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| Sale of English Goods Canton Hong (1858); pix credit here |
One of the important elements of the Decision/Declaration of the recently concluded 3rd Plenum of the 20th CPC Congress was its emphasis on dual tracking economic development..Now divided between a public sector and a complementary private sector, each is required to contribute in its own way and to stay in its own lane. " In these ways, entrepreneurs in China appear to have a vital role to play to “implement the "two unshakable" principles. Unshakably consolidate and develop the public economy, unshakably encourage, support and guide the development of the non-public economy.” ([从这些方面看，中国企业家在“贯彻‘两个毫不动摇’，毫不动摇巩固和发展公有制经济，毫不动摇鼓励、支持和引导非公有制经济发展”方面发挥着重要作用。] Text of Remarks: "Chinese Entrepreneurs as a leading force for new quality productive forces innovation" [致辞 中国企业家是新高质量生产力创新的引领力量] Delivered at the Wenzhou Entrepreneurs Forum: Accelerating the Cultivation and Development of New Quality Productive Forces (2 September 2024); for general discussion here, here, and here).
As part of the institutionalization of this refinement in the relationship between public and private sectors, the Ministry of Justice and the National Development and reform Commission announced distribution for commentary of a Law of the
People's Republic of China on Promoting Private Economy (Draft for
Comments) [中华人民共和国民营经济促进法 （草案征求意见稿）]. See 司法部 国家发展改革委关于《中华人民共和国 民营经济促进法（草案征求意见稿）》公开征求意见的通知 [Notice of the Ministry of Justice and the National Development and
Reform Commission on Soliciting Public Opinions on the Law of the
People's Republic of China on Promoting Private Economy (Draft for
Comments)]; Ministry of Justice Press Release (English) here).
In its Press Release (民营经济促进法草案向社会公开征求意见), the objectives of the draft Law of the
People's Republic of China on Promoting Private Economy is divided into eight parts:
First, clarify the overall requirements. Emphasize the direction and principle of promoting the development of the private economy, ensure the correct political direction of the development of the private economy, and clarify that promoting the sustained, healthy and high-quality development of the private economy is a major policy that the country has adhered to for a long time. The state encourages, supports and guides the development of the private economy in accordance with the law.
Second, ensure fair competition. Emphasize that all types of economic organizations, including private economic organizations, outside the negative list of market access shall enter the market equally in accordance with the law, implement the fair competition review system, standardize bidding, government procurement and other behaviors, and promote private economic organizations to participate in market competition fairly and use production factors equally.
Third, improve the investment and financing environment. Support private economic organizations to participate in major national strategies and major projects, establish and improve the market-based sharing mechanism of financing risks, optimize the investment and financing environment of the private economy, and reduce institutional transaction costs.
Fourth, support scientific and technological innovation. Support private economic organizations to play an active role in developing new productivity, encourage private economic organizations to participate in national scientific and technological research, support capable private economic organizations to take the lead in undertaking major technical research tasks, ensure that private economic organizations participate in standard setting and the development and utilization of public data resources in accordance with the law, and strengthen the protection of their intellectual property rights.
Fifth, focus on normative guidance. Provisions are made on giving full play to the political leadership role of party organizations in private economic organizations, protecting the legitimate rights and interests of workers, improving the governance structure and management system of private economic organizations, improving the system and mechanism for preventing and controlling corruption from the source, and fulfilling social responsibilities.
Sixth, optimize service guarantees. Establish a smooth and effective government-enterprise communication mechanism, implement a system for hearing opinions on the formulation of laws, regulations and policy measures closely related to the production and operation activities of business entities, strengthen administrative law enforcement supervision, prevent multiple law enforcement, and improve the system of punishment for dishonesty and credit repair.
Seventh, strengthen the protection of rights and interests. Standardize compulsory measures such as restricting personal freedom and sealing, seizure, freezing, etc., and require them to be carried out in accordance with legal authority, conditions and procedures. It is prohibited to use administrative and criminal means to illegally interfere in economic disputes. Standardize law enforcement in other places. Focusing on strengthening the guarantee of account payment, strengthening budget management, and specifically refining the payment regulations, setting up procedures for negotiation and mediation of overdue accounts.
Eighth, strengthening legal responsibility. Corresponding legal responsibilities are stipulated for different illegal entities and situations, and rigid constraints are strengthened.
This did not come out of the blue (for earlier policy frameworks here) and drafting was announced in February 2024 (here). There has been some commentary from the academic community; see, e.g., here, In many respect the new law represents the legalization of the objectives and premises specified for the private economy in the 3rd Plenum Decision. But much of its form and implementation will depend, as is common in Chinese legality, on the administrative regulations (at the national and provincial levels), and in the application of law (principles) and regulations (mandatory expectations) through the accumulated decisions of officials charged with its actual application.
司法部 国家发展改革委关于《中华人民共和国
民营经济促进法（草案征求意见稿）》
公开征求意见的通知
发布时间：2024/10/10
来源：民营局
党中央、国务院高度重视促进民营经济发展。党的二十届三中全会明确提出，制定民营经济促进法。为贯彻落实党中央、国务院决策部署，进一步优化民营经济发展环境，保证各类经济组织公平参与市场竞争，促进民营经济健康发展和民营经济人士健康成长，司法部、国家发展改革委会同有关方面组建立法起草工作专班，研究起草了《中华人民共和国民营经济促进法（草案征求意见稿）》，现向社会公开征求意见。公众可以通过以下途径和方式提出意见：
1.登录中华人民共和国司法部门户网站（中国政府法制信息网）（http://www.moj.gov.cn、http://www.chinalaw.gov.cn）进入首页主菜单的“立法意见征集”栏目，或者登录中华人民共和国国家发展和改革委员会门户网站（http://www.ndrc.gov.cn）首页“互动交流”板块，进入“意见征求”专栏，提出意见建议。
2.邮件发至：myjjcjf@moj.gov.cn、myjjcjf@ndrc.gov.cn，邮件主题请注明“《中华人民共和国民营经济促进法》征求意见”字样。
3.信函寄至：北京市朝阳区朝阳门南大街6号司法部立法二局（邮编100020）、北京市西城区月坛南街38号国家发展改革委民营经济发展局（邮编100824），并请在信封上注明“《中华人民共和国民营经济促进法》征求意见”字样。
征求意见时间为2024年10月10日至2024年11月8日。
附件：1.中华人民共和国民营经济促进法（草案征求意见稿）
2.关于《中华人民共和国民营经济促进法（草案征求意见稿）》的说明
司法部 国家发展改革委
2024年10月10日
Notice of the Ministry of Justice and the National Development and Reform Commission on Soliciting Public Opinions on the Law of the People's Republic of China on Promoting Private Economy (Draft for Comments)
Release time: 2024/10/10
Source: Bureau of Private Economy
The Party Central Committee and the State Council attach great importance to promoting the development of the private economy. The Third Plenary Session of the 20th CPC Central Committee clearly proposed to formulate a law to promote the private economy. In order to implement the decisions and arrangements of the Party Central Committee and the State Council, further optimize the development environment of the private economy, ensure that all kinds of economic organizations participate in market competition fairly, and promote the healthy development of the private economy and the healthy growth of private economic personnel, the Ministry of Justice and the National Development and Reform Commission, together with relevant parties, have set up a special legislative drafting working group to study and draft the Law of the People's Republic of China on Promoting Private Economy (Draft for Comments) and now solicit public opinions. The public can submit opinions through the following channels and methods:
1. Log in to the portal website of the Ministry of Justice of the People's Republic of China (China Government Legal Information Network) (http://www.moj.gov.cn, http://www.chinalaw.gov.cn) and enter the "Legislative Opinion Collection" column on the main menu of the homepage, or log in to the portal website of the National Development and Reform Commission of the People's Republic of China (http://www.ndrc.gov.cn) and enter the "Opinion Solicitation" column to submit opinions and suggestions.
2. Send an email to: myjjcjf@moj.gov.cn, myjjcjf@ndrc.gov.cn, please indicate "Opinion Solicitation on the Private Economy Promotion Law of the People's Republic of China" in the subject of the email.
3. Please send the letter to: Legislative Bureau 2 of the Ministry of Justice, No. 6 Chaoyangmen South Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing (Postal Code 100020), Private Economy Development Bureau of the National Development and Reform Commission, No. 38 Yuetan South Street, Xicheng District, Beijing (Postal Code 100824), and please indicate "Solicitation of Opinions on the Law of the People's Republic of China on Promoting Private Economy" on the envelope.
The period for soliciting opinions is from October 10, 2024 to November 8, 2024.
