>
2011 SRSG Report, ¶¶ 1-16.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn85" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref85" name="_ftn85" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn85;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[85]</span></span></span></span></a> On
the importance of official history as a narrative tool of social cohesion and
as a means of embedding core collective principles into its sense of itself,
see, e.g., Larry Catá Backer, Reflections on Jiang Shigong on <span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bodoni 72"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Bodoni 72";">‘</span>Philosophy and
History: Interpreting the <span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bodoni 72"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Bodoni 72";">“</span>Xi Jinping Era<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bodoni 72"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Bodoni 72";">”</span> through Xi<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bodoni 72"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Bodoni 72";">’</span>s
Report to the Nineteenth National Congress of the CCP<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bodoni 72"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Bodoni 72";">’</span> [ <span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bodoni 72"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Bodoni 72";">哲学与历史</span><span lang="ZH-CN"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bodoni 72"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Bodoni 72";">—从党的十九大报告解读“习近平时代”</span><span lang="ZH-CN"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: DengXian; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bodoni 72"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Bodoni 72";">强世功</span>
], Law at the End of the Day (3 Jun3 2018); available [https://lcbackerblog.blogspot.com/2018/06/reflections-on-jiang-shigong-on.html];
last accessed 26 February 2024.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn86" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref86" name="_ftn86" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn86;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[86]</span></span></span></span></a> See,
David Weissbrodt, ‘Human Rights Standards Concerning Transnational Corporations
and Other Business Entities,’ (2014) 23 Minnesota Journal of International Law
135-171; David Weissbrodt and Muria Kruger, ‘Norms on the Responsibilities of
Transnational Corporations and Other Business Enterprises with Regard to Human
Rights,’ (2003) 97 American Journal of International Law 901-922.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn87" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref87" name="_ftn87" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn87;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[87]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 1.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn88" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref88" name="_ftn88" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn88;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[88]</span></span></span></span></a>
On the nature and importance of first principles, see Chapter 1, supra.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn89" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref89" name="_ftn89" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn89;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[89]</span></span></span></span></a> Among
them the failed effort to draft an international code of conduct for economic
collectives; Development and International Economic Cooperation: Transnational
Corporations, UN Doc. E/1 990/94; see also Draft United Nations Code of Conduct
on Transnational Corporations, May 1983, 23 ILM 626 (1984).</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn90" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref90" name="_ftn90" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn90;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[90]</span></span></span></span></a> 2011SRSG
Report, ¶ 2.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn91" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref91" name="_ftn91" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn91;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[91]</span></span></span></span></a> <span style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Ibid</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: DengXian; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bodoni 72"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Bodoni 72";">。</span><span style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn92" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref92" name="_ftn92" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn92;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[92]</span></span></span></span></a> Discussed
in Larry Catá Backer, </p>
</div>
<div id="ftn93" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref93" name="_ftn93" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn93;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[93]</span></span></span></span></a>
2011 SRSG Report ¶ 3.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn94" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref94" name="_ftn94" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn94;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[94]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn95" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref95" name="_ftn95" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn95;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[95]</span></span></span></span></a>
UNHRC, Resolution: Elaboration of an international legally binding instrument
on transnational corporations and other business enterprises with respect to
human rights A/HRC/RES/26/9 (14 July 2014); available [https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/g14/082/52/pdf/g1408252.pdf?token=287rSGh5FqciKGmHmU&fe=true];
last accessed 26 February 20204. See, Larry Catá Backer, Principled Pragmatism
in the Elaboration of a Comprehensive Treaty on Business and Human Rights, in Surya
Deva & David Bilchitz (eds), Building a Treaty on Business and Human
Rights: Context and Contours 105, 129.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn96" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref96" name="_ftn96" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn96;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[96]</span></span></span></span></a> John
G. Ruggie, The Past as Prologue? A Moment of Truth for UN Business and Human
Rights Treaty; available [https://www.hks.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/centers/mrcbg/programs/cri/files/Treaty_Final.pdf];
last accessed 12 February 2024. </p>
</div>
<div id="ftn97" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref97" name="_ftn97" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn97;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[97]</span></span></span></span></a> 2011
SRSG Report, ¶ 4.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn98" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref98" name="_ftn98" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn98;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[98]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn99" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref99" name="_ftn99" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn99;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[99]</span></span></span></span></a> See
Jack Snyder and Leslie Vinjamuri, ‘Principled pragmatism and the logic of
consequences,’ (2012) 4(3) International Theory<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>434-448.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn100" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref100" name="_ftn100" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn100;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[100]</span></span></span></span></a> 2006
SRSG Report, ¶¶ 70-81. See also 2010 SRSG Report, ¶¶ 4-15 for a further
elaboration. </p>
</div>
<div id="ftn101" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref101" name="_ftn101" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn101;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[101]</span></span></span></span></a> 2006
SRSG Report ¶ 70.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn102" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref102" name="_ftn102" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn102;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[102]</span></span></span></span></a> 2010
SRSG Report, ¶ 4.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn103" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref103" name="_ftn103" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn103;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[103]</span></span></span></span></a> 2011
SRSG Report, ¶ 5.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn104" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref104" name="_ftn104" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn104;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[104]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn105" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref105" name="_ftn105" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn105;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[105]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid. </p>
</div>
<div id="ftn106" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref106" name="_ftn106" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn106;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[106]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn107" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref107" name="_ftn107" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn107;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[107]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 6.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn108" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref108" name="_ftn108" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn108;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[108]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 7 (“has been endorsed or employed by individual Governments, business
enterprises and associations, civil society and workers’ organizations,
national human rights institutions, and investors” Ibid.).</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn109" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref109" name="_ftn109" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn109;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[109]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 8 (“the large number and inclusive character of stakeholder consultations
convened by and for the mandate no doubt have contributed to its widespread
positive reception.” ibid).</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn110" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref110" name="_ftn110" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn110;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[110]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 9.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn111" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref111" name="_ftn111" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn111;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[111]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 10.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn112" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref112" name="_ftn112" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn112;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[112]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn113" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref113" name="_ftn113" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn113;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[113]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 11(“In short, the Guiding Principles aim not only to provide guidance that is
practical, but also guidance informed by actual practice.” Ibid.).</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn114" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref114" name="_ftn114" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn114;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[114]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 12.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn115" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref115" name="_ftn115" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn115;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[115]</span></span></span></span></a> See,
e.g., John Sherman III, Beyond CSR: The Story of the UN Guiding Principles on
Business and Human Rights, Harvard Kennedy School Corporate Responsibility
Initiative Working Paper No. 71 (March 2020); available []https://www.hks.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/centers/mrcbg/files/CRI_AWP_71.pdf,
last accessed 20 February 2024, pp. 5-6. </p>
</div>
<div id="ftn116" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref116" name="_ftn116" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn116;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[116]</span></span></span></span></a> 2011
SRSG Report, ¶ 13.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn117" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref117" name="_ftn117" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn117;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[117]</span></span></span></span></a> 2011
SRSG Report, ¶ 14.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn118" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref118" name="_ftn118" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn118;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[118]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 15.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn119" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref119" name="_ftn119" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn119;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[119]</span></span></span></span></a>
Amnesty International, Comments on the United Nations Special Representative of
the Secretary General on Transnational Corporations and other Business
Enterprises’ Draft Guiding Principles and on post-mandate arrangements</p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText">December 2010; available [https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/IOR50/002/2010/en/];
last accessed 24 February 2024. Amnesty highlighted four points: (1) failure to
address the challenges of TNCs operations; (2) lack of clear guidance for
regulatory measure to meet those challenges; (3) failures to make special
provision for traditionally marginalized groups; and (4) failing to provide
substantive provisions enhancing the effectiveness of remedy for human rights
holders. These carry over into the efforts to draft an international business
and human rights treaty after 2014. See also, Joint Civil Society Statement on
the draft Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (January 2011);
available [https://www.fidh.org/IMG/pdf/Joint_CSO_Statement_on_GPs.pdf], last
accessed 25 February 2024.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These, then,
represent precisely wat the SRSG noted as the central character of the UNGP—its
quality of encouraging dialectical exchanges and further evolution within the
collective social structures around which human relations are organized, and
subject to their heterogeneity. </p>
</div>
<div id="ftn120" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref120" name="_ftn120" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn120;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[120]</span></span></span></span></a> 2011
SRSG Report ¶ 16.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn121" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref121" name="_ftn121" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn121;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[121]</span></span></span></span></a> <span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">“Business is the major source of
investment and job creation, and markets can be highly efficient means for
allocating scarce resources, capable of generating economic growth, reducing
poverty, and increasing demand for the rule of law, thereby contributing to the
realization of a broad spectrum of human rights. “2010 SRSSG Draft Report UNGP,
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">¶</span>1.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn122" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref122" name="_ftn122" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn122;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[122]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn123" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref123" name="_ftn123" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn123;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[123]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid. <span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">The state, of course, also had evolved in
an extraordinary way, becoming less stridently autonomous and more enmeshed in
a growing web of supra national relationships and international consensus norms
(both embodied in international hard and soft law) that have challenged the
conventional notion of the state, sovereignty, democratic accountability, and
law.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See,
e.g.</i>, R.J. Barry Jones, <i>Globalisation and Interdependence in the
International Political Economy: Rhetoric and Reality</i>, <i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></i>47-54 (1995); Oscar Schachter, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Decline of the Nation-State and Its
Implications for International Law</i>,<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">(1997) </span>36 <i>Colum. J. Transnat’l L. </i><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">7</span>; José E. Alvarez, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Why Nations Behave</i>, (1998) 19 Mich. J. Int’l L. 303; Anne-Marie
Slaughter<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">,</span> ‘<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Governing the Global Economy Through Government
Networks,’ in</span> David Held & Anthony McGrew (eds<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> <i>The Global Transformations Reader: An
Introduction to the Globalization Debate</i></span> 189 (2<sup>nd</sup> ed.,
2000).</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn124" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref124" name="_ftn124" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn124;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[124]</span></span></span></span></a> 2011
SRSG Report, ¶ 1. </p>
</div>
<div id="ftn125" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref125" name="_ftn125" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn125;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[125]</span></span></span></span></a> <span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">On globalization, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">see generally, e.g.</i>, Manfred B. Steger, Globalism: The New Market
Ideology (2002); the classic rendering is Thomas L. Friedman, <i>The Lexus and
the Olive Tree (2000); and the classic critique is Joseph E. Stiglitz,
Globalization and Its Discontents</i> (Anchor Books, 2002); the classic counter
is Joseph Stiglitz, <i>Globalization and its Discontents</i> (Penguin, 2002).</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn126" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref126" name="_ftn126" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn126;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[126]</span></span></span></span></a> 2010
SRSG Draft Report UNGP, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>¶ 1.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn127" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref127" name="_ftn127" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn127;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[127]</span></span></span></span></a> “<span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">We are beginning to abandon the
hierarchies that worked well in the centralized, industrial era.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In their place, we are substituting the
network model of organization and communication, which has its roots in the natural,
egalitarian, and spontaneous formation of groups among like-minded
people.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>John Naisbitt, <i>Megatrends:
Ten New Directions Transforming Our Lives</i> 281 (Warner Books, 1982). “</span>Naisbitt
liked to say: “Trends, like horses, are easier to ride in the
direction they are going.” Robert B. Tucker, ‘What John Naisbitt Taught Me
about the Future,’ Forbes (20 September 2021); available [https://www.forbes.com/sites/robertbtucker/2021/09/20/what-john-naisbitt-taught-me-about-the-future/?sh=382aa0d115fb],
las accessed 20 February 2024.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn128" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref128" name="_ftn128" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn128;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[128]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-ansi-language: DA;"> <span lang="DA">2010 SRSG Draft Report UNGP ¶1.</span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn129" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="#_ftnref129" name="_ftn129" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn129;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[129]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: DA;"> <span lang="DA">Ibid., ¶ 2. </span></span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">The SRSG explains:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">Institutional misalignments create the permissive
environment within which blameworthy acts by business enterprises may occur,
inadvertently or intentionally, without adequate sanctioning or reparation. The
worst corporate-related human rights abuses, including acts that amount to
international crimes, take place in areas affected by conflict, or where
governments otherwise lack the capacity or will to govern in the public
interest. But companies can impact adversely just about all internationally
recognized human rights, and in virtually all types of operational contexts. (Ibid.).</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn130" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref130" name="_ftn130" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn130;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[130]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";"> Ibid.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn131" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="#_ftnref131" name="_ftn131" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn131;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[131]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> “</span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">The idea of human rights is as simple as it is powerful:
treating people with dignity.” 2011 SRSG Report ¶ 3. </span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn132" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref132" name="_ftn132" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn132;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[132]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn133" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref133" name="_ftn133" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn133;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[133]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn134" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref134" name="_ftn134" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn134;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[134]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.
The idea is that the “Protect, Respect, and Remedy” Framework itself provided
the path<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the forward projection of which
would be manifested in the smart mix of regulation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn135" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref135" name="_ftn135" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn135;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[135]</span></span></span></span></a> UNGP,
General Principles.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn136" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref136" name="_ftn136" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn136;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[136]</span></span></span></span></a> 2010
SRSG Draft Report UNGP ¶ 4.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn137" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref137" name="_ftn137" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn137;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[137]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn138" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref138" name="_ftn138" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn138;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[138]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 3. </p>
</div>
<div id="ftn139" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref139" name="_ftn139" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn139;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[139]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 4<span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">. </span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn140" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="#_ftnref140" name="_ftn140" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn140;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[140]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;"> Ibid. It is thus
distinguished from traditional human rights agendas at the international
organization level, where organizes its regulatory agendas around a fixed set
of particular rights.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn141" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref141" name="_ftn141" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn141;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[141]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid. <span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">It is thus distinguished from states that
can recognize the rights of particular groups.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn142" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="#_ftnref142" name="_ftn142" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn142;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[142]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> Ibid. </span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">It is thus distinguished from regulatory regimes
that focus solely on state-based human rights violations that are restricted to
the methodologies of the law-state; it can invoke the regulatory methods of
private actors as well.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn143" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref143" name="_ftn143" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn143;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[143]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 5.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn144" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref144" name="_ftn144" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn144;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[144]</span></span></span></span></a> <span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">The interrelationship has been made
explicit in the ethics based determinations of the Ethics Council of the
Norwegian Sovereign Wealth Fund. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See,
e.g.</i>, Larry Catá Backer, <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Part I:
Developing a Coherent Transnational Jurisprudence of Ethical Investing: The
Norwegian Sovereign Wealth Fund Ethics Council Model,</span> Law at the End of
the Day<span style="font-variant: small-caps;"> </span>(1 February 2011), available
[</span><a href="http://lcbackerblog.blogspot.com/2011/02/this-blog-essay-site-devotes-every.html"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">http://lcbackerblog.blogspot.com/2011/02/this-blog-essay-site-devotes-every.html</span></a><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">], last accessed 24 February 2024.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn145" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref145" name="_ftn145" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn145;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[145]</span></span></span></span></a> The
2010 SRSG Draft Report UNGP explains at ¶ 5:</p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.5in;">States are under competing
pressures when it comes to business, not only because of corporate influence
but also because so many other legitimate policy demands come into play,
including the need for investment, jobs, as well as access to markets, technology
and skills. In addition, in the area of business and human rights States are
simultaneously subject to several other bodies of international law, such as
investment law and trade law. . . .<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At
the same time, business conduct is shaped directly by laws, policies and
sources of influence other than human rights law: for example, corporate law,
securities regulation, forms of public support such as export credit and
investment insurance, pressure from investors, and broader social action.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn146" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref146" name="_ftn146" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn146;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[146]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn147" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref147" name="_ftn147" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn147;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[147]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid..,
¶ 6.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn148" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref148" name="_ftn148" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn148;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[148]</span></span></span></span></a> The
2010 SRSG Draft Report UNGP cautioned against the failures of regulatory
coherence between legal fields, and especially between those that shape
business practices, “<span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">in such areas
as corporate law and securities regulation, investment promotion and
protection, and commercial policy” which tend to be isolated from and are “uninformed
by, and at times undermine the effectiveness of their Government’s own human
rights obligations and agencies.” Ibid.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn149" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref149" name="_ftn149" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn149;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[149]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 7 ()<span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">States have chosen to act only
in exceptional cases, and unevenly. This is in contrast to the approaches
adopted in other areas related to business, such as anti-corruption,
money-laundering, some environmental regimes, and child sex tourism, many of
which are today the subject of multilateral agreements.” Ibid.).</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn150" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="#_ftnref150" name="_ftn150" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn150;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[150]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: DengXian; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bodoni 72"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Bodoni 72";">“</span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt;">This enables a ‘home’ State to avoid being associated with
possible overseas corporate abuse. It can also provide much-needed support to
‘host’ States that may lack the capacity to implement fully effective
regulatory regimes on their own.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ibid.</i> at para. 8.</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">“</span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> Ibid</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">。,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">
</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: DengXian; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">¶</span><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book"; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">
8.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn151" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref151" name="_ftn151" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn151;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[151]</span></span></span></span></a> <span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">For a discussion on extraterritoriality
and neo-colonialism, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">see, e.g.</i>, Kal
Raustiala, <i>Does the Constitution Follow the Flag?: The Evolution of
Territoriality in American Law</i> 6-7 (OUP, 2009);<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Richard Falk, <i>Predatory Globalization: A
Critique</i> 35-47 (Polity Press, 1999).</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn152" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref152" name="_ftn152" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn152;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[152]</span></span></span></span></a> <span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">Special Representative of the United
Nations Secretary-General for Business & Human Rights, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Online Forum</i>, cmt. John H. Knox 9 (Jan. 17, 2011),
http://www.business-humanrights.org/media/documents/ruggie/online-forum-re-guiding-principles-nov-2010-to-jan-2011.pdf
(Draft Guiding Principles (GPs) for Implementation of the U.N. "Protect,
Respect and Remedy" Framework Online Consultation.).</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn153" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref153" name="_ftn153" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn153;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[153]</span></span></span></span></a> 2010
SRSG Draft Report UNGP ¶¶ 10-11.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn154" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref154" name="_ftn154" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn154;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[154]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 9 (Business consultancies and corporate law firms are establishing practices
to advise clients on the requirements not only of their legal, but also their
social, license to operate. . . However, these developments have not acquired
sufficient scale to reach a tipping point of truly shifting markets.”).</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn155" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref155" name="_ftn155" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn155;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[155]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 10.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn156" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref156" name="_ftn156" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn156;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[156]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 11.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn157" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref157" name="_ftn157" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn157;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[157]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.
(“<span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">the State duty to protect because
it lies at the very core of the international human rights regime; an
independent corporate responsibility to respect because it is the basic
expectation society has of business in relation to human rights; and access to
remedy because even the most concerted efforts cannot prevent all abuse</span>”).</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn158" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref158" name="_ftn158" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn158;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[158]</span></span></span></span></a> <span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">The Framework has “become a common
foundation on which thinking and action by stakeholders can build over time.
Thus, the Framework has already influenced policy development by Governments
and international institutions, business policies and practices, as well as the
analytical and advocacy work of trade unions and civil society
organizations.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ibid., ¶ 12.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn159" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref159" name="_ftn159" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn159;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[159]</span></span></span></span></a> In the
context of which the SRSG’s work carries forward the essential elements of its
mandate extended in 2008. “<span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">In
resolution 8/7 (June 2008), the Council was unanimous in welcoming this policy
Framework, and in extending the Special Representative’s mandate to 2011 in
order for him to ‘operationalize’ and ‘promote’ it.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ibid.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn160" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref160" name="_ftn160" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn160;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[160]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 10.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn161" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref161" name="_ftn161" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn161;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[161]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 12.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn162" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref162" name="_ftn162" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn162;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[162]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 3.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn163" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref163" name="_ftn163" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn163;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[163]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 13 (“<span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">elaborating the implications
of existing standards and practices for States and businesses; integrating them
within a single, coherent and comprehensive template; and identifying where the
current regime falls short and how it should be improved.</span>”)</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn164" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref164" name="_ftn164" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn164;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[164]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 13, a turn of phrase that survived virtually intact as ¶ 13 of the 2011 SRSG
Report. </p>
</div>
<div id="ftn165" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref165" name="_ftn165" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn165;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[165]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 14, the textual language of which also survived to find its way into the 2011
SRSG Report at ¶ 14.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn166" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref166" name="_ftn166" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn166;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[166]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid. </p>
</div>
<div id="ftn167" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref167" name="_ftn167" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn167;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[167]</span></span></span></span></a> 2011
SRSG Report ¶ 3. </p>
</div>
<div id="ftn168" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref168" name="_ftn168" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn168;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[168]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn169" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref169" name="_ftn169" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn169;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[169]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 2.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn170" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref170" name="_ftn170" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn170;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[170]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 3.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn171" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref171" name="_ftn171" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn171;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[171]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 14; compare with the statement in the 2010 SRSG Draft Report UNGP ¶ 13. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn172" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref172" name="_ftn172" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn172;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[172]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 3.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn173" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref173" name="_ftn173" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn173;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[173]</span></span></span></span></a> The
SRSG explained that Phase one identified and clarified the mission. Ibid., ¶ 4.
