(Pix © Larry Catá Backer; Image of a Bronze Cowerie Container, figures attending a sacrificial ceremony led by the King, Western Han 202 BC- 8 AD; Beijing)
Chinese officials are well into a current project of updating and consolidating a large number of regulatory projects. This suggests that in those areas consolidated, the state has made a determination that the regulations have matured enough that they may be re-organized and centralized, and thus centralized applied more uniformly throughout the nation. This is in keeping with long Chinese administrative practice of (1) developing guidance at the "core", (2) permitting the collective to experiment (subject to the overall management of the political and administrative "core" leadership", and (3) when the experimentation has reached a point of maturity, to consolidate the experiments within an overall regulatory framework.
It is in that context that one might usefully approach the recent announcement by Chinese authorities of 网络信息内容生态治理规定 [“Provisions on the Governance of the Online Information Content Ecosystem”] approved by the National Internet Information Office's on 15 December 2019, circulated in Chinese from 20 December 2019 for implementation from March 1, 2020.
This post includes the text of the Provision in the original Chinese and in a crude English translation.It also includes brief thoughts, including the relevance of these Provisions for the COV-19 epidemic.
It is in that context that one might usefully approach the recent announcement by Chinese authorities of 网络信息内容生态治理规定 [“Provisions on the Governance of the Online Information Content Ecosystem”] approved by the National Internet Information Office's on 15 December 2019, circulated in Chinese from 20 December 2019 for implementation from March 1, 2020.
This post includes the text of the Provision in the original Chinese and in a crude English translation.It also includes brief thoughts, including the relevance of these Provisions for the COV-19 epidemic.
It is particularly telling that the regulations reference a content (and thus a regulatory) ecosystem rather than a linearly ordered system within which content is ordered within a static universe of regulation.
Given its genesis, the Provision represent a consolidation of the various programs developed to date. Off some interest are its normative content, which distinguishes between material that content producers are encouraged to produce (article 5), content that such producers are forbidden to produce (article 6), and content which producers of network information content are obligated to take measures against production (article 7). Article 54 includes the core values and principle sof the political project of the CCP as implemented through the state apparatus, including its guiding ideology and the expression of that ideology in state policies. Article 6 includes any material that appears to challenge anything deemed covered by Article 5. And Article 7 touches on issues of morals and public decency, measured against traditional values and the emerging socialist core values as refined and implemented by the authorities. Chapter 3 effectively delegates the implementation of these content rules on network platforms which are now vested with the responsibility of developing governance systems to implement the more abstract principle of Chapter 2.
Chapter 4 then focuses on network users. Article 18 provides that "users of network information content services shall use the Internet in a civilized and healthy manner, and shall fulfill their corresponding obligations in accordance with the requirements of laws and regulations and user agreements." In effect users face a double regulatory environment--they must conform to the governance structures of the platforms (which themselves exercise derivative authority) and they must conform their behaviors to the principles set of in the statutes and other relevant national and local regulations. Chapter 5 focuses on Network Industry Organization, which are given guidance authority over the industry and its users. Their job is to try to encourage proper behaviors. Article 28, for example, provides that
In addition, Article 33 provides for the establishment of a a monitoring and evaluation mechanism. Lastly Chapter 7 focuses legal penalties on the platforms onto which effective governance and compliance responsibility has been delegated. The emergence of Marxist Leninist compliance sensibilities might be usefully studied for it similarities and differences with similar tendencies in governance evolving in liberal democratic states. Within these delegated compliance and self governing delegation systems, the authority of officials is still powerful but residual. It is for administrative officials to enforce, but theirs is a ministerial obligation (that is the exercise of discretion with respect to specific conduct that constitutes violations of the broad prohibitions of Articles 6 and 7). But even that discretion must be exercised in the shadow of the regulatory systems that network platforms have themselves developed, including the normative decisions built into such systems under Chapter 3. Most interesting, there is no system of rewards for conformity to Article 5--To the extent that the law is meant to support Social Credit scoring systems, that may be a significant efficiency in the framework.
Also of some interest is the way that the provisions permit the survival of numerous variations in the existing rules survived consolidation and those that did not. Moreover it may be worth noting that the reach of the provisions that apply to virtually all internet users. But of course that is the point of developing a regulatory system over an information ecology rather than one that regulates the relationship between an individual and information.
The ecological governance of network information content referred to in these regulations refers to the government, enterprises, society, netizens and other subjects. It takes the cultivation and implementation of socialist core values as the foundation, the network information content as the main governance object, and the establishment of a comprehensive network comprehensive governance system. The goal is to create a clear cyberspace and a good cyber ecology, and carry out related activities such as promoting positive energy, handling illegal and bad information, and so on. (Provisions on the Governance of Online Information, supra, Art 2). )This presents, in Marxist-Leninist form, a tendency already well noted in the West, to gravitate regulatory structures toward both its own normative ecology (in the West, the market; in China the state and the CCP as the font of ordering ideology), and to view regulation as ordered vertically, but administered in a more diffuse manner subject to overarching rules that maintain the coherence and integrity of the regulatory ecology thus overseen (see, e.g., Theorizing Regulatory Governance Within Its Ecology).