Attachment: 1. Law of the People's Republic of China on Promoting Private Economy (Draft for Soliciting Opinions)
2. Explanation on the Law of the People's Republic of China on Promoting Private Economy (Draft for Soliciting Opinions)
Ministry of Justice National Development and Reform Commission
October 10, 2024
* * *
民营经济促进法草案向社会公开征求意见
10月10日，司法部、国家发展改革委在门户网站公布《中华人民共和国民营经济促进法（草案征求意见稿）》（以下简称草案），向社会公开征求意见。
制定民营经济促进法，是党的二十届三中全会作出的重要部署。作为我国第一部专门关于民营经济发展的基础性法律，草案坚持以习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想为指导，贯彻落实党中央、国务院方针政策，深入贯彻习近平总书记关于民营经济发展的重要指示精神，坚持党的领导，坚持以人民为中心，坚持中国特色社会主义制度，坚持社会主义基本经济制度，坚持“两个毫不动摇”，明确促进民营经济发展总体要求，从公平竞争、投资融资、科技创新、规范经营、服务保障、权益保护、法律责任等方面作出规定，更好发挥法治固根本、稳预期、利长远的保障作用，稳定市场预期、提振发展信心，营造有利于包括民营经济在内的各种所有制经济共同发展的法治环境和社会氛围。
草案共9章77条，坚持把改革开放后特别是党的十八大以来党中央、国务院发展民营经济的方针政策和实践中的有效做法转化为法律制度，把对民营经济平等对待、平等保护的要求落下来，既鼓励支持民营经济发展壮大，又注重加强规范引导，促进民营经济健康发展和民营经济人士健康成长。草案坚持问题导向，立足实际情况，既对解决问题涉及的关键性制度和要求作出刚性规定，又为实践探索留有空间。草案主要规定了以下内容：一是明确总体要求。强调促进民营经济发展的方向原则，确保民营经济发展的正确政治方向，明确促进民营经济持续、健康、高质量发展是国家长期坚持的重大方针政策，国家依法鼓励、支持、引导民营经济发展。二是保障公平竞争。强调市场准入负面清单以外领域包括民营经济组织在内的各类经济组织依法平等进入，落实公平竞争审查制度，规范招标投标、政府采购等行为，促进民营经济组织公平参与市场竞争、平等使用生产要素。三是改善投融资环境。支持民营经济组织参与国家重大战略和重大工程，建立健全融资风险市场化分担机制，优化民营经济投融资环境，降低制度性交易成本。四是支持科技创新。支持民营经济组织在发展新质生产力中积极发挥作用，鼓励民营经济组织参与国家科技攻关，支持有能力的民营经济组织牵头承担重大技术攻关任务，保障民营经济组织依法参与标准制定和公共数据资源的开发利用，加强对其知识产权的保护。五是注重规范引导。对发挥民营经济组织中党组织的政治引领作用，保护劳动者合法权益，民营经济组织完善治理结构和管理制度，完善从源头防范和治理腐败体制机制，履行社会责任等作出规定。六是优化服务保障。建立畅通有效政企沟通机制，落实制定与经营主体生产经营活动密切相关的法律法规和政策措施听取意见制度，强化行政执法监督，防止多头执法，健全失信惩戒和信用修复制度。七是加强权益保护。规范涉及限制人身自由和查封、扣押、冻结等强制措施，并要求依照法定权限、条件和程序进行。禁止利用行政、刑事手段违法干预经济纠纷。规范异地执法行为。围绕加强账款支付保障工作，强化预算管理，有针对性细化支付账款规定，设置账款拖欠协商调解处置程序等。八是强化法律责任。针对不同违法主体和情形规定了相应法律责任，强化刚性约束。
今年2月，司法部、国家发展改革委商请全国人大常委会法工委共同牵头组建了由17家中央和国家机关有关单位组成的立法起草工作专班，加强统筹协调，积极推动工作。工作专班深入贯彻落实党中央、国务院的方针政策，认真学习领悟习近平总书记关于民营经济发展的重要指示精神，梳理问题，组织专家研究，分赴地方调研，多次召开座谈会听取民营企业代表、专家学者的意见建议，与中央和国家机关有关单位深入论证，数易其稿，之后送53家中央和国家机关有关单位、31个省（自治区、直辖市）人民政府征求意见。工作专班对各方面提出的近千条意见，逐条研究、吸收采纳，再行组织专家论证，与有关方面反复沟通协调，修改形成草案。党的二十届三中全会后，工作专班对标全会精神，对草案又作了进一步修改完善。
草案公开征求意见是科学立法、民主立法、依法立法的具体体现，是开门立法的又一次重大实践，能够更好地回应关切，凝聚共识，对提高民营经济促进法立法质量，促进民营经济持续、健康、高质量发展将起到重要作用。
公众可通过登录网站专栏、发送电子邮件或者寄递纸质信函等方式提出意见建议。公开征求意见截止时间为2024年11月8日。
Release time: 2024/10/10
Source: Private Economy Bureau
On October 10, the Ministry of Justice and the National Development and Reform Commission published the "Private Economy Promotion Law of the People's Republic of China (Draft for Soliciting Opinions)" (hereinafter referred to as the Draft) on their portal website and solicited public opinions.
The formulation of the Private Economy Promotion Law is an important deployment made by the Third Plenary Session of the 20th CPC Central Committee. As the first basic law in my country specifically on the development of the private economy, the draft law adheres to the guidance of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, implements the guidelines and policies of the Party Central Committee and the State Council, thoroughly implements the important instructions of General Secretary Xi Jinping on the development of the private economy, adheres to the leadership of the Party, adheres to the people-centered approach, adheres to the socialist system with Chinese characteristics, adheres to the basic socialist economic system, and adheres to the "two unshakable" principles. It clarifies the overall requirements for promoting the development of the private economy, and makes provisions in terms of fair competition, investment and financing, scientific and technological innovation, standardized operations, service guarantees, rights and interests protection, and legal responsibilities, so as to better play the role of the rule of law in consolidating the foundation, stabilizing expectations, and benefiting the long-term, stabilize market expectations, boost confidence in development, and create a legal environment and social atmosphere conducive to the common development of various ownership economies, including the private economy.
The draft law consists of 9 chapters and 77 articles. It focuses on transforming the guidelines and policies of the Party Central Committee and the State Council on the development of the private economy after the reform and opening up, especially since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, and the effective practices in practice into legal systems, and implements the requirements of equal treatment and equal protection of the private economy. It not only encourages and supports the development and growth of the private economy, but also focuses on strengthening standardized guidance to promote the healthy development of the private economy and the healthy growth of private economic personnel. The draft is problem-oriented and based on the actual situation. It not only makes rigid provisions for the key systems and requirements involved in solving the problems, but also leaves room for practical exploration. The draft mainly stipulates the following contents: First, clarify the overall requirements. Emphasize the direction and principle of promoting the development of the private economy, ensure the correct political direction of the development of the private economy, and clarify that promoting the sustained, healthy and high-quality development of the private economy is a major policy that the country has adhered to for a long time. The state encourages, supports and guides the development of the private economy in accordance with the law. Second, ensure fair competition. Emphasize that all types of economic organizations, including private economic organizations, outside the negative list of market access shall enter the market equally in accordance with the law, implement the fair competition review system, standardize bidding, government procurement and other behaviors, and promote private economic organizations to participate in market competition fairly and use production factors equally. Third, improve the investment and financing environment. Support private economic organizations to participate in major national strategies and major projects, establish and improve the market-based sharing mechanism of financing risks, optimize the investment and financing environment of the private economy, and reduce institutional transaction costs. Fourth, support scientific and technological innovation. Support private economic organizations to play an active role in developing new productivity, encourage private economic organizations to participate in national scientific and technological research, support capable private economic organizations to take the lead in undertaking major technical research tasks, ensure that private economic organizations participate in standard setting and the development and utilization of public data resources in accordance with the law, and strengthen the protection of their intellectual property rights. Fifth, focus on normative guidance. Provisions are made on giving full play to the political leadership role of party organizations in private economic organizations, protecting the legitimate rights and interests of workers, improving the governance structure and management system of private economic organizations, improving the system and mechanism for preventing and controlling corruption from the source, and fulfilling social responsibilities. Sixth, optimize service guarantees. Establish a smooth and effective government-enterprise communication mechanism, implement a system for hearing opinions on the formulation of laws, regulations and policy measures closely related to the production and operation activities of business entities, strengthen administrative law enforcement supervision, prevent multiple law enforcement, and improve the system of punishment for dishonesty and credit repair. Seventh, strengthen the protection of rights and interests. Standardize compulsory measures such as restricting personal freedom and sealing, seizure, freezing, etc., and require them to be carried out in accordance with legal authority, conditions and procedures. It is prohibited to use administrative and criminal means to illegally interfere in economic disputes. Standardize law enforcement in other places. Focusing on strengthening the guarantee of account payment, strengthening budget management, and specifically refining the payment regulations, setting up procedures for negotiation and mediation of overdue accounts. Eighth, strengthening legal responsibility. Corresponding legal responsibilities are stipulated for different illegal entities and situations, and rigid constraints are strengthened.
In February this year, the Ministry of Justice and the National Development and Reform Commission consulted with the Legislative Affairs Commission of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress to jointly lead the establishment of a legislative drafting working group composed of 17 relevant units of the central and state organs to strengthen overall coordination and actively promote work. The working group thoroughly implemented the guidelines and policies of the Party Central Committee and the State Council, conscientiously studied and understood the important instructions of General Secretary Xi Jinping on the development of the private economy, sorted out problems, organized expert research, went to local areas for investigation, held seminars many times to listen to the opinions and suggestions of private enterprise representatives, experts and scholars, and conducted in-depth discussions with relevant units of the central and state organs. After several revisions, it was sent to 53 relevant units of the central and state organs and 31 provincial (autonomous region, municipality) people's governments for comments. The working group studied and absorbed nearly a thousand opinions raised by various parties one by one, and then organized expert discussions, repeatedly communicated and coordinated with relevant parties, and revised the draft. After the Third Plenary Session of the 20th CPC Central Committee, the working group further revised and improved the draft in accordance with the spirit of the plenary session.
The public solicitation of opinions on the draft is a concrete manifestation of scientific legislation, democratic legislation, and legislation in accordance with the law. It is another major practice of open legislation. It can better respond to concerns and build consensus. It will play an important role in improving the legislative quality of the Private Economy Promotion Law and promoting the sustained, healthy and high-quality development of the private economy.
The public can submit opinions and suggestions by logging into the website column, sending emails or mailing paper letters. The deadline for public solicitation of opinions is November 8, 2024.
