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| Pix credit here (Leger Nude Descending a Staircase No. 2 |
Chinese Social Credit systems was once a "thing" both in China and in the West. The reporting and reaction was vast, intense, and ultimately of relatively short duration (my discussion in essays here: Social Credit). It served as a sort of fetish object into which societies could pour their hopes and fears of what they began to understand as the inevitability of the transformation of social relations in the face of technologically enhanced digitization of social actors and the digitalization of their inter-relations. Not that people had not seen this coming--but it was generally left to science fiction writers in the 1950s-1970s and (mostly French) philosophers (it was Foucault who reminded his audiences that individuals were
necessarily going to be reduced to "populations" and "statistics") and thus of little importance other than as markers of pretension or entertainment and both. But starting in the second decade of the 21st century, what was entertainment or pretension became substantially more real as technology (finally) revealed the possibilities for translating theory into operational systems.
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| Pix credit here |
In a very real sense, then, one might be excused for thinking at, at least in its beginning and especially before COVID, the ideal of Chinese social credit was to create, in virtual form, the complexities of social relations, and then to use the analytics that converted physical to virtual representations of social relations to manage--and modify, various aspects of those relations, behaviors, and the like through targeted interventions. It was, at its root, the beginning of an effort to digitize (eventually, and in its most ambitious versions) all of Chinese life and social relations, and then to digitalize these social relations through the construction of what might be understood as the hologram of Chinese life in all its respects. While similar ambitions were on display outside of China, the core difference was embedded in the difference between Marxist-Leninist and liberal democratic systems. In the former the effort was meant to be undertaken under the leadership and guidance of the Communist Party of China (CPC), and to enhance the ability of such leadership and guidance to be most effective. It was centralized and a means of enhancing the ability of the CPC to undertake its basic line. In liberal democratic states it was driven in and through markets, by private natural and legal persons (and other collectives), in which the state (the vessel containing political authority however expressed) played a regulatory and usually antagonistic role (except to the extent the projects suited state officials of course). It was decentralized, and privatized, and driven by collective transactional interactions. In a sense, the Marxist-Leninist social credit project could be understood as essentially deductive and the liberal democratic project as inductive, in the sense that the former constructed social credit as an expression of its principles and objectives (with the State serving as the leading force), while in the later social credit initiatives contributed to the construction of principles and objectives (with the state holding up the rear).
But that has all changed now; even in China. The experiment has fractured, and the challenge from traditional holders of authority and the pull of traditional ways of managing social relations proved too much for a quick transition. More importantly, the fractious competition among organized officials, each in their own little silos, for control of the key aspects of the system: data, data management and use, coding, coordination, algorithms, punishments and reward, and the like) overwhelmed the ambitions of those who might have thought it possible to develop a comprehensive system for popular management. But social credit and its systemicity has not died. Indeed, it has thrived, but now well tamed by the web of social relations within which it was to serve in a decisive role. Some of it has been peeled away into other, more siloed, and less ambitious endeavors--in the form of smart cities, smart courts, smart finance, etc., and perhaps, after the 3rd Plenum of the 20th CPC Congress's further development of socialist modernization and its high quality production principle, in the form of a "smart" Party apparatus. It makes sense from the perspective of a principles lead system. One must first develop all of the component parts of a comprehensive system before it might be coordinated into existence through the CPC's coordinating mechanisms. That preserves the structures of power relations even as it shifts its locus from officials an institutions to the algorithms and data that serve them. And one must ensure that all such component systems conform to law--reminding people (and especially senior CPCP leaders) that the ultimate element in the constitution of a comprehensive coordinated system of "smart" governance will have to involve the automation or the digitalizaiton of law and its rule, and thus perhaps, as well to some extent, of the forms in which the CPC's guidance and leadership must take (see, e.g.,Social
Revolution (社会革命) as Self-Revolution (自我革命) and the New Quality
Production of CPC Modernization: 习近平 深入推进党的自我革命 [Xi Jinping, Deepen the
Party's Self-Revolution] (Part of a speech at the Third Plenary Session
of the 20th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection on January 8,
2024)).
All of this was well on display in the 31 March 2025 release of 中共中央办公厅国务院办公厅关于健全社会信用体系的意见 [Opinions of the General Office of the CPC Central Committee and the General Office of the State Council on Improving the Social Credit System]. The core object remains the same--trust as the organizing object/characteristic that drives system building (Social Credit “in” or “as” the Cage of Regulation of Socialist Legality). Its scope and methods now reflect a new and perhaps less ambitious reality grounded in its contribution to socialist modernization (社会信用制度是市场经济基础制度。[The social credit system is the basic system of the market economy. ])--an object that also appears in liberal democratic states (Trust Platforms: The Digitalization of Corporate Governance and the Transformation of Trust in Polycentric Space) in the development of economic relations, broadly construed. At the same time, its detail suggests that social credit remains a foundational method for the management of social relations with ambitions that exceed a narrow construction of markets and economic activity. One speaks here of social credit as the means of digitally managing in innovative ways, both market relations and trust as it basic characteristic.