Given its genesis, the Provision represent a consolidation of the various programs developed to date. Off some interest are its normative content, which distinguishes between material that content producers are encouraged to produce (article 5), content that such producers are forbidden to produce (article 6), and content which producers of network information content are obligated to take measures against production (article 7). Article 54 includes the core values and principle sof the political project of the CCP as implemented through the state apparatus, including its guiding ideology and the expression of that ideology in state policies. Article 6 includes any material that appears to challenge anything deemed covered by Article 5. And Article 7 touches on issues of morals and public decency, measured against traditional values and the emerging socialist core values as refined and implemented by the authorities. Chapter 3 effectively delegates the implementation of these content rules on network platforms which are now vested with the responsibility of developing governance systems to implement the more abstract principle of Chapter 2.
Chapter 4 then focuses on network users. Article 18 provides that "users of network information content services shall use the Internet in a civilized and healthy manner, and shall fulfill their corresponding obligations in accordance with the requirements of laws and regulations and user agreements." In effect users face a double regulatory environment--they must conform to the governance structures of the platforms (which themselves exercise derivative authority) and they must conform their behaviors to the principles set of in the statutes and other relevant national and local regulations. Chapter 5 focuses on Network Industry Organization, which are given guidance authority over the industry and its users. Their job is to try to encourage proper behaviors. Article 28, for example, provides that
Industry organizations are encouraged to carry out educational training and publicity and guidance on the ecological governance of network information content, improve the governance capabilities of member units and employees, and enhance the awareness of the entire society to participate in the ecological governance of network information content
In addition, Article 33 provides for the establishment of a a monitoring and evaluation mechanism. Lastly Chapter 7 focuses legal penalties on the platforms onto which effective governance and compliance responsibility has been delegated. The emergence of Marxist Leninist compliance sensibilities might be usefully studied for it similarities and differences with similar tendencies in governance evolving in liberal democratic states. Within these delegated compliance and self governing delegation systems, the authority of officials is still powerful but residual. It is for administrative officials to enforce, but theirs is a ministerial obligation (that is the exercise of discretion with respect to specific conduct that constitutes violations of the broad prohibitions of Articles 6 and 7). But even that discretion must be exercised in the shadow of the regulatory systems that network platforms have themselves developed, including the normative decisions built into such systems under Chapter 3. Most interesting, there is no system of rewards for conformity to Article 5--To the extent that the law is meant to support Social Credit scoring systems, that may be a significant efficiency in the framework.
Also of some interest is the way that the provisions permit the survival of numerous variations in the existing rules survived consolidation and those that did not. Moreover it may be worth noting that the reach of the provisions that apply to virtually all internet users. But of course that is the point of developing a regulatory system over an information ecology rather than one that regulates the relationship between an individual and information.
For foreign companies, the takeaway is perhaps that firms should at any moment be prepared to be told that online content is unacceptable and must be removed. Such regulations are also likely of interest to those concerned about the growing popularity of Chinese-run apps like TikTok, whose parent company Bytedance must comply with such Communist Party strictures. (China’s New Internet Censorship Rules Outline Direction For Content)
Lastly, with the intervention of the coronavirus COVID-19, with its center in Wuhan, the actual application of the law in times of epidemics and national emergencies remains to be seen. Several preliminary conclusions are possible:
(1) the Provision does little to protect the integrity of the network ecology from abuses and the lack of integrity of officials (this is inevitably the Achilles heel of most of these projects);
(2) to the extent that the apparatus of discipline inspection (see, e.g., here) units are meant to plug this gap, they have not proven to be particularly effective;
(3) the Provision does little to organize and reward appropriate Mass Line communication, nor does it distinguish between mass communication to the authorities and anti-social activities.
It ought to be clear by now to the authorities that the masses are not well trained members of the Central Propaganda units, nor are they subject to the sensitivities and cultures of those organs. And yet the value of mass communication and mass action in aid of the state in context of national emergencies (like COVID-19) will not be properly utilized to in the absence of the development of systems of rewards (and not merely of punishment) within the framework of the Provision. And indeed, such a failure impedes the development of useful Social Credit mechanisms to aid in the implementation of the guidance provided by the CCP and meant to be implemented by the state.
Lastly systems of punishments and rewards ought to be developed as well for officials (including officials within network platforms) related to the correct application of the Internet content provisions. New Era Theory are both mandatory (Provision Art. 5 (1) ("Propagating Xi Jinping's thoughts on socialism with Chinese characteristics in the new era, comprehensively, accurately and vividly interpreting the road, theory, system, and culture of socialism with Chinese characteristics"); and Art. 5(2) ("Propagating the party's theoretical line, policies, and major central decision-making arrangements") and appear to impose a positive mandate (encouragement) with respect to the ideological line and the CCP's political work for authorities within the network ecology theory at the heart of the Provision. Failure to develop strong rules rewarding such positive action would appear to undermine the core objective of Article 5 and, more importantly, to impede the CCP's direction t propagate New Era Theory and the CCP's theoretical line. These deficiencies were unfortunately much on display in Wuhan during the early course of the manifestation of COVID-19, and has caused the central authorities substantial effort to correct. This is not, of course, merely a Chinese problem. Yet China has an opportunity to serve as a global leader (China coronavirus outbreak: Wuhan doctor’s death shows risk of Asia’s fake news crackdown;李文亮医生，孟子也为你点赞 常樯 儒 [Dr. Li Wenliang, Mencius also likes you, Original Chang Yan Ru]).
