中共中央 国务院 关于新时代加快完善社会主义市场经济体制的意见 [Central Committee of the Communist Party of China Opinions on accelerating the improvement of the socialist market economic system in the new era]

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楚人有鬻盾與矛者，譽之曰：「吾盾之堅，物莫能陷之。」以譽其矛曰：「吾矛之利，於物無不陷也。」或曰：「以子之矛陷子之盾，何如？」其人弗能應也。夫不可陷之盾與無不陷之矛，不可同世而立。There was once a man in the state of Chu, who was selling shields and lances. He was praising them saying: “My shields are so firm, that there is nothing that can pierce them.” He praised his lances saying: “My lances are so sharp, that there is nothing that they cannot pierce.” Someone asked: “What if you used your lances to pierce your shields?” The man could not answer. A shield that cannot be pierced and a lance that can pierce everything cannot exist in the same world. (From Han Feizi (韓非子) Translation credit here)

The 中共中央 国务院 关于新时代加快完善社会主义市场经济体制的意见 [Central Committee of the Communist Party of China Opinions on accelerating the improvement of the socialist market economic system in the new era], circulated 18 May 2020 (the "Opinion"), in its own words, "is a major theoretical and practical innovation of socialism with Chinese characteristics and an important part of the basic socialist economic system." It represents the culmination of work that, in its current manifestation, began the year before within the CPC Central Committee (China to uphold, improve basic socialist economic system: document). It represents the clearest expression of developments in Chinese Marxist-Leninism in the New Era with respect to one of its central elements--the relationship between state, vanguard, and the exploitation of the productive forces of the nation (people and things) to come closer to the realization of the core collective responsibility of those with political power, the establishment of a communist society in China.  

The innovation, as is usual in advances of this sort, occurs at the margins and one with a fairly long time horizon (e.g., Wang and Wang, "A Discussion about the Development of Socialist Market Economic System with the Transformation of Government Function"). Margins, however, are important in this case. They touch on a fundamental way in which the concept of contradiction proves the rationalizing premise for understanding and responding to the world (Mao Zedong, On Contradiction (1937) (矛盾论)). To understand the development of the Chinese economic-political model and its current expression in the Opinion, it is necessary to understand how one resolves (or meets the challenge) of the contradiction of the merchant from Chou described in the opening of this essay (from Han Feizi (韓非子).  Is it possible to resolve the contradiction of the shield that cannot be pierced and a lance that can pierce everything that can exist in the same world? To understand the question, and to begin to understand an approach to the response, is the first step in understanding both the importance of the Opinion, as well as the principles that direct and constrain its analysis. To approach analysis of the Opinion from the presumptions and values of the political-economic model of the West may produce little useful analysis (though it will produce satisfaction of being able to dismiss the Opinion for its failures to align with those presumptions).

The Text of the Opinion in the original Chinese, along with a crude English translation and my brief reflections, follows.

 

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The development of the socialist market economy has been at the center of the Chinese political-economic model since the late 1970s.  From the principle of "development of productive forces" in the early 1980s to the more comprehensive principle of "socialist market economy," the concept of the perfection of socialist markets has been an important organizing element around which the operationalization of Chinese Marxist Leninism has been expressed. The concepts are closely tied to the fundamental contradiction that serves as the challenge for Chinese Leninism from one historical era to another (e.g., Mao Zedong, On Contradiction (1937) (矛盾论) ("The fundamental cause of the development of a thing is not external but internal; it lies in the contradictoriness within the thing. There is internal contradiction in every single thing, hence its motion and development. Contradictoriness within a thing is the fundamental cause of its development, while its interrelations and interactions with other things are secondary causes. . . In studying the particularities of the contradictions at each stage in the process of development of a thing, we must not only observe them in their interconnections or their totality, we must also examine the two aspects of each contradiction" Ibid.). 

Though it has undergone change in line with the development of Chinese Marxist Leninism, both the focus on fundamental contradiction as the animating force of progress, and the development of productive forces retain their fundamental role as an expression, and a core measure of the success, of the Chinese economic-political model (Larry Catá Backer, "Toward New Era Thought: Reflections on Xi Jinping, Speech at the Meeting Celebrating the 40th Anniversary of Reform and Opening Up," Emancipating the Mind: Bulletin of the CPE 15(1):121-144 (View HERE)).   Since the start of the leadership of Xi Jinping, the General Program of the Constitution of the Chinese Communist Party has explicitly recognized but the dynamic element of fundamental contradiction and its connection to the political work of the vanguard as it seeks to meet its fundamental objective of moving the state toward the establishment of a communist society.

At the present stage, the principal contradiction in Chinese society is that between the ever-growing needs of the people for a better life and unbalanced and inadequate development. Owing to both domestic factors and international influences, a certain amount of class struggle will continue to exist for a long time to come, and under certain circumstances may even grow more pronounced, however, it is no longer the principal contradiction. In building socialism in China, the basic tasks are to further release and develop the productive forces and gradually achieve socialist modernization and, to this end, reform those elements and areas within the relations of production and the superstructure that are unsuited to the development of the productive forces. (Constitution of the CPC; Preamble).

Mao noted that "In a semi-colonial country such as China, the relationship between the principal contradiction and the non-principal contradictions presents a complicated picture" (e.g., Mao Zedong, On Contradiction (1937)). This remains true even as China progresses through its stages of historical development in the modern era from semi-feudal to first rank state. And the process of contradiction may move from antagonism to a dialectical process  in which the overcoming of contradiction at one pint in time merely prepares the way for the contradictions that follow on whatever conscious path the leadership (or society) is committed (Ibid).

The dynamic element in the internal structural contradictions below the fundamental contradiction are bound up in that of the implementation of Marxist Markets principles (my thoughts generally HERE). They are embedded into core of the Chinese Communist Party Line and direct its working style in developing policy. 

The Communist Party of China shall lead the people in developing the socialist market economy. It shall be firm in consolidating and developing the public sector of the economy and shall remain steadfast in encouraging, supporting, and guiding the development of the non-public sector. It shall give play to the decisive role of market forces in resource allocation and ensure the government plays its role better, and establish a sound system for macroeconomic regulation. (Constitution of the CPC; Preamble).