The document is organized around sic opinions: (1) General Requirements [总体要求]; (2) Build a social credit system covering all types of entities [构建覆盖各类主体的社会信用体系]; (3) Consolidate the data foundation of the social credit system [夯实社会信用体系数据基础]; (4) Improve the trustworthiness incentive and dishonesty punishment mechanism [健全守信激励和失信惩戒机制]; (5) Improve the supervision and governance mechanism based on credit [健全以信用为基础的监管和治理机制]; (6) Improve the marketization and socialization level of the social credit system [提高社会信用体系市场化社会化水平]; and (7) Strengthen organization and implementation [加强组织实施]. Let's consider each very brefly.
(1) General Requirements [总体要求];. These situate social credit squarely within the ideological development of Chinese Marxist-Leninism in its New Era, but also specifically as a manifestation of new and high quality productivity at the heart of socialist modernization theory as memorialized in the documents produced in the 3rd Plenum of the 20th CPC Congress in July 2024. Of particular interest perhaps was the reminder to "adhere to the general tone of work of seeking progress while maintaining stability, fully and accurately implement the new development concept, adhere to government guidance, market drive, and social co-construction, adhere to the promotion of integrity culture, adhere to the mutual integration of public credit information and market credit information, adhere to reasonable and legal credit rewards and punishments." The melding of social credit and the important objectives of the creaiton of a Socialist Rule of Law state are presented here as both form and object.
(2) Build a social credit system covering all types of entities [构建覆盖各类主体的社会信用体系]. This part of the Opinion was divided into five parts: (1) Deepen the construction of Government credit; (2) Strengthen the credit construction of business entities; (3) Accelerate the credit construction of social organizations; (4) Promote the credit construction of natural persons in an orderly manner; and (5) Comprehensively strengthen the credit construction of the judicial law enforcement system. This section suggests that the ambitions for social credit as outlined in the 2014 State Council paper has not diminished, but that the approach to its realization is now more cautious and more deeply embedded in contemporary patterns and forms of (human centered) governance through law. At the same time, the scope of focus remains economic transaction oriented even as its reach touches on all critical fields of social relations--governmental (including judicial), enterprises, social organizations, and individuals (in markets at least). The focus on judicial credit, grounded on trustworthiness, may be worth quoting in full:
Strengthen the construction of judicial credibility of courts and procuratorates and improve judicial credibility. Increase judicial openness in accordance with the law and safeguard the people's right to know. Strengthen the credit construction of judicial law enforcement personnel, and establish a credit record and credit commitment system for law enforcement personnel. Increase the cost of false litigation, illegality and dishonesty. Strictly implement the identification procedures for dishonest persons subject to enforcement, and optimize relevant dishonest punishment measures. [全面强化司法执法体系信用建设。加强法院、检察院司法公信建设，提高司法公信力。依法加大司法公开力度，保障人民群众知情权。加强司法执法人员信用建设，建立执法人员信用记录和信用承诺制度。提高虚假诉讼违法失信成本。严格失信被执行人认定程序，优化相关失信惩戒措施。]
(3) Consolidate the data foundation of the social credit system [夯实社会信用体系数据基础]. This part is also divided into five parts: (1) Establish a comprehensive, complete and accurate credit records; (2) Strengthen the collection and sharing of credit information; (3) Establish a unified public disclosure system for public credit information; (4) Promote the open circulation of public credit information in an orderly manner; and (5) Strengthen the security protection of credit information.
Of critical importance here may be the focus on the coordination of digitized data flows within a central platform overseen by and through State organ(s).
Strengthen the “general hub” function of the national credit information sharing platform for credit information collection and sharing, adhere to sharing as the general principle and non-sharing as the exception, uniformly collect credit information in various fields, provide credit information services to relevant departments according to needs and regulations, and regularly conduct collection and sharing quality and efficiency evaluations [强化全国信用信息共享平台信用信息归集共享“总枢纽”功能，坚持以共享为原则、不共享为例外，统一归集各领域信用信息，根据需求按规定向有关部门提供信用信息服务，定期开展归集共享质效评估]The 3rd Plenum emphasized the need for coordination, especially in the economic field, including it seems, data and data sharing (which is to be distinguished from the organization and coordination of data platforms through markets, an idea heavily criticized in official discourse). Much of the rest of this section touches on coordination and fulfillment of existing law and regulation. The issue, of course, is coordination where various aspects of law and regulation are vested in different organs of the administrative state apparatus.
(4) Improve the trustworthiness incentive and dishonesty punishment mechanism [健全守信激励和失信惩戒机制]. This section has three subparts: (1) Strengthen incentives for trustworthy behavior, (2) Carry out dishonesty punishment in accordance with laws and regulations; and (3) Improve the unified credit repair system. The focus, as it has been especially since 2014 remain on notions of trust, trustworthiness and its performance within the larger projects of socialist modernization in economic and then social relations. That object has not changed. But its expression and coordination with the project of building a rule of law state has modified the means toward its fulfillment, In a sense, one might think about this as a means of disciplining coders and analytics by alignment them more closely with the processes and forms of law. That still leaves open the sometimes vast spaces left to exercises of administrative discretion (to be taken up by generative A.I.?), But still, it represents a means of both coordination among objectives and a form of at least some sort of discipline in the process of moving from digitization, to digitalization of conduct and its consequences. (See, e.g., The Social Credit System and China’s Rule of Law).