(1) the Provision does little to protect the integrity of the network ecology from abuses and the lack of integrity of officials (this is inevitably the Achilles heel of most of these projects);
(2) to the extent that the apparatus of discipline inspection (see, e.g., here) units are meant to plug this gap, they have not proven to be particularly effective;
(3) the Provision does little to organize and reward appropriate Mass Line communication, nor does it distinguish between mass communication to the authorities and anti-social activities.
It ought to be clear by now to the authorities that the masses are not well trained members of the Central Propaganda units, nor are they subject to the sensitivities and cultures of those organs. And yet the value of mass communication and mass action in aid of the state in context of national emergencies (like COVID-19) will not be properly utilized to in the absence of the development of systems of rewards (and not merely of punishment) within the framework of the Provision. And indeed, such a failure impedes the development of useful Social Credit mechanisms to aid in the implementation of the guidance provided by the CCP and meant to be implemented by the state.
Lastly systems of punishments and rewards ought to be developed as well for officials (including officials within network platforms) related to the correct application of the Internet content provisions. New Era Theory are both mandatory (Provision Art. 5 (1) ("Propagating Xi Jinping's thoughts on socialism with Chinese characteristics in the new era, comprehensively, accurately and vividly interpreting the road, theory, system, and culture of socialism with Chinese characteristics"); and Art. 5(2) ("Propagating the party's theoretical line, policies, and major central decision-making arrangements") and appear to impose a positive mandate (encouragement) with respect to the ideological line and the CCP's political work for authorities within the network ecology theory at the heart of the Provision. Failure to develop strong rules rewarding such positive action would appear to undermine the core objective of Article 5 and, more importantly, to impede the CCP's direction t propagate New Era Theory and the CCP's theoretical line. These deficiencies were unfortunately much on display in Wuhan during the early course of the manifestation of COVID-19, and has caused the central authorities substantial effort to correct. This is not, of course, merely a Chinese problem. Yet China has an opportunity to serve as a global leader (China coronavirus outbreak: Wuhan doctor’s death shows risk of Asia’s fake news crackdown;李文亮医生，孟子也为你点赞 常樯 儒 [Dr. Li Wenliang, Mencius also likes you, Original Chang Yan Ru]).
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网络信息内容生态治理规定