It is with this in mind that one can more fruitfully approach the study of 中共中央 国务院 关于新时代加快完善社会主义市场经济体制的意见 [Central Committee of the Communist Party of China Opinions on accelerating the improvement of the socialist market economic system in the new era], circulated 18 May 2020.

The changes rationalized in the Opinion, which are meant to decisively to bring the political-economic model within the core of the New Era ideological line, are animated by the concept of contradiction. The resolution of contradiction informs the specifics of the Socialist Market Economy through which it acquires an important instrumental role in the progress from this new era to the next. But the resolution of contradiction applies as well at a micro-analytical level. The timing of the release, coinciding with the upcoming postponed meeting of the NCP and in the midst of re-opening China after the worst of the initial wave of COVID-19 infections (e.g., here), is meant to underline that China is "back in business." That messaging informs China's internal and external narrative int he service of its core objective that focuses on the instrumental use of the economic m,odel to collective ends. More importantly, it is meant to affirm that the CPC continues to follow a path forward into the New Era--it is not a matter of overcoming so much as the relentless forward movement by a vanguard very much aware of its responsibilities to the nation.

The Opinion is organized in nine sections with 34 subparts: 

(1) "General Requirements" (2 subparts); (2)  "Insist on the public ownership as the main body, and develop the economy with multiple ownership systems to enhance the vitality of the micro-main body" (4 subparts); (3) Consolidate the basic system of market economy and ensure fair competition in the market (3  subparts); (4) Build a more complete system of market-based allocation of factors to further stimulate the creativity and market vitality of the whole society (4 subparts); (5) Innovate government management and service methods and improve the macroeconomic governance system (7 subparts); (6) Adhere to and improve the people's livelihood security system and promote social fairness and justice (3 subparts); (7) Build a new level of open economy new system, promote reform and development by opening up (4 subparts); (8) Improve the legal system of the socialist market economy and strengthen the guarantee of the rule of law (4 subparts); and (9)  Adhere to and strengthen the overall leadership of the party to ensure the effective implementation of the reform measures (3 subparts).

The first and last sections bookend the political model within which it is possible to engage with the ecology of contradictions that mark the New Era. They are important, but they also add layers of meaning rather than point to innovation in the substance of the New Era CPC Line. The working provisions of the Opinion are found in Parts 2-8. It is here that the CPC attempts to apply Mao Zedong's insights on the function of contradiction to the challenge of developing productive forces within an evolving framework (ideological and policy) of a Socialist Market Economy (the secondary contradictions) in the shadow of the principal contradiction of the New Era--"between the ever-growing needs of the people for a better life and unbalanced and inadequate development" (CPC Constitution, General Program). The secondary contradictions between social credit systems and macro-economic policy, and the structures and authority of rule of law governance play an interesting role as well.

These contradictions and their ramifications for the way that the Chinese political-economic model will evolve (and the constraints within which such evolution may be expected) can be summarized in the following nine points.

1.  The Opinion might be usefully read against the insights of Mao Zedong's On Contradiction (1937) (矛盾论). These provide the basis for capturing the coherence in contradiction and its critical importance for shaping a forward movement for economic and political development in China.  Indeed, the Opinion is an excellent example of the way that contradiction drives policy. But It is as important to understand the complex interplay among contradiction that is embedded in the Opinion.  Overall, of course, is the current principal contradiction at the center of New Era theory.  Yet that principal contradiction cannot be either dismissed as slogan or understood as the only contradiction propelling Chinese ideology and policy.  Rather, the principal contradiction (distribution of the benefits of the development of productive forces of the nation)  is embedded in a complex interplay of secondary contradictions (markets versus central planning;  public versus private sector drivers; core versus collective; law versus politics; development of productive forces versus development of social/moral forces; etc.).  And animating all of these contradictions is the fundamental one that does not disappear--class struggle. These are all densely packed into the language of Part 1 and Part 9 of the Opinion.  It is therefore necessary to avoid the temptation to dismiss these and to note, by way of what is emphasized and what is relegated to a secondary role, the weighting of contradiction (as well as the identification of those that matter here) which then will color the application of the  framing objectives that follow in Parts 2-8.

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2. Part 2 continues the attempt to resolve the contradiction between public and private sector--and between markets and central planning. "Unwaveringly consolidate and develop the public economy, unwaveringly encourage, support, and guide the development of the non-public economy, explore various forms of public ownership, support the reform and development of private enterprises, and cultivate more dynamic market players." (Opinion Part 2)). That contradiction  is elaborated nicely in Part 2. The key  might well be found in Part 2(4): "Create an institutional environment that supports the high-quality development of the non-public economy. Improve the market, policies, rule of law and social environment that support the development of the private economy and foreign-invested enterprises, and further stimulate vitality and creativity." The language suggests an instrumentalization of the market so that planning drives markets rather than markets driving choice. There is just the slightest whiff of  the much more planing oriented approach of Cuban Marxist-Leninism in the documents of their 7th PCC Congress.

3. The concept of markets instrumentalism is expanded in Parts 3 and 4. Not just the concept; Parts 3 and 4 reaffirm the specific policy objectives around which the concept, as developed, is to be applied. Reaffirmed as well is the fundamental character of the concept: that markets are used as an allocation mechanism, but the drivers of the market, the boundaries within which those allocations are made, and the objectives that shape the valuation that is at the heart of market transactions, are managed through the political decision making of the state and executed within those boundaries by the individual (and now managed choices) of market participants--either individuals or institutions (domestic or foreign). It is this approach to contradiction that distinguishes Markets Marxism from that of liberal democratic states.  And it is that difference that then contributes in significant respect ot the character and functioning of the law and administrative systems of the state.

4. Part 5, the longest of the Opinion, then specifies the key political and policy objectives around which markets (and market choices) are managed.  These align tightly with the CPC line (it would have been odd if it had not).    Indeed, Part 5 is most usefully read against the General Program of the Communist Party Constitution, at least with resect to the macro-values that must be manifested in specific policy. A key area here is the underlining of the importance of data driven governance as a basis for the management of the socialist market economy.

