In April 2019, the Norwegian government appointed a committee to review the Guidelines for Observation and Exclusion of Companies from the Government Pension Fund Global (GPFG). The Ethics Committee is chaired by Professor Ola Mestad, and is due to publish its report no later than 15 June 2020. It is the Council on Ethics which provides day-to-day recommendations on whether to exclude companies from the GPFG or place them under observation.
The scope of the study is broad and deep. It includes within it the potential to transform the relationship of investing to the normative project of sustainability in its economic and political dimension; and it can also collapse the already thin walls between public and private activities (and with it undermine legal regimes of sovereign immunity and corporate personality). And yet at the same time these lofty possibilities will likely be constrained by the real limitations of technical capacity and the allocation of authority between a bank manager and an ethics "super-ego" with influence but no real authority. And ultimately the limitations of the sovereign financial) power of the Norwegian state will provide the hardest practical limits to direct implementation (even as it serves to project Norwegian soft power well beyond the limits of Norwegian state power). The Committee has been asked to review the following:
The scope of the study is broad and deep. It includes within it the potential to transform the relationship of investing to the normative project of sustainability in its economic and political dimension; and it can also collapse the already thin walls between public and private activities (and with it undermine legal regimes of sovereign immunity and corporate personality). And yet at the same time these lofty possibilities will likely be constrained by the real limitations of technical capacity and the allocation of authority between a bank manager and an ethics "super-ego" with influence but no real authority. And ultimately the limitations of the sovereign financial) power of the Norwegian state will provide the hardest practical limits to direct implementation (even as it serves to project Norwegian soft power well beyond the limits of Norwegian state power). The Committee has been asked to review the following:
1. Ethical criteria: "(1) Assess the extent to which the Norwegian and international consensus with regard to the minimum ethical requirements applicable to companies have evolved. (2) Based on the above, review the contents of the existing ethical criteria in the guidelines and assess whether these should be amended, including whether some criteria should be omitted or new ones added."
2. Measures: "(1) Whether and when the exercise of ownership rights is better suited than observation or exclusion for attending to the ethical obligations of the Fund, or may be more appropriate for other reasons. (2) The effect of the various measures and the extent to which these cause changes in company conduct, thereby reducing the risk of future guideline violations. This must, inter alia, be considered from the perspective of the size of the Fund and its ownership stakes, as well as the extent to which the industry- and country-affiliation of companies influences the likely effect of the various measures."
3. Ethical considerations relating to specific countries: "(1) Whether there are considerations suggesting that the provision for government bond exemption should be amended. (2) Ethical considerations relating to the Fund’s investments in countries whose legislation and regulatory frameworks are in conflict with recognised international conventions and standards, as well as how these can be handled, including whether the current guidelines are suited for investments in such countries. (3) Other delineations between companies and states, including how these can be handled. One example is companies’ sales of weapons to states which may use these in a manner that violates humanitarian law."
4. Access to information: "(1) What should be the implications for the assessments under the guidelines of the availability of information on individual companies not being sufficient to assess the basis for observation and exclusion. (2) What should be the implications for the assessments under the guidelines of individual companies not responding to communications or not disclosing sufficient information upon request. (3) Whether it would in the abovementioned cases suffice to demonstrate that violations of ethical norms are likely under reference to, inter alia, a risk assessment of the sector/industry and region/country. (4) Whether the current guidelines are suited for investments in countries with limited access to information."
The Review Committee has just launched its website: HERE. It invites anyone interested to provide input.
Information about the Committee: (1) Members; (2) Mandate follows below (with links).
If you would like provide input to the Ethics Committee, please use the form below. We will read all the comments or suggestions we receive, but are unable to reply to each one individually. Comments will be published on this website unless the sender specifically opts out.
Information about the Committee: (1) Members; (2) Mandate follows below (with links).
Members of the Committee
Ola Mestad – ChairLLD, head of the Scandinavian Institute for Maritime Law at the University of Oslo.
Professor Ola Mestad is the former chair of the GPFG’s Council on Ethics and the OECD National Contact Point for responsible business in Norway. He currently chairs the government appointed Ethics Information Committee.
Egil Matsen
PhD Economics, Deputy Governor of Norges Bank.