国家互联网信息办公室令第5号《网络信息内容生态治理规定》已经国家互联网信息办公室室务会议审议通过，现予公布，自2020年3月1日起施行。
主任 庄荣文2019年12月15日网络信息内容生态治理规定
第一章 总则第一条 为了营造良好网络生态，保障公民、法人和其他组织的合法权益，维护国家安全和公共利益，根据《中华人民共和国国家安全法》《中华人民共和国网络安全法》《互联网信息服务管理办法》等法律、行政法规，制定本规定。
第二条 中华人民共和国境内的网络信息内容生态治理活动，适用本规定。
本规定所称网络信息内容生态治理，是指政府、企业、社会、网民等主体，以培育和践行社会主义核心价值观为根本，以网络信息内容为主要治理对象，以建立健全网络综合治理体系、营造清朗的网络空间、建设良好的网络生态为目标，开展的弘扬正能量、处置违法和不良信息等相关活动。
第三条 国家网信部门负责统筹协调全国网络信息内容生态治理和相关监督管理工作，各有关主管部门依据各自职责做好网络信息内容生态治理工作。
地方网信部门负责统筹协调本行政区域内网络信息内容生态治理和相关监督管理工作，地方各有关主管部门依据各自职责做好本行政区域内网络信息内容生态治理工作。
第二章 网络信息内容生产者第四条 网络信息内容生产者应当遵守法律法规，遵循公序良俗，不得损害国家利益、公共利益和他人合法权益。
第五条 鼓励网络信息内容生产者制作、复制、发布含有下列内容的信息：
(一)宣传习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想，全面准确生动解读中国特色社会主义道路、理论、制度、文化的；
(二)宣传党的理论路线方针政策和中央重大决策部署的；
(三)展示经济社会发展亮点，反映人民群众伟大奋斗和火热生活的；
(四)弘扬社会主义核心价值观，宣传优秀道德文化和时代精神，充分展现中华民族昂扬向上精神风貌的；
(五)有效回应社会关切，解疑释惑，析事明理，有助于引导群众形成共识的；
(六)有助于提高中华文化国际影响力，向世界展现真实立体全面的中国的；
(七)其他讲品味讲格调讲责任、讴歌真善美、促进团结稳定等的内容。
第六条 网络信息内容生产者不得制作、复制、发布含有下列内容的违法信息：
(一)反对宪法所确定的基本原则的；
(二)危害国家安全，泄露国家秘密，颠覆国家政权，破坏国家统一的；
(三)损害国家荣誉和利益的；
(四)歪曲、丑化、亵渎、否定英雄烈士事迹和精神，以侮辱、诽谤或者其他方式侵害英雄烈士的姓名、肖像、名誉、荣誉的；
(五)宣扬恐怖主义、极端主义或者煽动实施恐怖活动、极端主义活动的；
(六)煽动民族仇恨、民族歧视，破坏民族团结的；
(七)破坏国家宗教政策，宣扬邪教和封建迷信的；
(八)散布谣言，扰乱经济秩序和社会秩序的；
(九)散布淫秽、色情、赌博、暴力、凶杀、恐怖或者教唆犯罪的；
(十)侮辱或者诽谤他人，侵害他人名誉、隐私和其他合法权益的；
(十一)法律、行政法规禁止的其他内容。
第七条 网络信息内容生产者应当采取措施，防范和抵制制作、复制、发布含有下列内容的不良信息：
(一)使用夸张标题，内容与标题严重不符的；
(二)炒作绯闻、丑闻、劣迹等的；
(三)不当评述自然灾害、重大事故等灾难的；
(四)带有性暗示、性挑逗等易使人产生性联想的；
(五)展现血腥、惊悚、残忍等致人身心不适的；
(六)煽动人群歧视、地域歧视等的；
(七)宣扬低俗、庸俗、媚俗内容的；
(八)可能引发未成年人模仿不安全行为和违反社会公德行为、诱导未成年人不良嗜好等的；
(九)其他对网络生态造成不良影响的内容。
第三章 网络信息内容服务平台第八条 网络信息内容服务平台应当履行信息内容管理主体责任，加强本平台网络信息内容生态治理，培育积极健康、向上向善的网络文化。
第九条 网络信息内容服务平台应当建立网络信息内容生态治理机制，制定本平台网络信息内容生态治理细则，健全用户注册、账号管理、信息发布审核、跟帖评论审核、版面页面生态管理、实时巡查、应急处置和网络谣言、黑色产业链信息处置等制度。
网络信息内容服务平台应当设立网络信息内容生态治理负责人，配备与业务范围和服务规模相适应的专业人员，加强培训考核，提升从业人员素质。
第十条 网络信息内容服务平台不得传播本规定第六条规定的信息，应当防范和抵制传播本规定第七条规定的信息。
网络信息内容服务平台应当加强信息内容的管理，发现本规定第六条、第七条规定的信息的，应当依法立即采取处置措施，保存有关记录，并向有关主管部门报告。
第十一条 鼓励网络信息内容服务平台坚持主流价值导向，优化信息推荐机制，加强版面页面生态管理，在下列重点环节(包括服务类型、位置版块等)积极呈现本规定第五条规定的信息：
(一)互联网新闻信息服务首页首屏、弹窗和重要新闻信息内容页面等；
(二)互联网用户公众账号信息服务精选、热搜等；
(三)博客、微博客信息服务热门推荐、榜单类、弹窗及基于地理位置的信息服务版块等；
(四)互联网信息搜索服务热搜词、热搜图及默认搜索等；
(五)互联网论坛社区服务首页首屏、榜单类、弹窗等；
(六)互联网音视频服务首页首屏、发现、精选、榜单类、弹窗等；
(七)互联网网址导航服务、浏览器服务、输入法服务首页首屏、榜单类、皮肤、联想词、弹窗等；
(八)数字阅读、网络游戏、网络动漫服务首页首屏、精选、榜单类、弹窗等；
(九)生活服务、知识服务平台首页首屏、热门推荐、弹窗等；
(十)电子商务平台首页首屏、推荐区等；
(十一)移动应用商店、移动智能终端预置应用软件和内置信息内容服务首屏、推荐区等；
(十二)专门以未成年人为服务对象的网络信息内容专栏、专区和产品等；
(十三)其他处于产品或者服务醒目位置、易引起网络信息内容服务使用者关注的重点环节。
网络信息内容服务平台不得在以上重点环节呈现本规定第七条规定的信息。
第十二条 网络信息内容服务平台采用个性化算法推荐技术推送信息的，应当设置符合本规定第十条、第十一条规定要求的推荐模型，建立健全人工干预和用户自主选择机制。
第十三条 鼓励网络信息内容服务平台开发适合未成年人使用的模式，提供适合未成年人使用的网络产品和服务，便利未成年人获取有益身心健康的信息。
第十四条 网络信息内容服务平台应当加强对本平台设置的广告位和在本平台展示的广告内容的审核巡查，对发布违法广告的，应当依法予以处理。
第十五条 网络信息内容服务平台应当制定并公开管理规则和平台公约，完善用户协议，明确用户相关权利义务，并依法依约履行相应管理职责。
网络信息内容服务平台应当建立用户账号信用管理制度，根据用户账号的信用情况提供相应服务。