(5) Improve the supervision and governance mechanism based on credit [健全以信用为基础的监管和治理机制]. It ought not to be surprising that this section is divided into six subsections: (1) Implement hierarchical and classified supervision based on credit evaluation; (2) Establish and improve the credit commitment system; (3) Promote the in-depth application of credit reports; (4) Strengthen the credit supervision of contract performance such as government signing and guiding the signing of contracts; (5) Promote credit empowerment of grassroots governance; and (6) Improve the laws, regulations and systems of the social credit system. In a sense here is where the regulatory sausage is prepared. Administrative organs are assigned disciplinary, supervisory, and coordinating tasks. Some of the elements of smart cities are encountered, especially in the context of governmental systems of review and approval of credit based decision making. Perhaps of greater interest in this section is subpart (3):
Promote the in-depth application of credit reports. Promote the full use of credit reports in public management fields such as market access, administrative approval, government procurement, investment promotion, and qualification review. Vigorously promote the use of special credit reports to replace certificates of illegal and irregular records. Encourage the use of credit reports in market transactions such as bidding, financing and credit, and commercial transactions. [推进信用报告深度应用。推动在市场准入、行政审批、政府采购、招商引资、资质审核等公共管理领域充分使用信用报告。大力推行以专项信用报告替代有无违法违规记录的证明。鼓励在招标投标、融资授信、商业往来等市场交易活动中使用信用报告。].
Read narrowly, of course, it suggests maximizing the value of credit reporting within the contours of socialist modernization goals. Read more broadly, it suggests the greater use of credit scores--that is of the determination of a judgment about the aggregate factors that went into producing that score--on a host of interactions with the state. All of this, of course, is to be undertaken in accordance with law--a law that must (in the context of the fundamental dialectics between social credit and law systems) be adapted to social credit objectives to protect the integrity of both systems. "Promote the promulgation of the Social Credit Construction Law and promote the inclusion of credit rules in relevant special laws and regulations. Strengthen comprehensive evaluation before the promulgation of credit policies to prevent the generalization and abuse of credit management measures." [推动出台社会信用建设法，推动将信用规则纳入相关专项法律法规。加强信用政策出台前的综合评估，防止信用管理措施泛化滥用。].
(6) Improve the marketization and socialization level of the social credit system [提高社会信用体系市场化社会化水平] consists of four parts: (1) Vigorously cultivate the credit service market; (2) Deepen the promotion of credit financing and credit transactions; (3) Strengthen credit construction in the platform economy; and (4) Serve high-level opening up. This section suggests the role of private enterprises within the project of developing social credit. It also reaffirms the reversal from the early stages where private enterprises were expected to lead; the sense now, a sense reflecting recent discussion of the relation between the private and state sectors in China (see习近平：民营经济发展前景广阔大有可为 民营企业和民营企业家大显身手正当其时 [Xi Jinping: The development prospects of the private economy are broad and promising. It is the right time for private enterprises and private entrepreneurs to show their talents] and the Maturing of the two unwaverings [两个毫不动摇] policy). This underscores a complementary and gap filling role for private enterprise under the direction of state organs charged with overall coordination. The section also suggests that the project of digitization and digitalization (the platform economy) remains a central objective under the 3rd Plenum's innovation driven approach to socialist modernization. It is also meant to align with the recent renewal of efforts to encourage foreign invest in China and project Chinese foreign investment abroad (see, Coordinating the Two (Dual) Circulation Economy: General Secretary Xi Meetings with Foreign Business and Commercial Officials).
(7) Strengthen organization and implementation [加强组织实施]. This section recognizes the state of administrative governance in China, and the fundamental division, at an operational level, between the Peoples Bank of China on the one hand, and the National Development and Reform Commission on the other. It also recognizes as it must, the more daunting task of coordinating from the top the activities of lower level actions, regulations, etc. at the provincial and local levels. Nothing new here, but the challenge (and likely points of coordination friction) are acknowledged. It will be for the core CPC leadership to sort that out as and to the extent it makes sense.