Egil Matsen has particular responsibility for facilitating and following up the Executive Board’s consideration of matters relating to Norges Bank Investment Management (NBIM), the entity responsible for investing the GPFG’s funds. He also chairs two Executive Board subcommittees: the Ownership Committee and the Risk and Investment Committee. Mestad was formerly a professor at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU).
Johan H. Andresen
MBA, owner and chair of Ferd.
Johan H. Andresen currently chairs the Council on Ethics for the Government Pension Fund Global (GPFG). He serves on the boards of SEB, the NMI-Nordic Microfinance Initiative and Junior Achievement Europe.
Gro Nystuen
LLD, Assistant Director of the Norwegian National Human Rights Institution (NIM).
Gro Nystuen has worked at the Norwegian Foreign Ministry and the University of Oslo. She is a former chair of the Council on Ethics for the Government Pension Fund Global (GPFG). She is affiliated with the Norwegian Academy of International Law (NAIL).
Svein Richard Brandtzæg
PhD Engineering, chair of Veidekke ASA and the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU).
Svein Richard Brandtzæg is the former CEO of Norsk Hydro. He has served on the European Round Table of Industrialists, the International Council of Metal and Mining, Economic Forum and the Industry Board of Transparency International.
Olaug Svarva
MBA, chair of DNB ASA and Norfund, member of the board of Investinor and Institute of International Finance (IIF).
Olaug Svarva is the former CEO of Folketrygdfondet and Sparebank1 Aktiv Forvaltning, and the former Chief Investment Officer of Sparebank1 Livsforsikring. She has previously served on the boards of the Oslo Stock Exchange and the employers’ association Spekter, among others.
Cecilie Hellestveit
LLD, member of the Council on Ethics for the Government Pension Fund Global (GPFG).
Cecilie Hellestveit has worked at research institutes, such as PRIO, NUPI, the University of Oslo, Max Planck and the Atlantic Council. She has also served on the boards of the Norwegian Refugee Council and the Norwegian Immigration Appeals Board (UNE), and on the South-East Regional Health Authority’s medical and health research ethics committees.
Astrid Undheim
PhD Engineering, head of Analytics & AI at Telenor Research, based in Trondheim.
Astrid Undheim works closely with and was involved in the creation of the Norwegian Open AI Lab at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) in Trondheim.
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Mandate for the Commission appointed to review the ethical guidelines for the GPFG
Date: 5 April 2019
The Graver Commission held, at the same time, that the Fund is not suited for attending to all ethical obligations of Norway. A broad range of these obligations are better addressed via other measures than the investment strategy for the Fund. These include, according to the Commission, for example the obligation to relieve suffering and reduce international poverty. The Commission held that such obligations have to do with how we spend the petroleum revenues, and not with how we manage the revenues allocated to the Fund. The Commission stated that it «might be considered unethical in relation to future generations of Norwegians to impose costs on the Fund purely to roll out fairly symbolic ethically motivated measures to shore up a policy which it would be better to advance by other means».
The Graver Commission recommended that the ethical obligations incumbent on the state by virtue of its holdings in the Fund be observed through three sets of measures:
The Guidelines for Observation and Exclusion from the Government Pension Fund Global (the ethical guidelines) have evolved over time. In 2008, the Ministry of Finance carried out a comprehensive evaluation of the ethical guidelines. Tobacco was introduced as a new product criterion in the wake of this review. The Ministry also aimed for improved coordination between the measures by, inter alia, requiring the assessment as to whether a company should be excluded to address whether other measures might be more appropriate. Also, the observation of companies was established as a new measure.
From 2015, decision-making authority in observation and exclusion matters was delegated from the Ministry to Norges Bank.1) The purpose was, inter alia, to facilitate good cooperation between the Council on Ethics and Norges Bank, thus making it easier to consider the various measures in relation to each other and use these in an appropriate manner in each case. Under this division of responsibilities, the Council on Ethics assesses and recommends whether companies be excluded or placed under observation, whilst the Executive Board of Norges Bank makes decisions in such cases. As far as the coal criterion is concerned, companies are assessed by Norges Bank. Before the Executive Board makes a decision on the exclusion of a company, the Bank shall assess whether other measures, including the exercise of ownership rights, may be better suited to reducing the risk of continued norm violations.
A new conduct-based climate criterion and a product-based coal criterion were introduced in 2016.
138 companies were excluded and 22 companies were placed under observation as at yearend 2018. The coal criterion accounted for about half of these, with 68 excluded companies and 14 companies placed under observation.