Phase <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>two produced the recommendations
of the structures on which the text of the UNGP were developed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ibid., ¶ 5. Phase three then operationalized
the framework through the text of the UNGP presented to the UNHRC. Ibid.,
¶ 9.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn174" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref174" name="_ftn174" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn174;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[174]</span></span></span></span></a> The
dialectics of historical data driven process is offered as a substitute for”
the more deductive normative justifications on which the first paragraphs of
the 2010 SRS Draft Report UNGP were built. “<span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">It
has provided a broader and more solid factual basis for the ongoing business
and human rights discourse, and is reflected in the Guiding Principles annexed
to this report.” 2011 SRSG Report ¶ 4. </span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn175" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref175" name="_ftn175" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn175;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[175]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.
The 2011 SRSG Report identifies the modalities of that data driven inductive
Project—“<span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">mapping patterns of alleged
human rights abuses by business enterprises; evolving standards of
international human rights law and international criminal law; emerging
practices by States and companies; commentaries of United Nations treaty bodies
on State obligations concerning business-related human rights abuses; the
impact of investment agreements and corporate law and securities regulation on
both States’ and enterprises’ human rights policies; and related subject.</span>”
Ibid. These were elaborated in the supporting annexes to the Report and
identified first in the SRSG travaux préparetoires discussed in Chapter 3,
infra. </p>
</div>
<div id="ftn176" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref176" name="_ftn176" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn176;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[176]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 5 noting the UNHRC unanimous “welcoming” of the three pillar framework in
2008.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn177" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref177" name="_ftn177" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn177;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[177]</span></span></span></span></a> <span style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Ibid., </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: DengXian; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bodoni 72"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Bodoni 72";">¶</span><span style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> 6. </span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn178" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref178" name="_ftn178" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn178;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[178]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 7.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn179" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref179" name="_ftn179" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn179;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[179]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn180" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref180" name="_ftn180" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn180;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[180]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 8.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn181" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref181" name="_ftn181" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn181;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[181]</span></span></span></span></a> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">See</span></i><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">e.g.</i>,
Caroline Bradley, ‘<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Consultation and
Legitimacy in Transnational Standard-Setting,’ (2011) </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></i>20
<i>Minnesota Journal of International Law </i>480 (2011).</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn182" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref182" name="_ftn182" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn182;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[182]</span></span></span></span></a> 2011
SRSG Report ¶ 16.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn183" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref183" name="_ftn183" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn183;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[183]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 9.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn184" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref184" name="_ftn184" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn184;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[184]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.
(“<span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">During the interactive dialogue at
the Council’s June 2010 session, delegations agreed that the recommendations
should take the form of ‘Guiding Principles’ ; these are annexed to this
report.”).</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn185" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref185" name="_ftn185" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn185;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[185]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 10 (the UNGP “<span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72 Book";">are informed by
extensive discussions with all stakeholder groups, including Governments,
business enterprises and associations, individuals and communities directly
affected by the activities of enterprises in various parts of the world, civil
society, and experts in the many areas of law and policy”).</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn186" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref186" name="_ftn186" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn186;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[186]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 11.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn187" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref187" name="_ftn187" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn187;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[187]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 12.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn188" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref188" name="_ftn188" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn188;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[188]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 11.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn189" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref189" name="_ftn189" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn189;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[189]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 13.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn190" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref190" name="_ftn190" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn190;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[190]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 14.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn191" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref191" name="_ftn191" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn191;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[191]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 15.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn192" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref192" name="_ftn192" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn192;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[192]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 14 “While the Principles themselves are universally applicable, the means by
which they are realized will reflect the fact that we live in a world of 192
United Nations Member States, 80,000 transnational enterprises, 10 times as
many subsidiaries and countless millions of national firms, most of which are
small and medium-sized enterprises.” Ibid.).</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn193" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref193" name="_ftn193" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn193;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[193]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
¶ 16. This is a phrase that carried over from the 2010 SRSG Draft Report UNGP ¶
15.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn194" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref194" name="_ftn194" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn194;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[194]</span></span></span></span></a> 2010
SRSG Draft Report UNGP, ¶ 1.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn195" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref195" name="_ftn195" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn195;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[195]</span></span></span></span></a> UNGP, General
Principles.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn196" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref196" name="_ftn196" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn196;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[196]</span></span></span></span></a> UNGP,
General Principles.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn197" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref197" name="_ftn197" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn197;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[197]</span></span></span></span></a> For
the commentary on the UNGP General Principles, see Chapter 6, infra.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn198" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref198" name="_ftn198" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn198;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[198]</span></span></span></span></a> For the
commentary on the UNGP ¶¶ 1-10, see Chapter 7, infra.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn199" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref199" name="_ftn199" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn199;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[199]</span></span></span></span></a> For
the commentary on the UNGP ¶¶ 11-24, se Chapter 8, infra.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn200" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref200" name="_ftn200" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn200;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[200]</span></span></span></span></a> For
the commentary on the UNGP ¶¶ 25-31, see Chapter 9, infra.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn201" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref201" name="_ftn201" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn201;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[201]</span></span></span></span></a> 2011
SRSG Report, ¶ 16.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn202" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref202" name="_ftn202" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn202;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni 72"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: DengXian; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[202]</span></span></span></span></a> UNHRC 2011
UNGP Res, Preamble ¶ 6.</p>
</div>
</div>
<p><style>@font-face
{font-family:Wingdings;
panose-1:5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:decorative;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 -2147483647 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1107305727 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:DengXian;
panose-1:2 1 6 0 3 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-alt:等线;
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612033 953122042 22 0 262159 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Bodoni 72";
panose-1:0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Times New Roman \(Body CS\)";
panose-1:2 11 6 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-alt:"Times New Roman";
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536859905 -1073711039 9 0 511 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Bodoni 72 Book";
panose-1:0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-alt:"BODONI 72 BOOK";
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"\@DengXian";
panose-1:2 1 6 0 3 1 1 1 1 1;
mso-font-charset:134;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612033 953122042 22 0 262159 0;}p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin:0in;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Bodoni 72";
mso-fareast-font-family:DengXian;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman \(Body CS\)";}p.MsoFootnoteText, li.MsoFootnoteText, div.MsoFootnoteText
{mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-link:"Footnote Text Char";
margin:0in;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Bodoni 72";
mso-fareast-font-family:DengXian;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman \(Body CS\)";}p.MsoHeader, li.MsoHeader, div.MsoHeader
{mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-link:"Header Char";
margin:0in;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
tab-stops:center 3.25in right 6.5in;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Bodoni 72";
mso-fareast-font-family:DengXian;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman \(Body CS\)";}p.MsoFooter, li.MsoFooter, div.MsoFooter
{mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-link:"Footer Char";
margin:0in;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
tab-stops:center 3.25in right 6.5in;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Bodoni 72";
mso-fareast-font-family:DengXian;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman \(Body CS\)";}span.MsoFootnoteReference
{mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-unhide:no;
vertical-align:super;}p.MsoDate, li.MsoDate, div.MsoDate
{mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-link:"Date Char";
mso-style-next:Normal;
margin:0in;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Bodoni 72";
mso-fareast-font-family:DengXian;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman \(Body CS\)";}a:link, span.MsoHyperlink
{mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-unhide:no;
color:blue;
text-decoration:underline;
text-underline:single;}a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed
{mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
color:#954F72;
mso-themecolor:followedhyperlink;
text-decoration:underline;
text-underline:single;}strong
{mso-style-priority:22;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";}p
{margin:0in;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:DengXian;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;}span.FootnoteTextChar
{mso-style-name:"Footnote Text Char";
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-locked:yes;
mso-style-link:"Footnote Text";
mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
mso-font-kerning:0pt;
mso-ligatures:none;}span.HeaderChar
{mso-style-name:"Header Char";
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-locked:yes;
mso-style-link:Header;
mso-font-kerning:0pt;
mso-ligatures:none;}span.FooterChar
{mso-style-name:"Footer Char";
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-locked:yes;
mso-style-link:Footer;
mso-font-kerning:0pt;
mso-ligatures:none;}span.DateChar
{mso-style-name:"Date Char";
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-locked:yes;
mso-style-link:Date;
mso-font-kerning:0pt;
mso-ligatures:none;}.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
mso-ascii-font-family:"Bodoni 72";
mso-fareast-font-family:DengXian;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-font-family:"Bodoni 72";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman \(Body CS\)";}div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}ol
{margin-bottom:0in;}ul
{margin-bottom:0in;}</style></p>Larry Catá Backerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06545101367530775497noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-24800874.post-80849653179084767662024-03-01T17:45:00.009-05:002024-03-01T17:56:41.112-05:00Big-Data Social Credit Grimoire --《全国公共信用信息基础目录(2024年版)》 和《全国失信惩戒措施基础清单 (2024年版)》 ["National Public Credit Information Basic Catalog (2024 Edition)" and the National Basic List of Punishment Measures for Dishonesty (2024 edition)"]<p> </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgR6I2eVhGtG-znLI6JNlqBRpAEweXX5o3py2zuLm4RuiJliFnL4k7lNR8Y-Ap6UBP27IvisnLlc52UsOpYqdLsBzGKyHWDRiG8L6_KjDlQgQirDXqTbA_Op3j5m5Af3dNPEW9MyU5Qa0nSY-xO89REkXrER7S7fmIu7D-Y3vFij7G6w32OOk8-Zw/s403/Screenshot%202024-03-01%20at%205.43.03%E2%80%AFPM.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="264" data-original-width="403" height="420" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgR6I2eVhGtG-znLI6JNlqBRpAEweXX5o3py2zuLm4RuiJliFnL4k7lNR8Y-Ap6UBP27IvisnLlc52UsOpYqdLsBzGKyHWDRiG8L6_KjDlQgQirDXqTbA_Op3j5m5Af3dNPEW9MyU5Qa0nSY-xO89REkXrER7S7fmIu7D-Y3vFij7G6w32OOk8-Zw/w640-h420/Screenshot%202024-03-01%20at%205.43.03%E2%80%AFPM.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Pix credit<a href="https://thenewverse.fandom.com/wiki/Grimoire" target="_blank"> here</a><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p></p><p> Social order is built on honesty and trust. Social credit is based on data driven categorizations that reinitialize and identify those critical elements of behavior that contribute to trust and trustworthiness. Honesty and trust are built, in turn, on precision in alignment between punishments and conduct deemed to produce adverse impact on honesty--either for individuals pr for the state of society as a whole. That aligns social ordering with social credit under a socialist rule of law framework through the leadership of the vanguard of leading forces. Punitive measures, and the identification of dishonest acts, acts which have negative effects on trust and trustworthiness, cannot be left to officials, nor can such measures be reliably imposed within a broad space for the exercise of administrative discretion. Ultimately, because such acts, singularly or in the aggregate have negative collective impact, they must be understood as inherently political, and a threat to the core national objectives of developing productive forces by depressing the value of social assets and the capacity of the social collective to develop its productive forces in an all around way. It must therefore be left to the vanguard of social forces, leading its state and administrative organs, to develop a rationalized and scientific system that identifies anti-social actions and attaches to each a punishment. It s also necessary to update this system, as this process of comprehensively managing systems of punishment is not static.<br /><br /></p><p>That, at any rate, is one way to understand both the need for and the updating of 《全国公共信用信息基础目录(2024年版)》 和《全国失信惩戒措施基础清单 (2024年版)》 ["National Public Credit Information Basic Catalog (2024 Edition)" and the National Basic List of Punishment Measures for Dishonesty (2024 edition)"], notice of which recently circulated (18 February 2024) by 国家发展改革委 <span class="HwtZe" lang="en"><span class="jCAhz ChMk0b"><span class="ryNqvb">[National Development and Reform Commission] and </span></span></span>中国人民银行 [People's Bank of China]. Links to the relevant documents were also provided as an appendix:<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1WmvacplID6bpglLErhjJlKR8hyphenhyphenvK8xEruZDTiprOkqoksLBZS_1ZYN_0fw4wh_aUZX9kO4lnYhnXuLN9kpBtNal07pwocULU2cneQS-PWINnm0X1qvToWWwiHihE99VJPtaKRfyyBSzkdtx_0-fAHPEHfTUYy0BHY1FpSNpA1f-pDB7HE5KNlw/s603/Screenshot%202024-03-01%20at%205.54.49%E2%80%AFPM.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="384" data-original-width="603" height="255" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1WmvacplID6bpglLErhjJlKR8hyphenhyphenvK8xEruZDTiprOkqoksLBZS_1ZYN_0fw4wh_aUZX9kO4lnYhnXuLN9kpBtNal07pwocULU2cneQS-PWINnm0X1qvToWWwiHihE99VJPtaKRfyyBSzkdtx_0-fAHPEHfTUYy0BHY1FpSNpA1f-pDB7HE5KNlw/w400-h255/Screenshot%202024-03-01%20at%205.54.49%E2%80%AFPM.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Pix credit <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_punishments_of_China" target="_blank">here</a><br /></td></tr></tbody></table></p><p><span class="HwtZe" lang="en"><span class="jCAhz ChMk0b"><span class="ryNqvb"></span></span></span></p><blockquote><p><span class="HwtZe" lang="en"><span class="jCAhz ChMk0b"><span class="ryNqvb">《全国公共信用信息基础目录(2024年版)》.pdf "<a href="https://www.ndrc.gov.cn/xxgk/zcfb/ghxwj/202402/P020240228351343381558.pdf" target="_blank">National Public Credit Information Basic Catalog</a> (2024 Edition)".pdf</span></span><span class="jCAhz"><span class="ryNqvb"> </span></span></span></p><p><span class="HwtZe" lang="en"><span class="jCAhz"><span class="ryNqvb">《全国失信惩戒措施基础清单(2024年版)》.pdf </span></span><span class="jCAhz ChMk0b"><span class="ryNqvb">"<a href="https://www.ndrc.gov.cn/xxgk/zcfb/ghxwj/202402/P020240228351343988147.pdf" target="_blank">Basic List of National Punishment Measures for Dishonesty</a> (2024 Edition)".pdf</span></span><span class="jCAhz"><span class="ryNqvb">
</span></span><span class="jCAhz ChMk0b"><span class="ryNqvb"> </span></span></span></p><p><span class="HwtZe" lang="en"><span class="jCAhz ChMk0b"><span class="ryNqvb">《全国公共信用信息基础目录(2024年版)》.ofd"National Public Credit Information Basic Catalog (2024 Edition)".ofd</span></span><span class="jCAhz"><span class="ryNqvb">
</span></span><span class="jCAhz ChMk0b"><span class="ryNqvb"> </span></span></span></p><p><span class="HwtZe" lang="en"><span class="jCAhz ChMk0b"><span class="ryNqvb">《全国失信惩戒措施基础清单(2024年版)》.ofd"Basic List of National Punishment Measures for Dishonesty (2024 Edition)".ofd</span></span></span></p></blockquote><p> The text of the announcement follows below in the original Chinese and in a crude English translation. Also below are the introductory sections of each of these annexed documents.<br /></p><p> </p><p> <span></span></p><a name='more'></a><p></p><div class="article_con article_con_notitle">
<div class="TRS_Editor"><p style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">国家发展改革委 中国人民银行关于印发</span></b></p><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">《全国公共信用信息基础目录(2024年版)》</span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">和《全国失信惩戒措施基础清单</span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">(2024年版)》的通知</span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"> </div><div style="text-align: center;">发改财金规〔2024〕203号</div><div> </div><div>中央和国家机关有关部门,各省、自治区、直辖市、新疆生产建设兵团社会信用体系建设牵头单位,有关人民团体,中国国家铁路集团有限公司:</div><div><blockquote> 为贯彻落实党中央、国务院关于推动社会信用体系高质量发展的决策部署,按照《中华人民共和国国民经济和社会发展第十四个五年规划和2035年远景目标纲要》《中共中央办公厅、国务院办公厅印发〈关于推进社会信用体系建设高质量发展促进形成新发展格局的意见〉的通知》《国务院办公厅关于进一步完善失信约束制度