* * *
中华人民共和国民营经济促进法
（草案征求意见稿）
第一章 总 则
第一条 为优化民营经济发展环境，保证各类经济组织公平参与市场竞争，促进民营经济健康发展和民营经济人士健康成长，根据宪法，制定本法。
第二条 促进民营经济发展工作坚持中国共产党的领导，坚持以人民为中心，坚持中国特色社会主义制度，确保民营经济发展的正确政治方向。
国家坚持公有制为主体、多种所有制经济共同发展，按劳分配为主体、多种分配方式并存，社会主义市场经济体制等社会主义基本经济制度；毫不动摇巩固和发展公有制经济，毫不动摇鼓励、支持、引导非公有制经济发展；充分发挥市场在资源配置中的决定性作用，更好发挥政府作用。
第三条 民营经济是社会主义市场经济的重要组成部分，是推进中国式现代化的生力军，是高质量发展的重要基础，是推动我国全面建成社会主义现代化强国、实现中华民族伟大复兴的重要力量。促进民营经济持续、健康、高质量发展，是国家长期坚持的重大方针政策。
国家坚持依法鼓励、支持、引导民营经济发展，更好发挥法治固根本、稳预期、利长远的保障作用。
国家坚持平等对待、公平竞争、同等保护、共同发展的原则，促进民营经济发展壮大。民营经济组织与其他各类经济组织享有平等的法律地位、市场机会和发展权利。
第四条 国务院和县级以上地方人民政府将促进民营经济发展工作纳入国民经济和社会发展规划，建立促进民营经济发展工作协调机制，制定完善政策措施，协调解决民营经济发展中的重大问题。
国务院发展改革部门负责统筹协调促进民营经济发展工作。国务院其他有关部门在各自职责范围内，负责促进民营经济发展相关工作。
县级以上地方人民政府有关部门依照法律法规和本级人民政府确定的职责分工，开展促进民营经济发展工作。
第五条 民营经济组织及其经营者应当拥护中国共产党的领导，坚持中国特色社会主义制度，积极投身社会主义现代化强国建设。
国家加强民营经济组织经营者队伍建设，加强思想政治引领，发挥其在经济社会发展中的重要作用；培育和弘扬企业家精神，引导民营经济组织经营者做爱国敬业、守法经营、创业创新、回报社会的典范，践行社会主义核心价值观，做合格的中国特色社会主义事业建设者。
第六条 民营经济组织及其经营者从事生产经营活动，应当遵守法律法规，遵守社会公德、商业道德，诚实守信、公平竞争，履行社会责任，维护国家利益和社会公共利益，接受政府和社会监督。
第七条 工商业联合会发挥在促进民营经济健康发展和民营经济人士健康成长中的重要作用，加强民营经济组织经营者思想政治建设，引导民营经济组织依法经营，提高服务民营经济水平。
第八条 加强对民营经济组织及其经营者先进事迹的宣传报道，支持民营经济组织及其经营者参与评选表彰，引导形成尊重劳动、尊重创造、尊重企业家的社会环境，营造全社会关心、支持、促进民营经济发展的氛围。
第九条 国家建立健全民营经济统计制度，对民营经济发展情况进行统计分析，定期发布有关信息。
第二章 公平竞争
第十条 国家实行全国统一的市场准入负面清单制度。市场准入负面清单以外的领域，包括民营经济组织在内的各类经济组织可以依法平等进入。
第十一条 各级人民政府及其有关部门落实公平竞争审查制度，出台政策措施应当经过公平竞争审查，并定期评估、清理废除含有妨碍全国统一市场和公平竞争内容的政策措施，保障民营经济组织公平参与市场竞争。
市场监督管理部门负责接受对违反公平竞争审查制度政策措施的举报，并依法处理。
第十二条 国家保障民营经济组织依法平等使用资金、技术、人力资源、数据、土地及其他自然资源等各类生产要素和公共服务资源，适用国家支持发展的政策。
第十三条 各级人民政府及其有关部门依照法定权限，在制定、实施政府资金安排、土地供应、排污指标、公共数据开放、资质许可、标准制定、项目申报、职称评定、人力资源等方面的政策措施时，平等对待民营经济组织。
第十四条 公共资源交易活动应当公开透明、公平公正，依法平等对待包括民营经济组织在内的各类经济组织。
除法律另有规定外，招标投标、政府采购等公共资源交易不得有限制或者排斥民营经济组织的行为。
第十五条 反垄断和反不正当竞争执法机构按照职责权限，预防和制止市场经济活动中的垄断、不正当竞争行为以及滥用行政权力排除或者限制竞争的行为，为民营经济组织经营活动提供良好的市场环境。
第三章 投资融资促进
第十六条 支持民营经济组织参与国家重大战略和重大工程。支持民营经济组织在战略性新兴产业、未来产业等领域投资和创业，鼓励开展传统产业转型升级，参与现代化基础设施投资建设。
第十七条 国务院有关部门根据国家重大发展战略、发展规划、产业政策等，统筹研究制定促进民营经济投资政策措施，发布鼓励民营经济投资重大项目信息，引导民营经济投资重点领域。
民营经济组织投资建设符合国家战略方向的固定资产投资项目，依法享受国家支持政策。
第十八条 支持民营经济组织通过多种方式盘活存量资产，提高再投资能力，提升资产质量和效益。
各级人民政府及其有关部门支持民营经济组织参与政府和社会资本合作项目。政府和社会资本合作项目应当合理设置双方权利义务，明确投资收益获得方式、风险分担机制等事项。
第十九条 各级人民政府及其有关部门在项目推介对接、前期工作和报建审批事项办理、要素获取和政府投资支持等方面，为民营经济组织提供高效便利的投资服务。
第二十条 国务院有关部门依据职责发挥货币信贷政策工具的激励约束作用，对金融机构向小型微型民营经济组织提供金融服务按照市场化原则实施差异化监管，督促引导金融机构合理设置不良贷款容忍度、建立健全尽职免责机制、提升专业服务能力，提高为民营经济组织提供金融服务的水平。
第二十一条 银行业金融机构和地方金融组织依据法律法规，接受符合贷款业务需要的抵押质押物，并为民营经济组织提供应收账款、仓单、股权、知识产权等权利质押贷款。
各级人民政府及其有关部门应当为动产和权利质押登记、估值、交易流通、信息共享等提供支持和便利。
第二十二条 国家推动构建完善民营经济组织融资风险的市场化分担机制，支持银行业金融机构与融资担保机构有序扩大业务合作，共同服务民营经济组织。
第二十三条 金融机构在依法合规前提下，按照市场化、可持续发展原则开发和提供适合民营经济特点的金融产品和服务，为资信良好的民营经济组织融资提供便利条件，增强信贷供给、贷款周期与民营经济组织融资需求、资金使用周期的适配性。
第二十四条 金融机构在授信、信贷管理、风控管理、服务收费等方面应当平等对待民营经济组织。
金融机构违反与民营经济组织借款人的约定，单方面中止发放贷款或者提前收回贷款的，依法承担违约责任。
第二十五条 健全多层次资本市场体系，支持符合条件的民营经济组织通过发行股票、债券等方式平等获得直接融资。
第二十六条 建立健全信用信息归集共享机制，为民营经济组织向金融机构获得融资提供便利。
支持征信机构为民营经济组织融资提供征信服务，支持信用评级机构优化民营经济组织的评级方法，增加信用评级有效供给。
第四章 科技创新
第二十七条 国家鼓励支持民营经济组织在发展新质生产力中积极发挥作用。引导民营经济组织根据国家战略需要、行业发展趋势和世界科技前沿，加强基础性、前沿性研究，开发关键核心技术、共性基础技术和前沿交叉技术，鼓励以科技创新催生新产业、新模式、新动能。
引导非营利性基金依法资助民营经济组织开展基础研究、前沿技术研究和社会公益性技术研究。
第二十八条 支持民营经济组织依法参与数字化共性技术研发和数据要素市场建设，依法合理使用数据，对开放的公共数据资源依法进行开发利用，增强数据要素共享性、普惠性，充分发挥数据赋能作用。
第二十九条 支持民营经济组织参与国家科技攻关项目，支持有能力的民营经济组织牵头承担重大技术攻关任务，向民营经济组织开放国家重大科研基础设施，支持公共研究开发平台、共性技术平台开放共享，为民营经济组织技术创新平等提供服务，鼓励各类企业和高等学校、科研院所、职业学校与民营经济组织创新合作机制，开展技术交流和成果转移转化，推动产学研深度融合。
第三十条 国家保障民营经济组织依法参与标准制定工作，强化标准制定的信息公开和社会监督。
国家为民营经济组织提供基础设施、技术验证、标准规范、质量认证、检验检测、知识产权、示范应用等方面的服务和便利。
第三十一条 支持民营经济组织加强新技术应用，开展新技术、新产品、新服务、新模式应用试验，发挥技术市场、中介服务机构作用，通过知识产权质押、创业投资等方式推动科技成果应用推广。
鼓励民营经济组织在投资过程中基于商业规则自愿开展技术合作。技术合作的条件由投资各方遵循公平原则协商确定。
第三十二条 鼓励民营经济组织积极培养使用创新型技能人才，在关键岗位、关键工序培养使用高技能人才，推动产业工人队伍建设。
第三十三条 国家加强对民营经济组织及其经营者原始创新的保护。完善民营经济组织创新成果知识产权保护制度，依法惩处侵犯商标权、专利权、著作权和侵犯商业秘密、仿冒混淆等违法行为。
加强知识产权保护的区域、部门协作，为民营经济组织提供知识产权多元纠纷解决、维权援助以及海外知识产权纠纷应对指导和风险预警等服务。
第五章 规范经营
第三十四条 民营经济组织中的中国共产党的组织和党员，按照中国共产党章程和有关党内法规开展党的活动，发挥党组织在促进民营经济组织健康发展中的政治引领作用和党员先锋模范作用。
第三十五条 民营经济组织应当围绕国家工作大局，在发展经济、扩大就业、改善民生、科技创新等方面积极发挥作用，为满足人民日益增长的美好生活需要贡献力量。
第三十六条 民营经济组织生产经营活动应当遵守劳动用工、安全生产、职业卫生、社会保障、生态环境、质量标准、知识产权、网络安全、财政税收、金融等方面的法律法规，不得妨害市场和金融秩序、用贿赂和欺诈等手段牟利、破坏生态环境、损害劳动者合法权益和社会公共利益。
国家机关依法对民营经济组织生产经营活动实施监督管理。
第三十七条 支持民营资本服务经济社会发展，完善资本行为制度规则，依法规范和引导民营资本健康发展，维护社会主义市场经济秩序和社会公共利益。支持民营经济组织加强风险防范管理，鼓励民营经济组织做强做优主业，提升核心竞争力。
第三十八条 民营经济组织应当完善治理结构和管理制度、规范民营经济组织经营者行为、强化内部监督，实现规范治理。鼓励有条件的民营经济组织建立完善中国特色现代企业制度。
民营经济组织中的工会等群团组织依法依章程开展工作和活动，加强职工思想政治引领，维护职工合法权益，发挥在企业民主管理中的作用，完善企业工资集体协商制度，促进构建和谐劳动关系。
第三十九条 国家推动构建民营经济组织源头防范和治理腐败的体制机制，支持引导民营经济组织加强廉洁风险防控，推动民营经济组织提升依法合规经营管理水平，及时预防、发现、治理经营中违法违规等问题。
民营经济组织应当加强对工作人员的法治教育，营造诚信廉洁、守法合规的组织文化。
第四十条 民营经济组织应当建立独立规范的财务制度，区分民营经济组织生产经营收支与民营经济组织经营者个人收支，依法实现民营经济组织财产与民营经济组织经营者个人财产分离，加强财务管理，规范会计核算，防止财务造假。
第四十一条 支持民营经济组织通过加强技能培训、扩大吸纳就业、完善工资分配制度等，促进员工共享发展成果。
第四十二条 探索建立民营经济组织的社会责任评价体系和激励机制，引导民营经济组织自愿参与公益慈善事业、应急救灾等活动。
第四十三条 民营经济组织及其经营者在海外投资经营应当遵守所在国家或者地区的法律，尊重当地习俗和文化传统，维护国家形象，不得从事损害国家安全和国家利益的活动。