The text of 中共中央办公厅国务院办公厅关于健全社会信用体系的意见 [Opinions of the General Office of the CPC Central Committee and the General Office of the State Council on Improving the Social Credit System] follows below in the original Chinese and in a crude English translation. The text might also usefully be read with this from 2023: 中共中央办公厅 国务院办公厅印发 《关于推进社会信用体系建设高质量发展 促进形成新发展格局的意见》[ General Office of the Chinese Communist Party Central Committee and the General Office of the State Council "Opinions on Promoting the Construction of a Social Credit System with High-Quality Development and Promoting the Formation of a New Development Pattern"]
（2025年3月21日）
《人民日报》（2025年04月01日 第 01 版）
社会信用制度是市场经济基础制度。为健全社会信用体系，经党中央、国务院同意，现提出如下意见。
一、总体要求
坚持以习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想为指导，深入贯彻党的二十大和二十届二中、三中全会精神，坚持和加强党的领导，坚持稳中求进工作总基调，完整准确全面贯彻新发展理念，坚持政府引导、市场驱动、社会共建，坚持弘扬诚信文化，坚持公共信用信息和市场信用信息相互融合，坚持信用奖惩合理合法，构建覆盖各类主体、制度规则统一、共建共享共用的社会信用体系，推动社会信用体系与经济社会发展各方面各环节深度融合，为加快建设全国统一大市场、维护公平有序竞争市场秩序、推动高质量发展提供有力支撑。
二、构建覆盖各类主体的社会信用体系
（一）深化政务信用建设。健全政府诚信履约机制，开展政务诚信评价，完善政府失信行为认定标准和失信惩戒措施，政府及其部门（含下属单位）在公共资源交易、招商引资、人才引进、政府与社会资本合作、产业扶持、投资融资、涉企收费等领域出现失信行为的，按规定将其纳入信用记录，限制其申请各类财政性资金和项目、试点示范、评先评优。有效发挥事业单位异常名录作用，提升事业单位诚信自律水平。加强公职人员诚信管理和教育。
（二）加强经营主体信用建设。强化经营主体信用管理，支持经营主体完善合规经营制度、管控信用风险，引导经营主体诚信经营、守信践诺。以公共信用综合评价为基础，建立企业信用状况综合评价体系。在确保保密和敏感信息安全前提下，加强国有企业信用状况披露。鼓励经营主体主动向信用服务机构提供信用信息，不断健全信用记录。
（三）加快社会组织信用建设。加强社会组织信用信息管理、共享、公开，强化社会组织信用监管，引导社会组织诚信自律，提升内部治理水平。行业主管部门和业务主管单位要推动行业协会商会加强诚信建设，指导行业协会商会依法依规开展信用评价等活动，发挥其对成员的行为导引、规则约束、权益维护等作用。
（四）有序推进自然人信用建设。依法依规建立健全自然人信用记录。加快推进法律、金融、会计、审计、医疗、教育、家政、工程建设、生态环境、平台经济等领域从业人员和取得国家职业资格人员等重点职业人群的信用管理制度建设。有条件的地方和部门可以开展自然人信用评价，用作为守信主体提供激励政策的参考，严禁将非信用信息和个人私密信息纳入信用评价。
（五）全面强化司法执法体系信用建设。加强法院、检察院司法公信建设，提高司法公信力。依法加大司法公开力度，保障人民群众知情权。加强司法执法人员信用建设，建立执法人员信用记录和信用承诺制度。提高虚假诉讼违法失信成本。严格失信被执行人认定程序，优化相关失信惩戒措施。
三、夯实社会信用体系数据基础
（六）建立全面完整准确的信用记录。严格界定公共信用信息范围，行业主管部门要根据法律、行政法规、地方性法规或党中央、国务院政策性文件确定本领域公共信用信息并形成行业信用记录，其中属于失信信息的，要分类明确其失信严重程度。对公共信用信息统一实行目录管理，国家发展改革委汇总建立相关主体的完整信用记录。
（七）强化信用信息归集共享。强化全国信用信息共享平台信用信息归集共享“总枢纽”功能，坚持以共享为原则、不共享为例外，统一归集各领域信用信息，根据需求按规定向有关部门提供信用信息服务，定期开展归集共享质效评估。推动全国信用信息共享平台与行业信用信息系统深度联通、数据共享。研究加强区块链等技术在信用信息管理等方面的应用，在保障信用主体合法权益和信息安全的前提下，提升商业合同信息、产业链信息、交易信息等共享水平。
（八）建立公共信用信息统一公示制度。建立统一的公共信用信息公示标准规则。“信用中国”网站集中公示各类公共信用信息，行业主管部门原则上不再公示本部门业务领域之外的公共信用信息。“信用中国”网站按照公益性原则向社会公众提供公共信用信息查询服务。对已在“信用中国”网站公示的公共信用信息，信用服务机构应当确保使用的信用信息与公示内容相同、期限一致。
（九）有序推动公共信用信息开放流通。制定公共信用信息授权运营管理办法，支持符合条件的运营机构依授权开展公共信用信息资源开发、产品经营和技术服务，严禁未经授权、超范围使用公共信用信息。建立公共信用信息流通准入标准规则。鼓励经营主体依法依规依托公共信用信息提供公益服务。探索建立公共信用信息价值收益合理分享机制，依法依规维护公共信用信息资产权益。鼓励区域间公共信用信息共享、信用评价互认、信用奖惩协同。
（十）加强信用信息安全保护。建立信用信息安全管理追溯和侵权责任追究机制，明确信息传输链条各环节安全责任。严格落实安全保护责任，规范信用信息处理程序。提高信用信息基础设施安全管理水平。建立健全信用信息安全应急处理机制。
四、健全守信激励和失信惩戒机制
（十一）强化对守信行为的激励。构建全方位的信用激励政策环境，为守信主体在公共服务中提供便利或优惠。鼓励平台企业用好大数据资源，为守信主体精准提供市场化、社会化激励。支持金融机构深入挖掘信用信息价值，持续提升守信主体融资便利化水平。