构建诚信建设长效机制的指导意见》要求,国家发展改革委、人民银行会同社会信用体系建设部际联席会议成员单位和其他有关部门,编制了《全国公共信用信息基础目录(2024年版)》和《全国失信惩戒措施基础清单(2024年版)》,现予印发实施。</blockquote></div><div> </div><div style="text-align: center;">国家发展改革委</div><div style="text-align: center;">中国人民银行</div><div style="text-align: center;">2024年2月18日</div><div style="text-align: center;"> </div><div style="text-align: center;"> Notice of the National Development and Reform Commission and the People's Bank of China on Issuing<br />"National Public Credit Information Basic Catalog (2024 Edition)"<br />and the National Basic List of Punishment Measures for Dishonesty<br />(2024 edition)" notice<br /> <br />Development and Reform Financial Regulations [2024] No. 203<br /> <br /></div><div style="text-align: left;">Relevant departments of the central and state agencies, leading units in the construction of the social credit system in all provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government, and the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, relevant people's organizations, and China National Railway Group Co., Ltd.:</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /><blockquote>In order to implement the decisions and arrangements of the Party Central Committee and the State Council on promoting high-quality development of the social credit system, in accordance with the "The Fourteenth Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development of the People's Republic of China and the Outline of Long-term Goals for 2035" and the General Office of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council The General Office of the State Council issued the "Opinions on Promoting High-Quality Development of the Social Credit System and Promoting the Formation of a New Development Pattern" and the "Guiding Opinions of the General Office of the State Council on Further Improving the Dishonesty Constraint System and Building a Long-term Mechanism for Integrity Construction" requires that the National Development and Reform Commission , the People's Bank of China, together with member units of the Inter-Ministerial Joint Conference on the Construction of the Social Credit System and other relevant departments, compiled the "National Basic Catalog of Public Credit Information (2024 Edition)" and the "National Basic List of Punishment Measures for Untrustworthiness (2024 Edition)", which are now issued for implementation.</blockquote><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"> <br />National Development and Reform Commission<br />People's Bank of China<br />February 18, 2024</div><div style="text-align: center;"> </div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>* * * </b></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b> </b></span><br /><br /><br />《<a href="https://www.ndrc.gov.cn/xxgk/zcfb/ghxwj/202402/P020240228351343381558.pdf" target="_blank">全国公共信用信息基础目录(2024年版</a>)》.pdf "<a href="https://www.ndrc.gov.cn/xxgk/zcfb/ghxwj/202402/P020240228351343381558.pdf">National Public Credit Information Basic Catalog</a> (2024 Edition)".pdf </div><div style="text-align: left;"> </div><div style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://www.ndrc.gov.cn/xxgk/zcfb/ghxwj/202402/P020240228351343381558.pdf" target="_blank"></a></div><blockquote><div style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://www.ndrc.gov.cn/xxgk/zcfb/ghxwj/202402/P020240228351343381558.pdf" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>关于《全国公共信用信息基础目录(2024年版)〉的说明</b></span><br /></a><br />为贯彻落实党中央、国务院关于推动社会信用体系高质量发展的决策部署,按照《中华人民共和国国民经济和社会发展第十四个五年规划和 2035年远景目标纲要》《中共中央办公厅、国务院办公厅印发《关于推进社会信用体系建设高质量发展促进形成新发展格局的意见》的通知》&国务院办公厅关于进一步完善失信约束制度构建诚信建设长效机制的指导意见》要求,进一步明确公共信用信息纳入范围,保护信用主体合法权益,国家发展改革委、人民银行会同国务院社会信用体系建设部际联席会议成员单位和其他有关部门(单位),严格以法伴、行政法规和党中央、国务院政簽文件为依据,编制本目录。</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br />一、本目录所称公共信用信息,是指国家机关和法律、法规授权的具有管理公共事务职能的组织(以下统称“公共管理机构”)在履行法定职责、提供公共服务过程中产生和获取的信用信息。</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br />二、本目录旨在规范界定公共信用信感纳入范围。除法伴、法规或者党中央、国务院政策文件另有规定外,公共管理机构不得将本目录以外的信息纳入信用记录。公共管理机构根据履行职责需要在本目录所列范围之外采集的信感,不得作为公共信用信息使用。<br />公共管理机构以外的组织依法采集信用信息的范围,不受本目录限制。</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br />三、本目录共纳入公共信用信息13类,包括登记注册基本信息、司法裁判及执行信息、行政管理信息、职称和职业信息、经营(活动)异常名录(状态)信息、严重失信主体名单信息、合同履行信息、信用承诺及履行情况信息、信用评价结果信息、避守法律法规情况信息、诚实守信相关荣誉信息、知识产权信息和经营主体自愿提供的信用信息。有关机关根据纪检监察机关、检察机关通报的情况或意见,对行贿人作出行政处罚和资格资质限制等处理,拟纳入公共信用信息归巢范围的,应当征求有关纪检监察机关、检察机关的意见。</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br />四、地方性法规对公共信用信息纳入范图有特妹规定的,地方社会信用体系建设牵头单位会同有关部门(单位)可在本目录基础上,编制地方公共信用信总补充目录。</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br />五、各地区、各有关部门(单位)应遵照合法、正当、必要、最小化原则,严格按照相关目录或条目归集公共信用信息。要严格遊守关于保守国家秘密、保护商业秘密和个人隐私的有关规定,加强信息安全管理,严禁泄露、纂改、毁损、窃取、出售、非法提供信用信息或非法获取、传播、利用信用信息谋私等行为,切实保护信用主体合法权益。</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br />六、法律、行政法规或者党中央、国务院政策文件对公共信用信息纳入范围作出新的规定的,从其规定。</div><div style="text-align: left;"> </div><div style="text-align: left;"> </div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="HwtZe" lang="en" style="font-size: large;"><b><span class="jCAhz ChMk0b"><span class="ryNqvb">Explanation on the "National Basic Catalog of Public Credit Information (2024 Edition)"</span></span><span class="jCAhz"><span class="ryNqvb">
</span></span><span class="jCAhz ChMk0b"><span class="ryNqvb"> </span></span></b></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="HwtZe" lang="en"><span class="jCAhz ChMk0b"><span class="ryNqvb"> </span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="HwtZe" lang="en"><span class="jCAhz ChMk0b"><span class="ryNqvb">In order to implement the decisions and arrangements of the Party Central Committee and the State Council on promoting high-quality development of the social credit system, in accordance with the "The Fourteenth Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development of the People's Republic of China and the Outline of Long-term Goals for 2035" and the General Office of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council The General Office of the State Council issued the "Opinions on Promoting High-quality Development of the Social Credit System and Promoting the Formation of a New Development Pattern" and the Guiding Opinions of the General Office of the State Council on Further Improving the Dishonesty Constraint System and Building a Long-term Mechanism for Integrity Construction, which further clarifies public credit Information is included in the scope to protect the legitimate rights and interests of credit subjects. The National Development and Reform Commission and the People's Bank of China, together with member units of the Inter-ministerial Joint Conference on the Construction of the Social Credit System of the State Council and other relevant departments (units), strictly abide by laws, administrative regulations and the policies of the Party Central Committee and the State Council. This catalog is compiled based on signed documents.</span></span><span class="jCAhz"><span class="ryNqvb">
</span></span><span class="jCAhz ChMk0b"><span class="ryNqvb"> </span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="HwtZe" lang="en"><span class="jCAhz ChMk0b"><span class="ryNqvb"> </span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="HwtZe" lang="en"><span class="jCAhz ChMk0b"><span class="ryNqvb">1. The term "public credit information" as mentioned in this catalog refers to the information generated and obtained by state agencies and organizations authorized by laws and regulations with the function of managing public affairs (hereinafter collectively referred to as "public management agencies") in the process of performing legal duties and providing public services. Credit information.</span></span><span class="jCAhz"><span class="ryNqvb">
</span></span><span class="jCAhz ChMk0b"><span class="ryNqvb"> </span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="HwtZe" lang="en"><span class="jCAhz ChMk0b"><span class="ryNqvb"> </span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="HwtZe" lang="en"><span class="jCAhz ChMk0b"><span class="ryNqvb">2. This catalog aims to standardize and define the scope of public credit.</span></span> <span class="jCAhz ChMk0b"><span class="ryNqvb">Unless otherwise provided by laws, regulations, or policy documents of the Party Central Committee and the State Council, public administration agencies shall not include information outside this catalog into credit records.</span></span> <span class="jCAhz ChMk0b"><span class="ryNqvb">Information collected by public administration agencies outside the scope listed in this catalog based on the need to perform their duties shall not be used as public credit information.</span></span><span class="jCAhz"><span class="ryNqvb">
</span></span><span class="jCAhz ChMk0b"><span class="ryNqvb">The scope of credit information collected by organizations other than public administration agencies in accordance with the law is not restricted by this catalog.</span></span><span class="jCAhz"><span class="ryNqvb">
</span></span><span class="jCAhz ChMk0b"><span class="ryNqvb"> </span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="HwtZe" lang="en"><span class="jCAhz ChMk0b"><span class="ryNqvb"> </span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="HwtZe" lang="en"><span class="jCAhz ChMk0b"><span class="ryNqvb">3. This directory includes a total of 13 categories of public credit information, including basic registration information, judicial judgment and execution information, administrative management information, professional titles and occupation information, abnormal business (activity) directory (status) information, seriously untrustworthy subject list information, Contract performance information, credit commitment and performance information, credit evaluation results information, information on avoiding laws and regulations, honor information related to honesty and trustworthiness, intellectual property information and credit information voluntarily provided by business entities.</span></span> <span class="jCAhz ChMk0b"><span class="ryNqvb">Relevant agencies impose administrative penalties and qualification restrictions on bribers based on the circumstances or opinions reported by the disciplinary inspection and supervision agencies and procuratorial organs, and if they plan to include them in the scope of public credit information, they should seek the opinions of the relevant disciplinary inspection and supervision agencies and procuratorial agencies.</span></span><span class="jCAhz"><span class="ryNqvb"> </span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="HwtZe" lang="en"><span class="jCAhz"><span class="ryNqvb"> </span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="HwtZe" lang="en"><span class="jCAhz"><span class="ryNqvb"> </span></span><span class="jCAhz ChMk0b"><span class="ryNqvb">4. If local laws and regulations have special provisions on the inclusion of public credit information, the leading unit for the construction of the local social credit system, together with relevant departments (units), may compile a supplementary catalog of local public credit information on the basis of this catalog.</span></span><span class="jCAhz"><span class="ryNqvb">
</span></span><span class="jCAhz ChMk0b"><span class="ryNqvb"> </span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="HwtZe" lang="en"><span class="jCAhz ChMk0b"><span class="ryNqvb"> </span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="HwtZe" lang="en"><span class="jCAhz ChMk0b"><span class="ryNqvb">5. All regions and relevant departments (units) should abide by the principles of legality, legitimacy, necessity, and minimization, and strictly collect public credit information in accordance with relevant catalogs or entries.</span></span> <span class="jCAhz ChMk0b"><span class="ryNqvb">It is necessary to strictly abide by the relevant regulations on keeping state secrets, protecting business secrets and personal privacy, strengthen information security management, and strictly prohibit leaking, editing, damaging, stealing, selling, illegally providing credit information or illegally obtaining, disseminating, and using credit information for personal gain. and other behaviors to effectively protect the legitimate rights and interests of credit entities.</span></span><span class="jCAhz"><span class="ryNqvb">
</span></span><span class="jCAhz ChMk0b"><span class="ryNqvb"> </span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="HwtZe" lang="en"><span class="jCAhz ChMk0b"><span class="ryNqvb"> </span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="HwtZe" lang="en"><span class="jCAhz ChMk0b"><span class="ryNqvb">6. If laws, administrative regulations or policy documents of the Party Central Committee or the State Council make new provisions on the scope of inclusion of public credit information, such provisions shall prevail.</span></span></span></div></blockquote><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="HwtZe" lang="en"><span class="jCAhz ChMk0b"><span class="ryNqvb"></span></span></span> <br /><div style="text-align: center;"> </div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>* * * </b></span></div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b> </b></span><br />《<a href="https://www.ndrc.gov.cn/xxgk/zcfb/ghxwj/202402/P020240228351343988147.pdf" target="_blank">全国失信惩戒措施基础清单(2024年版)</a>》.pdf "<a href="https://www.ndrc.gov.cn/xxgk/zcfb/ghxwj/202402/P020240228351343988147.pdf">Basic List of National Punishment Measures for Dishonesty</a> (2024 Edition)".pdf </div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><a href="https://www.ndrc.gov.cn/xxgk/zcfb/ghxwj/202402/P020240228351343988147.pdf" target="_blank"></a></b></span></div><blockquote><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><a href="https://www.ndrc.gov.cn/xxgk/zcfb/ghxwj/202402/P020240228351343988147.pdf" target="_blank">关于《全国失信惩戒措施基础清单(2024年版)〉的说明</a></b></span><br /><br />为贾彻落实党中央、国务脘关于推动社会信用体系离质量发展的决策部着,按照《中华人民共和国国民经济和社会发展第十四个五年规划和2035 年运景目标纲要》《中共中央办公厅、国务院办公厅印发《关于推进社会信用体系建设高质量发展促进形成新发展格盼的意见〉的通知》《国务院办公厅关于进一步完善失信约束制度均建诚信建设长效机制的指导意见》要求,近一步规范失信您戒帮吃,保护信用主体合法权益。国寒发展改草委、人民银行会同国务浣社会信用体系建设部际联席会议或员单位和其他有关部门(单位)。严格以法律、行政法规和党中央。国务院政策文件为依据,的制本清单。<br /><br />一,本清单所券的失信惩戒,是指国家机关和法律、法规授权的具有管理公共事务职能的组织(以下統称“公共管理机构”)以及其绝组织依法依规运用司法、行政、市场等手段对失信行为责任主体进行惩成的活动。<br /><br />二,木清单旨在規范界定灸信您戒据能的种类及其适用对象。<br />除法律、法規或者党中央、固务號政策文件另有规定外,公共管理𢖯构不得短出本清单所列范團采取对相关主体减損权益或增加义务的失信您戒播施。公共管理机构以外的姐织自主开展灸信惩戒的,不得违反相关法律、法規的見定。<br /><br />三,木清单所列失信您戏播婉包話三类,共14项:一是由公共管理机构侬法侬规实施韵减撷惴用主体衩益或塯加其义务的镅施,包括限制市场成行业准入,限到任取、限制消费、限钢出境。限制升学复学等;二是由公共管理机构根据履职需要突施的相关馆理措施,不涉及减抓信用主体权益成增加其义务,包話限制申请财政性资金项目、限制参加评先评食。限制尊变优惠政巢和便利提路、的入重点監管苑圖等;三是由公共管理机构以外的组訊自主实施的播蔬。包話的入市场化征信成评领报鲁、从严掌慎授信等。<br /><br />四,设列严重失信主体名单的领域,必须以法律、法规成者党中央、国务成政策文件为侬想。任何部门(单位)不得擅自增加或扩展。设列严重失信主体名单的部门。应严格规范名单认定标准。<br />移出条件、程序以及教济播施等。并通过 “信用中国”网站及读领城主管(監管)部门指定的网站公开。<br /><br />五、在全因范国内实施的严重头信主体名单制度,其名单认定标准应当以法律,行政法规成者党中央。国务院欣策文件形式确定。<br />暂不具备条件的可由该领域主管(監管)部门以部门规章形式确定。<br /><br />六。除本清单所列美信您或播菇外。她方性法规对相关主体减损权益或增加义务的失信怎成播糖有特珠規定的,或她方公共管理机构桭据履职霭萎宎旄不涉及减搅信用主体权益成增加义务的柑关管理播糖。地方社会信用体系建设牵头单位可会间有关部门(单位)。依据地方性法规编制仪透用于本地区的失信您戒猎施补充清单。<br /><br />七、法律、行政法规或者党中央,国务院政策文件对失信想戒据族作出新的规定的,从其规定。<br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Explanation on the "Basic List of National Punishment Measures for Dishonesty (2024 Edition)"</b></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br />In order to implement the decision-making of the Party Central Committee and the State Council on promoting the quality-based development of the social credit system, Jia Che is in accordance with the "The Fourteenth Five-Year Plan for the National Economic and Social Development of the People's Republic of China and the Outline of the Development Goals for 2035" and the "Central Committee of the Communist Party of China" The General Office of the State Council and the General Office of the State Council issued the "Opinions on Promoting High-quality Development of the Social Credit System and Promoting the Formation of a New Development Pattern" and the "Guiding Opinions of the General Office of the State Council on Further Improving the Dishonesty Constraint System and Establishing a Long-term Mechanism for Integrity Construction" Requirements, further standardize the dishonesty of your trust, and protect the legitimate rights and interests of credit subjects. The National Development and Reform Commission, the People's Bank of China, and the Inter-ministerial Joint Conference on the Construction of the Social Credit System of the State Council or member units and other relevant departments (units). Strictly follow laws, administrative regulations and the Party Central Committee. This list is based on the policy documents of the State Council.</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br />1. Punishment for breach of trust covered by this list refers to state agencies and organizations authorized by laws and regulations with the function of managing public affairs (hereinafter collectively referred to as "public management agencies") and other organizations that use judicial, administrative, market, etc. in accordance with laws and regulations. Activities that use means to punish those responsible for untrustworthy behavior.</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br />2. The punishment list aims to standardize the types of penalties and its applicable objects. Unless otherwise provided by laws, regulations or policy documents of the Party Central Committee or the State Council, public administration agencies shall not take untrustworthy measures that reduce the rights and interests or increase the obligations of relevant entities beyond the scope listed in this list. Organizations other than public management institutions that carry out disciplinary action independently must not violate relevant laws and regulations.<br /> </div><div style="text-align: left;">3. There are three categories of breach of trust listed in the list, with a total of 14 items: (1) First, the measures implemented by public management agencies to reduce the benefits of users or increase their obligations, including restrictions Market access has been transformed into an industry, with restrictions on pick-up and consumption, restrictions on consumption, and restrictions on the export of steel.<br />Restrictions on enrollment and resumption of studies; (2) the second is related administrative measures suddenly implemented by public management agencies based on the need to perform their duties, which do not involve reducing the rights and interests of credit entities and increasing their obligations, including restrictions on applying for fiscal funding projects and restricting participation in food evaluation and limiting changes in preferential policies and facilitate access to key regulatory areas; (3) the third is self-implementation by groups other than public management agencies. Baohua's market-oriented credit reporting system has led to stricter credit reporting, stricter control and prudent credit granting, etc.<br /> </div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="HwtZe" lang="en"><span class="jCAhz ChMk0b"><span class="ryNqvb">4. The areas in which the list of seriously untrustworthy entities are listed must be based on laws, regulations, and policy documents of the Party Central Committee and the State Council.</span></span> <span class="jCAhz ChMk0b"><span class="ryNqvb">No department (unit) may increase or expand without authorization.</span></span> <span class="jCAhz ChMk0b"><span class="ryNqvb">Establish a department that lists the list of seriously untrustworthy entities.</span></span> <span class="jCAhz ChMk0b"><span class="ryNqvb">The criteria for identifying lists should be strictly regulated.</span></span><span class="jCAhz"><span class="ryNqvb">
</span></span><span class="jCAhz ChMk0b"><span class="ryNqvb">Removal conditions, procedures and religious dissemination, etc.</span></span> <span class="jCAhz ChMk0b"><span class="ryNqvb">And it is made public through the "Credit China" website and the website designated by the competent (supervision) department.</span></span></span> <br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br />5. For the list system of major perpetrators to be implemented nationwide, the list identification standards shall be established by the Party Central Committee in accordance with laws and administrative regulations. The format of the Xince document of the State Council is determined.<br />Those that do not currently meet the conditions may be determined by the competent (supervision) department in the field in the form of departmental regulations.</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br />6. Except for Maxim's or Bogu's listed in this list. The other party's laws and regulations have special provisions on the breach of trust that reduces the rights and interests or increases the obligations of the relevant entities, or the other party's public management agencies perform their duties according to the regulations and do not involve the reduction of the rights and interests of the credit entities or the increase of obligations. Off management sowing sugar. The leading unit for the construction of the local social credit system may consult with relevant departments (units). Based on local regulations, a supplementary list of breach of trust protection measures for use in the region has been prepared.</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br />7. If laws, administrative regulations, or policy documents of the Party Central Committee or the State Council stipulate new provisions for those who break their trust and want to abstain from law enforcement, such provisions shall prevail.</div></blockquote><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: center;"> </div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>* * * </b></span></div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b> </b></span><br />《全国公共信用信息基础目录(2024年版)》.ofd"National Public Credit Information Basic Catalog (2024 Edition)".ofd </div><div style="text-align: left;"> </div><div style="text-align: left;"> <span style="font-size: large;"><b><a href="https://www.ndrc.gov.cn/xxgk/zcfb/ghxwj/202402/P020240228351344399907.ofd" target="_blank">关于《全国公共信用信息基础目录(2024 年版)》 的说明</a></b></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br />为贯彻落实党中央、国务院关于推动社会信用体系高质量发展 的决策部署,按照《中华人民共和国国民经济和社会发展第十四个 五年规划和 2035 年远景目标纲要》《中共中央办公厅、国务院办公 厅印发〈关于推进社会信用体系建设高质量发展促进形成新发展格 局的意见〉的通知》《国务院办公厅关于进一步完善失信约束制度 构建诚信建设长效机制的指导意见》要求,进一步明确公共信用信 息纳入范围,保护信用主体合法权益,国家发展改革委、人民银行 会同国务院社会信用体系建设部际联席会议成员单位和其他有关 部门(单位),严格以法律、行政法规和党中央、国务院政策文件 为依据,编制本目录。<br /><br />一、本目录所称公共信用信息,是指国家机关和法律、法规授 权的具有管理公共事务职能的组织(以下统称“ 公共管理机构”) 在履行法定职责、提供公共服务过程中产生和获取的信用信息。<br /><br /> 二、本目录旨在规范界定公共信用信息纳入范围。除法律、法规或者党中央、国务院政策文件另有规定外,公共管理机构不得将本目录以外的信息纳入信用记录。公共管理机构根据履行职责需要在本目录所列范围之外采集的信息,不得作为公共信用信息使用。公共管理机构以外的组织依法采集信用信息的范围,不受本目录限 制。<br /><br />三、本目录共纳入公共信用信息 13 类,包括登记注册基本信 息、司法裁判及执行信息、行政管理信息、职称和职业信息、经营 (活动)异常名录(状态)信息、严重失信主体名单信息、合同履 行信息、信用承诺及履行情况信息、信用评价结果信息、遵守法律 法规情况信息、诚实守信相关荣誉信息、知识产权信息和经营主体 自愿提供的信用信息。有关机关根据纪检监察机关、检察机关通报 的情况或意见,对行贿人作出行政处罚和资格资质限制等处理,拟 纳入公共信用信息归集范围的,应当征求有关纪检监察机关、检察 机关的意见。<br /><br /> 四、地方性法规对公共信用信息纳入范围有特殊规定的,地方社会信用体系建设牵头单位会同有关部门(单位)可在本目录基础上,编制地方公共信用信息补充目录。<br /><br /> 五、各地区、各有关部门(单位)应遵照合法、正当、必要最小化原则,严格按照相关目录或条目归集公共信用信息。要严格遵守关于保守国家秘密、保护商业秘密和个人隐私的有关规定,加强信息安全管理,严禁泄露、篡改、毁损、窃取、出售、非法提供信用信息或非法获取、传播、利用信用信息谋私等行为,切实保护信用主体合法权益。<br /><br /> 六、法律、行政法规或者党中央、国务院政策文件对公共信用信息纳入范围作出新的规定的,从其规定。</div><div style="text-align: left;"> </div><div style="text-align: left;"> </div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b> Explanation on the "National Public Credit Information Basic Catalog (2024 Edition)"</b></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b> </b></span><br />In order to implement the decisions and arrangements of the Party Central Committee and the State Council on promoting high-quality development of the social credit system, in accordance with the "The Fourteenth Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development of the People's Republic of China and the Outline of Long-term Goals for 2035" and the "General Office of the CPC Central Committee, the State Council The General Office of the State Council issued the "Opinions on Promoting the Construction of a Social Credit System with High-quality Development and Promoting the Formation of a New Development Pattern" and the "Guiding Opinions of the General Office of the State Council on Further Improving the Distrust Constraint System and Establishing a Long-term Mechanism for Integrity Construction" requires that public credit be further clarified Information is included in the scope to protect the legitimate rights and interests of credit subjects. The National Development and Reform Commission and the People's Bank of China, together with member units of the Inter-ministerial Joint Conference on the Construction of the Social Credit System of the State Council and other relevant departments (units), strictly abide by laws, administrative regulations and policy documents of the Party Central Committee and the State Council. This catalog is compiled based on this.<br /><br />1. The term "public credit information" as mentioned in this catalog refers to the information generated and obtained by state agencies and organizations authorized by laws and regulations with the function of managing public affairs (hereinafter collectively referred to as "public management agencies") in the process of performing legal duties and providing public services. Credit information.<br /><br /> 2. This catalog aims to standardize and define the scope of public credit information. Unless otherwise provided by laws, regulations or policy documents of the Party Central Committee and the State Council, public administration agencies shall not include information other than this catalog into credit records. Information collected by public administration agencies outside the scope listed in this catalog based on the need to perform their duties shall not be used as public credit information. The scope of credit information collected by organizations other than public administration agencies in accordance with the law is not restricted by this catalog.<br /><br />3. This directory includes a total of 13 categories of public credit information, including basic registration information, judicial judgment and execution information, administrative management information, professional titles and occupation information, abnormal business (activity) directory (status) information, seriously untrustworthy subject list information, Contract performance information, credit commitment and performance information, credit evaluation results information, compliance with laws and regulations information, honor information related to honesty and trustworthiness, intellectual property information and credit information voluntarily provided by business entities. Relevant agencies impose administrative penalties and qualification restrictions on bribers based on the circumstances or opinions reported by the disciplinary inspection and supervision agencies and procuratorial organs, and if they plan to include them in the scope of public credit information collection, they should seek the opinions of the relevant disciplinary inspection and supervision agencies and procuratorial agencies.<br /><br /> 4. If local regulations have special provisions on the scope of inclusion of public credit information, the leading unit for the construction of the local social credit system, together with relevant departments (units), may compile a supplementary catalog of local public credit information on the basis of this catalog.<br /><br /> 5. All regions and relevant departments (units) should abide by the principles of legality, legitimacy, and minimization of necessity, and strictly collect public credit information in accordance with relevant catalogs or entries. It is necessary to strictly abide by the relevant regulations on keeping state secrets, protecting business secrets and personal privacy, strengthening information security management, and strictly prohibit leaking, tampering, damaging, stealing, selling, illegally providing credit information, or illegally obtaining, disseminating, and using credit information for personal gain, and to effectively protect the legitimate rights and interests of credit entities.