第六章 服务保障
第四十四条 国家机关及其工作人员在促进民营经济发展工作中，应当依法履职尽责。国家机关工作人员与民营经济组织经营者在工作交往中，应当遵规守纪，保持清正廉洁。
各级人民政府及其有关部门建立畅通有效的政企沟通机制，及时听取包括民营经济组织在内各类经济组织的意见建议，解决其反映的合理问题。
第四十五条 国家机关制定与经营主体生产经营活动密切相关的法律、法规、规章和其他规范性文件、司法解释，或者作出有关重大决策，应当注重听取包括民营经济组织在内各类经济组织、行业协会商会的意见建议；在实施前应当根据实际情况留出必要的适应调整期。
第四十六条 各级人民政府及其有关部门应当及时向社会公开涉及民营经济的优惠政策适用范围、标准、条件和申请程序等，高效便利办理涉企事项。
第四十七条 各级人民政府及其有关部门制定鼓励民营经济组织创业的政策，提供公共服务，鼓励创业带动就业。
个体工商户可以自愿转型为企业。市场监督管理部门、税务机关和有关部门为个体工商户转型为企业提供指引和便利。
第四十八条 支持、鼓励高等学校、科研院所、职业学校、公共实训基地和各类职业技能培训机构创新人才培养模式，培养符合民营经济高质量发展需求的专业人才和产业工人。
人力资源和社会保障部门建立健全人力资源服务机制，搭建用工和求职信息对接平台，为民营经济组织招工用工提供便利。
各级人民政府及其有关部门完善人才激励和服务保障政策措施，畅通民营经济组织职称评审渠道，为民营经济组织引进、培养高层次及紧缺人才提供支持。
第四十九条 行政机关坚持依法行政。行政执法活动应当避免或者减少对民营经济组织正常生产经营活动的影响，并对其合理、合法诉求及时响应、处置。
第五十条 对民营经济组织及其经营者违法行为的处罚应当按照与其他经济组织同等原则实施。对违法行为依法需要实施行政处罚或者其他措施的，应当与违法行为的事实、性质、情节以及社会危害程度相当。违法行为具有《中华人民共和国行政处罚法》规定的从轻、减轻或者不予处罚情形的，依照其规定从轻、减轻或者不予处罚。
第五十一条 各级人民政府及其有关部门推动监管信息共享互认，根据民营经济组织的信用状况实施分级分类监管，提升监管效能。除直接涉及公共安全和人民群众生命健康等特殊行业、重点领域依法依规实行全覆盖的重点监管外，市场监管领域的行政检查应当通过随机抽取检查对象、随机选派执法检查人员的方式进行，抽查事项及查处结果及时向社会公开。建立健全行政执法违法行为投诉举报处理机制，保护民营经济组织及其经营者合法权益。
第五十二条 司法行政部门建立涉企行政执法诉求沟通机制，加强对行政执法活动的监督，组织开展行政执法检查，及时纠正不当行政执法行为。
第五十三条 健全失信惩戒和信用修复制度。实施失信惩戒，应当依照法律、法规和有关规定，并根据失信行为性质、轻重程度等采取适度的惩戒措施。
民营经济组织及其经营者纠正失信行为、消除不良影响、符合信用修复条件的，可以提出信用修复申请。有关国家机关应当依法及时解除惩戒措施，移除或者终止失信信息公示，并在相关公共信用信息平台实现协同修复。
第五十四条 建立健全矛盾纠纷多元化解机制，为民营经济组织维护合法权益提供便利。
司法行政部门组织协调律师、公证、司法鉴定、基层法律服务、人民调解、商事调解、仲裁等相关机构和法律咨询专家，参与涉及民营经济组织纠纷的化解，为民营经济组织提供有针对性的法律服务。
第五十五条 国家支持引导民营经济组织在海外依法合规开展投资经营等活动，完善海外利益保障机制，维护民营经济组织及其经营者海外合法权益。
第七章 权益保护
第五十六条 民营经济组织及其经营者的人身权利、财产权利以及经营自主权等其他合法权益受法律保护，任何单位和个人不得侵犯。
第五十七条 民营经济组织及其经营者的名誉权、荣誉权和民营经济组织经营者的隐私权、个人信息等人格权益受法律保护。
任何单位和个人不得利用互联网等传播渠道，以侮辱、诽谤等方式恶意侵害民营经济组织及其经营者的人格权益。网络服务提供者应当依照有关法律法规规定，加强网络信息内容管理，建立健全投诉、举报机制，及时处置恶意侵害当事人合法权益的违法信息，并向有关主管部门报告。
人格权益受到恶意侵害的民营经济组织及其经营者有权依法向人民法院申请采取责令行为人停止相关行为的措施。民营经济组织及其经营者的人格权益受到恶意侵害致使民营经济组织生产经营、投资融资等活动遭受实际损失的，侵权人依法承担赔偿责任。
第五十八条 国家机关及其工作人员依法开展调查或者要求协助调查，应当避免对正常生产经营活动产生影响。实施限制人身自由的强制措施，应当严格依照法定权限、条件和程序进行。
第五十九条 征收、征用财产，应当严格依照法定权限、条件和程序进行。
为了公共利益的需要，依照法律规定征收、征用财产的，应当给予公平、合理的补偿。
第六十条 查封、扣押、冻结涉案财物，应当遵守法定权限、条件和程序，严格区分违法所得、其他涉案财物与合法财产，民营经济组织财产与民营经济组织经营者个人财产，本人财产与案外人财产，不得超权限、超范围、超数额、超时限查封、扣押、冻结财物。对查封、扣押的涉案财物，应当采取必要的保管措施。
第六十一条 办理案件应当严格区分经济纠纷与经济犯罪；生产经营活动未违反刑法规定的，不以犯罪论处；对事实不清、证据不足的刑事案件，依法撤销案件、不起诉或者宣告无罪。
禁止利用行政或者刑事手段违法干预经济纠纷。
第六十二条 办理案件需要异地执法的，应当遵守法定权限、条件和程序。国家机关之间对案件管辖有争议的，可以进行协商，协商不成的，提请共同的上级机关决定，法律另有规定的从其规定。
规范异地行政执法行为，建立健全异地行政执法协助制度。
第六十三条 民营经济组织及其经营者对生产经营活动是否违法，以及国家机关实施的强制措施存在异议的，可以依法向有关机关反映情况、申诉，依法申请行政复议、提起诉讼。
第六十四条 检察机关依法对涉及民营经济组织及其经营者的诉讼活动实施法律监督，及时受理并审查有关申诉、控告。发现存在违法情形的，应当依法提出纠正意见。
第六十五条 国家机关、事业单位、国有企业应当依法或者依合同约定及时向民营经济组织支付账款，不应以人员变更、履行内部付款流程或者在合同未作约定情况下以等待竣工验收批复、决算审计等为由，拒绝或者拖延支付民营经济组织账款；除法律、行政法规另有规定外，不应强制要求以审计结果作为结算依据。
审计机关依法对国家机关、事业单位和国有企业支付民营经济组织账款情况进行审计监督。
第六十六条 大型企业向中小民营经济组织采购货物、工程、服务等，应当合理约定付款期限并及时支付账款，不得以收到第三方付款作为向中小民营经济组织支付账款的条件。
人民法院完善拖欠中小民营经济组织账款案件审判执行工作协调机制，推动案件依法及时立案、审理、执行，对符合条件的相关案件可以先行调解，保障中小民营经济组织合法权益。
第六十七条 县级以上地方人民政府应当加强账款支付保障工作，预防和清理拖欠民营经济组织账款；强化预算管理，政府采购项目应当安排预算，并严格按预算实施；加强对拖欠账款处置工作的统筹指导，对有争议的鼓励各方协商解决，对存在重大分歧的组织协商、调解。协商、调解应当发挥工商业联合会、律师协会等组织的作用。
第六十八条 地方各级人民政府及其有关部门应当履行依法向民营经济组织作出的政策承诺和与民营经济组织订立的合同，不得以行政区划调整、政府换届、机构或者职能调整以及相关人员更替等为由违约、毁约。
因国家利益、社会公共利益需要改变政策承诺、合同约定的，应当依照法定权限和程序进行，并对民营经济组织因此受到的损失予以补偿。
第八章 法律责任
第六十九条 违反本法规定，有下列情形之一的，由有权机关责令改正，造成不良后果或者影响的，依法给予处分：
（一）未经公平竞争审查或者未通过公平竞争审查出台政策措施；
（二）在公共资源交易中限制或者排斥民营经济组织参与招标投标、政府采购。
第七十条 违反本法规定实施异地执法的，由有权机关责令改正，造成不良后果或者影响的，依法给予处分。
第七十一条 违反本法规定实施征收、征用或者查封、扣押、冻结等措施的，由有权机关责令改正，造成损失的，依法予以赔偿；造成不良后果或者影响的，依法给予处分。
第七十二条 国家机关、事业单位、国有企业违反法律、行政法规规定或者合同约定，拒绝或者拖延支付民营经济组织账款，地方各级人民政府及其有关部门不履行向民营经济组织依法作出的政策承诺、依法订立的合同的，由有权机关予以纠正，造成损失的，依法予以赔偿；造成不良后果或者影响的，依法给予处分。
其他大型企业违反法律、行政法规规定，拒绝或者拖延支付民营经济组织账款的，依照有关法律、行政法规规定予以处罚。
第七十三条 违反本法规定，侵害民营经济组织及其经营者合法权益，其他法律、法规规定行政处罚的，从其规定；造成财产损失或者人身损害的，依法承担民事责任；构成犯罪的，依法追究刑事责任。
第七十四条 民营经济组织及其经营者生产经营活动违反法律法规规定，由有权机关责令改正，依法给予行政处罚；造成财产损失或者人身损害的，依法承担民事责任；构成犯罪的，依法追究刑事责任。
第七十五条 民营经济组织及其经营者采取欺诈等不正当手段骗取表彰荣誉、优惠政策等的，应当撤回已获表彰荣誉、取消享受的政策待遇，依法予以处罚；构成犯罪的，依法追究刑事责任。
第九章 附 则
第七十六条 本法所称民营经济组织，是指在中华人民共和国境内依法设立的由中国公民控股或者实际控制的营利法人、非法人组织和个体工商户，以及前述组织控股或者实际控制的营利法人、非法人组织。
民营经济组织涉及外商投资的，同时适用外商投资法律法规的相关规定。
第七十七条 本法自 年 月 日起施行。
(Draft for Comments)
Chapter I General Provisions
Article 1 This Law is formulated in accordance with the Constitution to optimize the development environment of the private economy, ensure that all types of economic organizations participate fairly in market competition, and promote the healthy development of the private economy and the healthy growth of private economic personnel.
Article 2 The work of promoting the development of the private economy adheres to the leadership of the Communist Party of China, adheres to the people-centered approach, adheres to the socialist system with Chinese characteristics, and ensures the correct political direction of the development of the private economy.