第十六条 网络信息内容服务平台应当在显著位置设置便捷的投诉举报入口，公布投诉举报方式，及时受理处置公众投诉举报并反馈处理结果。
第十七条 网络信息内容服务平台应当编制网络信息内容生态治理工作年度报告，年度报告应当包括网络信息内容生态治理工作情况、网络信息内容生态治理负责人履职情况、社会评价情况等内容。
第四章 网络信息内容服务使用者第十八条 网络信息内容服务使用者应当文明健康使用网络，按照法律法规的要求和用户协议约定，切实履行相应义务，在以发帖、回复、留言、弹幕等形式参与网络活动时，文明互动，理性表达，不得发布本规定第六条规定的信息，防范和抵制本规定第七条规定的信息。
第十九条 网络群组、论坛社区版块建立者和管理者应当履行群组、版块管理责任，依据法律法规、用户协议和平台公约等，规范群组、版块内信息发布等行为。
第二十条 鼓励网络信息内容服务使用者积极参与网络信息内容生态治理，通过投诉、举报等方式对网上违法和不良信息进行监督，共同维护良好网络生态。
第二十一条 网络信息内容服务使用者和网络信息内容生产者、网络信息内容服务平台不得利用网络和相关信息技术实施侮辱、诽谤、威胁、散布谣言以及侵犯他人隐私等违法行为，损害他人合法权益。
第二十二条 网络信息内容服务使用者和网络信息内容生产者、网络信息内容服务平台不得通过发布、删除信息以及其他干预信息呈现的手段侵害他人合法权益或者谋取非法利益。
第二十三条 网络信息内容服务使用者和网络信息内容生产者、网络信息内容服务平台不得利用深度学习、虚拟现实等新技术新应用从事法律、行政法规禁止的活动。
第二十四条 网络信息内容服务使用者和网络信息内容生产者、网络信息内容服务平台不得通过人工方式或者技术手段实施流量造假、流量劫持以及虚假注册账号、非法交易账号、操纵用户账号等行为，破坏网络生态秩序。
第二十五条 网络信息内容服务使用者和网络信息内容生产者、网络信息内容服务平台不得利用党旗、党徽、国旗、国徽、国歌等代表党和国家形象的标识及内容，或者借国家重大活动、重大纪念日和国家机关及其工作人员名义等，违法违规开展网络商业营销活动。
第五章 网络行业组织第二十六条 鼓励行业组织发挥服务指导和桥梁纽带作用，引导会员单位增强社会责任感，唱响主旋律，弘扬正能量，反对违法信息，防范和抵制不良信息。
第二十七条 鼓励行业组织建立完善行业自律机制，制定网络信息内容生态治理行业规范和自律公约，建立内容审核标准细则，指导会员单位建立健全服务规范、依法提供网络信息内容服务、接受社会监督。
第二十八条 鼓励行业组织开展网络信息内容生态治理教育培训和宣传引导工作，提升会员单位、从业人员治理能力，增强全社会共同参与网络信息内容生态治理意识。
第二十九条 鼓励行业组织推动行业信用评价体系建设，依据章程建立行业评议等评价奖惩机制，加大对会员单位的激励和惩戒力度，强化会员单位的守信意识。
第六章 监督管理第三十条 各级网信部门会同有关主管部门，建立健全信息共享、会商通报、联合执法、案件督办、信息公开等工作机制，协同开展网络信息内容生态治理工作。
第三十一条 各级网信部门对网络信息内容服务平台履行信息内容管理主体责任情况开展监督检查，对存在问题的平台开展专项督查。
网络信息内容服务平台对网信部门和有关主管部门依法实施的监督检查，应当予以配合。
第三十二条 各级网信部门建立网络信息内容服务平台违法违规行为台账管理制度，并依法依规进行相应处理。
第三十三条 各级网信部门建立政府、企业、社会、网民等主体共同参与的监督评价机制，定期对本行政区域内网络信息内容服务平台生态治理情况进行评估。
第七章 法律责任第三十四条 网络信息内容生产者违反本规定第六条规定的，网络信息内容服务平台应当依法依约采取警示整改、限制功能、暂停更新、关闭账号等处置措施，及时消除违法信息内容，保存记录并向有关主管部门报告。
第三十五条 网络信息内容服务平台违反本规定第十条、第三十一条第二款规定的，由网信等有关主管部门依据职责，按照《中华人民共和国网络安全法》《互联网信息服务管理办法》等法律、行政法规的规定予以处理。
第三十六条 网络信息内容服务平台违反本规定第十一条第二款规定的，由设区的市级以上网信部门依据职责进行约谈，给予警告，责令限期改正；拒不改正或者情节严重的，责令暂停信息更新，按照有关法律、行政法规的规定予以处理。
第三十七条 网络信息内容服务平台违反本规定第九条、第十二条、第十五条、第十六条、第十七条规定的，由设区的市级以上网信部门依据职责进行约谈，给予警告，责令限期改正；拒不改正或者情节严重的，责令暂停信息更新，按照有关法律、行政法规的规定予以处理。
第三十八条 违反本规定第十四条、第十八条、第十九条、第二十一条、第二十二条、第二十三条、第二十四条、第二十五条规定的，由网信等有关主管部门依据职责，按照有关法律、行政法规的规定予以处理。
第三十九条 网信部门根据法律、行政法规和国家有关规定，会同有关主管部门建立健全网络信息内容服务严重失信联合惩戒机制，对严重违反本规定的网络信息内容服务平台、网络信息内容生产者和网络信息内容使用者依法依规实施限制从事网络信息服务、网上行为限制、行业禁入等惩戒措施。
第四十条 违反本规定，给他人造成损害的，依法承担民事责任；构成犯罪的，依法追究刑事责任；尚不构成犯罪的，由有关主管部门依照有关法律、行政法规的规定予以处罚。
第八章 附则第四十一条 本规定所称网络信息内容生产者，是指制作、复制、发布网络信息内容的组织或者个人。
本规定所称网络信息内容服务平台，是指提供网络信息内容传播服务的网络信息服务提供者。
本规定所称网络信息内容服务使用者，是指使用网络信息内容服务的组织或者个人。
第四十二条 本规定自2020年3月1日起施行。
Regulations on Ecological Governance of Network Information Content
14:00, December 20, 2019 Source: China Netcom
[Print] [Error Correction]
Order of the National Internet Information Office
No. 5
The "Regulations on the Ecological Governance of Network Information Contents" have been deliberated and approved by the National Internet Information Office's, and are hereby promulgated for implementation from March 1, 2020.