<br /><br /> 6. If laws, administrative regulations or policy documents of the Party Central Committee or the State Council make new provisions on the scope of inclusion of public credit information, such provisions shall prevail.</div><div style="text-align: left;"></div><div style="text-align: left;"></div><div style="text-align: left;"></div><div style="text-align: left;"></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /><div style="text-align: center;"> </div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>* * * </b></span></div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b> </b></span><br />《全国失信惩戒措施基础清单(2024年版)》.ofd" Basic List of National Punishment Measures for Dishonesty (2024 Edition)".ofd</div><div style="text-align: left;"> </div><div style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://www.ndrc.gov.cn/xxgk/zcfb/ghxwj/202402/P020240228351344563171.ofd" target="_blank"></a></div><blockquote><div style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://www.ndrc.gov.cn/xxgk/zcfb/ghxwj/202402/P020240228351344563171.ofd" target="_blank"> <span style="font-size: large;"><b>关于《全国失信惩戒措施基础清单(2024 年版)》 的说明</b></span></a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b> </b></span><br />为贯彻落实党中央、国务院关于推动社会信用体系高质量发展 的决策部署,按照《中华人民共和国国民经济和社会发展第十四个 五年规划和 2035 年远景目标纲要》《中共中央办公厅、国务院办公 厅印发〈关于推进社会信用体系建设高质量发展促进形成新发展格 局的意见〉的通知》《国务院办公厅关于进一步完善失信约束制度 构建诚信建设长效机制的指导意见》要求,进一步规范失信惩戒措 施,保护信用主体合法权益,国家发展改革委、人民银行会同国务 院社会信用体系建设部际联席会议成员单位和其他有关部门(单 位),严格以法律、行政法规和党中央、国务院政策文件为依据, 编制本清单。</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br />一、本清单所称的失信惩戒,是指国家机关和法律、法规授权 的具有管理公共事务职能的组织(以下统称“ 公共管理机构”)以 及其他组织依法依规运用司法、行政、市场等手段对失信行为责任 主体进行惩戒的活动。</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br />二、本清单旨在规范界定失信惩戒措施的种类及其适用对象。 除法律、法规或者党中央、国务院政策文件另有规定外,公共管理 机构不得超出本清单所列范围采取对相关主体减损权益或增加义<br /> 务的失信惩戒措施。公共管理机构以外的组织自主开展失信惩戒 的,不得违反相关法律、法规的规定。</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br />三、本清单所列失信惩戒措施包括三类,共 14 项:一是由公 共管理机构依法依规实施的减损信用主体权益或增加其义务的措 施,包括限制市场或行业准入、限制任职、限制消费、限制出境、 限制升学复学等;二是由公共管理机构根据履职需要实施的相关管 理措施,不涉及减损信用主体权益或增加其义务,包括限制申请财 政性资金项目、限制参加评先评优、限制享受优惠政策和便利措施、 纳入重点监管范围等;三是由公共管理机构以外的组织自主实施的 措施,包括纳入市场化征信或评级报告、从严审慎授信等。</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br />四、设列严重失信主体名单的领域,必须以法律、法规或者党 中央、国务院政策文件为依据,任何部门(单位)不得擅自增加或 扩展。设列严重失信主体名单的部门,应严格规范名单认定标准、 移出条件、程序以及救济措施等,并通过“ 信用中国” 网站及该领 域主管(监管)部门指定的网站公开。</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br />五、在全国范围内实施的严重失信主体名单制度,其名单认定 标准应当以法律、行政法规或者党中央、国务院政策文件形式确定, 暂不具备条件的可由该领域主管(监管)部门以部门规章形式确定。</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br />六、除本清单所列失信惩戒措施外,地方性法规对相关主体减 损权益或增加义务的失信惩戒措施有特殊规定的,或地方公共管理 机构根据履职需要实施不涉及减损信用主体权益或增加义务的相<br />关管理措施,地方社会信用体系建设牵头单位可会同有关部门(单 2位),依据地方性法规编制仅适用于本地区的失信惩戒措施补充清 单。</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /> 七、法律、行政法规或者党中央、国务院政策文件对失信惩戒. 措施作出新的规定的,从其规定。</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Explanation on the "National Basic List of Punishment Measures for Dishonesty (2024 Edition)"</b></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b> </b></span><br />In order to implement the decisions and arrangements of the Party Central Committee and the State Council on promoting high-quality development of the social credit system, in accordance with the "The Fourteenth Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development of the People's Republic of China and the Outline of Long-term Goals for 2035" and the "General Office of the CPC Central Committee, the State Council The General Office of the State Council issued the "Opinions on Promoting High-Quality Development of the Social Credit System and Promoting the Formation of a New Development Pattern" and the "Guiding Opinions of the General Office of the State Council on Further Improving the Dishonesty Constraint System and Building a Long-term Mechanism for Integrity Construction" require further standardizing the punishment for breach of trust. Measures to protect the legitimate rights and interests of credit entities, the National Development and Reform Commission and the People's Bank of China, together with the member units of the Inter-ministerial Joint Conference on the Construction of the Social Credit System of the State Council and other relevant departments (units), strictly based on laws, administrative regulations and policy documents of the Party Central Committee and the State Council , compiled this list.</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br />1. Punishment for breach of trust as mentioned in this list refers to the use of judicial, administrative, market and other means by state agencies and organizations authorized by laws and regulations to manage public affairs (hereinafter collectively referred to as "public management agencies") and other organizations in accordance with laws and regulations. Activities to punish those responsible for untrustworthy behavior.<br /> </div><div style="text-align: left;">2. This list aims to standardize and define the types of disciplinary measures for breach of trust and their applicable objects. Unless otherwise provided by laws, regulations or policy documents of the Party Central Committee and the State Council, public management agencies shall not go beyond the scope listed in this list to reduce the rights and interests or increase the liability of relevant entities with respect to disciplinary measures for breach of trust. Organizations other than public administration agencies that independently carry out punishments for breach of trust must not violate relevant laws and regulations.<br /> </div><div style="text-align: left;">3. Punishment measures for breach of trust listed in this list include three categories, with a total of 14 items: First, measures implemented by public management agencies in accordance with laws and regulations to reduce the rights and interests of credit entities or increase their obligations, including restricting market or industry access, restricting employment, Restrictions on consumption, restrictions on exiting the country, restrictions on enrollment and resumption of studies, etc.; second, relevant management measures implemented by public management agencies based on the needs of performance of duties, which do not involve diminishing the rights and interests of credit entities or increasing their obligations, including restrictions on applying for fiscal funding projects and restrictions on participation in evaluations. evaluation, restriction of the enjoyment of preferential policies and convenience measures, inclusion in key regulatory scopes, etc.; third, measures independently implemented by organizations other than public management agencies, including inclusion in market-based credit reporting or rating reports, strict and prudent credit granting, etc.</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br />4. The list of severely dishonest entities must be established in areas based on laws, regulations or policy documents of the Party Central Committee and the State Council, and no department (unit) may add or expand without authorization. Departments that establish a list of seriously untrustworthy entities should strictly regulate the list identification standards, removal conditions, procedures and relief measures, etc., and make them public through the "Credit China" website and the website designated by the competent (supervisory) department in this field.</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br />5. For the list system of seriously untrustworthy entities implemented nationwide, the list identification standards shall be determined in the form of laws, administrative regulations, or policy documents of the Party Central Committee and the State Council. If the conditions are not met temporarily, the competent (supervision) department in this field may adopt departmental regulations. The form is determined.</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br />6. <span class="HwtZe" lang="en"><span class="jCAhz ChMk0b"><span class="ryNqvb">In addition to the disciplinary measures for breach of trust listed in this list, local regulations have special provisions for disciplinary measures for breach of trust that reduce the rights and interests or increase the obligations of relevant entities, or local public management agencies implement measures that do not involve the impairment of the rights and interests of credit entities or increase the obligations based on the need to perform their duties.</span></span> <span class="jCAhz ChMk0b"><span class="ryNqvb">Regarding management measures related to obligations, the local leading unit for the construction of the social credit system may work with relevant departments (units) to compile a supplementary list of punitive measures for breach of trust that are only applicable to the region in accordance with local regulations.</span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="HwtZe" lang="en"><span class="jCAhz ChMk0b"><span class="ryNqvb"> </span></span></span><br />7. Punishment for breach of trust in laws, administrative regulations or policy documents of the Party Central Committee and the State Council. If new provisions are made for measures, those provisions shall prevail.</div></blockquote><div style="text-align: left;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div></div>
</div>Larry Catá Backerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06545101367530775497noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-24800874.post-90394354425186629962024-02-29T19:06:00.005-05:002024-02-29T19:14:20.367-05:00Environmentally Sustainable Globalization: The Norwegian Pension Fund Global Excludes (1) Jardine Matheson Holdings Ltd., (2) Jardine Cycle & Carriage Ltd and discontinues observation for (3) PT Astra International Tbk <p> </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQY3YKA9sSzAHMIIdz5kv0qPJ4t0PRQb9rsqZGSqRD9bkCfknB3P8uz3AEUlOec17Av2jyiSyvVY432SwLzGZTIRWhqk4Q637pvL_V8bEmwNznlfsMg0hJ-8ikoWx5TfT3SbZ2sdv8Ut1CjvAueXrudjWv0h7MCJ7GFg5IV6UVwUXfKcVQRw-wGQ/s710/Screenshot%202024-02-29%20at%207.03.02%E2%80%AFPM.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="422" data-original-width="710" height="380" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQY3YKA9sSzAHMIIdz5kv0qPJ4t0PRQb9rsqZGSqRD9bkCfknB3P8uz3AEUlOec17Av2jyiSyvVY432SwLzGZTIRWhqk4Q637pvL_V8bEmwNznlfsMg0hJ-8ikoWx5TfT3SbZ2sdv8Ut1CjvAueXrudjWv0h7MCJ7GFg5IV6UVwUXfKcVQRw-wGQ/w640-h380/Screenshot%202024-02-29%20at%207.03.02%E2%80%AFPM.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Pix Credit <a href="https://www.ft.com/content/7bce1a92-37a7-11e2-a97e-00144feabdc0" target="_blank">here</a><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p></p><p> Following a recommendation from the Council on Ethics, at the end of February 2024 Norges Bank announced its decision to exclude the companies (1) Jardine Matheson Holdings Ltd., (2) Jardine Cycle & Carriage Ltd and (3) PT Astra International Tbk from the Government Pension Fund Global due to unacceptable risk of the company contributing to or being responsible for severe environmental damage, ref. the conduct-based criterion in the Guidelines for Observation and Exclusion from the Government Pension Fund Global § 4 e. PT Astra International Tbk has been under observation since October 2015, but that observation now ends given the exclusion decision.</p><p></p><p>Worth underscoring is the following principle: "The Council takes the view that parent companies which have a controlling influence over their subsidiaries’ business operations are accountable for the actions of those subsidiaries. Jardines is the parent company of JC&C, which is Astra’s controlling shareholder. Astra is the majority shareholder of PT United Tractors (United Tractors), which, via wholly owned subsidiaries, owns 95 per cent of the mining company PT Agincourt Resources (PTAR) that operates the Martabe Gold Mine. (<a href="https://files.nettsteder.regjeringen.no/wpuploads01/sites/275/2024/02/Rec-Astra-ENG.pdf" target="_blank">Council Recommendation</a> p. 2). </p><p>Also important was the standard off sever impact adopted and applied: "For the Council, the decisive factor is that the Tapanuli orangutan is a critically endangered species and that any further reduction in the size of its habitat would, according to many experts, worsen its situation and increase the risk of it becoming extinct. The company’s efforts to preserve these orangutans does not to any great degree seem to be limiting the mine’s expansion or prospecting deeper into the orangutans’ habitat." Ibid., p. 3.</p><p>This standard was critical for the decision to discontinue observation for Astra: "The Council’s observation of Astra and AAL has focused particularly on how AAL conserves and manages biodiversity and areas of high conservation value (HCV) in its concessions. During the observation period, AAL has not opened up any new areas of peat or forest, and has undertaken to preserve High Carbon Stock (HCS) forests, peat and HCVs. <i>The company’s sustainability strategy, which rests on a policy of zero deforestation, no conversion of peatlands and respect for human rights, has been operationalised through three-year action plans</i>. AAL has introduced systems to prevent forest fires, preserve peatland and avoid<br />deforestation in its supply chain." (Ibid., pp. 3-4).<br /></p><p></p><p> Please find the Council’s recommendation <a href="https://etikkradet.no/pt-astra-international-tbk-3/" target="_blank">here</a> and below.</p><p> </p><p><span></span></p><a name='more'></a><br /><br /> <p></p><main class="main">
<article class="post-90805 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-1441 category-news category-recommendations category-severe-environmental-damage category-uncategorized">
<header>
<div class="page-header">
<h1>PT Astra International Tbk, Jardine Matheson Holdings Ltd and Jardine Cycle & Carriage Ltd</h1>
<p class="byline author vcard">
<time class="updated" datetime="2024-02-29T19:59:50+00:00">29. februar 2024</time>
</p>
</div>
</header>
<div class="text-wrap post-content clearfix"><p>The Council on Ethics
recommends that PT Astra International Tbk (Astra) and the parent
companies Jardine Cycle & Carriage Ltd (JC&C) and Jardine
Matheson Holdings Ltd (Jardines) be excluded from the Government Pension
Fund Global (GPFG) due to an unacceptable risk that they are
contributing to or are themselves responsible for serious environmental
damage.</p>
<p>The Council’s assessment concerns the Martabe Gold Mine in Sumatra,
which is owned by Astra’s subsidiary United Tractors. The Martabe Gold
Mine lies within the confines of the critically endagered Tapanuli
orangutan’s habitat which constitutes the species sole remaining
habitat. The Tapanuli orangutan is the most critically endangered of all
the great apes and there are fewer than 800 individuals left. The
survival of the species depends on the preservation of this habitat. The
Council attaches importance to the fact that the company is planning to
significantly increase the mining area during the mine’s lifetime, that
new deposits will be exploited if commercially viable, and that the
Indonesian authorities have granted permission for mining operations in
an area that is as yet undeveloped. The Council considers that, as long
as PTAR’s activities result in a reduction in the size of the
orangutan’s habitat, the risk of the companies contributing to serious
environmental damage will remain unacceptable.</p>
<p>Astra has been under observation since October 2015 due to the
development of oil palm plantations in Indonesia by one of its
subsidiaries, PT Astra Agro Lestari Tbk (AAL), and consequent risk of
deforestation and loss of biodiversity. The Council recommends that
observation pursuant to this issue be discontinued, irrespective of the
decision to exclude Astra on the grounds of its involvement in the
Martabe Gold Mine, due to the company’s measures to reduce the risk of
deforestation.</p>
<p><a href="https://files.nettsteder.regjeringen.no/wpuploads01/sites/275/2024/02/Rec-Astra-ENG.pdf">Please find the Council’s recommendation here.</a></p>
</div> </article>
</main><span><!--more--></span><span></span>Larry Catá Backerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06545101367530775497noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-24800874.post-87318492866321257702024-02-29T18:28:00.000-05:002024-02-29T18:28:05.860-05:00An Interview with David M. Lampton: Living U.S.-China Relations [专访兰普顿:美中接触战略何以被诟病?如何避免新冷战演变成热战?]<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvh5ZCDnM0_6Ix6Et3yxr_VHScwaTUWfEWppUrjKen0aYt2cdlIHQxyBZCBRSZQllmC18uj5ilcOBLkgJ4_uOrIBnL0N-k2PtT25V6-CvJ4Zkm95Kfk3dI3s4THHKDeh4Fl0xhqcVUo9IRWIZWIYCAQuu4opURmSsDb0UqBVPSRY6-MIsQrB4N-g/s525/Screenshot%202024-02-29%20at%206.18.23%E2%80%AFPM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="525" data-original-width="324" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvh5ZCDnM0_6Ix6Et3yxr_VHScwaTUWfEWppUrjKen0aYt2cdlIHQxyBZCBRSZQllmC18uj5ilcOBLkgJ4_uOrIBnL0N-k2PtT25V6-CvJ4Zkm95Kfk3dI3s4THHKDeh4Fl0xhqcVUo9IRWIZWIYCAQuu4opURmSsDb0UqBVPSRY6-MIsQrB4N-g/w394-h640/Screenshot%202024-02-29%20at%206.18.23%E2%80%AFPM.png" width="394" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p> </p><p>I am delighted to share this quite interesting interview with David Lampton, the Author of <i>Living U.S.-China Relations: From Cold War to Cold War.</i></p><p></p><p><em></em></p><blockquote><p><em>David M. Lampton is Professor Emeritus and former Hyman Professor
and Director of SAIS-China and China Studies at the Johns Hopkins
School of Advanced International Studies, and Sr. Research Fellow at the
Foreign Policy Institute. Dr. Lampton was formerly President of the
National Committee on United States-China Relations, and he is the
author of many books including his most recently published </em><strong>Living U.S.-China Relations: From Cold War to Cold</strong> <strong>War</strong>. <em>Below,
you will find the transcript from the U.S.-China Perception Monitor’s
interview with Dr. Lampton about his new book. Dr. Lampton also shared
three personal anecdotes about his experiences in U.S.-China relations
that we have published separately <a href="https://uscnpm.org/2024/02/22/anecdotes-from-david-lampton/">here</a>.</em></p><p>编者按:大卫·M·兰普顿(David M. Lampton)是约翰霍普金斯大学高级国际研究学院 (SAIS)
的名誉教授、前海曼教授兼SAIS中国和中国研究主任,外交政策研究所 (Foreign Policy
Institute)的高级研究员。兰普顿博士还曾担任美中关系全国委员会主席,出版著作无数,是一个权威的“中国通”学者。他最近出版的新书《经历美中关系:从冷战到冷战》(Living
U.S.-China Relations: From Cold War to Cold War)
从近六十年的亲身经历出发,讲述了中美关系作为两个社会而非仅仅两个国家之间的故事。本书先已经在亚马逊以及各大网络平台上架。以下是中美印象编辑们对兰普顿博士关于他的新书采访的编译。采访中,兰普顿博士还分享了三个关于他在美中关系中经历的轶事,我们已经在<strong><a href="https://zmyinxiang.org/2024/02/qita/lampton-anecdote-china/">这里</a></strong>单独发表。</p></blockquote><p></p><p> The interview in English and Chinese are reported below. The original posting may be accessed HERE: <a href="https://uscnpm.org/2024/02/22/interview-with-david-lampton-living-us-china-relations/" target="_blank">English</a>; <a href="https://zmyinxiang.org/2024/02/caifang/lampton-interview-living-us-china-relations/" target="_blank">Chinese</a>.</p><p> </p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjq8Bmo1bv-hLoxujZdsfXHf0sbtfuAhrvnjWq_rS2c9cYdLz9a8hOysnn_dP4o1LD6zBN-pCrEqXVG3HYJhzfZUS6mrmZsvmQx5rHrd5uHZGHhRUWlha5cBnoq5mRV8LuWa5KQwlZDY3kPDpxWz_YdswnC4mfbilZiqV9TEsBVYq-X90nzeVIbQ/s804/Screenshot%202024-02-29%20at%206.23.39%E2%80%AFPM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="804" data-original-width="751" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjq8Bmo1bv-hLoxujZdsfXHf0sbtfuAhrvnjWq_rS2c9cYdLz9a8hOysnn_dP4o1LD6zBN-pCrEqXVG3HYJhzfZUS6mrmZsvmQx5rHrd5uHZGHhRUWlha5cBnoq5mRV8LuWa5KQwlZDY3kPDpxWz_YdswnC4mfbilZiqV9TEsBVYq-X90nzeVIbQ/w374-h400/Screenshot%202024-02-29%20at%206.23.39%E2%80%AFPM.png" width="374" /></a></div><br /> <p></p><p> <span></span></p><a name='more'></a><p></p><header class="entry-header clearfix">
<h1 class="post-title lg"> </h1><h1 class="post-title post-item-title hero-title">An Interview with David M. Lampton: Living U.S.-China Relations</h1><div class="header-subtitle"></div>
<div class="hero-scrolldown-button">
<a class="scroll-down-btn fox-btn btn-fill" href="https://uscnpm.org/2024/02/22/interview-with-david-lampton-living-us-china-relations/#">
Start Reading <i class="fa fa-angle-down"></i>
</a>
</div>
<div class="fox-outer-wrapper fox-all wi-all" id="wi-all">
<div class="fox-wrapper wi-wrapper" id="wi-wrapper">
<div class="wi-container">
<div class="minimal-header" id="minimal-header">
<div class="minimal-header-inner">
<span class="toggle-menu hamburger hamburger-btn">
<span class="hamburger-open-icon"><i class="feather-menu ic-hamburger"></i></span> </span>
</div>
</div>
<div class="wi-main fox-main" id="wi-main">
<article class="wi-content wi-single single-style-5 single-style-hero padding-top-zero post-60801 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-commentaries has-sidebar sidebar-right" id="wi-content" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork">
<div class="single-big-section single-big-section-content">
<div class="container">
<div class="primary content-area" id="primary">
<div class="theiaStickySidebar">
<div class="single-body single-section">
<div class="single-section single-main-content allow-stretch-left allow-stretch-right allow-stretch-bigger disable-dropcap">
<div class="entry-container">
<div class="content-main narrow-area">
<header class="hero-meta single-component" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/WPHeader">
<div class="container">
<div class="header-main narrow-area">
<div class="post-item-header">
<div class="post-item-meta wi-meta fox-meta post-header-section ">
<div class="fox-meta-author entry-author meta-author" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><span class="byline"> by <a class="url fn" href="https://uscnpm.org/author/bikaichen/" itemprop="url" rel="author">Bikai Chen</a></span><span class="byline"> <a class="url fn" href="https://uscnpm.org/author/yingyitan/" itemprop="url" rel="author">Yingyi Tan</a></span><span class="byline"> <a class="url fn" href="https://uscnpm.org/author/mirandawilson/" itemprop="url" rel="author">Miranda Wilson</a></span></div> <div class="entry-date meta-time machine-time time-short"><time class="published updated" datetime="2024-02-22T09:49:16-05:00" itemprop="datePublished">February 22, 2024</time></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</header>
<div class="dropcap-content columnable-content entry-content single-component">
<div class="elementor elementor-60801" data-elementor-id="60801" data-elementor-post-type="post" data-elementor-type="wp-post">
<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-85bd0de e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent" data-core-v316-plus="true" data-element_type="container" data-id="85bd0de" data-settings="{"content_width":"boxed"}">
<div class="e-con-inner">
<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-6b98c59 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-element_type="widget" data-id="6b98c59" data-widget_type="text-editor.default">
<div class="elementor-widget-container">
<p><em></em></p><blockquote><em>David M. Lampton is Professor Emeritus and former Hyman
Professor and Director of SAIS-China and China Studies at the Johns
Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies, and Sr. Research
Fellow at the Foreign Policy Institute. Dr. Lampton was formerly
President of the National Committee on United States-China Relations,
and he is the author of many books including his most recently published
</em><strong>Living U.S.-China Relations: From Cold War to Cold</strong> <strong>War</strong>. <em>Below,
you will find the transcript from the U.S.-China Perception Monitor’s
interview with Dr. Lampton about his new book. Dr. Lampton also shared
three personal anecdotes about his experiences in U.S.-China relations
that we have published separately <a href="https://uscnpm.org/2024/02/22/anecdotes-from-david-lampton/">here</a>.</em></blockquote><em></em><p></p><strong>This book is different from
your other research books in that it includes many personal stories and
reflections. What inspired you to write this book? What is the benefit
of studying Sino-American relations through an interpersonal lens?</strong></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></article></div></div></div></div><div class="elementor-element elementor-element-fe727fe e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent" data-core-v316-plus="true" data-element_type="container" data-id="fe727fe" data-settings="{"content_width":"boxed"}"><div class="e-con-inner"><div class="elementor-element elementor-element-c74d028 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-element_type="widget" data-id="c74d028" data-widget_type="text-editor.default"><div class="elementor-widget-container">
<p style="font-weight: 400;">The defining and unique characteristic of
this volume is that it tells the story of U.S.-China ties as the
relationship between two societies, not just two states. This account
has nuance, avoids black-and-white caricature, and is empathetic.</p>
<p style="font-weight: 400;">Why did I write this book? To understand
myself. To understand China to a greater degree. And, to enhance
Sino-American cooperation and mutual understanding. My experience is
that people write books for more than one reason. For me there were
three: personal, field-related history and methodology, and then policy.</p>
<p style="font-weight: 400;">At the personal level: This book was my
principal “COVID pandemic period project.” During that long period of
isolation, this project, along with my family, were my companions. Also,
even had there been no pandemic, China was itself becoming less
accessible to scholars such as myself who relied on extensive field
research. This project enabled me to use a lifetime of data that I
already had accumulated.</p>
<p style="font-weight: 400;">A more deeply personal reason is that we’re
all so busy leading our lives during middle age that we often are not
particularly self-conscious about how we got to any given moment. One
day, you sort of wake up and say, “Well, how is it that I ended up
studying China in the first case? Why did I study it the way I did?”