（十二）依法依规开展失信惩戒。规范设定失信惩戒措施，依法依规合理确定惩戒范围和力度。设定失信惩戒措施、确定严重失信主体名单的设列领域必须以法律、行政法规、地方性法规或党中央、国务院政策性文件为依据，其中涉及设定对信用主体减损权利或增加义务的措施，必须以法律、行政法规、地方性法规为依据。行业主管部门应当以部门规章形式明确严重失信主体名单列入和退出的条件、程序。对被列入严重失信主体名单的，在申请政府资金、享受税收优惠、参与公共资源交易活动、股票债券发行、评先评优、公务员录用遴选调任聘任、事业单位公开招聘等方面，依法依规予以限制或禁止。在房地产市场、互联网、人力资源市场、能源中长期合同领域增设严重失信主体名单。对失信惩戒措施和严重失信主体名单实行清单化统一管理。
（十三）完善统一的信用修复制度。建立健全统一规范、协同共享、科学高效的信用修复制度，鼓励失信主体主动纠正失信行为。国家发展改革委牵头统一信用信息公示和修复的渠道，优化信用修复规则，加强司法机关、行业主管部门、信用服务机构等修复协同。对完成修复的信用主体，应当及时停止公示其失信信息、将其移出相关失信名单，并依法依规解除相关失信惩戒措施。
五、健全以信用为基础的监管和治理机制
（十四）以信用评价为基础实施分级分类监管。国家发展改革委牵头完善信用评价体系，各地区各行业主管部门以公共信用综合评价为基础健全本地区本行业信用评价机制，根据评价结果优化监管方式，对不同类型信用主体实施差异化监管。
（十五）建立健全信用承诺制。在行政审批、证明事项、信用修复等领域推行信用承诺制。办理适用信用承诺制的事项时，申请人部分申报材料不齐备但信用状况较好且书面承诺在规定期限内提供材料的，应先行受理。建立信用承诺践诺跟踪机制。引导信用主体主动向社会作出信用承诺。
（十六）推进信用报告深度应用。推动在市场准入、行政审批、政府采购、招商引资、资质审核等公共管理领域充分使用信用报告。大力推行以专项信用报告替代有无违法违规记录的证明。鼓励在招标投标、融资授信、商业往来等市场交易活动中使用信用报告。
（十七）加强对政府签订、指导签订合同等履约信用监管。强化合同履约跟踪核实，及时将政府签订的合同、政府指导签订的合同等履约情况归集至全国信用信息共享平台，国家发展改革委将经核实的合同履约情况纳入相关主体信用记录，切实提高合同履约水平。
（十八）推动信用赋能基层治理。加强农村信用体系建设，加强涉农信用信息归集共享，明确采集责任，优化精简采集指标和评价规则，提升对农户和新型农业经营主体的信用评价水平。推动信用赋能社区治理，支持信用园区、街区建设。
（十九）完善社会信用体系法律法规制度。完善统一社会信用代码制度，进一步明确各类主体的赋码部门，健全赋码数据共享与校核机制。制定全国统一的信用信息管理标准。推动出台社会信用建设法，推动将信用规则纳入相关专项法律法规。加强信用政策出台前的综合评估，防止信用管理措施泛化滥用。
六、提高社会信用体系市场化社会化水平
（二十）大力培育信用服务市场。创新信用评价、信用评级、信用评分、信用报告、信用核查、信用管理、信用咨询以及环境、社会和治理评价等业务模式，有效支撑信用经济发展。规范信用服务机构参与社会信用体系建设行为。支持金融信用信息基础数据库依法采集金融领域信用信息，提供更加便捷优质的基础征信服务。优化个人征信市场布局，增加个人征信产品和服务供给。做优做精企业征信市场，探索发展聚焦细分领域的企业征信机构。全面加强征信监管，促进征信行业规范健康发展。
（二十一）深入推进信用融资和信用交易。依托全国一体化融资信用服务平台网络，按照实际应用需求扩大信用信息归集共享范围，完善以信用信息为基础的企业融资增信制度，有效提升中小微企业信用贷款比重，支持符合条件的征信机构参与融资信用服务平台运营。鼓励信用服务机构依法依规采集商业合同履约信息，支持有序推广赊销、分期付款、融资租赁等信用销售模式。强化商业汇票信息披露，完善票据市场信用约束机制。将恶意逃废债经营主体依法依规纳入相关严重失信主体名单。
（二十二）加强平台经济领域信用建设。加强公共信用信息和平台企业经营信息的共享，引导平台企业建立平台内信用管理制度和平台间失信联合约束制度，根据平台内商户信用状况实施差别化的管理和服务，为守法诚信经营主体提供更多优惠便利，对违法失信经营主体在平台规则内予以限制。加强对网络主播、自媒体、网络信息内容多渠道分发服务机构（MCN机构）等信用监管。
（二十三）服务高水平对外开放。在确保安全的前提下，依法依规推进信用信息数据跨境流通，有序开展跨境信用合作，推动信用评价、信用报告等信用产品跨境互认。支持国内信用服务机构与共建“一带一路”国家、金砖国家开展独立、公正的第三方信用服务合作。加强国际征信交流，积极培育具有国际竞争力和影响力的征信机构。推动国内信用评级机构国际化发展。
七、加强组织实施
各地区各有关部门要在党中央集中统一领导下，结合实际抓好本意见贯彻落实，形成上下联动、各司其职、齐抓共管的工作格局。国家发展改革委、中国人民银行要加强统筹协调，各有关部门要切实履行本领域信用建设责任，形成工作合力。统筹做好全国社会信用体系建设示范区创建工作，建立健全示范区后评价机制。持续开展城市信用监测。弘扬诚信文化，普及诚信教育，依法依规加大对严重失信行为的曝光力度，支持新闻媒体开展诚信宣传和舆论监督。充分发挥诚信典型的引领作用，持续开展“诚信之星”宣传和“诚信兴商宣传月”活动，推动形成守信践诺的良好社会风尚。及时总结推广典型经验做法。重大事项及时按程序向党中央、国务院请示报告。
（新华社北京3月31日电）
（国家发展改革委有关负责人答记者问见第二版）
Opinions of the General Office of the CPC Central Committee and the General Office of the State Council on Improving the Social Credit System
(March 21, 2025)
People's Daily (April 1, 2025, Page 01)
The social credit system is the basic system of the market economy. In order to improve the social credit system, with the consent of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council, the following opinions are hereby put forward.