The requirements applicable to Norges Bank as a responsible investor have since the establishment of the ethical guidelines in 2004 and the comprehensive evaluation in 2008 become more clearly and extensively specified in the management mandate. The Bank has refined its responsible management of the Government Pension Fund Global over time. Environmental, social and corporate governance considerations are integrated into asset management. The Bank reports annually on its responsible investment efforts.
It is important for the ethical guidelines to facilitate principle-based, consistent and predictable interpretation and implementation. The guidelines draw considerable attention, both domestically and internationally. A number of proposals have over time been tabled in the Storting on new criteria and on the implementation of the guidelines. The Graver Commission’s report has served as a key point of reference in the assessment of such proposals.
It is, at the same time, appropriate to review the ethical guidelines anew in view of various developments over the intervening period. The Fund is now much larger than in 2004, the Fund’s ownership stakes have increased and the investments are spread across more countries. Besides, the practices of other funds have changed, international responsible investment standards have evolved and the international community has been confronted with new ethical challenges.
The Commission shall base its review on the following premises:
The Commission shall:
In connection with the delegation of decision-making authority for the observation and exclusion of companies from the Ministry of Finance to Norges Bank in 2015, it was emphasised that the Bank should seek to establish «an integrated chain of responsible investment measures». This chain establishes a link between exclusion, observation, exercise of ownership rights and other responsible investment measures. As far as the ethical guidelines are concerned, the practical implication is that one considers whether observation or the exercise of ownership rights should be used instead of the exclusion of a company; see Figure 1.
Figure 1: The ethical framework for the Government Pension Fund Global
The Commission shall assess:
The Guidelines for Observation and Exclusion address companies, and not countries. Discretionary decisions to exclude individual countries might under certain conditions be bordering on foreign policy. Section 3-1, Sub-section 2 c), of the management mandate for the Government Pension Fund Global nonetheless stipulates a so-called «government bond exemption», which implies that the Fund should not be invested in fixed-income instruments issued by states that are subject to UN sanctions or other international initiatives of a particularly large scale, where Norway supports such initiatives. This is considered an objective criterion.
In some countries, the scope of companies for compliance with some of the criteria, especially the human rights criterion, will be limited. These include, inter alia, countries whose national regulatory frameworks and practises are not based on, or are even in conflict with, the fundamental rights laid down in international conventions and standards. This means that companies must in some cases violate the laws of the state in which they have their operations in order to comply with international conventions and standards. The Council on Ethics may in such situations be confronted with the dilemma of either recommending exclusion, and thereby risk this being perceived as criticism of the authorities, or only basing its assessments on factors that can be influenced by a company, thereby not excluding companies that are required to violate fundamental rights under local regulations. The latter may be perceived as legitimising situations that would have resulted in an exclusion recommendation under other circumstances. One issue is how to comply with the requirements laid down in the ethical guidelines without the Fund being perceived as a foreign policy instrument. Another issue is what implications companies’ latitude should have for the assessments under the guidelines.
The Commission shall assess:
The Commission shall assess:
The Commission shall submit its report by 15 June 2020.
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Footnotes:
1) Cf. Meld. St. 19 (2013-2014); The Management of the Government Pension Fund in 2013, cf. Innst. 200 S (2013-2014). The changes were primarily based on recommendations from the Strategy Council for the GPFG.
2) Cf., inter alia, letter of 13 November 2018 from the Council on Ethics to the Ministry of Finance.
If you would like
provide input to the Ethics Committee, please use the form below. We
will read all the comments or suggestions we receive, but are unable to
reply to each one individually. Comments will be published on this
website unless the sender specifically opts out.
Please note that the normal rules relating to public administration apply should anyone make a formal request to see the input the Committee has received. The comments published on this website will carry the sender’s full name and will be open to public viewing. Attachments not authored by the comment’s sender will not normally be published.
Date: 5 April 2019
- Background and developments
- Ensuring that future generations also benefit from the petroleum wealth. This suggests that the Fund should be managed with a view to achieving good long-term returns.
- Respecting fundamental rights by not investing where there is an unacceptable risk that the Fund contributes to grossly unethical conditions.