The state adheres to the socialist basic economic system such as public ownership as the main body, the common development of multiple ownership economies, distribution according to work as the main body, the coexistence of multiple distribution methods, and the socialist market economic system; unswervingly consolidates and develops the public economy, unswervingly encourages, supports and guides the development of the non-public economy; gives full play to the decisive role of the market in resource allocation, and better plays the role of the government.
Article 3 The private economy is an important part of the socialist market economy, a new force in promoting Chinese-style modernization, an important foundation for high-quality development, and an important force in promoting the comprehensive construction of a socialist modern power and the realization of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. Promoting the sustained, healthy and high-quality development of the private economy is a major policy that the state has adhered to for a long time.
The state adheres to the principle of encouraging, supporting and guiding the development of the private economy in accordance with the law, and better plays the role of the rule of law in consolidating the foundation, stabilizing expectations and benefiting the long-term.
The state adheres to the principles of equal treatment, fair competition, equal protection and common development to promote the development and growth of the private economy. Private economic organizations enjoy equal legal status, market opportunities and development rights with other types of economic organizations.
The development and reform department of the State Council is responsible for coordinating and promoting the development of the private economy. Other relevant departments of the State Council are responsible for promoting the development of the private economy within their respective responsibilities.
The relevant departments of local people's governments at or above the county level shall carry out work to promote the development of the private economy in accordance with laws and regulations and the division of responsibilities determined by the people's governments at the same level.
Article 5 Private economic organizations and their operators shall support the leadership of the Communist Party of China, adhere to the socialist system with Chinese characteristics, and actively participate in the construction of a socialist modern power.
The state shall strengthen the construction of the team of operators of private economic organizations, strengthen ideological and political guidance, and give play to their important role in economic and social development; cultivate and promote the entrepreneurial spirit, guide the operators of private economic organizations to be models of patriotism, dedication, law-abiding operation, entrepreneurship and innovation, and giving back to society, practice the core socialist values, and become qualified builders of the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics.
Article 6 Private economic organizations and their operators shall abide by laws and regulations, social morality and business ethics, be honest and trustworthy, compete fairly, fulfill social responsibilities, safeguard national interests and social public interests, and accept government and social supervision when engaging in production and operation activities.
Article 7 The Federation of Industry and Commerce shall play an important role in promoting the healthy development of the private economy and the healthy growth of private economic personnel, strengthen the ideological and political construction of operators of private economic organizations, guide private economic organizations to operate in accordance with the law, and improve the level of service to the private economy.
Article 8 Strengthen the publicity and reporting of the advanced deeds of private economic organizations and their operators, support private economic organizations and their operators to participate in the selection and commendation, guide the formation of a social environment that respects labor, respects creation, and respects entrepreneurs, and create an atmosphere in which the whole society cares about, supports, and promotes the development of the private economy.
Article 9 The state shall establish and improve the statistical system of the private economy, conduct statistical analysis on the development of the private economy, and regularly release relevant information.
Chapter II Fair Competition
Article 10 The state implements a national unified negative list system for market access. In areas outside the negative list for market access, all types of economic organizations, including private economic organizations, can enter equally in accordance with the law.
Article 11 People's governments at all levels and their relevant departments shall implement the fair competition review system, and the introduction of policies and measures shall be subject to fair competition review, and regularly evaluate, clean up and abolish policies and measures that contain content that hinders the national unified market and fair competition, and ensure that private economic organizations participate in market competition fairly.
Market supervision and management departments are responsible for accepting reports on policies and measures that violate the fair competition review system and handling them in accordance with the law.
Article 12 The state guarantees that private economic organizations can use various production factors and public service resources such as funds, technology, human resources, data, land and other natural resources equally in accordance with the law, and apply the national policies to support development.
Article 13 People's governments at all levels and their relevant departments shall, in accordance with their statutory powers, treat private economic organizations equally when formulating and implementing policies and measures in government funding arrangements, land supply, pollution emission indicators, public data opening, qualification licensing, standard setting, project application, professional title evaluation, human resources, etc.
Article 14 Public resource trading activities shall be open, transparent, fair and just, and all types of economic organizations, including private economic organizations, shall be treated equally in accordance with the law.
Unless otherwise provided by law, public resource transactions such as bidding and government procurement shall not restrict or exclude private economic organizations.
Article 15 Anti-monopoly and anti-unfair competition law enforcement agencies shall, in accordance with their duties and powers, prevent and stop monopoly and unfair competition in market economic activities and abuse of administrative power to exclude or restrict competition, and provide a good market environment for the business activities of private economic organizations.
Chapter III Investment and Financing Promotion
Article 16 Support private economic organizations to participate in major national strategies and major projects. Support private economic organizations to invest and start businesses in strategic emerging industries, future industries and other fields, encourage the transformation and upgrading of traditional industries, and participate in the investment and construction of modern infrastructure.
Article 17 The relevant departments of the State Council shall, in accordance with the major national development strategies, development plans, industrial policies, etc., coordinate the research and formulation of policies and measures to promote private economic investment, release information on major projects that encourage private economic investment, and guide private economic investment in key areas.
Private economic organizations shall invest in and build fixed asset investment projects that are in line with the national strategic direction and enjoy national support policies in accordance with the law.
Article 18 Support private economic organizations to revitalize existing assets through various means, improve reinvestment capabilities, and enhance asset quality and efficiency.
People's governments at all levels and their relevant departments support private economic organizations to participate in government and social capital cooperation projects. Government and social capital cooperation projects should reasonably set the rights and obligations of both parties, clarify matters such as the way to obtain investment returns and the risk sharing mechanism.
Article 19 People's governments at all levels and their relevant departments shall provide private economic organizations with efficient and convenient investment services in terms of project promotion and docking, preliminary work and application and approval matters, factor acquisition and government investment support.
Article 20 The relevant departments of the State Council shall, in accordance with their duties, give full play to the incentive and constraint role of monetary and credit policy tools, implement differentiated supervision on the financial services provided by financial institutions to small and micro private economic organizations in accordance with market principles, urge and guide financial institutions to reasonably set the tolerance for non-performing loans, establish and improve the due diligence exemption mechanism, enhance professional service capabilities, and improve the level of financial services provided to private economic organizations.
Article 21 Banking financial institutions and local financial organizations shall, in accordance with laws and regulations, accept mortgages and pledges that meet the needs of loan business, and provide private economic organizations with loans pledged by rights such as accounts receivable, warehouse receipts, equity, and intellectual property rights.
People's governments at all levels and their relevant departments shall provide support and convenience for the registration, valuation, transaction circulation, and information sharing of movable property and rights pledges.
Article 22 The state promotes the establishment and improvement of a market-based sharing mechanism for the financing risks of private economic organizations, supports banking financial institutions and financing guarantee institutions to expand business cooperation in an orderly manner, and jointly serve private economic organizations.
Article 23 Financial institutions shall develop and provide financial products and services suitable for the characteristics of the private economy in accordance with the principles of marketization and sustainable development, under the premise of compliance with laws and regulations, and provide convenient conditions for financing of private economic organizations with good credit, and enhance the adaptability of credit supply, loan cycle and financing needs and capital use cycle of private economic organizations.
Article 24 Financial institutions shall treat private economic organizations equally in terms of credit granting, credit management, risk control management, service charges, etc.
If a financial institution violates the agreement with the borrower of a private economic organization and unilaterally suspends the issuance of loans or recovers the loans in advance, it shall bear the liability for breach of contract in accordance with the law.
Article 25 Improve the multi-level capital market system and support qualified private economic organizations to obtain direct financing equally through the issuance of stocks, bonds, etc.
Article 26 Establish and improve the credit information collection and sharing mechanism to facilitate private economic organizations to obtain financing from financial institutions.
Support credit reporting agencies to provide credit reporting services for financing of private economic organizations, support credit rating agencies to optimize the rating methods of private economic organizations, and increase the effective supply of credit ratings.
Chapter IV Science and Technology Innovation
Article 27 The state encourages and supports private economic organizations to play an active role in the development of new quality productivity. Guide private economic organizations to strengthen basic and cutting-edge research, develop key core technologies, common basic technologies and cutting-edge cross-cutting technologies according to national strategic needs, industry development trends and world science and technology frontiers, and encourage the use of scientific and technological innovation to give birth to new industries, new models and new momentum and to guide non-profit funds to subsidize private economic organizations to carry out basic research, cutting-edge technology research and social public welfare technology research in accordance with the law.
Article 28 Support private economic organizations to participate in the research and development of digital common technologies and the construction of data factor markets in accordance with the law, use data reasonably in accordance with the law, develop and utilize open public data resources in accordance with the law, enhance the sharing and inclusiveness of data factors, and give full play to the empowerment role of data.
Article 29 Support private economic organizations to participate in national science and technology projects, support capable private economic organizations to take the lead in undertaking major technical research tasks, open major national scientific research infrastructure to private economic organizations, support the open sharing of public research and development platforms and common technology platforms, provide equal services for private economic organizations' technological innovation, encourage various types of enterprises and colleges and universities, research institutes, vocational schools and private economic organizations to innovate cooperation mechanisms, carry out technical exchanges and results transfer and transformation, and promote the deep integration of industry, academia and research.
Article 30 The state guarantees that private economic organizations participate in standard-setting work in accordance with the law, and strengthens information disclosure and social supervision of standard-setting.
The state provides services and conveniences in infrastructure, technical verification, standards and specifications, quality certification, inspection and testing, intellectual property rights, demonstration applications, etc. for private economic organizations.
Article 31 Support private economic organizations to strengthen the application of new technologies, carry out application experiments of new technologies, new products, new services, and new models, give play to the role of technology markets and intermediary service agencies, and promote the application and promotion of scientific and technological achievements through intellectual property pledges, venture capital, etc.
Encourage private economic organizations to voluntarily carry out technical cooperation based on business rules during the investment process. The conditions for technical cooperation shall be determined by the investment parties in accordance with the principle of fairness.
Article 32 Encourage private economic organizations to actively cultivate and use innovative skilled talents, cultivate and use highly skilled talents in key positions and key processes, and promote the construction of industrial workers.
Article 33 The state strengthens the protection of original innovations of private economic organizations and their operators. Improve the intellectual property protection system for innovative achievements of private economic organizations, and punish violations of trademark rights, patent rights, copyrights, infringement of trade secrets, counterfeiting and confusion in accordance with the law.
Strengthen regional and departmental cooperation in intellectual property protection, and provide private economic organizations with services such as intellectual property multi-dispute resolution, rights protection assistance, overseas intellectual property dispute response guidance and risk warning.