1. General requirements
Adhere to the guidance of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, thoroughly implement the spirit of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China and the Second and Third Plenary Sessions of the 20th Central Committee, adhere to and strengthen the leadership of the Party, adhere to the general tone of work of seeking progress while maintaining stability, fully and accurately implement the new development concept, adhere to government guidance, market drive, and social co-construction, adhere to the promotion of integrity culture, adhere to the mutual integration of public credit information and market credit information, adhere to reasonable and legal credit rewards and punishments, and build a social credit system covering all types of entities, unified institutional rules, and jointly built, shared and used, promote the deep integration of the social credit system with all aspects and links of economic and social development, and provide strong support for accelerating the construction of a unified national market, maintaining a fair and orderly competitive market order, and promoting high-quality development.
2. Build a social credit system covering all types of entities
(I) Deepen the construction of government credit. Improve the government's credit performance mechanism, carry out government credit evaluation, improve the government's dishonest behavior identification standards and dishonest punishment measures. If the government and its departments (including subordinate units) have dishonest behaviors in public resource transactions, investment promotion, talent introduction, government-social capital cooperation, industrial support, investment financing, enterprise-related charges and other fields, they will be included in the credit record according to regulations, and their application for various fiscal funds and projects, pilot demonstrations, and awards will be restricted. Effectively play the role of the abnormal list of public institutions and improve the level of integrity and self-discipline of public institutions. Strengthen the integrity management and education of public officials.
(II) Strengthen the credit construction of business entities. Strengthen the credit management of business entities, support business entities to improve compliance management systems, control credit risks, and guide business entities to operate in good faith and keep their promises. Based on the comprehensive evaluation of public credit, establish a comprehensive evaluation system for corporate credit status. Under the premise of ensuring confidentiality and sensitive information security, strengthen the disclosure of credit status of state-owned enterprises. Encourage business entities to actively provide credit information to credit service agencies and continuously improve credit records.
(III) Accelerate the credit construction of social organizations. Strengthen the management, sharing and disclosure of credit information of social organizations, strengthen the credit supervision of social organizations, guide social organizations to be honest and self-disciplined, and improve the level of internal governance. Industry competent departments and business competent units should promote industry associations and chambers of commerce to strengthen the construction of integrity, guide industry associations and chambers of commerce to carry out credit evaluation and other activities in accordance with laws and regulations, and play their role in guiding the behavior of members, constraining rules, and safeguarding rights and interests.
(IV) Promote the credit construction of natural persons in an orderly manner. Establish and improve the credit records of natural persons in accordance with laws and regulations. Accelerate the construction of credit management systems for key professional groups such as practitioners in the fields of law, finance, accounting, auditing, medical care, education, housekeeping, engineering construction, ecological environment, platform economy, and those who have obtained national professional qualifications. Localities and departments with conditions can carry out natural person credit evaluation, which can be used as a reference for providing incentive policies for trustworthy entities. It is strictly forbidden to include non-credit information and personal private information in credit evaluation.
(V) Comprehensively strengthen the credit construction of the judicial law enforcement system. Strengthen the construction of judicial credibility of courts and procuratorates and improve judicial credibility. Increase judicial openness in accordance with the law and safeguard the people's right to know. Strengthen the credit construction of judicial law enforcement personnel, and establish a credit record and credit commitment system for law enforcement personnel. Increase the cost of false litigation, illegality and dishonesty. Strictly implement the identification procedures for dishonest persons subject to enforcement, and optimize relevant dishonest punishment measures.
3. Consolidate the data foundation of the social credit system
(VI) Establish a comprehensive, complete and accurate credit record. Strictly define the scope of public credit information. Industry competent departments shall determine the public credit information in this field and form industry credit records in accordance with laws, administrative regulations, local regulations or policy documents of the Party Central Committee and the State Council. Among them, the severity of dishonest information shall be classified and clarified. Public credit information shall be uniformly managed in a catalog, and the National Development and Reform Commission shall compile and establish a complete credit record of relevant entities.