Construct a social credit system and a new type of supervision mechanism that meet the requirements of high-quality development. Improve the long-term mechanism of integrity construction, promote the sharing of credit information, and establish an orderly opening mechanism for credit information of government departments to market players. Improve the credit reference system covering the whole society, and cultivate credit reference agencies and credit rating agencies with global voice. (Opinion Part 5(7)).

The importance of this provision ought not to be underestimated. It has already manifested itself both as against domestic and foreign enterprises operating in China. But given the current transnational climate, it is also likely to be used by foreign states as a basis for pressuring their enterprises to at least diversify their supply chains.

5.Part 6 more directly addresses the relationship between the New Era's principal contradiction and the construction of the Socialist Market Economy. In the wake of COVID-19, these approaches will likely have a more significant role to play in the construction of the economic model. At the same time, art 6 reminds the reader that the economic model is inherently both political and tied to a view of national security that now aligns  worker health, economic security and national defense.  

  Improve the national public health emergency management system. Strengthen the guarantee of the rule of law in public health, and improve relevant laws and regulations in the field of public health. Integrate biosecurity into the national security system, systematically plan the construction of national biosecurity risk prevention and control systems, and comprehensively improve national biosecurity governance capabilities.  (Opinion).

6. Part 7 then exposes the contradiction between a national security based view of the construction of a national socialist market economy and the fundamental thrust of reform and opening up which was meant to deeply align national and international economic activity. The answer, of course, is embedded in the principles and objectives of the Belt and Road Initiative as the fundamental bridging instrument that aligns a national socialist market economy with an international economic program.

Adhere to the open strategy of mutual benefit and win-win, promote the deep and practical development of the “Belt and Road” and high-quality development, promote greater circulation of commodities, capital, technology and personnel, and develop high-level economic and trade industrial cooperation parks based on various development zones. Strengthen soft connectivity in markets, rules, and standards, and strengthen cooperation mechanisms (Opinion Part 7(1))

Just as the issues of biosecurity evidenced the alignment of state-market-and defense; so the Belt and Road Initiative underlines the strong alignment between market-foreign policy-and international political relations.  But more than that it also speaks to the connection between economic, social and cultural projects.  Here one hears the key elements of Chinese foreign policy aligned to the core premises of the framing of the Socialist Market Economy. " Actively participate in the reform of the global economic governance system. . . . Relying on the joint construction of the “Belt and Road” initiative and multilateral and regional subregional cooperation mechanisms such as the United Nations, Shanghai Cooperation Organization, BRICS, G20, APEC, etc., actively participate in global economic governance and public product supply, and build global interconnection partners " (Opinion Part 7(4)). And, indeed, the fundamental connection between the internal conceptualization of the Socialist Market Economy and its intimate connection with China's outbound economic model is quite conscious (e.g., China’s Guideline to Improve Socialist Market Economy).

7. Part 8 then deals with the contradiction between law and politics, and between market and rule bases for the organization of economic activity. Law assumes a much more pointedly instrumental (and subordinate) role (consist with Marxist Leninism as emerging in the New Era).  Law is understood as a supervisory mechanism, and in that form, eventually allied with the construction of data driven managerial systems.  It is the connection between Part 8 and Part 5(7) that ought to be of great interest. The call to "Establish an administrative power restriction and supervision mechanism in an all-round way. Fully perform government functions in accordance with the law, promote the legalization of institutions, functions, authorities, procedures, and responsibilities, and implement a government power and responsibility list system." (Opinion Part 8(3))  suggests the role fo law as a discretion constraining device as well as  as a means of memorializing objectives realized through either markets or data driven analytics.

Adhere to and improve the party and state supervision system, strengthen political supervision, strictly restrict public power, and promote the implementation of the main responsibility of the party committee (party group), the responsibility of the first responsible person of the secretary, and the supervision responsibility of the discipline inspection commission.  (Opinion Part 8(4))

To that end, the dispute resolution system (courts) and the supervisory system (prosecutors) are also embedded "to ensure that there are laws that can be followed, laws must be followed, and violations must be investigated." (Opinion Part 8).

8. Part 9 puts the CPC at the center of reform efforts, and of the management of the system administered through state organs.  Its purpose serves as an application fo the core principle of Chinese Leninism--the role of CPC leadership and its prominence in the exercise of political authority under the political-economic model in China. " Give full play to the party's core role of taking over the overall situation and coordinating the leadership of all parties, transform the institutional advantages of the party's leadership in economic work into governance effectiveness, strengthen the implementation of reforms and achieve results, and promote the continuous deepening of economic system reforms." (Opinion Part 9). That leadership role is to be exercised "a profound understanding of the great significance of accelerating the improvement of the socialist market economic system from a strategic and overall perspective, and penetrate the party's leadership into deepening the economic system "  (Opinion Part 9(1)).  It is a reminder, as well, that the construction (and perfection) of the Socialist Market Economy is primarily a political project, that this political project is itself constrained by the obligations of the CPC as a Leninist vanguard in its fundamental responsibility for moving the nation toward the establishment of a communist society, that this communist society will be established only as the nation becomes so wealthy that wealth no longer matters (and thus overcomes the contradiction of class struggle), and that the valuation of the process by which this is to be achieved remains entirely within the organs of the CPC, and then administered through the state organs even if undertaken by the private sector,  That, in essence, then, is the fundamental organizing principle of the Chinese Socialist Market Economy.

9. The underlining of these fundamentals--and their sharpening of the ecology of contradiction as the basis for the forward progress of the nation under the leadership of the Leninist vanguard party--might well serve as an important baseline against which the very public meetings of the National People's Congress will be held in the third quarter of May.   