Chapter V Standardized Operation
Article 34 The organizations and members of the Communist Party of China in private economic organizations shall carry out party activities in accordance with the Constitution of the Communist Party of China and relevant party regulations, and give play to the political leadership role of party organizations and the vanguard and exemplary role of party members in promoting the healthy development of private economic organizations.
Article 35 Private economic organizations should focus on the overall situation of national work, actively play a role in developing the economy, expanding employment, improving people's livelihood, and scientific and technological innovation, and contribute to meeting the people's growing needs for a better life.
Article 36 The production and operation activities of private economic organizations shall comply with laws and regulations on labor and employment, production safety, occupational health, social security, ecological environment, quality standards, intellectual property, network security, fiscal and taxation, and finance, and shall not hinder the market and financial order, make profits by means of bribery and fraud, damage the ecological environment, and harm the legitimate rights and interests of workers and the public interest.
State organs shall supervise and manage the production and operation activities of private economic organizations in accordance with the law.
Article 37 Support private capital to serve economic and social development, improve the rules and regulations of capital behavior, standardize and guide the healthy development of private capital in accordance with the law, and maintain the socialist market economic order and social public interests. Support private economic organizations to strengthen risk prevention and management, encourage private economic organizations to strengthen and improve their main business and enhance their core competitiveness.
Article 38 Private economic organizations shall improve their governance structure and management system, standardize the behavior of private economic organization operators, strengthen internal supervision, and achieve standardized governance. Encourage qualified private economic organizations to establish and improve the modern enterprise system with Chinese characteristics.
Trade unions and other mass organizations in private economic organizations shall carry out their work and activities in accordance with the law and the charter, strengthen the ideological and political guidance of employees, safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of employees, play a role in the democratic management of enterprises, improve the enterprise wage collective consultation system, and promote the establishment of harmonious labor relations.
Article 39 The state promotes the establishment of a system and mechanism for preventing and controlling corruption at the source of private economic organizations, supports and guides private economic organizations to strengthen the prevention and control of corruption risks, promotes private economic organizations to improve the level of legal and compliant operation and management, and promptly prevents, discovers and controls illegal and irregular issues in operation.
Private economic organizations shall strengthen legal education for their staff and create an organizational culture of honesty, integrity, law-abidingness and compliance.
Article 40 Private economic organizations shall establish independent and standardized financial systems, distinguish between the income and expenditure of private economic organizations' production and operation and the personal income and expenditure of private economic organization operators, separate the property of private economic organizations from the personal property of private economic organization operators in accordance with the law, strengthen financial management, standardize accounting, and prevent financial fraud.
Article 41 Support private economic organizations to promote employees to share the fruits of development by strengthening skills training, expanding employment, and improving the wage distribution system.
Article 42 Explore the establishment of a social responsibility evaluation system and incentive mechanism for private economic organizations, and guide private economic organizations to voluntarily participate in public welfare and charity, emergency relief and other activities.
Article 43 Private economic organizations and their operators shall abide by the laws of the country or region where they are located, respect local customs and cultural traditions, safeguard the image of the country, and shall not engage in activities that undermine national security and national interests when investing and operating overseas.
Chapter VI Service Guarantee
Article 44 State organs and their staff shall perform their duties and fulfill their responsibilities in accordance with the law in promoting the development of the private economy. State agency staff and private economic organization operators should abide by rules and regulations and maintain integrity in their work interactions.
People's governments at all levels and their relevant departments should establish a smooth and effective government-enterprise communication mechanism and promptly listen to the opinions of various economic organizations, including private economic organizations.The opinions and suggestions of the organization shall be collected and the reasonable problems reflected shall be solved.
Article 45 When the state organs formulate laws, regulations, rules and other normative documents, judicial interpretations and other relevant major decisions that are closely related to the production and operation activities of the business entities, or make relevant major decisions, they shall pay attention to listening to the opinions and suggestions of various economic organizations, including private economic organizations, industry associations and chambers of commerce; before implementation, they shall leave a necessary adaptation and adjustment period according to the actual situation.
Article 46 People's governments at all levels and their relevant departments shall promptly disclose to the public the scope of application, standards, conditions and application procedures of preferential policies involving private economy, and handle matters involving enterprises efficiently and conveniently.
Article 47 People's governments at all levels and their relevant departments shall formulate policies to encourage private economic organizations to start businesses, provide public services, and encourage entrepreneurship to drive employment.
Individual industrial and commercial households may voluntarily transform into enterprises. Market supervision and management departments, tax authorities and relevant departments shall provide guidance and convenience for individual industrial and commercial households to transform into enterprises.
Article 48 Support and encourage colleges and universities, scientific research institutes, vocational schools, public training bases and various vocational skills training institutions to innovate talent training models and cultivate professional talents and industrial workers that meet the needs of high-quality development of the private economy.
The human resources and social security departments shall establish and improve the human resources service mechanism, build a platform for matching employment and job search information, and provide convenience for private economic organizations to recruit and employ workers.
People's governments at all levels and their relevant departments shall improve talent incentive and service guarantee policies and measures, smooth the channels for professional title evaluation of private economic organizations, and provide support for private economic organizations to introduce and cultivate high-level and scarce talents.
Article 49 Administrative organs shall adhere to administration according to law. Administrative law enforcement activities shall avoid or reduce the impact on the normal production and operation activities of private economic organizations, and respond to and deal with their reasonable and legitimate demands in a timely manner.
Article 50 Punishment for illegal acts of private economic organizations and their operators shall be implemented in accordance with the same principles as other economic organizations. If administrative penalties or other measures are required to be implemented for illegal acts in accordance with the law, they shall be commensurate with the facts, nature, circumstances and degree of social harm of the illegal acts. If the illegal acts have the circumstances of leniency, mitigation or exemption of punishment stipulated in the Administrative Penalty Law of the People's Republic of China, they shall be leniency, mitigation or exemption of punishment in accordance with its provisions.
Article 51 People's governments at all levels and their relevant departments shall promote the sharing and mutual recognition of regulatory information, implement graded and classified supervision according to the credit status of private economic organizations, and improve regulatory efficiency. Except for special industries and key areas directly related to public safety and the life and health of the people, which are subject to full coverage of key supervision in accordance with laws and regulations, administrative inspections in the field of market supervision shall be carried out by randomly selecting inspection objects and randomly selecting law enforcement inspection personnel, and the inspection items and investigation results shall be promptly disclosed to the public. Establish and improve the complaint and reporting handling mechanism for administrative law enforcement violations to protect the legitimate rights and interests of private economic organizations and their operators.
Article 52 The judicial administrative department shall establish a communication mechanism for administrative law enforcement appeals involving enterprises, strengthen supervision of administrative law enforcement activities, organize and carry out administrative law enforcement inspections, and promptly correct improper administrative law enforcement behaviors.
Article 53 Improve the system of punishment for dishonesty and credit repair. The implementation of dishonesty punishment shall be in accordance with laws, regulations and relevant provisions, and appropriate punishment measures shall be taken according to the nature and severity of the dishonest behavior.
Private economic organizations and their operators may apply for credit repair if they correct dishonest behavior, eliminate adverse effects, and meet the conditions for credit repair. Relevant state organs shall promptly lift punishment measures, remove or terminate the publicity of dishonest information, and realize collaborative repair on relevant public credit information platforms in accordance with the law.
Article 54 Establish and improve a multi-faceted mechanism for resolving conflicts and disputes, and
The judicial administrative department organizes and coordinates lawyers, notaries, judicial appraisals, grassroots legal services, people's mediation, commercial mediation, arbitration and other relevant institutions and legal consulting experts to participate in the resolution of disputes involving private economic organizations and provide targeted legal services for private economic organizations.
Article 55 The state supports and guides private economic organizations to carry out investment and operation activities overseas in accordance with the law and regulations, improves the overseas interest protection mechanism, and safeguards the legitimate rights and interests of private economic organizations and their operators overseas.
Chapter VII Rights Protection
Article 56 The personal rights, property rights, business autonomy and other legitimate rights and interests of private economic organizations and their operators are protected by law, and no unit or individual may infringe upon them.
Article 57 The right to reputation, honor and privacy, personal information and other personal rights of private economic organizations and their operators are protected by law.
No unit or individual may use the Internet and other communication channels to maliciously infringe upon the personal rights and interests of private economic organizations and their operators by insulting or slandering them. Internet service providers shall, in accordance with relevant laws and regulations, strengthen the management of network information content, establish and improve complaint and reporting mechanisms, promptly deal with illegal information that maliciously infringes upon the legitimate rights and interests of the parties, and report to the relevant competent authorities.
Private economic organizations and their operators whose personal rights and interests are maliciously infringed have the right to apply to the people's court in accordance with the law to take measures to order the perpetrator to stop the relevant behavior. If the personal rights and interests of private economic organizations and their operators are maliciously infringed, resulting in actual losses in the production and operation, investment and financing activities of private economic organizations, the infringer shall bear the liability for compensation in accordance with the law.
Article 58 When state organs and their staff conduct investigations or request assistance in investigations in accordance with the law, they shall avoid affecting normal production and operation activities. The implementation of compulsory measures to restrict personal freedom shall be carried out strictly in accordance with the statutory powers, conditions and procedures.
Article 59 The collection and requisition of property shall be carried out strictly in accordance with the statutory powers, conditions and procedures.
For the needs of the public interest, fair and reasonable compensation shall be given when property is collected and requisitioned in accordance with the law.
Article 60: The seizure, detention and freezing of property involved in the case shall comply with the statutory authority, conditions and procedures, and strictly distinguish between illegal gains, other property involved in the case and legal property, property of private economic organizations and personal property of private economic organization operators, personal property and property of third parties. The property shall not be seized, detained or frozen beyond the authority, scope, amount or time limit. Necessary custody measures shall be taken for the seized and detained property involved in the case.
Article 61: Economic disputes and economic crimes shall be strictly distinguished in handling cases; production and business activities that do not violate the provisions of the Criminal Law shall not be treated as crimes; criminal cases with unclear facts and insufficient evidence shall be withdrawn, not prosecuted or declared not guilty in accordance with the law.
It is prohibited to use administrative or criminal means to illegally interfere in economic disputes.
Article 62: If the handling of a case requires law enforcement in a different place, the statutory authority, conditions and procedures shall be observed. If there is a dispute between state organs over the jurisdiction of a case, they may negotiate. If the negotiation fails, the decision shall be submitted to the common superior authority. If there are other provisions in the law, the provisions shall prevail.
Standardize off-site administrative law enforcement behavior and establish and improve off-site administrative law enforcement assistance systems.