The Graver Commission held, at the same time, that the Fund is not suited for attending to all ethical obligations of Norway. A broad range of these obligations are better addressed via other measures than the investment strategy for the Fund. These include, according to the Commission, for example the obligation to relieve suffering and reduce international poverty. The Commission held that such obligations have to do with how we spend the petroleum revenues, and not with how we manage the revenues allocated to the Fund. The Commission stated that it «might be considered unethical in relation to future generations of Norwegians to impose costs on the Fund purely to roll out fairly symbolic ethically motivated measures to shore up a policy which it would be better to advance by other means».
The Graver Commission recommended that the ethical obligations incumbent on the state by virtue of its holdings in the Fund be observed through three sets of measures:
- Exercise of ownership rights to achieve good long-term financial returns based on the
UN Global Compact and the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises. - Negative screening of companies which themselves or through entities they control, produce weapons that violate fundamental humanitarian principles through their normal use.
- Exclusion of companies where there is an unacceptable risk that one will through ownership contribute to serious or systematic violations of ethical norms relating to, inter alia, human rights and environmental damage.
The Guidelines for Observation and Exclusion from the Government Pension Fund Global (the ethical guidelines) have evolved over time. In 2008, the Ministry of Finance carried out a comprehensive evaluation of the ethical guidelines. Tobacco was introduced as a new product criterion in the wake of this review. The Ministry also aimed for improved coordination between the measures by, inter alia, requiring the assessment as to whether a company should be excluded to address whether other measures might be more appropriate. Also, the observation of companies was established as a new measure.
From 2015, decision-making authority in observation and exclusion matters was delegated from the Ministry to Norges Bank.1) The purpose was, inter alia, to facilitate good cooperation between the Council on Ethics and Norges Bank, thus making it easier to consider the various measures in relation to each other and use these in an appropriate manner in each case. Under this division of responsibilities, the Council on Ethics assesses and recommends whether companies be excluded or placed under observation, whilst the Executive Board of Norges Bank makes decisions in such cases. As far as the coal criterion is concerned, companies are assessed by Norges Bank. Before the Executive Board makes a decision on the exclusion of a company, the Bank shall assess whether other measures, including the exercise of ownership rights, may be better suited to reducing the risk of continued norm violations.
A new conduct-based climate criterion and a product-based coal criterion were introduced in 2016.
138 companies were excluded and 22 companies were placed under observation as at yearend 2018. The coal criterion accounted for about half of these, with 68 excluded companies and 14 companies placed under observation.
The requirements applicable to Norges Bank as a responsible investor have since the establishment of the ethical guidelines in 2004 and the comprehensive evaluation in 2008 become more clearly and extensively specified in the management mandate. The Bank has refined its responsible management of the Government Pension Fund Global over time. Environmental, social and corporate governance considerations are integrated into asset management. The Bank reports annually on its responsible investment efforts.
It is important for the ethical guidelines to facilitate principle-based, consistent and predictable interpretation and implementation. The guidelines draw considerable attention, both domestically and internationally. A number of proposals have over time been tabled in the Storting on new criteria and on the implementation of the guidelines. The Graver Commission’s report has served as a key point of reference in the assessment of such proposals.
It is, at the same time, appropriate to review the ethical guidelines anew in view of various developments over the intervening period. The Fund is now much larger than in 2004, the Fund’s ownership stakes have increased and the investments are spread across more countries. Besides, the practices of other funds have changed, international responsible investment standards have evolved and the international community has been confronted with new ethical challenges.
- Instructions for the Commission
The Commission shall base its review on the following premises:
- The ethical guidelines shall be based on ethical norms that are broadly supported in Norwegian society and reflect international agreements and initiatives ratified or endorsed by Norway. The purpose is to ensure consistent and systematic implementation of the guidelines across companies and over time.
- The overarching objective for the management of the Fund is the highest possible return, given an acceptable level of risk. Ensuring that future generations benefit from the petroleum wealth is in itself an ethical obligation. This implies that the Fund shall be a responsible financial investor, and not a policy instrument.
- Exclusion is a forceful measure that should be reserved for the most severe violations of norms. There is a broad political consensus that there shall be a high threshold for excluding whole product groups or industries from the Fund. Exclusions must also be considered from the perspective of overall return and risk in the Fund.
- The Commission shall not assess the efforts of, or submit advice on, the division of responsibilities between the Ministry of Finance, the Council on Ethics and Norges Bank.
- Ethical criteria
The Commission shall:
- Assess the extent to which the Norwegian and international consensus with regard to the minimum ethical requirements applicable to companies have evolved.