This year’s meetings take place against the backdrop of an international backlash to Beijing’s handling of the disease outbreak that started in the central China city of Wuhan. Other governments are demanding more information about the origins of the epidemic and calling for an international investigation. . . .  The need for a domestic economic balancing act as a result of the epidemic and the global backlash might force a strategic rethink, said Shi Yinhong, an international affairs specialist with Renmin University. (China legislature meets to set tone for global role in post-pandemic world)

At the same time, this year marks the end of the 13th Five Year Plan and the necessary construction of the next.  In that context, a sound ideological basis, couyp0led with strategic targets that deepen the alignment between the underlying principles of the political-economic model and its manifestation in the New Era is substantially important.  That need--the imperative to meet and progress through contradiction--will tend to drive analysis far more than the usual Western approaches to the issue of macro-economics.  Not that globally powerful conceptions of economic thinking will be absent--quite the contrary.  Yet it is the underlying political vision that will inform the way leaders approach risk and value choices.  And these will drive Chinese macro-economic planning in directions that are likely to be increasingly different (and apparent) from that one would expect to be made by Western elite drivers of liberal democratic risk and choice valuation principles. 

* * * 

To try to understand the emergence and characteristics of the Chinese Socialist Market Economy on the basis of Western conceptions and principles, then is to entirely miss its point.  It is to entirely misunderstand the way objectives are constructed and valued, and the way that the relationships between state and market, between political and economic power, and between law and governance are understood, valued, and embedded into a system. To understand this approach on its own terms does not require agreement with its principles or viewpoints, but it does require that they be clearly understood, and understood as a plausible rationalization of a system built on the operating parameters embraced. What one does after (or with) that, of course, is politics. "A shield that cannot be pierced and a lance that can pierce everything cannot exist in the same world" (From Han Feizi (韓非子) Translation credit here). However, they might be used together against those without either shield or lance; from contradiction, forward movement. 

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中共中央 国务院关于新时代加快完善社会主义市场经济体制的意见
2020-05-18 19:00 来源： 新华社
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新华社北京5月18日电

中共中央 国务院
关于新时代加快完善社会主义市场经济体制的意见
（2020年5月11日）

社会主义市场经济体制是中国特色社会主义的重大理论和实践创新，是社会主义基本经济制度的重要组成部分。改革开放特别是党的十八大以来，我国坚持全面深化改革，充分发挥经济体制改革的牵引作用，不断完善社会主义市场经济体制，极大调动了亿万人民的积极性，极大促进了生产力发展，极大增强了党和国家的生机活力，创造了世所罕见的经济快速发展奇迹。同时要看到，中国特色社会主义进入新时代，社会主要矛盾发生变化，经济已由高速增长阶段转向高质量发展阶段，与这些新形势新要求相比，我国市场体系还不健全、市场发育还不充分，政府和市场的关系没有完全理顺，还存在市场激励不足、要素流动不畅、资源配置效率不高、微观经济活力不强等问题，推动高质量发展仍存在不少体制机制障碍，必须进一步解放思想，坚定不移深化市场化改革，扩大高水平开放，不断在经济体制关键性基础性重大改革上突破创新。为贯彻落实党的十九大和十九届四中全会关于坚持和完善社会主义基本经济制度的战略部署，在更高起点、更高层次、更高目标上推进经济体制改革及其他各方面体制改革，构建更加系统完备、更加成熟定型的高水平社会主义市场经济体制，现提出如下意见。

一、总体要求

（一）指导思想。以习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想为指导，全面贯彻党的十九大和十九届二中、三中、四中全会精神，坚决贯彻党的基本理论、基本路线、基本方略，统筹推进“五位一体”总体布局和协调推进“四个全面”战略布局，坚持稳中求进工作总基调，坚持新发展理念，坚持以供给侧结构性改革为主线，坚持以人民为中心的发展思想，坚持和完善社会主义基本经济制度，以完善产权制度和要素市场化配置为重点，全面深化经济体制改革，加快完善社会主义市场经济体制，建设高标准市场体系，实现产权有效激励、要素自由流动、价格反应灵活、竞争公平有序、企业优胜劣汰，加强和改善制度供给，推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化，推动生产关系同生产力、上层建筑同经济基础相适应，促进更高质量、更有效率、更加公平、更可持续的发展。

（二）基本原则

——坚持以习近平新时代中国特色社会主义经济思想为指导。坚持和加强党的全面领导，坚持和完善中国特色社会主义制度，强化问题导向，把握正确改革策略和方法，持续优化经济治理方式，着力构建市场机制有效、微观主体有活力、宏观调控有度的经济体制，使中国特色社会主义制度更加巩固、优越性充分体现。

——坚持解放和发展生产力。牢牢把握社会主义初级阶段这个基本国情，牢牢扭住经济建设这个中心，发挥经济体制改革牵引作用，协同推进政治、文化、社会、生态文明等领域改革，促进改革发展高效联动，进一步解放和发展社会生产力，不断满足人民日益增长的美好生活需要。

——坚持和完善社会主义基本经济制度。坚持和完善公有制为主体、多种所有制经济共同发展，按劳分配为主体、多种分配方式并存，社会主义市场经济体制等社会主义基本经济制度，把中国特色社会主义制度与市场经济有机结合起来，为推动高质量发展、建设现代化经济体系提供重要制度保障。

——坚持正确处理政府和市场关系。坚持社会主义市场经济改革方向，更加尊重市场经济一般规律，最大限度减少政府对市场资源的直接配置和对微观经济活动的直接干预，充分发挥市场在资源配置中的决定性作用，更好发挥政府作用，有效弥补市场失灵。

——坚持以供给侧结构性改革为主线。更多采用改革的办法，更多运用市场化法治化手段，在巩固、增强、提升、畅通上下功夫，加大结构性改革力度，创新制度供给，不断增强经济创新力和竞争力，适应和引发有效需求，促进更高水平的供需动态平衡。

——坚持扩大高水平开放和深化市场化改革互促共进。坚定不移扩大开放，推动由商品和要素流动型开放向规则等制度型开放转变，吸收借鉴国际成熟市场经济制度经验和人类文明有益成果，加快国内制度规则与国际接轨，以高水平开放促进深层次市场化改革。