Article 63 If private economic organizations and their operators have objections to whether their production and operation activities are illegal, as well as to the compulsory measures implemented by state organs, they may report the situation to the relevant organs, appeal, apply for administrative reconsideration, and initiate litigation in accordance with the law.
Article 64 The procuratorate shall exercise legal supervision over litigation activities involving private economic organizations and their operators in accordance with the law, and promptly accept and review relevant appeals and complaints. If any illegal circumstances are found, corrective opinions shall be put forward in accordance with the law.
Article 65 State organs, institutions, and state-owned enterprises shall pay accounts to private economic organizations in a timely manner in accordance with the law or in accordance with contractual agreements, and shall not refuse or delay payment of accounts to private economic organizations on the grounds of personnel changes, fulfillment of internal payment procedures, or waiting for completion acceptance approval, final accounting audit, etc. when there is no agreement in the contract; unless otherwise provided by laws and administrative regulations, it shall not be mandatory to require the use of audit results as the basis for settlement.
Auditing agencies shall conduct audit supervision on the payment of accounts to private economic organizations by state organs, institutions, and state-owned enterprises in accordance with the law.
Article 66 Large enterprises shall reasonably agree on the payment period and pay the accounts in time when purchasing goods, projects, services, etc. from small and medium-sized private economic organizations, and shall not use the receipt of third-party payment as a condition for paying accounts to small and medium-sized private economic organizations.
The people's courts shall improve the coordination mechanism for the trial and execution of cases of arrears of accounts of small and medium-sized private economic organizations, promote the timely filing, trial and execution of cases in accordance with the law, and mediate relevant cases that meet the conditions in advance to protect the legitimate rights and interests of small and medium-sized private economic organizations.
Article 67 Local people's governments at or above the county level shall strengthen the payment guarantee work of accounts, prevent and clear arrears of accounts of private economic organizations; strengthen budget management, government procurement projects shall arrange budgets and strictly implement them according to the budget; strengthen the overall guidance of the handling of arrears, encourage all parties to negotiate and resolve disputes, and organize consultation and mediation for major differences. Consultation and mediation should give full play to the role of organizations such as the Federation of Industry and Commerce and the Bar Association.
Article 68 Local people's governments at all levels and their relevant departments shall fulfill the policy commitments made to private economic organizations and the contracts concluded with private economic organizations in accordance with the law, and shall not breach or cancel contracts on the grounds of administrative division adjustment, government change, institutional or functional adjustment, and replacement of relevant personnel.
If it is necessary to change policy commitments or contractual agreements due to national interests or social public interests, it shall be carried out in accordance with the statutory authority and procedures, and the losses suffered by private economic organizations shall be compensated.
Chapter VIII Legal Liability
Article 69 If any of the following circumstances occur in violation of the provisions of this Law, the competent authority shall order rectification, and if adverse consequences or impacts are caused, sanctions shall be imposed in accordance with the law:
(1) Policy measures are issued without fair competition review or without passing fair competition review;
(2) Private economic organizations are restricted or excluded from participating in bidding and government procurement in public resource transactions.
Article 70 If any violation of the provisions of this Law is implemented in a different place, the competent authority shall order rectification, and if adverse consequences or impacts are caused, sanctions shall be imposed in accordance with the law.
Article 71 Where any expropriation, requisition, or seizure, detention, freezing or other measures are implemented in violation of the provisions of this Law, the competent authority shall order rectification, and if losses are caused, compensation shall be paid according to law; if adverse consequences or impacts are caused, sanctions shall be imposed according to law.
Article 72 Where any state organ, public institution, or state-owned enterprise violates the provisions of laws, administrative regulations, or contractual agreements and refuses or delays to pay accounts of private economic organizations, or where local people's governments at all levels and their relevant departments fail to perform the policy commitments made to private economic organizations in accordance with the law or the contracts concluded in accordance with the law, the competent authority shall rectify the situation, and if losses are caused, compensation shall be paid according to law; if adverse consequences or impacts are caused, sanctions shall be imposed according to law.
Where any other large enterprise violates the provisions of laws and administrative regulations and refuses or delays to pay accounts of private economic organizations, it shall be punished in accordance with the relevant laws and administrative regulations.
Article 73 Where any violation of the provisions of this Law infringes upon the legitimate rights and interests of private economic organizations and their operators, and administrative penalties are prescribed by other laws and regulations, such provisions shall apply; if property losses or personal injuries are caused, civil liability shall be borne according to law; if a crime is constituted, criminal liability shall be investigated according to law.
Article 74 If the production and operation activities of private economic organizations and their operators violate the provisions of laws and regulations, the competent authorities shall order them to make corrections and impose administrative penalties in accordance with the law; if they cause property losses or personal injuries, they shall bear civil liability in accordance with the law; if they constitute a crime, they shall be investigated for criminal liability in accordance with the law.
Article 75 If private economic organizations and their operators use fraud and other improper means to defraud honors, preferential policies, etc., they shall withdraw the honors they have received, cancel the policy benefits they enjoy, and be punished in accordance with the law; if they constitute a crime, they shall be investigated for criminal liability in accordance with the law.
Chapter IX Supplementary Provisions
Article 76 The private economic organizations referred to in this Law refer to profit-making legal persons, non-legal organizations and individual industrial and commercial households established in accordance with the law within the territory of the People's Republic of China and controlled or actually controlled by Chinese citizens, as well as profit-making legal persons and non-legal organizations controlled or actually controlled by the aforementioned organizations.
If private economic organizations involve foreign investment, the relevant provisions of foreign investment laws and regulations shall also apply.
Article 77 This Law shall come into force on the day of month (year).
* * *
关于《中华人民共和国民营经济促进法
（草案征求意见稿）》的说明
党中央、国务院高度重视促进民营经济发展。党的二十届三中全会明确提出，制定民营经济促进法。为贯彻落实党中央、国务院决策部署，司法部、国家发展改革委会同有关方面研究起草了《中华人民共和国民营经济促进法（草案征求意见稿）》（以下简称草案）。现说明如下：
一、立法背景和过程
改革开放以来，在党的理论和路线方针政策指引下，我国民营经济快速发展，日益成为国民经济的重要组成部分。党的十八大以来，以习近平同志为核心的党中央高度重视发展民营经济，采取一系列重大举措，民营经济在我国国民经济发展中的作用持续提升，成为推进中国式现代化的生力军，高质量发展的重要基础，推动我国全面建成社会主义现代化强国、实现第二个百年奋斗目标的重要力量。为进一步优化民营经济发展环境，促进民营经济持续、健康、高质量发展，党的二十届三中全会通过的《中共中央关于进一步全面深化改革、推进中国式现代化的决定》明确提出“制定民营经济促进法”。制定民营经济促进法已列入全国人大常委会和国务院2024年度立法工作计划。作为我国第一部专门关于民营经济发展的基础性法律，将改革开放后特别是党的十八大以来党中央、国务院发展民营经济的方针政策和实践中的有效做法转化为法律制度，巩固改革成果，回应各方关切，提振发展信心，更好发挥法治固根本、稳预期、利长远的保障作用，营造有利于包括民营经济在内的各种所有制经济共同发展的法治环境和社会氛围。
按照有关工作部署，司法部、国家发展改革委商请全国人大常委会法工委共同牵头组建了由17家中央和国家机关有关单位组成的立法起草工作专班。工作专班深入贯彻落实党中央、国务院方针政策，认真学习领悟习近平总书记关于民营经济发展的重要指示精神，梳理当前民营经济发展面临的问题，归集整理相关政策文件，分赴地方调研，多次召开座谈会听取民营经济组织代表、专家学者等的意见建议，与中央和国家机关有关单位专题研究、深入论证，数易其稿。形成初稿后，听取了21家中央和国家机关有关单位意见，修改完善后又送53家中央和国家机关有关单位、31个省（自治区、直辖市）人民政府征求意见。工作专班对各方面提出的近千条意见逐条认真研究、吸收采纳，再行组织专家论证，与各有关方面反复沟通协调，修改形成草案。党的二十届三中全会后，工作专班对标全会精神对草案又作了进一步修改完善。
二、立法基本原则和思路
草案主要遵循以下基本原则和思路：
一是坚持党的领导。旗帜鲜明规定促进民营经济发展工作坚持中国共产党的领导，坚持以人民为中心，坚持中国特色社会主义制度，坚持社会主义基本经济制度，确保民营经济发展的正确政治方向。二是坚持“两个毫不动摇”。将坚持“两个毫不动摇”明确为法律制度，向社会表明这是国家长期坚持的大政方针。三是坚持依法平等对待、平等保护。把党中央、国务院对民营经济平等对待、平等保护的要求用法律制度落下来，保障各类经济组织享有平等的法律地位、市场机会和发展权利。四是既鼓励支持民营经济发展，又注重规范和引导。促其依法经营、主动融入国家战略、弘扬企业家精神、积极履行社会责任，促进民营经济健康发展和民营经济人士健康成长。五是坚持问题导向。聚焦民营经济健康发展面临的问题，立足我国社会主义制度和国情，着力完善相关制度机制，注重规定、细化解决问题的制度措施，增强制度刚性，持续优化稳定、公平、透明、可预期的民营经济发展环境。
三、主要内容
草案共9章77条，主要规定了以下内容：
（一）促进民营经济发展总体要求。将立法的基本原则和思路作为总则重要内容，并明确促进民营经济持续、健康、高质量发展是国家长期坚持的重大方针政策，强调民营经济组织及其经营者应当拥护中国共产党的领导，坚持中国特色社会主义制度，积极投身社会主义现代化强国建设，遵守法律法规，遵守社会公德和商业道德，履行社会责任，接受政府和社会监督。（第一章）
（二）保障公平竞争。着力健全、完善民营经济组织市场准入领域公平参与市场竞争的制度机制，把实践中行之有效的政策和做法转化为法律制度。规定市场准入负面清单以外的领域，包括民营经济组织在内的各类经济组织可以依法平等进入；对落实公平竞争审查制度、定期清理市场准入壁垒、禁止在招标投标和政府采购中限制或者排斥民营经济组织等作出规定。（第二章）
（三）改善投融资环境。完善制度措施，降低制度性交易成本，优化民营经济投资融资环境。重点对支持民营经济组织参与国家重大战略和重大工程，完善民营经济组织融资风险市场化分担机制等方面作出规定。同时，明确投融资鼓励支持措施在依法前提下，按照平等适用、市场化等原则实施。（第三章）
（四）支持科技创新。鼓励民营经济组织在发展新质生产力中积极发挥作用，以科技创新催生新产业、新模式、新动能。支持民营经济组织参与国家科技攻关项目。支持有能力的民营经济组织牵头承担重大技术攻关任务，向民营经济组织开放国家重大科研基础设施。鼓励公共研究开发平台、共性技术平台为民营经济组织技术创新平等提供服务，推动产学研深度融合。保障民营经济组织依法参与标准制定。支持民营经济组织依法开发利用开放的公共数据资源。加强对民营经济组织及其经营者知识产权的保护。（第四章）
（五）注重规范引导。强调发挥民营经济组织中党组织政治引领作用和党员先锋模范作用；民营经济组织生产经营活动应当遵守法律法规，不得妨害市场和金融秩序、用贿赂和欺诈等手段牟利、破坏生态环境、损害劳动者合法权益和社会公共利益；民营经济组织应当完善治理结构和管理制度、规范经营者行为。同时，对依法规范和引导民营资本健康发展，民营经济组织源头防范和治理腐败，加强廉洁风险防控，建立独立规范的财务制度、防止财务造假等作出规定。（第五章）
（六）优化服务保障。明确建立畅通有效的政企沟通机制，制定与经营主体生产经营活动密切相关的法律法规和政策措施应当注重听取意见，高效便利办理涉企事项，完善人才激励和服务保障政策措施。同时，对强化行政执法监督、防止多头执法等作出规定。健全信用修复制度，对符合信用修复条件的，及时解除惩戒措施并在相关公共信用信息平台实现协同修复。（第六章）
（七）加强权益保护。规范涉及限制人身自由和查封、扣押、冻结等强制措施，并要求依照法定权限、条件和程序进行。禁止利用行政、刑事手段违法干预经济纠纷。细化办案程序，规范异地执法行为。围绕加强账款支付保障工作，强化预算管理，有针对性细化支付账款规定，设置账款拖欠协商调解处置程序等。（第七章）
（八）强化法律责任。为使本法规定的制度措施得到落实，设专章强化有关违法行为的法律责任，增强制度刚性和权威性。（第八章）
The Party Central Committee and the State Council attach great importance to promoting the development of the private economy. The Third Plenary Session of the 20th CPC Central Committee clearly proposed to formulate a law on promoting the private economy. In order to implement the decisions and arrangements of the Party Central Committee and the State Council, the Ministry of Justice and the National Development and Reform Commission, together with relevant parties, have studied and drafted the "Law of the People's Republic of China on Promoting Private Economy (Draft for Comments)" (hereinafter referred to as the draft). The following is an explanation:
I. Legislative background and process