Finally, my father and my grandfather had left our respective extended
families their autobiographies. I had found that their life stories
grounded me, and I wanted to do no less for my children and
grandchildren.</p>
<p style="font-weight: 400;">The academic reasons for this project were
several. Serendipitously, during my career I had unusual access to
players in U.S.-China relations in both countries, players at five
levels: multi-lateral international, central government-to-central
government, locality-to-locality, civil society-to-civil society, and
individual-to-individual. One should consider all those levels, because
all of them have shaped the way our two societies have interacted over
the last 50 years–indeed way before that.</p>
<p style="font-weight: 400;">I’m an inveterate note taker. For most of
my career I did not take and save notes principally to create an
historical record, but rather because I listen more carefully to what
people are saying when I’m writing it down. So, with the passage of time
I accumulated an extensive data set recording interactions extending
back to the early 1970s. Fifty years later I wanted to share what I felt
these materials suggested–that U.S.-China relations needs to be
understood as a society-to-society relationship. The bulk of those
stenographic records are in the Rockefeller Archive Center in Sleepy
Hollow New York.</p>
<p style="font-weight: 400;">Scholars employ many different sources and
research approaches. Some predominantly use big data and quantitative
approaches. Others are grounded more exclusively in the documentary
record. As for me, I’ve always learned more by getting out in the field
and talking to people. And, as you do so, you don’t start by having too
many preconceptions about why subjects are behaving the way they are,
at least initially. I use quantitative information when it’s available
and, of course, documents are critical too—both are checks on what you
are being told and inform you as to questions to ask informants.</p>
<p style="font-weight: 400;">Then, there are policy reasons I wrote this
book. A principal purpose was to address head-on what I believe to be a
distorted narrative about the more than four-decade period of
Sino-American comprehensive engagement across eight U.S. administrations
and several Chinese regimes. Concisely, a dominant current critique is
that naïve U.S. elites (academic, business, and policy) confused their
hopes for democracy and a globally responsible China with the actual
prospects for those desirable ends and, in the process, unwisely traded
away American interests, competitive position, values, and national
security. In short, the U.S. bolstered the principal strategic threat
that it is said to face today. This book is a fact-based challenge to
that simplistic, indeed dangerous narrative. </p>
<p style="font-weight: 400;">Engagement was not a strategy. Engagement
was not a plan. Engagement was a happening between our two societies.
Both our societies for about 40 years saw their interests as
predominantly compatible and complementary. Many corners of U.S. society
saw their interests and/or values served by positive interaction with
China. Many in the American religious community, for example, were
supportive of productive relations with China. In the case of Christians
and Evangelicals, it was bringing souls to the Lord and doing good
works. Universities saw their interests, educational missions, research
aspirations, and their values served by ever-growing numbers of Chinese
students who, over time, paid growing amounts of tuition. American
farmers saw their incomes grow and the nutritional status of Chinese
citizens improved enormously. So, I argue that engagement was propelled
by powerful interests at all levels of both societies for a long time
and those engaged in the interaction thought they not only were doing
well, but also good.</p>
<p style="font-weight: 400;">Inevitably, along the way, there were
growing numbers of people and groups in both societies who came to
perceive themselves as either absolute or relative losers in the
relationship as it grew and changed and globalization took root. Over
time those losers in the U.S.-China relationship accumulated power and
influence in both societies. The longer the engagement policy continued,
the losers stacked up, and the emergent coalition finally gained
political traction and became, in both of our societies, more skeptical
of the other–policy gradually bent toward their suspicions and concerns.</p>
<p style="font-weight: 400;">This is a cyclical phenomenon. Now and in
the future, the costs of growing conflict will mount and, at some point,
a new coalition will come to dominate in each society, pushing for
improving ties once again. Of course, we don’t know how long this cycle
will last or what the intervening damage will be. But one thing is for
sure: if the conflict continues to deepen, which seems likely, there
will be more and more losers on both sides, and they will begin to
search for a new, better, more productive, and more mutually beneficial
relationship. And, when this happens the human resources created during
the preceding upswing in relations will provide the human resources to
reconnect.</p>
<p><strong>Because this is a two-part interview, and in this first part
we emphasize strategic and state-to-state issues, would you flag some of
the other dimensions of <em>Living U.S.-China Relations</em></strong><b>? [Ed., See also three personal anecdotes Dr. Lampton provided in the course of this interview, which you can find <a href="https://uscnpm.org/2024/02/22/anecdotes-from-david-lampton/">here</a>].</b><strong> </strong></p>
<p style="font-weight: 400;">Important parts of this book deal with what
it took to build the academic field of contemporary China studies, and
the parallel task of constructing the galaxy of NGOs that have linked
academic and public affairs. I spend considerable time describing
interactions with some of the individuals who played significant roles
in shaping public, private, and academic institutions and their
interactions with the PRC. Coming out of the McCarthy era of the 1950s,
it took a cross-generational effort to reconstitute and build anew the
human and organizational infrastructure capable of seizing the
opportunities that Presidents Nixon and Carter provided when their times
came in the 1970s and 1980s. What comes through in this volume is the
importance of teachers, and other individuals who conveyed animating
ideas, built organizations, and sought to improve public life and
motivate their students.</p>
<p style="font-weight: 400;">In the volume I underscore the fact that
the analytic frameworks one uses to try to understand China and our own
behavior shape the kinds of information we seek and the conclusions to
which we come. Another feature of the book is that it highlights the
interaction among individuals, demonstrating that not only are Americans
motivated by a variety of interests and values, but so too are Chinese,
citizens and leaders alike. The fact that earlier in life I had spent
time as a fire-fighter at Stanford University and subsequently was a
medical specialist in the U.S. Army greatly shaped my own work.</p>
<p style="font-weight: 400;">Considerable time is expended looking at
the ins and outs of managing actual U.S.-China non-government projects
such as developing a land use plan for the Ussuri River Valley
(straddling the Sino-Russia border) and another project involving a
group going to Tibet, writing a report on economic and social
development, human rights, and other challenges there, concluding the
project with a meeting with His Holiness the Dalai Lama, briefing him on
the trip itself and future steps that might be taken.</p>
<p style="font-weight: 400;">Finally, many readers will find of interest
encounters with a great number of Chinese, American, and other leaders
at many levels, including: Queen Elizabeth, members of Congress such as
Nancy Pelosi, former New York City Mayor Rudy Giuliani, with each
vignette adding texture and substance to the accounts of why things
evolved as they did.</p>
<p style="font-weight: 400;"><strong>The subtitle of your book strongly
implies that the U.S. is in the midst of a “Second Cold War” with China.
Why do you choose to employ this terminology, which remains debatable
among scholars?</strong></p>
<p style="font-weight: 400;">I chose the subtitle I did because I
entered the China field as the first Cold War was in its most intense
period in the 1960s and 1970s and, ironically, I am at the twilight of
that career with Sino-American conflict mounting and, once again, China
and Russia are in one corner and America and “like-minded countries”
increasingly in another. Some people question this terminology,
disputing whether or not the current situation has quite reached the
stage of a new Cold War. They point to the many economic
interdependencies and cultural contacts we now have with the PRC that
did not exist in the first Cold War.</p>
<p style="font-weight: 400;">Well, of course, there are differences
between the first Cold War and what I’m characterizing as the emerging
second. A dramatic illustration of the difference is found in economic
relations. In the case of the Soviet Union and the U.S., there was
virtually no trade, economic, or financial relationships in the First
Cold War. Today, probably the biggest instrument in Beijing’s toolbox
of power is its economic strength, which provides leverage in its
dealings with the outside world. So clearly, the economic dimension
involves more interdependence and the PRC possesses more influence.
There also are bigger economic problems by virtue of China’s economic
role: issues of equity in trade, theft of intellectual property, etc.
The economy cuts both ways. But on balance, it’s certainly a different
dimension than existed in the first Cold War.</p>
<p style="font-weight: 400;">Second, on culture. The interaction with
China on the cultural, student, and scientific exchange fronts dwarf
anything that existed in the first Cold War. The Soviet Union in its
entire 70-plus-year history never sent as many students and scholars to
America as China sent to the United States in the mid-1980s in any
single year. President Jimmy Carter made a fundamental strategic
decision that we were not going to limit student exchange with China, as
we had done with the Soviet Union. As long as the federal government
wasn’t paying for Chinese students, as many as could come to the U.S.
were welcome. By 2020, we had about 375,000 Chinese students here at any
one time. We even had PRC students in K-12.</p>
<p style="font-weight: 400;">Differences in the two periods aside, let
me explain why I find the similarities compelling. First, the U.S. and
China are now in an arms race. Both sides are growing their military
budgets with each side principally concerned about the other. Last year,
each of us boosted our military spending by 7 or 8%–that’s fast growth
for a government budget. That direction is clear, and it has been clear
for a number of years.</p>
<p style="font-weight: 400;">Our strategic competition with the Soviet
Union was particularly focused on fear of nuclear weapons and nuclear
war, notably in the heart of Europe. The arms race now with China is
more complicated than it was with the Soviet Union because now we have
cyber tools that can disable civilian and government systems essential
to life and civilization—power and water, medical records, financial
records, etc. Also, artificial intelligence. We’re both developing
weapons that could be autonomous, and that raises questions about human
agency in war fighting. We’re in a space race with China, both in terms
of the moon and Mars, with norms concerning militarization and
international ownership in space becoming blurred, indeed abandoned.</p>
<p style="font-weight: 400;">Then, there’s the Taiwan Strait and the
South China and East China Sea issues, giving rise to intensifying naval
competition today. In the first Cold War, the Taiwan Strait itself was a
boiling pot giving rise to crises in 1954 and 1958. Another aspect of
the second Cold War is alliance behavior. In the first Cold War, it was
essentially the “free world” and our alliances with NATO, Japan, the
ROC, and Republic of Korea (ROK). We competed to build alliances, get
friends, and encourage them to spend and mobilize so that our burdens
would be less than would otherwise the case. This is the exact same
thing that is happening now. In addition, now we have AUKUS, the Quad,
and Japan and the ROK now cooperating to a greater extent. China is
moving closer to Russia, which gets you back to the first Cold War
directly. And Beijing is aligning itself more closely to the DPRK (North
Korea) and Iran.</p>
<p style="font-weight: 400;">Also similar to the first Cold War, both
sides have trouble judging one another’s actual strength, feeding each
side’s “worst case analyses”. You have people who say in the public
debate in the United States that “China’s not as strong as you think
given all its economic problems. Look at their demographic problems.
Look at the problems Beijing has with social security and healthcare
financing. Look at unemployment among young people. China’s not as
strong as it appears. We can push.” Another set of arguments in the
United States is that China is stronger than you think and Washington
needs to arm itself fast. That is the dominant view in our security
apparatus. All this analytic dichotomy finds reflection in China as
well, with many PRC analysts seeing the U.S. as fundamentally weak and
distracted, what Mao called a “paper tiger.” Others in the PRC argue
that a principal danger is that Beijing will underestimate American
power. In short, we have many of the same analytic problems judging how
strong each of us is in comparison to the other as we had in the first
Cold War.</p>
<p style="font-weight: 400;">After the first Cold War, in the fullness
of time when we really had the information, it turned out in many
respects that the Soviet Union wasn’t as strong as we thought. But, like
the first Cold War, today’s analytic uncertainty drives dangerous
competition forward. Also important, a state’s power in one setting, say
the Taiwan Strait, can be greater than in another setting, say dealing
with Europe. We could underestimate China’s strength, and will in the
Taiwan Strait, and overestimate it elsewhere. For me, the cautionary
tale has always been the Korean War. Washington thought that a poor,
weak, new PRC wouldn’t dare take on the nuclear-armed United States,
winner of World War II. Mao Zedong did take Washington on and fight it
to a standstill!</p>
<p style="font-weight: 400;">On balance, I’m not arguing that the two
Cold Wars are identical. But, I think it is what we Americans would call
“whistling past the graveyard” to deny the direction in which our
relations are moving and the important similarities with the first Cold
War. I’m not arguing identical, I’m arguing frighteningly similar
dynamics in important respects. But, you cannot say all that in the book
title, so you just simplify and go with it.</p>
<p style="font-weight: 400;"><strong>Why in your book did you
characterize the U.S.-China relationship during the period of engagement
as moving from “elite-centric to an increasingly society-to-society,
globalized relationship”? How did you argue against the current critique
that U.S. elites naively fostered its most substantial competitor?</strong></p>
<p style="font-weight: 400;">Our societies are very complicated. The
nature of the engagement period was that Mao Zedong (at the end of his
life), Deng Xiaoping, Jiang Zemin, Hu Jintao, and eight parallel
administrations in the United States mobilized various elements of our
societies to pursue their interests in one another. At the very start of
the rapprochement in the early 1970s, and with normalization at the end
of that decade, the decisive action of a few leaders (Nixon, Kissinger,
Mao, Zhou Enlai, Carter, and Brzezinski), elites, started the ball
rolling down the hill. But soon many other sectors and levels of both
societies saw how their interests could be positively affected by
joining the process, and shaping it. The relationship rapidly broadened
from Ping-Pong, gymnastics, basketball teams, orchestras, and <em>wushu</em>
(martial arts) groups, to multinational corporations, localities, mass
tourism, and policy dialogues in all manner of domains. The organization
I later headed, the National Committee on US-China Relations, brought
the Ping-Pong team to the United States in 1972. The entire initiative
was importantly financed by the U.S. government, but it also relied
heavily on a huge volunteer effort from varied segments of society to
organize a nationwide tour for the team, and many large-scale activities
thereafter. The very beginnings of this effort saw the U.S. government
initially hesitant to take the lead improving relations with China. Our
Committee had conversations with President Johnson around 1966-67,
encouraging him to move towards China, but he was unable to do so due to
the Vietnam War and electoral considerations.</p>
<p style="font-weight: 400;">And so, the book recounts how even in the
1960s, groups — importantly the National Committee — mobilized society,
including philanthropies such as the Rockefeller, Ford, and Luce
foundations. We mobilized domestic groups to encourage the government to
change its policy. Eventually, under Nixon, Kissinger, and later
President Carter, the government responded, but much of the activity was
shrouded in secrecy and elite negotiations. Elites in both societies
realized that the Soviet Union was a bigger problem for each of us than
we needed to be for each other. This was an elite initiative that once
taken opened the flood gates to society-to-society interaction on an
ever-increasing scale. At first, we moved towards each other to apply
more strategic pressure on the Soviet Union, but soon the rationale for
engagement spread across all domains of human interaction.</p>
<p style="font-weight: 400;">Almost immediately the business community
began to recognize China’s potential and China, initially under Deng
Xiaoping, was convinced that the PRC’s economic success would depend on
access to knowledge, technology, and the markets of the West,
opportunities to which the United States held the keys. Additionally, of
importance for President Carter, was the nineteenth and twentieth
century role of religious missionaries in China. One of the first things
President Carter asked Deng was to permit the printing of Bibles and
the reintroduction of missionaries into China. Deng agreed to the first
request but not the second. Illustrative of this spiritual motivation,
the president of Notre Dame University, Father Theodore Hesburgh, on the
National Committee Board of Directors, believed that it was a Christian
obligation to improve relations with 25% of the world’s population.</p>
<p style="font-weight: 400;">In the second half of the 1970s and
throughout much of the 1980s, I was in the State of Ohio where the
governor was concerned about the decline of heavy industry in the state.