二、坚持公有制为主体、多种所有制经济共同发展，增强微观主体活力

毫不动摇巩固和发展公有制经济，毫不动摇鼓励、支持、引导非公有制经济发展，探索公有制多种实现形式，支持民营企业改革发展，培育更多充满活力的市场主体。

（一）推进国有经济布局优化和结构调整。坚持有进有退、有所为有所不为，推动国有资本更多投向关系国计民生的重要领域和关系国家经济命脉、科技、国防、安全等领域，服务国家战略目标，增强国有经济竞争力、创新力、控制力、影响力、抗风险能力，做强做优做大国有资本，有效防止国有资产流失。对处于充分竞争领域的国有经济，通过资本化、证券化等方式优化国有资本配置，提高国有资本收益。进一步完善和加强国有资产监管，有效发挥国有资本投资、运营公司功能作用，坚持一企一策，成熟一个推动一个，运行一个成功一个，盘活存量国有资本，促进国有资产保值增值。

（二）积极稳妥推进国有企业混合所有制改革。在深入开展重点领域混合所有制改革试点基础上，按照完善治理、强化激励、突出主业、提高效率要求，推进混合所有制改革，规范有序发展混合所有制经济。对充分竞争领域的国家出资企业和国有资本运营公司出资企业，探索将部分国有股权转化为优先股，强化国有资本收益功能。支持符合条件的混合所有制企业建立骨干员工持股、上市公司股权激励、科技型企业股权和分红激励等中长期激励机制。深化国有企业改革，加快完善国有企业法人治理结构和市场化经营机制，健全经理层任期制和契约化管理，完善中国特色现代企业制度。对混合所有制企业，探索建立有别于国有独资、全资公司的治理机制和监管制度。对国有资本不再绝对控股的混合所有制企业，探索实施更加灵活高效的监管制度。

（三）稳步推进自然垄断行业改革。深化以政企分开、政资分开、特许经营、政府监管为主要内容的改革，提高自然垄断行业基础设施供给质量，严格监管自然垄断环节，加快实现竞争性环节市场化，切实打破行政性垄断，防止市场垄断。构建有效竞争的电力市场，有序放开发用电计划和竞争性环节电价，提高电力交易市场化程度。推进油气管网对市场主体公平开放，适时放开天然气气源和销售价格，健全竞争性油气流通市场。深化铁路行业改革，促进铁路运输业务市场主体多元化和适度竞争。实现邮政普遍服务业务与竞争性业务分业经营。完善烟草专卖专营体制，构建适度竞争新机制。

（四）营造支持非公有制经济高质量发展的制度环境。健全支持民营经济、外商投资企业发展的市场、政策、法治和社会环境，进一步激发活力和创造力。在要素获取、准入许可、经营运行、政府采购和招投标等方面对各类所有制企业平等对待，破除制约市场竞争的各类障碍和隐性壁垒，营造各种所有制主体依法平等使用资源要素、公开公平公正参与竞争、同等受到法律保护的市场环境。完善支持非公有制经济进入电力、油气等领域的实施细则和具体办法，大幅放宽服务业领域市场准入，向社会资本释放更大发展空间。健全支持中小企业发展制度，增加面向中小企业的金融服务供给，支持发展民营银行、社区银行等中小金融机构。完善民营企业融资增信支持体系。健全民营企业直接融资支持制度。健全清理和防止拖欠民营企业中小企业账款长效机制，营造有利于化解民营企业之间债务问题的市场环境。完善构建亲清政商关系的政策体系，建立规范化机制化政企沟通渠道，鼓励民营企业参与实施重大国家战略。

三、夯实市场经济基础性制度，保障市场公平竞争

建设高标准市场体系，全面完善产权、市场准入、公平竞争等制度，筑牢社会主义市场经济有效运行的体制基础。

（一）全面完善产权制度。健全归属清晰、权责明确、保护严格、流转顺畅的现代产权制度，加强产权激励。完善以管资本为主的经营性国有资产产权管理制度，加快转变国资监管机构职能和履职方式。健全自然资源资产产权制度。健全以公平为原则的产权保护制度，全面依法平等保护民营经济产权，依法严肃查处各类侵害民营企业合法权益的行为。落实农村第二轮土地承包到期后再延长30年政策，完善农村承包地“三权分置”制度。深化农村集体产权制度改革，完善产权权能，将经营性资产折股量化到集体经济组织成员，创新农村集体经济有效组织形式和运行机制，完善农村基本经营制度。完善和细化知识产权创造、运用、交易、保护制度规则，加快建立知识产权侵权惩罚性赔偿制度，加强企业商业秘密保护，完善新领域新业态知识产权保护制度。

（二）全面实施市场准入负面清单制度。推行“全国一张清单”管理模式，维护清单的统一性和权威性。建立市场准入负面清单动态调整机制和第三方评估机制，以服务业为重点试点进一步放宽准入限制。建立统一的清单代码体系，使清单事项与行政审批体系紧密衔接、相互匹配。建立市场准入负面清单信息公开机制，提升准入政策透明度和负面清单使用便捷性。建立市场准入评估制度，定期评估、排查、清理各类显性和隐性壁垒，推动“非禁即入”普遍落实。改革生产许可制度。

（三）全面落实公平竞争审查制度。完善竞争政策框架，建立健全竞争政策实施机制，强化竞争政策基础地位。强化公平竞争审查的刚性约束，修订完善公平竞争审查实施细则，建立公平竞争审查抽查、考核、公示制度，建立健全第三方审查和评估机制。统筹做好增量审查和存量清理，逐步清理废除妨碍全国统一市场和公平竞争的存量政策。建立违反公平竞争问题反映和举报绿色通道。加强和改进反垄断和反不正当竞争执法，加大执法力度，提高违法成本。培育和弘扬公平竞争文化，进一步营造公平竞争的社会环境。

四、构建更加完善的要素市场化配置体制机制，进一步激发全社会创造力和市场活力

以要素市场化配置改革为重点，加快建设统一开放、竞争有序的市场体系，推进要素市场制度建设，实现要素价格市场决定、流动自主有序、配置高效公平。

（一）建立健全统一开放的要素市场。加快建设城乡统一的建设用地市场，建立同权同价、流转顺畅、收益共享的农村集体经营性建设用地入市制度。探索农村宅基地所有权、资格权、使用权“三权分置”，深化农村宅基地改革试点。深化户籍制度改革，放开放宽除个别超大城市外的城市落户限制，探索实行城市群内户口通迁、居住证互认制度。推动公共资源由按城市行政等级配置向按实际服务管理人口规模配置转变。加快建立规范、透明、开放、有活力、有韧性的资本市场，加强资本市场基础制度建设，推动以信息披露为核心的股票发行注册制改革，完善强制退市和主动退市制度，提高上市公司质量，强化投资者保护。探索实行公司信用类债券发行注册管理制。构建与实体经济结构和融资需求相适应、多层次、广覆盖、有差异的银行体系。加快培育发展数据要素市场，建立数据资源清单管理机制，完善数据权属界定、开放共享、交易流通等标准和措施，发挥社会数据资源价值。推进数字政府建设，加强数据有序共享，依法保护个人信息。