Director-General Zhuang Rongwen
December 15, 2019
Regulations on Ecological Governance of Network Information Content
Chapter 1 General Rules
Article 1 In order to create a good network ecology, protect the legitimate rights and interests of citizens, legal persons and other organizations, and safeguard national security and public interests, in accordance with the "National Security Law of the People's Republic of China", "Internet Security Law of the People's Republic of China" and "Internet Information Services Management Measures" 》 And other laws and administrative regulations to formulate these regulations.
Article 2 These regulations apply to the ecological governance of online information content within the People's Republic of China.
The ecological governance of network information content referred to in these regulations refers to the government, enterprises, society, netizens and other subjects. It takes the cultivation and implementation of socialist core values as the foundation, the network information content as the main governance object, and the establishment of a comprehensive network comprehensive governance system. The goal is to create a clear cyberspace and a good cyber ecology, and carry out related activities such as promoting positive energy, handling illegal and bad information, and so on.
Article 3 The national network information department is responsible for coordinating and coordinating the national network information content ecological governance and related supervision and management work, and the relevant competent departments shall perform the network information content ecological governance work according to their respective duties.
The local network information department is responsible for coordinating and coordinating the ecological management of network information content and related supervision and management in the administrative area, and the relevant local competent departments are responsible for the ecological management of network information content in the administrative area according to their respective duties.
Chapter II: Network Information Content Producers
Article 4 The producers of network information content shall abide by laws and regulations, follow public order and good customs, and shall not harm national interests, public interests and the legitimate rights and interests of others.
(Article 5) Network information content producers are encouraged to produce, copy, and distribute information containing the following:
(1) Propagating Xi Jinping's thoughts on socialism with Chinese characteristics in the new era, comprehensively, accurately and vividly interpreting the road, theory, system, and culture of socialism with Chinese characteristics;
(2) Propagating the party's theoretical line, policies, and major central decision-making arrangements;
(3) Show highlights of economic and social development, reflecting the great struggle and fiery life of the people;
(4) Carry forward the core values of socialism, publicize outstanding moral culture and the spirit of the times, and fully display the upward and upward spiritual outlook of the Chinese nation;
(5) Effectively responding to social concerns, solving doubts, explaining confusion, and understanding things, which helps guide the masses to reach consensus;
(6) It helps to increase the international influence of Chinese culture and show the world a real, three-dimensional and comprehensive China;
(7) Other content on taste, style and responsibility, chanting truth, goodness, beauty, and promoting solidarity and stability.
Article 6 Producers of network information content shall not produce, copy, or publish illegal information containing the following contents:
(1) Objecting to the basic principles established by the Constitution;
(2) Endangering national security, leaking state secrets, subverting state power, and undermining national unity;
(3) Those that harm national honor and interests;
(4) Distorting, vilifying, blaspheming, or negating the deeds and spirits of the heroes, and insulting, slandering, or otherwise infringing on the names, portraits, reputations, and honors of the heroes;
(5) Propagating terrorism, extremism, or inciting terrorist or extremist activities;
(6) Those who incite ethnic hatred, ethnic discrimination, and undermine ethnic unity;
(7) Those who undermine the country's religious policies and promote cults and feudal superstitions;
(8) Spreading rumors that disrupt economic and social order;
(9) Spreading obscenity, pornography, gambling, violence, homicide, terror or instigating crime;
(10) Insulting or slandering others, infringing others' reputation, privacy, and other legitimate rights and interests;
(11) Other contents prohibited by laws and administrative regulations.
Article 7 Producers of network information content shall take measures to prevent and resist the production, reproduction, and release of bad information containing the following contents:
(1) using exaggerated titles, whose content is seriously inconsistent with the title;
(2) Speculation on scandals, scandals, misdeeds, etc.;
(3) Improperly commenting on disasters such as natural disasters and major accidents;
(4) those with sexual cues, sexual provocations, etc. that are prone to sexual association;
(5) Shows blood, thriller, cruelty, etc. that cause physical and mental discomfort;
(6) Incitement to crowd discrimination, regional discrimination, etc .;
(7) Promoting vulgar, crude, kitsch content;
(8) It may cause minors to imitate unsafe behaviors, violate social morality, and induce minors' bad habits;(9) Other content that have adverse effects on the network ecology.