Despite being a conservative Republican and a staunch anti-communist,
Governor James A. Rhodes was in favor of growing economic relations with
China because he hoped it would revitalize the manufacturing industry
in Ohio. His support stemmed from economic concerns. Thus, what I am
trying to convey in my book is that the engagement process wasn’t
animated simply by Nixon and Mao. Rather its dynamism reflected the
fundamental interest groups within both of our societies that wanted to
push it along.</p>
<p style="font-weight: 400;">However, over subsequent decades, gradually
more individuals and groups in both societies came to perceive
themselves as relative losers in the process of engagement and
globalization, and they began to exert increasing pressure on their
respective leaders to adopt a tougher stance with respect to the other
side. This process progressively undermined engagement and productive
relations. This is the main line of my argument.</p>
<p style="font-weight: 400;">Another major aspect of this is that I
believe currently we are almost sleepwalking into higher levels of
conflict between the United States and China. Armed conflict is not to
be excluded. One reason for this is because, in our discourse in both
countries — and China is just as guilty of this as are we — we both fail
to recognize the significant gains both sides made in U.S.-China
relations under globalization. By failing to acknowledge the massive
gains of the past, we inadvertently make the seeming costs of current
and future friction less than they actually are, and will be.</p>
<p style="font-weight: 400;"><em>Living U.S.-China Relations</em>
devotes a lot of time to discussing dimensions of gain. Let me highlight
a couple. The World Bank recently assessed that about 800 million
people in China moved above the international absolute poverty line of
$1.90 per day per capita in the last forty-plus years — 800 million is
approximately two-plus times the population of the United States. China
accounted for 80% of the reduction in world poverty. Now, if you want to
talk about human rights, you better start with that fact. Not to ignore
all the other problems, all the other injustices, but, you have to
start with the fact that two-plus times the population of the United
States was lifted out of absolute poverty. That’s a pretty fundamental
fact. Then some Americans say, “Well, that’s fine for China, but the
United States was a big loser here.” Not so, and I’ll just highlight an
economic statistic. If you look at per capita GDP in the two countries
over time, at the end of engagement, American per capita GDP was further
ahead of China than when reform started. However, there is a problem in
the U.S., and that is we didn’t equally (or equitably) distribute the
gains of globalization across our society, thereby leaving many people
and groups out of the relative gains. So, there are many people who
associate globalization with rising inequality, unfairness, and
defective rules of the game and failure to even observe what rules there
are. That perspective also exists widely in China. Not everybody
benefited from globalization in China, and many are not very happy. Even
if they did benefit, they might not have benefited as much as someone
else, leading to what the Chinese call “red eye disease” — envy. So,
it’s all very complicated. But broadly speaking, economically and in
terms of human rights defined as economic welfare, both countries, as an
aggregate, are infinitely better off than they were at the dawn of
engagement. If you just consider the life opportunities of people in
both our societies, the winners dwarf the losers.</p>
<p style="font-weight: 400;">You might ask, “Okay, what are some of the
other benefits that we can identify?” Well, first of all, for the last
40 years, there hasn’t been any major war in this region. The two
biggest wars of the first Cold War, as far as the U.S. was concerned,
were Korea and Vietnam. Korea was a direct war between America and the
PRC. Moreover, most Americans don’t realize how directly involved China
was in the Vietnam War. That’s a whole story I delve into.</p>
<p style="font-weight: 400;">So, I’m not suggesting that globalization
was great for everybody all the time. I’m not denying there were losers,
because there were, in both societies. However, we need to appreciate
the gains that were made. Without recognizing that, we won’t realize the
true costs of conflict now and in the future. It’s not an attempt to
gloss over problems. It’s an attempt to provide a balanced perspective.
And I believe over time, we will come to see things from a more balanced
viewpoint. I just want to minimize the damage imposed before we reach
that hopeful day.</p>
<p style="font-weight: 400;"><strong>Since 2010, the relationship
between the U.S. and China has been more competitive than cooperative.
In the book you write that “the ascribed goal of each country is
unacceptable to the other.” Can you explain your point further? Do you
think this stair-step action-reaction cycle can be broken? </strong></p>
<p style="font-weight: 400;">Remember, what led Mao, Nixon, Carter, and
Deng Xiaoping towards each other was, most importantly, a confluence of
recognition that the Cold War strategy of China and America fighting
each other was weakening them in the face of their primary strategic
problem–the Soviet Union. Defining moving toward each other as in our
respective strategic interests opened the floodgates to all other
interest groups broadening and pushing the productive process along a
wide front.</p>
<p style="font-weight: 400;">Well, what’s happening now is that the
convergence of strategic interests is no longer evident or bringing us
together. Now, by way of contrast, the divergence of strategic interests
is pulling us apart. My basic proposition is that if you have a
security problem, that problem outweighs economic and cultural
considerations–when you’re concerned about your security, you tend to
prioritize that over potential damage to your economic or cultural
relationships and interests. So, what strikes me as the core of the
current problem is that we have each identified the other as our core
strategic problem. Some of <em>Living U.S.-China Relations</em> examines
the core strategic statements and documents of each of our countries.
For instance, if you look at the United States, we have a national
security strategy that came out in 2022, along with a nuclear posture
review that same year. Secretary of State Antony Blinken delivered a
speech in May of 2022 on relations with China, which is the most
comprehensive statement on the PRC Washington has made under President
Biden.</p>
<p style="font-weight: 400;">All of the current strategic documents have
some version of the following thought: “China is the principal threat
to American values and interests.” Well, you can interpret that to mean
China is the major long-term threat to the United States. That’s how to
decode that sentence. Now, we can debate whether that statement is true
or not, and under what circumstances it could be made less true. But,
that’s the definition that we’ve put out there.</p>
<p style="font-weight: 400;">It’s not all the U.S.’s fault; just because
I mentioned the U.S. first doesn’t mean I think we’re always the
principal problem. I think China is a major mover in this direction too.
You can see the most recent statement in March of 2023 by President Xi
Jinping at the National People’s Congress and related meetings. He talks
about the comprehensive suppression and containment policy of the
United States to keep China down and he has made it clear that, along
with Putin, he wishes to weaken the role of America in the post-World
War II international system. I’m sure that if Americans actually saw
Beijing’s unexpurgated strategic plans their blood would run cold.</p>
<p style="font-weight: 400;">So, it seems to me that the security
apparatus in both our countries has defined each other as the principal
problem in terms of national security and each side has adopted a
national security strategy that is unacceptable to the other.
Consequently, each side begins to think about how it could complicate
the economic and security life of the other. How can we each gain more
friends in the international system than the other? How can we get our
friends to spend more money on defense? Elite circles in Beijing begin
to consider how Beijing can take advantage of problems in the Middle
East, or bolster Moscow as it destabilizes Europe, thereby diverting
Washington’s attention from the PRC. That’s what is happening.</p>
<p style="font-weight: 400;">So, once again, you can see this Cold War
idea resurfacing. I think this is the core issue. Our two leaders (and
groups at all levels in both societies) need to sit down and ask
themselves and one another, questions: “Should we be in this position?
Is it inevitable? Are we, should we be, each other’s principal security
problem?” There are lots of candidates to be problems at the top of our
respective agendas: Climate change and global pandemics, for example. If
we’re at each other’s throats, how are we going to deal with those
challenges? Secondly, let’s address the issue head-on. Is China our
principal threat? Well, it seems to me that right now you could argue
that Russia, in the heart of Europe, is a bigger, more intractable
threat, <em>if</em> Beijing and Washington can manage the Taiwan issue.</p>
<p style="font-weight: 400;">In the past, the U.S. and China cooperated
greatly on global health challenges, SARS and Ebola among them. Now,
we’re not cooperating very well at all in the international health
domain, which is extremely shortsighted. In the COVID-19 pandemic, both
of us mishandled it to a substantial degree, with PRC lack of
transparency a key problem. So, that’s what I’m really trying to say.
Until we both get the security relationship straightened out and see
each other in balanced perspective, we will be unable to control
competition and foster cooperation in most other realms. The U.S.
elections of 2024, and Xi Jinping’s own personal and regime insecurity
at home, present particular challenges in this regard.</p>
<p style="font-weight: 400;"><strong>How do you think average American
and Chinese people are affected, and will be affected, by the
fluctuations in the U.S.-China relationship in 2024? In other words,
what might an average American or Chinese citizen take away from reading
your book?</strong></p>
<p style="font-weight: 400;">Certainly, this year (2024) is going to
represent very big challenges to the management of this relationship. We
can all look to the positive fact that our two presidents, Xi Jinping
and Joe Biden, gathered in San Francisco in November of last year, 2023.
We were hopeful that this meeting would put what the U.S.
Administration calls “guardrails” on the relationship. Prior to the
summit we knew it might not improve the relationship much, but we wanted
to make sure it didn’t continue to get worse. I applaud the effort of
our presidents to get together. I’m glad they expressed the desire to
move things forward. However, I would say that post-summit reality is
moving in other, more worrisome directions; we are accumulating
problems.</p>
<p style="font-weight: 400;">Just since the San Francisco summit, we now
have the Middle East as a significant new problem in U.S.-China
relations. Washington has backed Israel and its retaliation against
Hamas, qualms in Washington aside. In the process, at this time, tens of
thousands of civilians in Gaza are being killed. It’s a horrendous
human rights problem no matter how you look at it. China has aligned
itself more with both Iran and the Palestinians. Beijing and Washington
should be cooperating to bring the carnage to an end, but that is not
occurring as far as I can see.</p>
<p style="font-weight: 400;">Russia is another area of contention that
seems to be growing as a friction point in Sino-America ties. Russia was
a problem in U.S.-China relations before the invasion of Ukraine, but I
would say that’s gotten worse. Right now, Ukraine is not doing as well
after its floundering counter-offensive in 2023 as it did in the first
year-plus of the war. Washington and its allies are less certain that
Ukraine will win or what victory might mean. Therefore, we’ve become
increasingly sensitive to China’s support of Russia. And Russia is
challenging U.S. and allied security on an increasingly broad front,
including space-based weapons. Moreover, with each passing day, a
possible Ukrainian loss or and/or loss of American will to support
Ukraine, is seen as emboldening Beijing to be more assertive and testing
America’s will to continue playing a global role. There is increasing
worry about the Taiwan Strait as the likely test of resolve in a
distracted and overstretched America.</p>
<p style="font-weight: 400;">Other developments raise the temperature in
Washington as well—the internal direction of Chinese politics toward
increasing tension is important among them. Hong Kong people are coming
under more constraint from the National Security Law there. Mainland
China’s pressure on Taiwan grows by the day, measured by the number of
ships and airplanes in the vicinity of the island, and by the mainland
managing to reduce the last few nations recognizing the ROC.</p>
<p style="font-weight: 400;">In short, while Biden and Xi made some
progress in getting together, any good will and progress is getting
leeched away rapidly on other fronts. The two presidents wanting to
stabilize things is commendable, but I don’t think the strategic
situation calls for optimism.</p>
<p style="font-weight: 400;">Then, you add to all that the recent
elections in Taiwan. The people of Taiwan elected as their leader Lai
Ching-te, a person who historically has associated himself with calls
for independence. Even though he has made statements trying to reassure
mainland China, the mainland is not reassured. The United States has
weakened its One China Policy. Many people in China think Washington has
a “One Taiwan, One China Policy”. That’s been, in the Chinese mind,
reinforced by some of the statements by the U.S. Assistant Secretary of
Defense who has talked about Taiwan as the linchpin of Asian security,
implicitly raising the issue of whether or not Washington would
countenance any kind of reunification, irrespective of whether
peacefully achieved or not.</p>
<p style="font-weight: 400;">In short, the U.S. thinks China is not
being helpful on the strategic problems we find crucially important.
China thinks that we are reneging on our practices and promises
concerning the One China Policy and Taiwan.</p>
<p style="font-weight: 400;">All this raises the question: What to do
about it? I can see the dangers in the direction in which America and
China are headed much more clearly than how we can peacefully exit from
the current <em>cul de sac</em>. I do suggest in the book some guidelines as we move into the future.</p>
<p style="font-weight: 400;">The tenure of the current leader of China
might be last a long time, and the U.S. is in a complicated, polarized
domestic situation. Leaders in both societies seem more dedicated to
mobilizing anger with each other than in educating their citizens as to
the costs and tragedies that lie at the end of the current path. What
strikes one is how similar the policies of Trump and Biden are toward
China. There seems to be a consensus in the United States behind a
policy that, along with China’s behavior in the world and domestically,
make it unlikely that things will improve any time soon.</p>
<p style="font-weight: 400;">In the years ahead, our first task is to
avoid war. Secondly, we have to begin to take steps in strategic areas
that reassure each other. <em>Living with China </em>demonstrates how
this was done the first time, ending on the note that, eventually, we
both will return to elements of the comprehensive engagement playbook.</p> </div>
</div>
</div>
</div><h1 class="post-title lg"> </h1><h1 class="post-title lg"> </h1><h1 class="post-title lg"><a href="https://zmyinxiang.org/2024/02/caifang/lampton-interview-living-us-china-relations/" target="_blank">专访兰普顿:美中接触战略何以被诟病?如何避免新冷战演变成热战?</a></h1>
</header>
<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-bc0a796 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent" data-core-v316-plus="true" data-element_type="container" data-id="bc0a796" data-settings="{"content_width":"boxed"}">
<div class="e-con-inner">
<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-ad69262 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-element_type="widget" data-id="ad69262" data-widget_type="text-editor.default">
<div class="elementor-widget-container">
<p></p><blockquote>编者按:大卫·M·兰普顿(David M. Lampton)是约翰霍普金斯大学高级国际研究学院 (SAIS)
的名誉教授、前海曼教授兼SAIS中国和中国研究主任,外交政策研究所 (Foreign Policy
Institute)的高级研究员。兰普顿博士还曾担任美中关系全国委员会主席,出版著作无数,是一个权威的“中国通”学者。他最近出版的新书《经历美中关系:从冷战到冷战》(Living
U.S.-China Relations: From Cold War to Cold War)
从近六十年的亲身经历出发,讲述了中美关系作为两个社会而非仅仅两个国家之间的故事。本书先已经在亚马逊以及各大网络平台上架。以下是中美印象编辑们对兰普顿博士关于他的新书采访的编译。采访中,兰普顿博士还分享了三个关于他在美中关系中经历的轶事,我们已经在<strong><a href="https://zmyinxiang.org/2024/02/qita/lampton-anecdote-china/">这里</a></strong>单独发表。</blockquote><p></p><p> </p> </div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-0d60863 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent" data-core-v316-plus="true" data-element_type="container" data-id="0d60863" data-settings="{"content_width":"boxed"}">
<div class="e-con-inner">
<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-16a6a18 elementor-widget-divider--view-line_icon elementor-view-default elementor-widget-divider--element-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider" data-element_type="widget" data-id="16a6a18" data-widget_type="divider.default">
<div class="elementor-widget-container">
<div class="elementor-divider">
<span class="elementor-divider-separator">
<div class="elementor-icon elementor-divider__element">
<i aria-hidden="true" class="ts-icon ts-icon-user-solid"></i></div>
</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><strong>这本书与您过往的研究类专著不同,因为它包含了许多个人故事和反思。是什么激发了您写这本书的灵感?通过人际关系的视角研究中美关系有什么好处?</strong><strong> </strong></p><p> 这本书的独特之处在于,它把中美关系描绘成两个社会之间的联系,而不仅仅是两个国家之间的关系。这种叙述方式细腻、避免了简单的黑白对立,展现了同理心。 </p><p>我为什么要写这本书?一是为了更好地了解自己,二是为了更深入地了解中国,三是为了促进中美合作和相互理解。我的经验是,人们写书往往不止一个原因。对我来说,有三个原因:个人原因、与研究领域相关的历史和方法论,以及政策。 </p><p>在个人层面上:这本书是我在新冠疫情时期的主要项目。在那漫长的隔离期间,这个项目和我的家人一起成为我的伴侣。此外,即使没有疫情,对于像我这样依赖大量实地研究的学者来说,中国本身也变得越来越难以接近。这个项目使我能够利用我已经积累的一生的各种资料。 </p><p>一个更深层次的个人原因是,人过中年,我们都忙于生活,往往不会刻意思考自己是如何走到当前这一刻的。有一天,你可能会突然想到,
“我最初是怎么开始研究中国的?为什么我会用这种方式研究它?”