- Based on the above, review the contents of the existing ethical criteria in the guidelines and assess whether these should be amended, including whether some criteria should be omitted or new ones added.
In connection with the delegation of decision-making authority for the observation and exclusion of companies from the Ministry of Finance to Norges Bank in 2015, it was emphasised that the Bank should seek to establish «an integrated chain of responsible investment measures». This chain establishes a link between exclusion, observation, exercise of ownership rights and other responsible investment measures. As far as the ethical guidelines are concerned, the practical implication is that one considers whether observation or the exercise of ownership rights should be used instead of the exclusion of a company; see Figure 1.
Figure 1: The ethical framework for the Government Pension Fund Global
The Commission shall assess:
- Whether and when the exercise of ownership rights is better suited than observation or exclusion for attending to the ethical obligations of the Fund, or may be more appropriate for other reasons.
- The effect of the various measures and the extent to which these cause changes in company conduct, thereby reducing the risk of future guideline violations. This must, inter alia, be considered from the perspective of the size of the Fund and its ownership stakes, as well as the extent to which the industry- and country-affiliation of companies influences the likely effect of the various measures.
The Guidelines for Observation and Exclusion address companies, and not countries. Discretionary decisions to exclude individual countries might under certain conditions be bordering on foreign policy. Section 3-1, Sub-section 2 c), of the management mandate for the Government Pension Fund Global nonetheless stipulates a so-called «government bond exemption», which implies that the Fund should not be invested in fixed-income instruments issued by states that are subject to UN sanctions or other international initiatives of a particularly large scale, where Norway supports such initiatives. This is considered an objective criterion.
In some countries, the scope of companies for compliance with some of the criteria, especially the human rights criterion, will be limited. These include, inter alia, countries whose national regulatory frameworks and practises are not based on, or are even in conflict with, the fundamental rights laid down in international conventions and standards. This means that companies must in some cases violate the laws of the state in which they have their operations in order to comply with international conventions and standards. The Council on Ethics may in such situations be confronted with the dilemma of either recommending exclusion, and thereby risk this being perceived as criticism of the authorities, or only basing its assessments on factors that can be influenced by a company, thereby not excluding companies that are required to violate fundamental rights under local regulations. The latter may be perceived as legitimising situations that would have resulted in an exclusion recommendation under other circumstances. One issue is how to comply with the requirements laid down in the ethical guidelines without the Fund being perceived as a foreign policy instrument. Another issue is what implications companies’ latitude should have for the assessments under the guidelines.
The Commission shall assess:
- Whether there are considerations suggesting that the provision for government bond exemption should be amended.
- Ethical considerations relating to the Fund’s investments in countries whose legislation and regulatory frameworks are in conflict with recognised international conventions and standards, as well as how these can be handled, including whether the current guidelines are suited for investments in such countries.
- Other delineations between companies and states, including how these can be handled. One example is companies’ sales of weapons to states which may use these in a manner that violates humanitarian law.
- Access to information
The Commission shall assess:
- What should be the implications for the assessments under the guidelines of the availability of information on individual companies not being sufficient to assess the basis for observation and exclusion.
- What should be the implications for the assessments under the guidelines of individual companies not responding to communications or not disclosing sufficient information upon request.
- Whether it would in the abovementioned cases suffice to demonstrate that violations of ethical norms are likely under reference to, inter alia, a risk assessment of the sector/industry and region/country.
- Whether the current guidelines are suited for investments in countries with limited access to information.
The Commission shall submit its report by 15 June 2020.
_________
Footnotes:
1) Cf. Meld. St. 19 (2013-2014); The Management of the Government Pension Fund in 2013, cf. Innst. 200 S (2013-2014). The changes were primarily based on recommendations from the Strategy Council for the GPFG.
2) Cf., inter alia, letter of 13 November 2018 from the Council on Ethics to the Ministry of Finance.
__________
If you would like
provide input to the Ethics Committee, please use the form below. We
will read all the comments or suggestions we receive, but are unable to
reply to each one individually. Comments will be published on this
website unless the sender specifically opts out.Please note that the normal rules relating to public administration apply should anyone make a formal request to see the input the Committee has received. The comments published on this website will carry the sender’s full name and will be open to public viewing. Attachments not authored by the comment’s sender will not normally be published.
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