Chapter III: Network Information Content Service Platform
Article 8 The network information content service platform shall fulfill the responsibility of the main body of information content management, strengthen the ecological governance of the network information content of the platform, and cultivate a positive, healthy, and upward-oriented network culture.
Article 9 A network information content service platform shall establish a network information content ecological governance mechanism, formulate the platform ’s network information content ecological governance rules, and improve user registration, account management, information release review, follow-up review review, page page ecological management, and real-time inspection. , Emergency response and online rumors, and black industry chain information disposal systems.
The network information content service platform shall set up a person in charge of the ecological management of network information content, allocate professionals who are suitable for the scope of business and the scale of services, strengthen training and assessment, and improve the quality of employees.
Article 10 The network information content service platform shall not disseminate the information provided in Article 6 of these Provisions, and shall prevent and resist the dissemination of information provided in Article 7 of these Provisions.
The network information content service platform shall strengthen the management of information content, and if it finds the information specified in Articles 6 and 7 of these Regulations, it shall immediately take disposal measures in accordance with law, keep relevant records, and report to the relevant competent authorities.
Article 11 Encourage the network information content service platform to adhere to the mainstream value orientation, optimize the information recommendation mechanism, strengthen the ecological management of layout pages, and actively present the information specified in Article 5 of these regulations in the following key links (including service types, location sections, etc.):
(1) Home screen, pop-up window, and important news information content page of the Internet news information service;
(2) Selection and hot search of Internet users' public account information services;
(3) Blogs, microblogs, information services, hot recommendations, list categories, pop-ups, and information services based on geographic location;
(4) Hot search words, hot search maps, and default search of Internet information search services;
(5) The first screen, list, pop-up, etc. of the homepage of Internet forum community services;
(6) Home screen, discovery, selection, list, pop-up window, etc. of the Internet audio and video service homepage;
(7) Internet homepage navigation service, browser service, input method service homepage first screen, list type, skin, association word, popup, etc .;
(8) Digital reading, online games, online animation service homepage first page selection, list selection, pop-up window, etc .;
(9) Home service, top page of knowledge service platform, top recommendation, pop-up window, etc .;
(10) The first screen of the homepage of e-commerce platform, recommendation area, etc.;(11) Mobile app store, mobile smart terminal preset application software, built-in information content service first screen, recommendation area, etc .;(12) Columns, special areas and products of network information that are specifically targeted at minors;
(13) Other key links that are in a conspicuous position of products or services and are likely to attract the attention of users of network information content services.
The network information content service platform shall not present the information specified in Article 7 of these regulations in the above key links.
Article 12 Where a network information content service platform uses personalized algorithm recommendation technology to push information, it shall set up a recommendation model that meets the requirements of Articles 10 and 11 of these regulations, and establish and improve mechanisms for manual intervention and user-independent selection.
Article 13 Encourage online information content service platforms to develop models suitable for use by minors, provide online products and services suitable for use by minors, and facilitate minors' access to information that is good for their physical and mental health.
Article 14 The network information content service platform shall strengthen the inspection and inspection of the advertising space set up on this platform and the advertising content displayed on this platform, and those who release illegal advertisements shall be dealt with according to law.
Article 15 The network information content service platform shall formulate and disclose management rules and platform conventions, improve user agreements, clarify user-related rights and obligations, and perform corresponding management duties in accordance with law and contract.
The network information content service platform shall establish a user account credit management system and provide corresponding services according to the credit situation of the user account.
Article 16 The network information content service platform shall set up a convenient complaint report entrance in a prominent position, announce the way of complaint report, promptly accept and handle public complaint reports, and feedback the processing results.
Article 17 The network information content service platform shall compile an annual report on the ecological governance of network information content. The annual report shall include the work of ecological governance of network information content, the performance of the person in charge of ecological governance of network information content, and social evaluation.
Chapter 4: Users of Network Information Content Services
Article 18. Users of network information content services shall use the Internet in a civilized and healthy manner, and shall fulfill their corresponding obligations in accordance with the requirements of laws and regulations and user agreements. When participating in network activities in the form of postings, replies, messages, and barrage, civilized interaction , Rational expression, shall not publish the information specified in Article 6 of these regulations, prevent and resist the information specified in Article 7 of these Regulations.
Article 19 The creators and managers of network groups and forum community sections shall perform their group and section management responsibilities, and regulate the release of information in groups and sections in accordance with laws and regulations, user agreements, and platform conventions.
Article 20 Encourage users of network information content services to actively participate in the ecological governance of network information content, supervise illegal and bad information on the Internet through complaints and reports, and jointly maintain a good network ecology.
Article 21 Network information content service users, network information content producers, and network information content service platforms shall not use the Internet and related information technologies to carry out insults, defamation, threats, spread rumors, and infringe others 'privacy, and harm others' law rights and interests.
Article 22 Network information content service users, network information content producers, and network information content service platforms shall not infringe upon others' legitimate rights or interests or seek illegal interests by publishing or deleting information or other means of interfering with information presentation.
Article 23 Network information content service users, network information content producers, and network information content service platforms shall not engage in activities prohibited by laws and administrative regulations using new technologies and new applications such as deep learning and virtual reality.