最后,我的父亲和祖父为我们的大家庭留下了他们的自传。我发现他们的人生故事给了我根基,所以我也希望为我的孩子和孙子们做同样的事情。 </p><p>影响这本书的学术原因有几个。在我的职业生涯中,我很偶然地获得了比常人更多的同中美两国关系参与者接触的机会。他们分布在五个层面:多边国际机构、两国的中央政府、地方政府、民间社会,以及个人对个人。我们在谈论中美关系时应该考虑所有这些层面,因为它们都塑造了我们两个社会在过去50年中的互动方式。 </p><p>我还有记笔记的习惯。在我的职业生涯的大部分时间里,我并不是主要为了创建历史记录而记录和保存笔记,而是因为当我写下来时,我会更仔细地听人们说的话。因此,随着时间的推移,我积累了一份自1970年代初期开始的中美交流记录。50年后,我想与大家分享我认为这些资料所暗示的内容——中美关系需要被理解为一个社会对社会的关系。这些速记记录的大部分现在都在纽约睡谷的洛克菲勒档案中心。 </p><p>学者们采用许多不同的资源和研究方法。有些人主要使用大数据和定量方法,而我一直是通过走出去和与人交谈了解情况。在这个过程中,至少一开始,我不会对研究对象有太多的先入为主的想法。在可用的情况下,我会使用定量信息,当然,文件也很关键——它们既是对你所听到的内容的检验,也能告诉你该问哪些问题。 </p><p>此外,我写这本书还有政策方面的原因。一个主要目的是正面回应我所认为的对中美四十多年来跨越八届美国政府和几代中国领导人的全面接触
(Engagement)
的歪曲叙述。当前占主导地位的批评是,天真的美国精英(学术界、商界和政策界)将他们对民主和一个对全球负责任的中国的希望与实现这些理想目标的实际前景混为一谈,并在此过程中不明智地将美国的利益、竞争地位、价值观和国家安全拱手相让。简而言之,美国自己加强了它今天所面临的主要战略威胁。本书以事实为基础,对这种简单化、甚至危险的说法提出了质疑。 </p><p>接触不是一种策略,也不是一个计划。接触是我们两个社会之间发生的事情。大约40年来,我们的两个社会都认为他们的利益总体来说是兼容和互补的。美国社会的许多层面认为,与中国的积极互动有助于他们的利益或价值观。例如,许多美国宗教团体支持与中国建立良好的关系。对基督徒和福音派来说,这是为了引领灵魂归主和行善事。大学看到,越来越多的中国学生为他们的利益、教育使命、研究愿望和价值观服务,随着时间的推移,这些学生支付的学费也越来越多。此外,美国农民的收入增加了,中国公民的营养状况也得到了极大改善。因此,我认为接触是由两个社会各个层面的强大利益长时间推动的结果,而且参与互动的人认为他们不仅做得好,而且做得对。 </p><p>不可避免的是,随着关系的发展和变化以及全球化的深入,两个社会中越来越多的人和群体开始认为自己是绝对或相对的输家。随着时间的推移,这些在中美关系中的输家在两个社会中积累了权力和影响。接触政策持续的时间越长,输家就堆积得越多,而新出现的联盟最终获得了政治影响力。两国的政策逐渐向他们的猜忌和担忧倾斜,社会也对对方变得更加怀疑。这是一种周期性现象。现在和将来,冲突加剧的代价会越来越高,到某个时候,新的联盟会在两个社会中重新占据主导地位,再次推动改善关系。当然,我们不知道这种循环会持续多久,也不知道其间会造成什么损害。但有一点是肯定的:如果冲突继续加深(这似乎很有可能),双方的失败者会越来越多,他们会开始寻找一种新的、更好的、更有成效的、更互利的关系。而当这种情况发生时,在之前中美关系上升期所创造的人力资源将为重新建立起的联系提供帮助。 </p><p> </p><p><strong>因为这是一次分为两部分的采访,在这第一部分中我们强调战略和国家间的问题,您能否介绍一下这本书的其他维度?</strong><strong> </strong></p><p>这本书的重要部分涉及了构建当代中国研究学术领域所需的努力,以及构建将学术界和公共事务联系起来的非政府组织网络的任务。我花了相当多的时间描述了一些在塑造公共、私人和学术机构及其与中国的互动中发挥重要作用的个人。从1950年代的麦卡锡时代走出来,重建和建立新的人力和组织基础设施,以抓住尼克松和卡特总统在1970年代和1980年代提供的机会,需要跨代的努力。这部分突出了教师和其他传达想法、建立组织、寻求改善公共生活和激励学生的个人的重要性。 </p><p>本书中,我强调了一个事实,即用来理解中国和我们自己行为的分析框架塑造了我们寻求的信息类型和我们得出的结论。本书的另一个特点是它强调了个人之间的互动。不仅美国人是出于各种利益和价值观的驱动,中国人,无论是普通公民还是领导人,也是如此。我早年在斯坦福大学担任消防员,随后在美国陆军担任卫生员的经历,极大地塑造了我的工作。 </p><p>书中还花了大量时间探讨管理实际的中美非政府项目的细节,例如为乌苏里江谷(横跨中俄边界)制定土地利用计划,以及一个前往西藏、撰写经济和社会发展、人权和其他挑战的报告的项目。</p><p>最后,许多读者可能会对我与众多中、美及其他国家的领导人在多个层面上的相遇感兴趣,包括:伊丽莎白女王、国会议员如南希·佩洛西、前纽约市市长鲁迪·朱利安尼,等等。每个小插曲都为事情的演变方式增添了内容和实质。 </p><p> </p><p><strong>您的书的副标题暗示美国正处于与中国的</strong><strong>“第二次冷战”中。为什么您选择使用这个在学术界仍有争议的术语?</strong><strong> </strong></p><p>我选择这个副标题是因为我在上世纪60、70年代第一次冷战最激烈的时期进入了研究中国的领域,而在我的职业生涯的黄昏时期,中美冲突加剧,再次出现了中国和俄罗斯在一方,美国和“志同道合的国家”在另一方的局面。有些人质疑这个”冷战”这个术语,争论当前形势是否真的达到了新冷战的阶段。他们指出,我们现在与中国在经济上相互依存,文化联系更是千丝万缕,这些在第一次冷战中并不存在。 </p><p>当然,第一次冷战和我所描述的第二次冷战之间有差异。一个明显的区别体现在经济关系上。对苏联和美国来说,他们在第一次冷战期间几乎没有贸易、经济或金融关系。如今,北京手中最大的权力工具可能就是其经济实力,这为其与外界的交往提供了杠杆。因此,从经济层面来讲,相互依存的现实为使得中国拥有更大的影响力。中国在国际经济中的作用还带来了更大的问题,
比如公平贸易、知识产权保护等问题。经济方面有利有弊,但总的来说,这显然是一个与第一次冷战不同的维度。 </p><p>其次,从文化方面来看,美国与中国在文化、学生和科学交流方面的互动远远超过了第一次冷战期间的任何情况。苏联在其整个70多年的历史中从未像中国在1980年代中期的任何一年那样向美国派遣过如此多的学生和学者。吉米·卡特总统做出了一个根本性的战略决定,即我们不会像对待苏联那样限制与中国的学生交流。只要联邦政府不为中国学生支付学费,美国就欢迎尽可能多的学生来美国。到2020年,有大约有37.5万中国学生在美国,甚至在K-12中也能见到他们的身影。 </p><p>撇开两个时期的差异不谈,让我解释一下为什么我觉得两个”冷战”相似之处令人吃惊。首先,美国和中国现在正处于军备竞赛之中。为了对付对方,双方都在增加军事预算。去年,两国的军事开支都增加了7%或8%——这对于政府预算来说是快速增长。这一方向是明确的,而且多年来一直如此。在第一次冷战中,美国与苏联的战略竞争主要在发展核武器和防止核战争,尤其是在欧洲中心。而现在美国与中国的军备竞赛要比当年的美苏竞赛更为复杂,因为现在我们有了可以使民用和政府系统瘫痪的网络工具,它们将影响到对日常生活至关重要的一切——电力和水、医疗记录、财务记录等等。 </p><p>除此之外,还有人工智能。中美双方都在开发可具有自主性的武器,这就对人类在战争中的作用提出了质疑。我们还在与中国进行太空竞赛,涉及月球和火星,关于太空军事化和太空空间站所有权的规范正在变得模糊,甚至被抛弃。其次,台湾海峡以及南海和东海问题导致当今海军竞争的加剧。在第一次冷战中,台湾海峡本身就是一个热点,它导致了1954年和1958年两次台海危机。 </p><p>第二次冷战的另一个方面是联盟行为。在第一次冷战中,基本上是“自由世界”和美国与北约、日本、台湾当局和大韩民国的联盟。我们竞相建立联盟,争取朋友,并鼓励他们增加国防经费和动员,以便我们的负担比其他情况下要少。这正是现在也在发生的事情。此外,现在我们有了AUKUS、四方安全对话和同日本与韩国更紧密的合作。而中国正在向俄罗斯靠拢(这直接回到了第一次冷战),也更加紧密地与北朝鲜和伊朗建立各种联系。 </p><p>同样类似于第一次冷战,双方都难以判断对方的实际实力。这促生了双方的“最坏情况分析”。在美国的公共辩论中,有人会说“鉴于中国所有的经济问题,中国并没有你想象的那么强大。看看他们的人口问题。看看北京在社保和医保方面的问题。看看年轻人的失业问题。中国并没有表面上那么强大。我们无需担忧。”而另一方论点是中国比你想象的更强大,华盛顿需要迅速武装。这是美国安全机构的主导观点。所有这些分析上的二分法在中国也有所反映:许多中国的分析人士认为美国从根本上是软弱和自顾不暇的,正如毛泽东所说的“纸老虎”;其他人则认为,北京低估美国实力是一个巨大的危险。简而言之,我们在判断彼此的实力与对方相比有多强时,与第一次冷战时一样,有许多相同的分析弊病。 </p><p>第一次冷战结束后,当我们真正掌握了充分的信息时,很多方面都证明苏联并没有我们想象的那么强大。但是,与第一次冷战一样,今天的分析不确定性也推动着危险的竞争向前发展。同样重要的是,一个国家在某种情况下(比如台湾海峡)的实力可能比在另一种情况下(比如与欧洲打交道)更强。我们可能会低估中国旨在解决台海问题的实力和意志,而高估它在其他领域的实力和意志。对我来说,朝鲜战争一直是一个警示故事。美方认为,一个贫穷、弱小的新中国不敢与美国,一个拥有核武器的二战胜利者对抗。但中国确实与华盛顿打了一场硬仗。</p><p>总的来说,我并不是说这两次冷战是完全相同的。但是,我认为如果否认我们两国关系的发展方向与第一次冷战的重要相似之处,那就是美国人所说的
“对墓地吹口哨” (whistling past the
graveyard)。我并不是在争辩说两次冷战完全相同,而是想说在一些重要方面的发展有着令人恐惧的相同之处。但是,我不可能在书名中把所有这些都说出来,所以我只能简化并且接受它。</p><p><strong style="color: var( --e-global-color-text ); font-size: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-size ); text-align: var(--text-align);"> </strong></p><p><strong style="color: var( --e-global-color-text ); font-size: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-size ); text-align: var(--text-align);">在您的书中,您将中美关系在接触期间的特征描述为从</strong><strong style="color: var( --e-global-color-text ); font-size: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-size ); text-align: var(--text-align);">“精英中心主义逐渐向社会对社会的、全球化的关系发展”(</strong><span style="color: #212121; font-family: 'Roboto Slab', serif; font-size: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-size ); font-weight: bolder; text-align: var(--text-align);">“elite-centric to an increasingly society-to-society, globalized relationship”)</span><strong style="color: var( --e-global-color-text ); font-size: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-size ); text-align: var(--text-align);">。您是如何反驳当前美国精英们天真地培养了自己最重要的竞争对手这一观点的?</strong></p><p>我们的社会非常复杂。毛泽东(在他生命的最后阶段)、邓小平、江泽民、胡锦涛以及美国的八个总统动员了各种各样的社会要素来追求彼此的利益。两国在70年代初期开始改善关系,并在那个十年结束时实现了关系的正常化,少数领导人(尼克松、基辛格、毛泽东、周恩来、卡特和布热津斯基)即精英们的决定性行动,对中美的接触起到了决定性的作用。但很快,两国社会的许多其他部门和领域意识到,加入这一过程并对其加以塑造可以积极地影响他们的利益。中美关系迅速从乒乓球、体操队、篮球队、管弦乐队和武术团体等领域扩展到跨国公司、地方政府、大规模旅游以及各种领域的政策对话。我后来领导的组织,美中关系全国委员会,于1972年将(中国)乒乓球队带到美国。整个举措在很大程度上是由美国政府提供资金支持,但也依赖于社会各个领域的大量志愿者的努力,这才成功组织了中国乒乓球队在美国全国的巡回表演,以及之后的许多大型活动。美国政府最初在带领改善与中国关系方面犹豫不决。我们的委员会在1966-67年左右与约翰逊总统进行了对话,鼓励他向中国靠拢,但由于越战和选举考虑,他无法这样做。</p><p>因此,这本书讲述了即使在60年代,美中关系全国委员会,也包括洛克菲勒、福特和卢斯基金会等非政府机构在内的许多团体鼓励政府改变政策。最终,在尼克松、基辛格和后来的卡特总统的领导下,政府做出了回应,但很多活动都局限于在秘密和精英谈判之中。两国的精英意识到,与中美彼此之间相比,苏联对我们每个人来说都是一个更大的问题。起初,我们相互接近是为了对苏联施加更多的战略压力,但很快,接触的理由扩展到人类互动的各个领域。</p><p>几乎立刻,商界开始认识到中国的潜力,而中国,最初在邓小平的领导下,深信其经济成功将取决于对西方知识、技术和市场的引进,而这些资源正是美国所掌握的。此外,对卡特总统来说,19世纪和20世纪宗教传教士在中国的角色也很重要。卡特总统向邓小平提出的第一要求就是允许印刷圣经并允许(美国)传教士再去中国。邓小平同意了第一个请求,但没有同意第二个。作为这种精神动机的例证,圣母大学校长西奥多·赫斯伯格神父,作为美中关系全国委员会的理事会成员,认为改善与世界上25%的人口的关系是基督徒的义务。</p><p>在19世纪70年代的下半叶和80年代的大部分时间里,我住在俄亥俄州。时任州长詹姆斯·A·罗兹担心该州重工业衰落。尽管他是一个保守派的共和党人和坚定的反共分子,但他仍然支持与中国发展经济关系,因为他希望这将重振俄亥俄州的制造业。他的支持源于经济上的关切。因此,我在书中试图传达的是,接触的过程并不仅仅是由尼克松和毛泽东推动的。相反,接触政策的活力反映了我们两个社会内部的基本利益集团希望推动这一进程。</p><p>然而,在随后的几十年里,两个社会中越来越多的个人和团体开始认为自己在接触和全球化过程中相对处于不利地位,他们开始向各自的领导人施加越来越大的压力,要求他们对对方采取更强硬的立场。这一过程逐渐破坏了接触和积极的关系。这是我的主要论点。</p><p>另一个主要方面是,我认为目前我们几乎是在梦游般地走向中美之间更严重的冲突。武装冲突并非不可能。其中一个原因是,我们都未能认识到全球化背景下中美双方取得的重大成就。没有正确认识到过去的巨大收获,我们也就在无意中低估了当前和未来摩擦的成本。</p><p>这本书用了很多篇幅讨论两国在接触中的收益。让我来举几个例子。世界银行最近评估称,在过去40多年中,中国约有8亿人脱离了绝对贫困线,即人均收入每天1.90美元以下的贫困线——8亿人约为美国人口的两倍以上。中国贡献了了全球减贫总数的80%。如果你想谈论人权,你最好从这个事实开始。我并不是要忽视其他所有问题,但你必须从两倍的美国人口被从绝对贫困中解救出来这一事实开始。这是一个非常基本的事实。有些美国人说:“这对中国来说是好事,但美国一无所得。”
事实并非如此,我只想强调一个经济上的具体问题。如果你看一下两国随时间变化的人均GDP,接触政策终结时,美国的人均GDP对比中国的领先程度甚至远甚于中国的改革刚开始时对中国的领先。然而,美国存在一个问题,那就是我们并没有平等(或公平地)将全球化的收益分配给我们社会的各个阶层,从而使许多人和团体在相对收益中被排除在外。因此,有许多人将全球化与不断增加的不平等、不公平以及游戏规则的缺陷联系在一起。这种观点在中国也普遍存在。并不是每个人都从全球化中受益,很多人并不开心。即使他们受益了,他们的收益可能不如其他人多,这导致了眼红和嫉妒。所以,一切都非常复杂。但总体而言,在经济上和以经济福利定义的人权方面,作为一个整体,两国都比接触之初要好得多。如果你仅考虑我们两个社会中人们生活中的机遇,赢家远远超过输家。</p><p>你可能会问:“那还有其他的好处吗?”当然有。在过去40年里,这个地区没有发生过任何重大战争。在第一次冷战中,就美国而言,最大的两场战争是朝鲜战争和越南战争。朝鲜战争是美国和中华人民共和国之间的直接战争。此外,大多数美国人并没有意识到中国直接参与了越南战争。我在书中深入探讨了这一点。</p><p>因此,我并不是在暗示全球化一直对所有人都是件好事。我并不否认在两个社会中都有输家。然而,我们需要充分认识到取得的收益。如果不承认这一点,我们就不会意识到可能为冲突所付出的真正代价。这并不是试图掩盖问题。这是试图提供一个平衡的观点。我相信随着时间的推移,我们会从更加平衡的角度来看待两国关系。我只是希望在我们达到那个充满希望的日子之前尽量减少所带来的损害。</p><p> </p><p><strong>自</strong><strong>2010年以来,中美关系更多的是竞争而不是合作。在您的书中,您写道“每个国家追求的目标对另一个国家来说都是不可接受的”(</strong><span style="color: #212121; font-family: 'Roboto Slab', serif; font-size: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-size ); font-weight: bolder; text-align: var(--text-align);">“the ascribed goal of each country is unacceptable to the other”</span><span style="color: #212121; font-family: 'Roboto Slab', serif; font-size: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-size ); font-weight: bolder; text-align: var(--text-align);"> )。</span><strong style="color: var( --e-global-color-text ); font-size: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-size ); text-align: var(--text-align);">您能进一步解释一下您的观点吗?您认为您书中提到的这种阶梯式的行动-反应循环(</strong><span style="color: #212121; font-family: 'Roboto Slab', serif; font-size: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-size ); font-weight: bolder; text-align: var(--text-align);">stair-step action-reaction cycle)</span><strong style="color: var( --e-global-color-text ); font-size: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-size ); text-align: var(--text-align);">能够被打破吗?</strong></p><p>请记住,毛泽东、尼克松、卡特和邓小平彼此走到一起的原因,他们认识到中美两国的相互对抗不利于他们应对彼此的主要战略对手—苏联。中美互相走近符合各自的战略利益,也打开了所有其他利益集团加大投入、推动两国广泛接触的闸门。</p><p>目前,两国的战略利益不再趋于一致,也不再能将我们捆绑在一起。相比之下,战略利益的分歧正使两国渐行渐远。现在的基本情况是,如果你有一个安全问题,那么这个问题会超过对经济和文化关系的考量。因此,对我而言,我认为当前问题的核心是,我们各自将对方视为自己的核心战略问题。这本书中的一部分审视了我们两国有关各自核心战略的声明和文件。例如,美国有一份2022年发布的国家安全战略,以及同年发布的核态势评估。国务卿安东尼·布林肯于2022年5月发表了一篇关于与中国关系的演讲,这是拜登总统任内华盛顿对中华人民共和国做出的最全面的声明。</p><p>美国所有的战略文件都涉及一点:“中国是对美国价值观和利益的主要威胁。”你可以把这解读为中国是美国主要的长期威胁。我们可以辩论这个陈述是否正确,以及在什么情况下它可以变得不那么正确。但是,这就是我们对中国提出的定义。</p><p>这不全是美国的错。我首先提到了美国,并不意味着我认为我们总是问题的主要方面。我认为中国在这方面也是一个重要的推动者。你可以看到最近的一份文件,即2023年3月中国领导人在“两会”期间的讲话。他提到美国全面打压和遏制中国的政策,试图阻止中国的崛起,并明确表示,他将于与普京一起削弱美国在二战后国际体系中的作用。我相信,如果美国人真正看到北京未经删节的战略计划,他们也会胆战心惊。</p><p>因此,我觉得我们两国的安全机构已经把对方定义为国家安全的主要问题,而且双方都采取了对于另一方来说不可接受的国家安全战略。因此,双方都开始考虑在经济和安全领域削弱对方,都开始考虑如何在国际体系中拉拢更多的朋友,以及如何让我们的朋友在国防上投入更多的预算?北京的精英圈开始考虑如何利用中东的问题,或者支持莫斯科破坏欧洲的稳定,从而转移华盛顿对中华人民共和国的注意力。这就是正在发生的事情。</p><p>因此,从中美的对抗之中,你可以再次看到这种冷战思维的重现。我认为这是核心问题。我们两国的领导人(以及两国各个层面的团体)需要坐下来互相询问自己和对方一些问题:“我们应该处在这种境地吗?这是不可避免的吗?我们应该成为彼此的主要安全问题吗?”我们各自的桌面上摆着许多亟待处理的问题:例如气候变化和全球流行病。如果我们之间关系紧张,我们如何应对这些挑战?其次,让我们直面这个问题:中国是我们的主要威胁吗?我认为现在可以说,如果北京和华盛顿能够解决台湾问题,那么在欧洲腹地的俄罗斯是一个更大、更棘手的威胁。</p><p>过去,美国和中国在全球卫生问题上进行了大量合作,其中包括SARS和埃博拉疫情。现在,在国际卫生领域,我们的合作不太顺利,这是极其短视的。在COVID-19大流行期间,我们双方在很大程度上都处理不当,但中国缺乏透明度是一个关键问题。所以,我真正想说的是,除非我们两国都能够搞清楚安全关系并以平衡的视角看待彼此,否则我们将无法管理竞争并在大多数其他领域促进合作。2024年的美国选举以及中国国内的不稳定因素无疑是实现这一目标的阻碍。</p><p> </p><p><strong>您认为</strong><strong>2024年中美关系的波动将如何影响美国和中国的大众?他们从阅读您的书中能得到什么启示?</strong><strong> </strong></p><p>今年(2024年)将为管控中美关系构成一个非常大的挑战。从积极的方面来看,两位总统,习近平和拜登,去年11月在旧金山会晤。我们希望这次会晤能够为这一关系设立所谓的“护栏”。在峰会之前,我们知道这可能不会太多地改善关系,但我们希望确保它不会继续恶化。我赞扬总统们努力会面的行动,也乐见他们表达了推动事情向前发展的愿望。然而,我想说的是,峰会后的现实正在朝着其他更令人担忧的方向发展;中国和美国正在积累问题。 </p><p>自旧金山峰会以来,中东已成为中美关系中一个重要的新问题。华盛顿支持以色列及其对哈马斯的报复行动。在此过程中,加沙地带已经有数万平民被杀害。无论如何看,这都是一个可怕的人权问题。中国更多地与伊朗和巴勒斯坦站在一起。北京和华盛顿应该合作结束这场屠杀,但据我所见,这并没有发生。 </p><p>俄罗斯是另一个似乎正在成为中美关系摩擦点的问题领域。在乌克兰入侵之前,俄罗斯就是中美关系中的一个问题,但我认为这个问题目前已经变得更糟。目前,乌克兰在2023年的反攻行动失败后,后续表现不如战争的第一年。美国和其盟友对于乌克兰是否能够赢得胜利,或者胜利究竟意味着什么已经变得不太确定。因此,美国对于中国对俄罗斯的支持变得越发敏感。而且,俄罗斯正在越来越多的领域挑战美国及其盟友的安全,比如在太空武器方面。此外,随着时间的推移,乌克兰可能的失败或美国对支持乌克兰的意愿的减弱,都会被视为对中国的一种鼓励,让中方更加自信地挑战美国,试探美国是否愿意继续发挥全球领导者的意愿。对于自顾不暇且过度扩张的美国来说,台湾海峡日益成为对其决心的考验。 </p><p>其他一些事态的发展也让华盛顿感到不安,比如香港的政治氛围趋于紧张,而且大陆对台湾的压力与日俱增,具体表现为在台湾附近的舰船和飞机数量增加。同时,大陆也正在积极切断台湾与其最后几个“邦交国”的联系。虽然拜登和习近平主席在合作方面取得了一些进展,但任何善意和进展都会在其他方面被迅速蚕食。两位总统希望稳定局势的想法值得称赞,但我认为战略形势不容乐观。除此之外,还有台湾最近的选举。台湾人民选出了赖清德,一个一直与要求独立的呼声联系在一起的候选人,作为他们的领导人。尽管他已经发表了试图安抚大陆的声明,但大陆并不放心。美国已经削弱了其“一个中国”的政策。中国的许多人认为华盛顿有一个“一个台湾,一个中国”政策。在中国人的心目中,这一点被美国助理国防部长的一些声明所强化,他谈到台湾是亚洲安全的关键,含蓄地提出了华盛顿是否会支持任何形式的统一(无论是否和平实现)的问题。简而言之,美国认为中国在美方认为至关重要的战略问题上没有提供帮助。中国认为美国在一个中国政策和台湾问题上违背了原先的做法和承诺。
</p><p>所有这些都引出了一个问题:该怎么办?相比如何和平地摆脱当前的困境,我能更清楚地看到中美两国前进方向中的危险。我确实在书中提出了一些指导原则,作为我们未来的参考。 中国当前领导人的任期可能还会持续,而美国正处于一个复杂的、两极分化的国内局势。两个社会的领导人似乎更专注于激发彼此的愤怒,而不是教育他们的公民了解当前穷途末路的代价和悲剧。令人震惊的是,特朗普和拜登的对华政策何其相似。美国国内似乎对这一政策达成了共识,再加上中国在国际和国内的行为,情况不可能很快得到改善。
</p><p>在未来的几年里,我们的首要任务是避免战争。其次,我们必须开始在战略领域采取让彼此放心的措施。这本书展示了中美第一次是如何做到这一点的,并最后指出,我们双方最终都将回归到全面接触战略的要素上来。 </p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p> </p><p> <br /></p>Larry Catá Backerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06545101367530775497noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-24800874.post-692244069563530632024-02-29T10:20:00.003-05:002024-02-29T10:21:23.998-05:00Call for Contributions: Special Issue--"Rhizomatic Law: Understanding the Linearity and Pendulum of Legal Evolution" in Undecidabilities and Law - The Coimbra Journal for Legal Studies<p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9SNrcspdavKgp-RMw8o5_CWgRMv8B6KrPfodhLabcNK7SSbvz7pQNkzhTm1zs2DQ62Ol-PA9G80njkkU_NvSPAvlAcaeziA9ss-7WyVRPpGOk_LL8vSroewvFpaXObhgCr4aONphCvOfDuWihntXPi5HCeAORbgLGiPs58vZvilopUtwDtCt3dw/s964/Screenshot%202024-02-29%20at%2010.06.23%E2%80%AFAM.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="534" data-original-width="964" height="354" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9SNrcspdavKgp-RMw8o5_CWgRMv8B6KrPfodhLabcNK7SSbvz7pQNkzhTm1zs2DQ62Ol-PA9G80njkkU_NvSPAvlAcaeziA9ss-7WyVRPpGOk_LL8vSroewvFpaXObhgCr4aONphCvOfDuWihntXPi5HCeAORbgLGiPs58vZvilopUtwDtCt3dw/w640-h354/Screenshot%202024-02-29%20at%2010.06.23%E2%80%AFAM.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Pix credit <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhizome#/media/File:Curcuma_longa_roots.jpg" target="_blank">here </a>(<span class="mw-mmv-title">Turmeric rhizome, whole and ground into a spice</span>)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><br /> <br /><br /> <br /><br /><br />Anne WAGNER & Sarah MARUSEK are delighted to invite contributions for the forthcoming Special Issue titled "Rhizomatic Law: Understanding the Linearity and Pendulum of Legal Evolution." The Special Issue will be published under the esteemed auspices of <i><a href="https://impactum-journals.uc.pt/undecidabilitiesandlaw/about" target="_blank">Undecidabilities and Law - The Coimbra Journal for Legal Studies</a></i>.<p></p><p>The Special issue seeks to explore the dynamic, interconnected nature of legal systems through the innovative lens of <a href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110919111808348" target="_blank">Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari’s rhizomatic theory</a>. The object is to transcend traditional legal analyses and present a collection that reflects the multifaceted, intricate nature of legal evolution, emphasizing the interplay of linear, cyclical, and network-like dynamics. We welcome submissions in the form of articles, case studies, and reviews that align with this theme, especially those that challenge conventional paradigms and offer new perspectives.</p><p>Submissions should to the guidelines detailed on [<a href="https://impactum-journals.uc.pt/index.php/undecidabilitiesandlaw/about/submissions#authorGuidelines">https://impactum-journals.uc.pt/index.php/undecidabilitiesandlaw/about/submissions#authorGuidelines</a> ]. Should you have any inquiries or wish to discuss your ideas, feel free to contact <a href="mailto:valwagnerfr@yahoo.com" target="_blank">Anne Wagner</a> and <a href="mailto:marusek@hawaii.edu" target="_blank">Sarah Maruse</a>k who serve as gues editors of this Special Issue. </p><p></p><p>The Call for Contributions (with concept note) follows below and are due before 30 June 2024.</p><p><span></span></p><a name='more'></a><br /><blockquote style="text-align: left;"> <b><span style="font-size: large;">UNDECIDABILITIES AND LAW</span></b><br /><b><i>The Coimbra Journal for Legal Studies</i></b><br />CALL FOR PAPERS / SUBMISSIONS<br />VOLUME V (2025)<br /></blockquote><p></p><blockquote style="text-align: left;"><i><b>RHIZOMATIC LAW: UNDERSTANDING THE LINEARITY<br />AND PENDULUM OF LEGAL EVOLUTION</b></i></blockquote><br /><br /><br />GUEST EDITORS:<br />Anne Wagner<br />Centre de Recherche Droits et Perspectives du droit (ULR 4487), équipe René Demogue<br />Lille University<br />France<br />&<br />Sarah Marusek<br />Department of Political Science<br />University of Hawai’i Hilo<br />USA<p></p><p><br />Our Special Issue delves into the intricate and dynamic nature of legal systems, contrasting<br />concepts of linear progression with those of the perpetual pendulum in law. This exploration<br />integrates the rhizomatic theory of Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari, proposed in 1987,<br />which suggests a non-linear, network-like framework for understanding legal changes. It<br />challenges conventional views of law as a hierarchy, instead presenting it as a complex web<br />of interconnections where various factors, including political, cultural, economic, and social<br />energies, interact in unpredictable ways. This approach acknowledges the multifaceted nature<br />of legal evolution, encompassing both steady, predictable developments and cyclical,<br />reactionary shifts.</p><p>This exploration extends to consider the non-hierarchical, network-like nature of legal<br />evolution. This theory challenges traditional, tree-like conceptions of knowledge and<br />organization by proposing a model where any point can connect to any other, without having<br />a central or primary node. Applying this to legal evolution offers a more complex and<br />interconnected view of how law changes and adapts, recognizing the multiplicity of<br />influences and pathways of development.<br /> </p><p>Topics for Submission:<br /></p><blockquote>1. <b>Rhizomatic Perspectives in Legal Evolutio</b>n: Exploration of Deleuze and<br />Guattari’s rhizome theory in the context of legal systems, examining how law evolves<br />in a non-linear, network-like fashion, creating multiple entry and exit points for legal<br />changes and influences.<br />2. <b>Law-Making in a Networked Society</b>: Analyzing how the concept of the rhizome<br />influences the development of law-making tools and their societal impacts,<br />emphasizing the interconnected and often unpredictable nature of legal evolution.<br />3. <b>Interplay of Linear and Rhizomatic Legal Interpretations</b>: Investigating the<br />balance between linear progression and rhizomatic complexity in legal interpretation,<br />focusing on how these approaches impact the adaptability and responsiveness of<br />legal systems to societal changes.