(VII) Strengthen the collection and sharing of credit information. Strengthen the "general hub" function of the collection and sharing of credit information on the national credit information sharing platform, adhere to sharing as the principle and non-sharing as the exception, uniformly collect credit information in various fields, provide credit information services to relevant departments according to needs and regulations, and regularly conduct collection and sharing quality and efficiency evaluation. Promote the deep connection and data sharing between the national credit information sharing platform and the industry credit information system. Research and strengthen the application of blockchain and other technologies in credit information management and other aspects, and improve the sharing level of commercial contract information, industrial chain information, transaction information, etc. on the premise of protecting the legitimate rights and interests of credit subjects and information security.
(VIII) Establish a unified public disclosure system for public credit information. Establish unified public credit information disclosure standards and rules. The "Credit China" website centrally discloses various types of public credit information. In principle, industry regulatory departments will no longer disclose public credit information outside the business scope of their departments. The "Credit China" website provides public credit information query services to the public in accordance with the principle of public welfare. For public credit information that has been disclosed on the "Credit China" website, credit service agencies should ensure that the credit information used is the same as the disclosed content and the same period.
(IX) Promote the open circulation of public credit information in an orderly manner. Formulate management measures for authorized operation of public credit information, support qualified operating agencies to carry out public credit information resource development, product operation and technical services in accordance with authorization, and strictly prohibit the unauthorized and excessive use of public credit information. Establish public credit information circulation access standards and rules. Encourage business entities to provide public welfare services based on public credit information in accordance with laws and regulations. Explore the establishment of a reasonable sharing mechanism for the value and benefits of public credit information, and safeguard the rights and interests of public credit information assets in accordance with laws and regulations. Encourage regional public credit information sharing, mutual recognition of credit evaluation, and coordination of credit rewards and punishments.
(10) Strengthen the security protection of credit information. Establish a credit information security management traceability and infringement liability investigation mechanism, and clarify the security responsibilities of each link in the information transmission chain. Strictly implement security protection responsibilities and standardize credit information processing procedures. Improve the level of credit information infrastructure security management. Establish and improve the credit information security emergency response mechanism.
4. Improve the trustworthiness incentive and dishonesty punishment mechanism
(11) Strengthen incentives for trustworthy behavior. Build a comprehensive credit incentive policy environment to provide convenience or preferential treatment for trustworthy entities in public services. Encourage platform companies to make good use of big data resources and provide market-oriented and socialized incentives for trustworthy entities. Support financial institutions to deeply explore the value of credit information and continuously improve the level of financing convenience for trustworthy entities.
(12) Carry out dishonesty punishment in accordance with laws and regulations. Standardize the setting of dishonesty punishment measures and reasonably determine the scope and intensity of punishment in accordance with laws and regulations. The establishment of dishonest punishment measures and the establishment of the list of serious dishonest entities must be based on laws, administrative regulations, local regulations or policy documents of the Party Central Committee and the State Council. Among them, measures that reduce the rights or increase the obligations of credit entities must be based on laws, administrative regulations and local regulations. The competent departments of the industry shall clarify the conditions and procedures for inclusion and withdrawal from the list of serious dishonest entities in the form of departmental regulations. Those included in the list of serious dishonest entities shall be restricted or prohibited in accordance with laws and regulations in applying for government funds, enjoying tax incentives, participating in public resource trading activities, issuing stocks and bonds, evaluating advanced and excellent, recruiting, selecting, transferring and appointing civil servants, and open recruitment of public institutions. The list of serious dishonest entities shall be added in the fields of real estate market, Internet, human resources market, and medium- and long-term energy contracts. The list of dishonest punishment measures and the list of serious dishonest entities shall be managed in a unified manner.
(XIII) Improve the unified credit repair system. Establish and improve a unified, standardized, collaborative, shared, scientific and efficient credit repair system to encourage dishonest entities to actively correct dishonest behaviors. The National Development and Reform Commission will take the lead in unifying the channels for credit information disclosure and repair, optimizing credit repair rules, and strengthening the coordination of repair among judicial organs, industry regulatory departments, and credit service agencies. For credit entities that have completed the repair, their untrustworthy information should be promptly stopped from being publicized, they should be removed from the relevant untrustworthy list, and relevant untrustworthy punishment measures should be lifted in accordance with laws and regulations.
5. Improve the supervision and governance mechanism based on credit
(XIV) Implement hierarchical and classified supervision based on credit evaluation. The National Development and Reform Commission will take the lead in improving the credit evaluation system, and the competent departments of various regions and industries will improve the credit evaluation mechanism of their regions and industries based on the comprehensive evaluation of public credit, optimize the supervision methods according to the evaluation results, and implement differentiated supervision on different types of credit entities.
(XV) Establish and improve the credit commitment system. Promote the credit commitment system in the fields of administrative approval, certification matters, credit repair, etc. When handling matters subject to the credit commitment system, if the applicant's application materials are partially incomplete but the credit status is good and the written commitment is to provide the materials within the prescribed time limit, the application should be accepted first. Establish a credit commitment implementation tracking mechanism. Guide credit entities to actively make credit commitments to the society.