Article 24. Network information content service users, network information content producers, and network information content service platforms shall not artificially or technically conduct traffic fraud, traffic hijacking, false registration of accounts, illegal trading accounts, manipulation of user accounts, etc. To disrupt the online ecological order.
Article 25. Network information content service users, network information content producers, and network information content service platforms shall not use party flags, party emblems, national flags, national emblems, national anthems and other signs and content that represent the party and national image, or borrow major national events. , Major commemorative days and the names of state agencies and their staff, etc., carry out online commercial marketing activities in violation of laws and regulations.
Chapter 5: Network Industry Organization
Article 26 Encourage industry organizations to play the role of service guidance and bridge ties, guide member units to increase their sense of social responsibility, sing the main theme, promote positive energy, oppose illegal information, and prevent and resist bad information.
Article 27 Encourage industry organizations to establish and improve industry self-discipline mechanisms, formulate industry norms and self-discipline conventions for the ecological governance of network information content, establish content review standard rules, and guide member units to establish and improve service specifications, provide network information content services in accordance with the law, and accept social supervision .
Article 28 Industry organizations are encouraged to carry out educational training and publicity and guidance on the ecological governance of network information content, improve the governance capabilities of member units and employees, and enhance the awareness of the entire society to participate in the ecological governance of network information content.
Article 29 Encourage industry organizations to promote the construction of industry credit evaluation systems, establish evaluation rewards and punishment mechanisms such as industry evaluations in accordance with the charter, increase incentives and punishment for member units, and strengthen member units' trustworthiness.
Chapter 6: Supervision and Management
Article 30 Network information departments at all levels, in conjunction with relevant authorities, establish and improve working mechanisms such as information sharing, consultation notices, joint law enforcement, case supervision, and information disclosure, and coordinate the development of network information content ecological governance.
Article 31 The network information departments at all levels shall carry out supervision and inspection on the fulfillment of the responsibilities of the information content management platform of the network information content service platform, and conduct special inspection on the platforms with problems.
The network information content service platform shall cooperate with the supervision and inspection carried out by the network information department and relevant competent authorities in accordance with law.
Article 32 The network information departments at all levels establish network account management systems for illegal activities of network information content service platforms, and deal with them according to laws and regulations.
Article 33 The online information departments at all levels establish a monitoring and evaluation mechanism jointly participated by the government, enterprises, society, and netizens, and regularly evaluate the ecological governance of online information content service platforms in their administrative areas.
Chapter VII: Legal Liability
Article 34 If a producer of network information content violates Article 6 of these regulations, the network information content service platform shall take measures such as warning rectification, restriction of functions, suspension of updates, and closing of account in accordance with the law, in order to eliminate the illegal information content in a timely manner. Keep records and report to relevant authorities.
Article 35 If a network information content service platform violates the provisions of Article 10, Article 31, Paragraph 2 of this Regulation, the relevant competent authorities such as Cyberspace shall, in accordance with their duties, in accordance with the Internet Security Law of the People ’s Republic of China and the Internet Information "Service Management Measures" and other laws and administrative regulations shall be dealt with.
Article 36 If the network information content service platform violates the provisions of Article 11 (2) of the present Regulations, the district-level municipality shall conduct an interview with the Internet letter department in accordance with its duties, give a warning, and order correction within a time limit; refuse to correct or If the circumstances are serious, the information update shall be ordered to be suspended and handled in accordance with the relevant laws and administrative regulations.
Article 37. Where a network information content service platform violates the provisions of Articles 9, 12, 15, 16, 16 and 17 of these regulations, the district-level municipal level shall rely on the Internet letter department Duties shall be interviewed, given a warning, and ordered to make corrections within a time limit; if they refuse to make corrections or the circumstances are serious, they shall be ordered to suspend the updating of information and be dealt with in accordance with the relevant laws and administrative regulations.
Article 38 Violates Article 14, Article 18, Article 19, Article 21, Article 22, Article 23, Article 24, and Article 20 of these Provisions Article 5 shall be dealt with by the relevant competent authorities, such as Netcom, in accordance with their duties and in accordance with the relevant laws and administrative regulations.
Article 39 According to the laws, administrative regulations and relevant national regulations, the online information department shall, in conjunction with the relevant competent departments, establish and improve a joint disciplinary mechanism for serious breaches of trust in network information content services. And network information content users shall implement disciplinary measures such as restrictions on engaging in network information services, restrictions on online behavior, and industry bans.
Article 40 Anyone who violates these regulations and causes damage to others shall bear civil liability according to law; if a crime is constituted, criminal responsibility shall be investigated according to law; if it does not constitute a crime, the relevant competent department shall be punished in accordance with relevant laws and administrative regulations.
Chapter VIII Supplementary Provisions
Article 41 The network information content producers mentioned in these regulations refer to organizations or individuals who produce, copy, and publish network information content.
The network information content service platform referred to in these regulations refers to the network information service provider that provides network information content dissemination services.
The users of network information content services mentioned in these regulations refer to organizations or individuals who use network information content services.
Article 42 These Provisions shall become effective on March 1, 2020.
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