（二）推进要素价格市场化改革。健全主要由市场决定价格的机制，最大限度减少政府对价格形成的不当干预。完善城镇建设用地价格形成机制和存量土地盘活利用政策，推动实施城镇低效用地再开发，在符合国土空间规划前提下，推动土地复合开发利用、用途合理转换。深化利率市场化改革，健全基准利率和市场化利率体系，更好发挥国债收益率曲线定价基准作用，提升金融机构自主定价能力。完善人民币汇率市场化形成机制，增强双向浮动弹性。加快全国技术交易平台建设，积极发展科技成果、专利等资产评估服务，促进技术要素有序流动和价格合理形成。

（三）创新要素市场化配置方式。缩小土地征收范围，严格界定公共利益用地范围，建立土地征收目录和公共利益用地认定机制。推进国有企事业单位改革改制土地资产处置，促进存量划拨土地盘活利用。健全工业用地多主体多方式供地制度，在符合国土空间规划前提下，探索增加混合产业用地供给。促进劳动力、人才社会性流动，完善企事业单位人才流动机制，畅通人才跨所有制流动渠道。抓住全球人才流动新机遇，构建更加开放的国际人才交流合作机制。

（四）推进商品和服务市场提质增效。推进商品市场创新发展，完善市场运行和监管规则，全面推进重要产品信息化追溯体系建设，建立打击假冒伪劣商品长效机制。构建优势互补、协作配套的现代服务市场体系。深化流通体制改革，加强全链条标准体系建设，发展“互联网+流通”，降低全社会物流成本。强化消费者权益保护，探索建立集体诉讼制度。

五、创新政府管理和服务方式，完善宏观经济治理体制

完善政府经济调节、市场监管、社会管理、公共服务、生态环境保护等职能，创新和完善宏观调控，进一步提高宏观经济治理能力。

（一）构建有效协调的宏观调控新机制。加快建立与高质量发展要求相适应、体现新发展理念的宏观调控目标体系、政策体系、决策协调体系、监督考评体系和保障体系。健全以国家发展规划为战略导向，以财政政策、货币政策和就业优先政策为主要手段，投资、消费、产业、区域等政策协同发力的宏观调控制度体系，增强宏观调控前瞻性、针对性、协同性。完善国家重大发展战略和中长期经济社会发展规划制度。科学稳健把握宏观政策逆周期调节力度，更好发挥财政政策对经济结构优化升级的支持作用，健全货币政策和宏观审慎政策双支柱调控框架。实施就业优先政策，发挥民生政策兜底功能。完善促进消费的体制机制，增强消费对经济发展的基础性作用。深化投融资体制改革，发挥投资对优化供给结构的关键性作用。加强国家经济安全保障制度建设，构建国家粮食安全和战略资源能源储备体系。优化经济治理基础数据库。强化经济监测预测预警能力，充分利用大数据、人工智能等新技术，建立重大风险识别和预警机制，加强社会预期管理。

（二）加快建立现代财税制度。优化政府间事权和财权划分，建立权责清晰、财力协调、区域均衡的中央和地方财政关系，形成稳定的各级政府事权、支出责任和财力相适应的制度。适当加强中央在知识产权保护、养老保险、跨区域生态环境保护等方面事权，减少并规范中央和地方共同事权。完善标准科学、规范透明、约束有力的预算制度，全面实施预算绩效管理，提高财政资金使用效率。依法构建管理规范、责任清晰、公开透明、风险可控的政府举债融资机制，强化监督问责。清理规范地方融资平台公司，剥离政府融资职能。深化税收制度改革，完善直接税制度并逐步提高其比重。研究将部分品目消费税征收环节后移。建立和完善综合与分类相结合的个人所得税制度。稳妥推进房地产税立法。健全地方税体系，调整完善地方税税制，培育壮大地方税税源，稳步扩大地方税管理权。

（三）强化货币政策、宏观审慎政策和金融监管协调。建设现代中央银行制度，健全中央银行货币政策决策机制，完善基础货币投放机制，推动货币政策从数量型调控为主向价格型调控为主转型。建立现代金融监管体系，全面加强宏观审慎管理，强化综合监管，突出功能监管和行为监管，制定交叉性金融产品监管规则。加强薄弱环节金融监管制度建设，消除监管空白，守住不发生系统性金融风险底线。依法依规界定中央和地方金融监管权责分工，强化地方政府属地金融监管职责和风险处置责任。建立健全金融消费者保护基本制度。有序实现人民币资本项目可兑换，稳步推进人民币国际化。

（四）全面完善科技创新制度和组织体系。加强国家创新体系建设，编制新一轮国家中长期科技发展规划，强化国家战略科技力量，构建社会主义市场经济条件下关键核心技术攻关新型举国体制，使国家科研资源进一步聚焦重点领域、重点项目、重点单位。健全鼓励支持基础研究、原始创新的体制机制，在重要领域适度超前布局建设国家重大科技基础设施，研究建立重大科技基础设施建设运营多元投入机制，支持民营企业参与关键领域核心技术创新攻关。建立健全应对重大公共事件科研储备和支持体系。改革完善中央财政科技计划形成机制和组织实施机制，更多支持企业承担科研任务，激励企业加大研发投入，提高科技创新绩效。建立以企业为主体、市场为导向、产学研深度融合的技术创新体系，支持大中小企业和各类主体融通创新，创新促进科技成果转化机制，完善技术成果转化公开交易与监管体系，推动科技成果转化和产业化。完善科技人才发现、培养、激励机制，健全符合科研规律的科技管理体制和政策体系，改进科技评价体系，试点赋予科研人员职务科技成果所有权或长期使用权。