(XVI) Promote the in-depth application of credit reports. Promote the full use of credit reports in public management fields such as market access, administrative approval, government procurement, investment promotion, and qualification review. Vigorously promote the use of special credit reports to replace certificates of illegal and irregular records. Encourage the use of credit reports in market transactions such as bidding, financing and credit, and commercial transactions.
(XVII) Strengthen the credit supervision of contract performance such as government signing and guiding the signing of contracts. Strengthen the tracking and verification of contract performance, and timely collect the performance of contracts signed by the government and contracts signed under the guidance of the government to the national credit information sharing platform. The National Development and Reform Commission will include the verified contract performance into the credit records of relevant entities to effectively improve the level of contract performance.
(XVIII) Promote credit empowerment of grassroots governance. Strengthen the construction of the rural credit system, strengthen the collection and sharing of agricultural credit information, clarify the collection responsibility, optimize and streamline the collection indicators and evaluation rules, and improve the credit evaluation level of farmers and new agricultural operators. Promote credit empowerment of community governance and support the construction of credit parks and blocks.
(XIX) Improve the laws, regulations and systems of the social credit system. Improve the unified social credit code system, further clarify the code-assigning departments of various entities, and improve the code-assigning data sharing and verification mechanism. Formulate a unified national credit information management standard. Promote the promulgation of the Social Credit Construction Law and promote the inclusion of credit rules in relevant special laws and regulations. Strengthen comprehensive evaluation before the promulgation of credit policies to prevent the generalization and abuse of credit management measures.
6. Improve the marketization and socialization level of the social credit system
(XX) Vigorously cultivate the credit service market. Innovate business models such as credit evaluation, credit rating, credit scoring, credit reporting, credit verification, credit management, credit consulting, and environmental, social and governance evaluation to effectively support the development of the credit economy. Standardize the behavior of credit service institutions in participating in the construction of the social credit system. Support the financial credit information basic database to collect credit information in the financial field in accordance with the law and provide more convenient and high-quality basic credit reporting services. Optimize the layout of the personal credit reporting market and increase the supply of personal credit reporting products and services. Improve and refine the corporate credit reporting market and explore the development of corporate credit reporting institutions focusing on niche areas. Comprehensively strengthen credit reporting supervision and promote the standardized and healthy development of the credit reporting industry.
(XXI) Deepen the promotion of credit financing and credit transactions. Relying on the national integrated financing credit service platform network, expand the scope of credit information collection and sharing in accordance with actual application needs, improve the enterprise financing credit enhancement system based on credit information, effectively increase the proportion of credit loans for small and medium-sized enterprises, and support qualified credit reporting institutions to participate in the operation of financing credit service platforms. Encourage credit service institutions to collect commercial contract performance information in accordance with laws and regulations, and support the orderly promotion of credit sales models such as credit sales, installment payments, and financial leasing. Strengthen the disclosure of commercial bill information and improve the credit constraint mechanism of the bill market. Include malicious debt evasion and default business entities in the list of relevant serious dishonest entities in accordance with laws and regulations.
(XXII) Strengthen credit construction in the platform economy. Strengthen the sharing of public credit information and platform enterprise business information, guide platform enterprises to establish a credit management system within the platform and a joint constraint system for dishonesty between platforms, implement differentiated management and services based on the credit status of merchants within the platform, provide more preferential facilities for law-abiding and honest business entities, and restrict illegal and dishonest business entities within the platform rules. Strengthen credit supervision of network anchors, self-media, and network information content multi-channel distribution service agencies (MCN agencies).
(XXIII) Serve high-level opening up. Under the premise of ensuring security, promote the cross-border circulation of credit information data in accordance with laws and regulations, carry out cross-border credit cooperation in an orderly manner, and promote cross-border mutual recognition of credit products such as credit evaluation and credit reports. Support domestic credit service institutions to carry out independent and fair third-party credit service cooperation with countries participating in the construction of the "Belt and Road" and BRICS countries. Strengthen international credit exchange and actively cultivate credit reporting institutions with international competitiveness and influence. Promote the international development of domestic credit rating agencies.
7. Strengthen Organization and Implementation
All regions and relevant departments should implement this opinion in light of the centralized and unified leadership of the Party Central Committee, and form a working pattern of top-down linkage, each doing its own job, and working together. The National Development and Reform Commission and the People's Bank of China should strengthen overall coordination, and all relevant departments should earnestly fulfill their credit construction responsibilities in this field and form a joint force. Coordinate the creation of national social credit system construction demonstration zones and establish and improve the post-evaluation mechanism of demonstration zones. Continue to carry out urban credit monitoring. Carry forward the culture of integrity, popularize integrity education, increase the exposure of serious dishonest behaviors in accordance with laws and regulations, and support news media in carrying out integrity publicity and public opinion supervision. Give full play to the leading role of integrity models, continue to carry out the "Integrity Star" publicity and "Integrity Promotion Month" activities, and promote the formation of a good social trend of keeping promises. Timely summarize and promote typical experiences and practices. Major matters should be reported to the Party Central Committee and the State Council in a timely manner according to procedures.
(Xinhua News Agency, Beijing, March 31)
(See the second edition for answers to reporters' questions by relevant officials of the National Development and Reform Commission)
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