<br />4. <b>Polarization and Connectivity in Legal Concept</b>s: Analyzing the dual nature of<br />law as both polarized (perpetual pendulum) and interconnected (rhizomatic),<br />exploring how these contrasting dynamics influence legal theory and practice.<br />5. <i>Legal Systems Amidst Global Crises</i>: Discussing the rhizomatic responses of legal<br />systems to global crises, such as pandemics or climate change, and how these events<br />disrupt linear progressions, necessitating a more networked, adaptable approach to<br />legal reform.</blockquote><br /><p></p><p>These themes aim to enrich our understanding of legal evolution by highlighting the interplay<br />between linear and cyclical dynamics, and introducing the complexity and interconnectedness<br />of the rhizomatic approach. This perspective acknowledges the multi-dimensional nature of<br />legal change, influenced by a myriad of societal, cultural, and technological factors.<br /> </p><p>Submission Guidelines:<br /></p><p>Contributors are invited to delve into the multifaceted dynamics of legal evolution as framed<br />in “Rhizomatic Law: Understanding the Linearity and Pendulum of Legal Evolution”.<br />Submissions should focus on the intricate interplay of factors influencing the oscillation<br />between linear progression and the cyclical shifts of the perpetual pendulum in legal systems.<br />We welcome theoretical and empirical contributions that shed light on these dynamics.<br />Interdisciplinary approaches, integrating insights from legal studies, philosophy, sociology,<br />and other relevant fields, are especially encouraged. This call for papers aims to create a<br />comprehensive platform for discussing and understanding the complex, network-like nature<br />of legal change and adaptation, guided by the rhizomatic perspective.<br /></p><blockquote>Submission of Abstracts (of 300 words) should be addressed to Anne Wagner<br />(valwagnerfr@yahoo.com) and Sahra Marusek (marusek@hawaii.edu) until 30 June 2024.<br />After selection, final papers should be submitted directly to the platform (https://impactum-<br />journals.uc.pt/undecidabilitiesandlaw) by 31 January 2025, always indicating the Journal’s<br />volume to which they correspond.</blockquote><p></p><p>Rules for submission: https://impactum-journals.uc.pt/index.php/undecidabilitiesandlaw/about/submissions#authorGuidelines<br /><br /><br /></p>Larry Catá Backerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06545101367530775497noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-24800874.post-42569419559776618862024-02-28T20:00:00.001-05:002024-02-28T20:02:41.501-05:00Tianhao Chen, Wei Xu and Xiaohong Yu:The Perks and Perils of Making Officials Appear in Court (European Chinese Law Research Hub) <p> </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNbZTGCFxPXJ6Lpl86REJ5uG_6Y6ot0HmAIKSxdW78tJV05t-SchuUg1uP7SXJneizMYRf9y9UTf5YUstDnCeDa8T0y1H7xyz66kPpNaqbT8e89dUauxv2ch9xZ60q9jPZZ0jU7ZpX60dqJWBvzIW3j714DsBBzMK5mgrJA8WjhPXXwTQhKn47CA/s641/Screenshot%202024-02-28%20at%207.35.44%E2%80%AFPM.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="604" data-original-width="641" height="605" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNbZTGCFxPXJ6Lpl86REJ5uG_6Y6ot0HmAIKSxdW78tJV05t-SchuUg1uP7SXJneizMYRf9y9UTf5YUstDnCeDa8T0y1H7xyz66kPpNaqbT8e89dUauxv2ch9xZ60q9jPZZ0jU7ZpX60dqJWBvzIW3j714DsBBzMK5mgrJA8WjhPXXwTQhKn47CA/w640-h605/Screenshot%202024-02-28%20at%207.35.44%E2%80%AFPM.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Pix Credit <a href="https://blog.uni-koeln.de/eclrhub/2024/02/24/administrative-litigation-in-china-assessing-the-chief-officials-appearance-system/" target="_blank">here</a><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p></p><p>The folks over at the <a href="https://blog.uni-koeln.de/eclrhub/" target="_blank">European Chinese Law Research Hub</a>
(with thanks to Marianne von Blomberg, Editor ECLR Hub, Research
Associate, Chair for Chinese Legal Culture, University of Cologne) have
posted a marvelous discussion of a new work by the team of Tianhao Chen, Wei Xu and Xiaohong Yu, on the T<i><a href="https://blog.uni-koeln.de/eclrhub/2024/02/24/administrative-litigation-in-china-assessing-the-chief-officials-appearance-system/" target="_blank">he Perks and Perils of Making Officials Appear in Court </a></i>. <br /></p>Marianne von Bloomberg explains:<br /><blockquote>a Tsinghua University team of Tianhao Chen, Wei Xu and Xiaohong Yu introduce their assessment of the Chief Officials' Appearance System. Since 2015, this system requires state agency representatives to show up in court when citizens sue their offices. After analyzing court decisions and extensive fieldwork, <a href="https://blog.uni-koeln.de/eclrhub/?nltr=NDQ7ODQ7aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLnVuaS1rb2Vsbi5kZS9lY2xyaHViLzIwMjQvMDIvMjQvYWRtaW5pc3RyYXRpdmUtbGl0aWdhdGlvbi1pbi1jaGluYS1hc3Nlc3NpbmctdGhlLWNoaWVmLW9mZmljaWFscy1hcHBlYXJhbmNlLXN5c3RlbS87OzYxZGNmMjE1NjI3MzgwMDUyMzYyMTcwNDE5YzE1YWYz">the authors find</a> that the grand expectations related to this reform were not quite met. <span face="Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; display: inline; float: none; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: -webkit-left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"></span><br /></blockquote><p>One
of the most interesting aspects of the paper is the unmasking of the difficulties of aligning a human body with an office. That identity between an aggregation--a corporation, an administrative agency, a mass organization--is tempting. Aggregated abstractions are hard to discipline without translating its habits, actions, and mores into a bodily form. The traditional way for incarnation of abstractions--the state, a religion, any sort of social collective, is to cultivate a collective belief that this abstraction can take human form--<i>institutions made flesh</i>. Human collectives, irrespective of their ideologies or lifeworlds, are littered with the human incarnation of abstracted collectives. <i>Logos</i> must be humanized. But humans are not abstractions--and when we come close to making that a reality--with big data supported generative intelligence--we tend to panic. Instead, one investing incarnation with theater. And like all theater it produces imaginary effects. When administrators are required to come to court to defend their discretionary actions themselves, then, one can expect a performance--but one with little connection to the exercise of discretion that forms the basis of complaint. And that is the pity. But in a system in which legality is meant to coordinate and manage discretionary decision making the theater of officials brought before officials offers little promise change. All administrative states face the same issue--the disciplining of administrative discretion for abuse, carelessness and failure to judge adequately--the context with Chinese characteristics merely presents itself a little differently than the challenges of European systems of administrative supervision overseen by a growing techno-bureaucracy. It is more likely that big-data based modeling overseen by an autonomous and generative intelligence would produce a more precisely rational system of assessment. But it is the theater that one craves. And that is precisely what the marvelous analysis of T<i><a href="https://blog.uni-koeln.de/eclrhub/2024/02/24/administrative-litigation-in-china-assessing-the-chief-officials-appearance-system/" target="_blank">he Perks and Perils of Making Officials Appear in Court </a></i> demonstrates.<br /></p><p>I am cross posting the essay below. The original ECLRH post may be accessed <a href="https://blog.uni-koeln.de/eclrhub/2024/02/24/administrative-litigation-in-china-assessing-the-chief-officials-appearance-system/" target="_blank">HERE</a>.
And as a plug for the marvelous work at the European Chinese Law
Research Hub: if you have observations, analyses or pieces of research
that are not publishable as a paper but should get out there, or want to
spread event information, calls for papers or job openings, or have a
paper forthcoming- do not hesitate to contact Marianne von Bloomberg.</p><p><span></span></p><a name='more'></a><p></p><blockquote><p> </p><header class="entry-header">
<h2 class="entry-title post-title"><a href="https://blog.uni-koeln.de/eclrhub/2024/02/24/administrative-litigation-in-china-assessing-the-chief-officials-appearance-system/" rel="bookmark">The Perks and Perils of Making Officials Appear in Court</a></h2>
<div class="post-details">
</div>
</header>
<h6 class="wp-block-heading"><b>A new paper by Tianhao Chen, Wei Xu and Xiaohong Yu</b></h6>
<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img alt="" class="wp-image-2194" height="378" src="https://blog.uni-koeln.de/eclrhub/files/2024/02/yDALL·E-2024-02-23-09.09.09-an-oil-painting-of-a-court-room-with-a-Chinese-flag-and-a-government-official-as-defendant-1.png" width="400" /></figure>
<p>In 2015, the revision of China’s Administrative Litigation Law
introduced the Chief Officials’ Appearance System (COAS). The system
requires agency leaders themselves, rather than their legal counsel, to
appear in court and defend their administrative actions. Unlike other
post-2014 legal reforms aimed at empowering the judicial system and
fending off local protectionism, the COAS uniquely enhance the
engagement of political officials in the judiciary process. This
approach is based on the belief that increased participation will help
officials to gain a better understanding of public concerns and improve
administrative litigation quality. The detailed workings of the COAS
were laid out in <a href="https://blog.uni-koeln.de/eclrhub/2020/07/14/towards-genuine-dispute-solving-taking-the-heads-of-administrative-agencies-to-the-courtroom/" rel="noreferrer noopener" target="_blank">this previous blogpost by Nina Rotermund</a>.</p>
<p>In <a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/5B479B67F45253C2F7B11E1B6FDF8531/S0305741024000018a.pdf/administrative_litigation_in_china_assessing_the_chief_officials_appearance_system.pdf">this comprehensive study</a>,
we set out to assess how and whether the optimistic goals set for the
COAS were achieved. Through an empirical analysis of 1551 administrative
litigation cases in a Beijing local court and extensive field research
across 12 other provinces, the study uncovers unexpected outcomes that
merit a closer examination.</p>
<p>Contrary to official expectations, we find that the COAS reproduces
the administrative grievances that it is tasked to resolve. Data from
Beijing revealed that plaintiffs were 5.08 times more likely to appeal
or file a new suit over the same issue when chief officials made court
appearances. This tendency was attributed to a mismatch between the
plaintiffs’ expectations for meaningful engagement and the
often-detached demeanour of the officials, who sometimes resorted to
reading from prepared statements without genuinely addressing the
plaintiffs’ concerns. This lack of meaningful interaction left
plaintiffs dissatisfied, propelling them to pursue further legal
avenues.</p>
<p>Moreover, the number of administrative cases overall and the rates of
the government losing cases before district leaders’ court attendances
in Beijing’s 16 districts were not significantly higher than after they
appeared in courts, indicating that lawful governance did not improve.
This issue is related to the officials’ generally apathetic approach to
court appearances. Statistics indicate that 73.6% of officials planned
to conduct the required court visits only in the fourth quarter, when
the annual cadre evaluation was underway. This figure is
disproportionately higher than the proportions in the other three
quarters. Further, the amount of officials’ appearances in court barely
surpassed the number of appearances required to fulfil the performance
evaluation criteria. This indicates that officials’ appearances are more
about fulfilling administrative assessment requirements rather than
genuinely improving lawful administration.</p>
<blockquote class="wp-block-quote">
<p>“[…] plaintiffs were the so-called nail households (dingzihu 钉子户),
ones who refused to relocate and came to court only to claim better
compensation. They wouldn’t be pleased by simply meeting the officials
in person. Instead, sometimes they even interrogated the officials and
we had to interrupt and stop them.”</p>
<cite>Judge in Qinghai, August 2022</cite></blockquote>
<p>Despite this, the study also observed surprisingly impartial and even
strategic responses from the court. Statistical analysis of Beijing
data shows that the involvement of district leaders in court did not
skew judicial outcomes in favour of the government. This is partly due
to the strategic appointment of high-ranking judges in cases involving
chief officials, ensuring a balance of authority in the courtroom.
Moreover, the analysis reveals a nuanced trend wherein courts are more
likely to rule against government officials who are nearing the end of
their term, suggesting a strategic consideration of future relations
with the administrative agencies.</p>
<p>Expanding the study nationwide revealed similar trends across China,
albeit with regional variations. Through the “China Judicial Politics
Database,” which includes 70% of publicly available cases, we identified
28,805 instances of official court appearances. Of these, a mere 146
involved officials at the bureau and deputy bureau levels, noting that
the overall frequency of government leaders appearing in court remains
low nationwide. Interviews conducted with judges, lawyers, and
government officials from 12 provinces, including Zhejiang, Henan,
Guizhou, Jiangsu, Guangdong, Sichuan, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Tianjin,
Liaoning, Hebei, and Xinjiang, presented a complex but consistent
picture. Similar to Beijing, official court appearances were rare and
typically motivated by assessment requirements, leading to tense
courtroom dynamics between disinterested officials and pragmatic
plaintiffs. Courts employed diverse strategies to manage their
interactions with the government, sometimes using the theatrical nature
of appearances to exert pressure.</p>
<blockquote class="wp-block-quote">
<p>“[…] sometimes I would intentionally tolerate plaintiffs’ emotional expressions to exert extra pressure on<br />administrative agencies.”</p>
<cite>Judge in Zhejiang, April 2022</cite></blockquote>
<p>In sum, the study reveals that, contrary to what the creators of COAS
had expected, the COAS has not significantly ameliorated administrative
dispute resolution. Instead, it has resulted in a renewed triad of
administrative litigation: apathetic state agencies, increasingly
agitated plaintiffs and strategically empowered courts.</p>
<p>The unintended impacts of the COAS carry certain implications.
Despite previous views of administrative litigation in China as no more
than a “frail weapon” due to political constraints, the courts appear
somewhat empowered, benefiting from the cumulative effects of several
reform measures implemented over the last four decades and the strategic
behaviours of judges. Additionally, plaintiffs’ willingness to pursue
further legal action, fueled by an increased legal awareness and desire
for justice, challenges the notion that official appearances alone
would placate citizens. Still water runs deep, and the perverse impact
of the COAS implies that the rule-based approach to dispute resolution
would be a more desirable and effective route than the paternalistic
approach.</p>
<p><i></i></p><blockquote><p><i>The paper ‘Administrative Litigation in China: Assessing the Chief Officials’ Appearance System’ was <a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/article/administrative-litigation-in-china-assessing-the-chief-officials-appearance-system/5B479B67F45253C2F7B11E1B6FDF8531" rel="noreferrer noopener" target="_blank">published in</a></i><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/article/administrative-litigation-in-china-assessing-the-chief-officials-appearance-system/5B479B67F45253C2F7B11E1B6FDF8531" rel="noreferrer noopener" target="_blank"> The China Quarterly</a><i> (free draft <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/378069947_Administrative_Litigation_in_China_Assessing_the_Chief_Officials%27_Appearance_System" rel="noreferrer noopener" target="_blank">available here</a>). <a href="https://www.sppm.tsinghua.edu.cn/english/info/1130/2046.htm" rel="noreferrer noopener" target="_blank">Tianhao Chen</a>
is an associate professor at the School of Public Policy and Management
at Tsinghua University. His research focuses on administrative law,
administrative agreements, judicial governance and technology ethics.
His work has been published in Chinese Journal of Law, China Legal
Science and Law Science.</i></p>
<p><i>Wei XU is a PhD candidate studying at the School of Public Policy
and Management at Tsinghua University. Her research focuses on platform
antitrust, judicial reform, public administration and law.</i></p>
<p><i><a href="https://www.dps.tsinghua.edu.cn/psen/info/1030/1021.htm">Xiaohong Yu</a>
(corresponding author) is an associate professor in the department of
political science at Tsinghua University. Her research focuses on
Chinese politics, judicial politics and empirical legal studies. Her
work has been published in Journal of Empirical Legal Studies, The China
Review and Tsinghua University Law Journal.</i> <i>She can be contacted at xyu[at]tsinghua.edu.cn.</i></p></blockquote></blockquote><blockquote><p><i></i></p></blockquote><p><i></i></p>Larry Catá Backerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06545101367530775497noreply@blogger.com0