（五）完善产业政策和区域政策体系。推动产业政策向普惠化和功能性转型，强化对技术创新和结构升级的支持，加强产业政策和竞争政策协同。健全推动发展先进制造业、振兴实体经济的体制机制。建立市场化法治化化解过剩产能长效机制，健全有利于促进市场化兼并重组、转型升级的体制和政策。构建区域协调发展新机制，完善京津冀协同发展、长江经济带发展、长江三角洲区域一体化发展、粤港澳大湾区建设、黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展等国家重大区域战略推进实施机制，形成主体功能明显、优势互补、高质量发展的区域经济布局。健全城乡融合发展体制机制。

（六）以一流营商环境建设为牵引持续优化政府服务。深入推进“放管服”改革，深化行政审批制度改革，进一步精简行政许可事项，对所有涉企经营许可事项实行“证照分离”改革，大力推进“照后减证”。全面开展工程建设项目审批制度改革。深化投资审批制度改革，简化、整合投资项目报建手续，推进投资项目承诺制改革，依托全国投资项目在线审批监管平台加强事中事后监管。创新行政管理和服务方式，深入开展“互联网+政务服务”，加快推进全国一体化政务服务平台建设。建立健全运用互联网、大数据、人工智能等技术手段进行行政管理的制度规则。落实《优化营商环境条例》，完善营商环境评价体系，适时在全国范围开展营商环境评价，加快打造市场化、法治化、国际化营商环境。

（七）构建适应高质量发展要求的社会信用体系和新型监管机制。完善诚信建设长效机制，推进信用信息共享，建立政府部门信用信息向市场主体有序开放机制。健全覆盖全社会的征信体系，培育具有全球话语权的征信机构和信用评级机构。实施“信易+”工程。完善失信主体信用修复机制。建立政务诚信监测治理体系，建立健全政府失信责任追究制度。严格市场监管、质量监管、安全监管，加强违法惩戒。加强市场监管改革创新，健全以“双随机、一公开”监管为基本手段、以重点监管为补充、以信用监管为基础的新型监管机制。以食品安全、药品安全、疫苗安全为重点，健全统一权威的全过程食品药品安全监管体系。完善网络市场规制体系，促进网络市场健康发展。健全对新业态的包容审慎监管制度。

六、坚持和完善民生保障制度，促进社会公平正义

坚持按劳分配为主体、多种分配方式并存，优化收入分配格局，健全可持续的多层次社会保障体系，让改革发展成果更多更公平惠及全体人民。

（一）健全体现效率、促进公平的收入分配制度。坚持多劳多得，着重保护劳动所得，增加劳动者特别是一线劳动者劳动报酬，提高劳动报酬在初次分配中的比重，在经济增长的同时实现居民收入同步增长，在劳动生产率提高的同时实现劳动报酬同步提高。健全劳动、资本、土地、知识、技术、管理、数据等生产要素由市场评价贡献、按贡献决定报酬的机制。完善企业薪酬调查和信息发布制度，健全最低工资标准调整机制。推进高校、科研院所薪酬制度改革，扩大工资分配自主权。鼓励企事业单位对科研人员等实行灵活多样的分配形式。健全以税收、社会保障、转移支付等为主要手段的再分配调节机制。完善第三次分配机制，发展慈善等社会公益事业。多措并举促进城乡居民增收，缩小收入分配差距，扩大中等收入群体。

（二）完善覆盖全民的社会保障体系。健全统筹城乡、可持续的基本养老保险制度、基本医疗保险制度，稳步提高保障水平。实施企业职工基本养老保险基金中央调剂制度，尽快实现养老保险全国统筹，促进基本养老保险基金长期平衡。全面推开中央和地方划转部分国有资本充实社保基金工作。大力发展企业年金、职业年金、个人储蓄性养老保险和商业养老保险。深化医药卫生体制改革，完善统一的城乡居民医保和大病保险制度，健全基本医保筹资和待遇调整机制，持续推进医保支付方式改革，加快落实异地就医结算制度。完善失业保险制度。开展新业态从业人员职业伤害保障试点。统筹完善社会救助、社会福利、慈善事业、优抚安置等制度。加强社会救助资源统筹，完善基本民生保障兜底机制。加快建立多主体供给、多渠道保障、租购并举的住房制度，改革住房公积金制度。

（三）健全国家公共卫生应急管理体系。强化公共卫生法治保障，完善公共卫生领域相关法律法规。把生物安全纳入国家安全体系，系统规划国家生物安全风险防控和治理体系建设，全面提高国家生物安全治理能力。健全公共卫生服务体系，优化医疗卫生资源投入结构，加强农村、社区等基层防控能力建设。完善优化重大疫情救治体系，建立健全分级、分层、分流的传染病等重大疫情救治机制。完善突发重特大疫情防控规范和应急救治管理办法。健全重大疾病医疗保险和救助制度，完善应急医疗救助机制。探索建立特殊群体、特定疾病医药费豁免制度。健全统一的应急物资保障体系，优化重要应急物资产能保障和区域布局，健全国家储备体系，完善储备品类、规模、结构，提升储备效能。

七、建设更高水平开放型经济新体制，以开放促改革促发展

实行更加积极主动的开放战略，全面对接国际高标准市场规则体系，实施更大范围、更宽领域、更深层次的全面开放。

（一）以“一带一路”建设为重点构建对外开放新格局。坚持互利共赢的开放战略，推动共建“一带一路”走深走实和高质量发展，促进商品、资金、技术、人员更大范围流通，依托各类开发区发展高水平经贸产业合作园区，加强市场、规则、标准方面的软联通，强化合作机制建设。加大西部和沿边地区开放力度，推进西部陆海新通道建设，促进东中西互动协同开放，加快形成陆海内外联动、东西双向互济的开放格局。

（二）加快自由贸易试验区、自由贸易港等对外开放高地建设。深化自由贸易试验区改革，在更大范围复制推广改革成果。建设好中国（上海）自由贸易试验区临港新片区，赋予其更大的自主发展、自主改革和自主创新管理权限。聚焦贸易投资自由化便利化，稳步推进海南自由贸易港建设。