Since the reform and opening up, under the guidance of the Party's theories, lines, principles and policies, my country's private economy has developed rapidly and has become an important part of the national economy. Since the 18th CPC National Congress, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping as the core has attached great importance to the development of the private economy and has taken a series of major measures. The role of the private economy in the development of my country's national economy has continued to increase, becoming a new force in promoting Chinese-style modernization, an important foundation for high-quality development, and an important force in promoting my country's comprehensive construction of a modern socialist country and achieving the second centenary goal. In order to further optimize the development environment of the private economy and promote the sustained, healthy and high-quality development of the private economy, the "Decision of the CPC Central Committee on Further Comprehensively Deepening Reforms and Promoting Chinese-style Modernization" adopted at the Third Plenary Session of the 20th CPC Central Committee clearly proposed "formulating a law to promote the private economy". The formulation of the law to promote the private economy has been included in the 2024 legislative work plan of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress and the State Council. As the first basic law in my country specifically on the development of the private economy, it will transform the policies and effective practices of the Party Central Committee and the State Council in developing the private economy after the reform and opening up, especially since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, into a legal system, consolidate the results of reform, respond to the concerns of all parties, boost confidence in development, better play the role of the rule of law in consolidating the foundation, stabilizing expectations, and benefiting the long-term, and create a legal environment and social atmosphere conducive to the common development of various ownership economies, including the private economy.
In accordance with relevant work arrangements, the Ministry of Justice and the National Development and Reform Commission consulted with the Legislative Affairs Commission of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress to jointly lead the establishment of a legislative drafting work team composed of 17 relevant units of the central and state organs. The working group thoroughly implemented the guidelines and policies of the Party Central Committee and the State Council, earnestly studied and understood the important instructions of General Secretary Xi Jinping on the development of the private economy, sorted out the current problems facing the development of the private economy, collected and sorted out relevant policy documents, went to local areas for research, held seminars many times to listen to the opinions and suggestions of representatives of private economic organizations, experts and scholars, and conducted special research and in-depth discussion with relevant units of the central and state organs, and revised the draft several times. After the first draft was formed, the opinions of 21 relevant units of the central and state organs were heard, and after revision and improvement, it was sent to 53 relevant units of the central and state organs and 31 provincial (autonomous region, municipality) people's governments for comments. The working group carefully studied and absorbed nearly a thousand opinions put forward by various parties, organized expert discussion again, communicated and coordinated repeatedly with relevant parties, and revised and formed a draft. After the Third Plenary Session of the 20th CPC Central Committee, the working group further revised and improved the draft in accordance with the spirit of the plenary session.
2. Basic principles and ideas of legislation
The draft mainly follows the following basic principles and ideas:
First, adhere to the leadership of the Party. It is clearly stipulated that the work of promoting the development of the private economy must adhere to the leadership of the Communist Party of China, adhere to the people-centered approach, adhere to the socialist system with Chinese characteristics, adhere to the basic socialist economic system, and ensure the correct political direction of the development of the private economy. Second, adhere to the "two unshakable" principles. The "two unshakable" principles will be clearly defined as a legal system to show the society that this is a major policy that the country has long adhered to. Third, adhere to equal treatment and equal protection in accordance with the law. The requirements of the Party Central Committee and the State Council for equal treatment and equal protection of the private economy will be implemented in the legal system to ensure that all types of economic organizations enjoy equal legal status, market opportunities and development rights. Fourth, it is encouraged and supported the development of the private economy, and it is also important to regulate and guide it. It is encouraged to operate in accordance with the law, actively integrate into the national strategy, promote the entrepreneurial spirit, and actively fulfill social responsibilities, so as to promote the healthy development of the private economy and the healthy growth of private economic personnel. Fifth, it is problem-oriented. Focusing on the problems faced by the healthy development of the private economy, based on my country's socialist system and national conditions, we will strive to improve relevant institutional mechanisms, pay attention to regulations, refine institutional measures to solve problems, enhance institutional rigidity, and continuously optimize a stable, fair, transparent and predictable development environment for the private economy.
III. Main contents
The draft consists of 9 chapters and 77 articles, which mainly stipulate the following contents:
(I) General requirements for promoting the development of the private economy. The basic principles and ideas of legislation are taken as important contents of the general provisions, and it is clearly stated that promoting the sustained, healthy and high-quality development of the private economy is a major policy that the country has adhered to for a long time. It emphasizes that private economic organizations and their operators should support the leadership of the Communist Party of China, adhere to the socialist system with Chinese characteristics, actively participate in the construction of a socialist modern power, abide by laws and regulations, abide by social morality and business ethics, fulfill social responsibilities, and accept government and social supervision. (Chapter I)
(II) Guarantee fair competition. Efforts should be made to improve and perfect the institutional mechanisms for the fair participation of private economic organizations in market access, and transform effective policies and practices in practice into legal systems. It is stipulated that in areas outside the negative list of market access, all types of economic organizations, including private economic organizations, can enter equally according to law; provisions are made for the implementation of the fair competition review system, regular cleaning of market access barriers, and prohibition of restricting or excluding private economic organizations in bidding and government procurement. (Chapter II)
(III) Improve the investment and financing environment. Improve institutional measures, reduce institutional transaction costs, and optimize the investment and financing environment for the private economy. Focus on supporting private economic organizations to participate in major national strategies and major projects, and improve the market-based sharing mechanism for financing risks of private economic organizations. At the same time, it is clarified that investment and financing encouragement and support measures shall be implemented in accordance with the principles of equal application and marketization under the premise of law. (Chapter 3)
(IV) Support scientific and technological innovation. Encourage private economic organizations to play an active role in the development of new quality productivity, and use scientific and technological innovation to give birth to new industries, new models, and new momentum. Support private economic organizations to participate in national scientific and technological research projects. Support capable private economic organizations to take the lead in undertaking major technological research tasks, and open up major national scientific research infrastructure to private economic organizations. Encourage public research and development platforms and common technology platforms to provide equal services for the technological innovation of private economic organizations, and promote the deep integration of industry, academia, and research. Ensure that private economic organizations participate in standard setting in accordance with the law. Support private economic organizations to develop and utilize open public data resources in accordance with the law. Strengthen the protection of intellectual property rights of private economic organizations and their operators. (Chapter 4)
(V) Pay attention to normative guidance. Emphasize the role of Party organizations in private economic organizations in political leadership and Party members as pioneers and models; private economic organizations should abide by laws and regulations in production and operation activities, and should not disrupt the market and financial order, seek profits through bribery and fraud, damage the ecological environment, or infringe on the legitimate rights and interests of workers and the public interest; private economic organizations should improve their governance structure and management system and regulate the behavior of operators. At the same time, it stipulates that private capital should be regulated and guided to develop healthily in accordance with the law, private economic organizations should prevent and control corruption at the source, strengthen the prevention and control of corruption risks, establish an independent and standardized financial system, and prevent financial fraud. (Chapter V)
(VI) Optimize service guarantee. It is clear that a smooth and effective government-enterprise communication mechanism should be established, and the formulation of laws, regulations and policies and measures closely related to the production and operation activities of business entities should pay attention to listening to opinions, handle matters related to enterprises efficiently and conveniently, and improve talent incentives and service guarantee policies and measures. At the same time, it stipulates strengthening administrative law enforcement supervision and preventing multiple law enforcement. Improve the credit repair system, and promptly lift disciplinary measures for those who meet the conditions for credit repair and achieve coordinated repair on relevant public credit information platforms. (Chapter VI)
(VII) Strengthen the protection of rights and interests. Regulate the restriction of personal freedom and compulsory measures such as sealing, seizure, freezing, etc., and require them to be carried out in accordance with the statutory authority, conditions and procedures. Prohibit the use of administrative and criminal means to illegally interfere in economic disputes. Refine the case handling procedures and regulate the law enforcement behavior in other places. Focus on strengthening the payment guarantee work of accounts, strengthen budget management, refine the payment regulations in a targeted manner, and set up procedures for negotiation and mediation of overdue accounts. (Chapter VII)
(VIII) Strengthen legal responsibility. In order to implement the institutional measures stipulated in this law, a special chapter is set up to strengthen the legal responsibility for relevant illegal acts and enhance the rigidity and authority of the system. (Chapter VIII).
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