（三）健全高水平开放政策保障机制。推进贸易高质量发展，拓展对外贸易多元化，提升一般贸易出口产品附加值，推动加工贸易产业链升级和服务贸易创新发展。办好中国国际进口博览会，更大规模增加商品和服务进口，降低关税总水平，努力消除非关税贸易壁垒，大幅削减进出口环节制度性成本，促进贸易平衡发展。推动制造业、服务业、农业扩大开放，在更多领域允许外资控股或独资经营，全面取消外资准入负面清单之外的限制。健全外商投资准入前国民待遇加负面清单管理制度，推动规则、规制、管理、标准等制度型开放。健全外商投资国家安全审查、反垄断审查、国家技术安全清单管理、不可靠实体清单等制度。健全促进对外投资政策和服务体系。全面实施外商投资法及其实施条例，促进内外资企业公平竞争，建立健全外资企业投诉工作机制，保护外资合法权益。创新对外投资方式，提升对外投资质量。推进国际产能合作，积极开展第三方市场合作。

（四）积极参与全球经济治理体系变革。维护完善多边贸易体制，维护世界贸易组织在多边贸易体制中的核心地位，积极推动和参与世界贸易组织改革，积极参与多边贸易规则谈判，推动贸易和投资自由化便利化，推动构建更高水平的国际经贸规则。加快自由贸易区建设，推动构建面向全球的高标准自由贸易区网络。依托共建“一带一路”倡议及联合国、上海合作组织、金砖国家、二十国集团、亚太经合组织等多边和区域次区域合作机制，积极参与全球经济治理和公共产品供给，构建全球互联互通伙伴关系，加强与相关国家、国际组织的经济发展倡议、规划和标准的对接。推动国际货币基金组织份额与治理改革以及世界银行投票权改革。积极参与国际宏观经济政策沟通协调及国际经济治理体系改革和建设，提出更多中国倡议、中国方案。

八、完善社会主义市场经济法律制度，强化法治保障

以保护产权、维护契约、统一市场、平等交换、公平竞争、有效监管为基本导向，不断完善社会主义市场经济法治体系，确保有法可依、有法必依、违法必究。

（一）完善经济领域法律法规体系。完善物权、债权、股权等各类产权相关法律制度，从立法上赋予私有财产和公有财产平等地位并平等保护。健全破产制度，改革完善企业破产法律制度，推动个人破产立法，建立健全金融机构市场化退出法规，实现市场主体有序退出。修订反垄断法，推动社会信用法律建设，维护公平竞争市场环境。制定和完善发展规划、国土空间规划、自然资源资产、生态环境、农业、财政税收、金融、涉外经贸等方面法律法规。按照包容审慎原则推进新经济领域立法。健全重大改革特别授权机制，对涉及调整现行法律法规的重大改革，按法定程序经全国人大或国务院统一授权后，由有条件的地方先行开展改革试验和实践创新。

（二）健全执法司法对市场经济运行的保障机制。深化行政执法体制改革，最大限度减少不必要的行政执法事项，规范行政执法行为，进一步明确具体操作流程。根据不同层级政府的事权和职能，优化配置执法力量，加快推进综合执法。强化对市场主体之间产权纠纷的公平裁判，完善涉及查封、扣押、冻结和处置公民财产行为的法律制度。健全涉产权冤错案件有效防范和常态化纠正机制。

（三）全面建立行政权力制约和监督机制。依法全面履行政府职能，推进机构、职能、权限、程序、责任法定化，实行政府权责清单制度。健全重大行政决策程序制度，提高决策质量和效率。加强对政府内部权力的制约，强化内部流程控制，防止权力滥用。完善审计制度，对公共资金、国有资产、国有资源和领导干部履行经济责任情况实行审计全覆盖。加强重大政策、重大项目财政承受能力评估。推动审批监管、执法司法、工程建设、资源开发、海外投资和在境外国有资产监管、金融信贷、公共资源交易、公共财政支出等重点领域监督机制改革和制度建设。依法推进财政预算、公共资源配置、重大建设项目批准和实施、社会公益事业建设等领域政府信息公开。

（四）完善发展市场经济监督制度和监督机制。坚持和完善党和国家监督体系，强化政治监督，严格约束公权力，推动落实党委（党组）主体责任、书记第一责任人责任、纪委监委监督责任。持之以恒深入推进党风廉政建设和反腐败斗争，坚决依规依纪依法查处资源、土地、规划、建设、工程、金融等领域腐败问题。完善监察法实施制度体系，围绕权力运行各个环节，压减权力设租寻租空间，坚决破除权钱交易关系网，实现执规执纪执法贯通，促进党内监督、监察监督、行政监督、司法监督、审计监督、财会监督、统计监督、群众监督、舆论监督协同发力，推动社会主义市场经济健康发展。

九、坚持和加强党的全面领导，确保改革举措有效实施

发挥党总揽全局、协调各方的领导核心作用，把党领导经济工作的制度优势转化为治理效能，强化改革落地见效，推动经济体制改革不断走深走实。

（一）坚持和加强党的领导。进一步增强“四个意识”、坚定“四个自信”、做到“两个维护”，从战略和全局高度深刻认识加快完善社会主义市场经济体制的重大意义，把党的领导贯穿于深化经济体制改革和加快完善社会主义市场经济体制全过程，贯穿于谋划改革思路、制定改革方案、推进改革实施等各环节，确保改革始终沿着正确方向前进。

（二）健全改革推进机制。各地区各部门要按照本意见要求并结合自身实际，制定完善配套政策或实施措施。从国情出发，坚持问题导向、目标导向和结果导向相统一，按照系统集成、协同高效要求纵深推进，在精准实施、精准落实上下足功夫，把落实党中央要求、满足实践需要、符合基层期盼统一起来，克服形式主义、官僚主义，一个领域一个领域盯住抓落实。将顶层设计与基层探索结合起来，充分发挥基层首创精神，发挥经济特区、自由贸易试验区（自由贸易港）的先行先试作用。

（三）完善改革激励机制。健全改革的正向激励体系，强化敢于担当、攻坚克难的用人导向，注重在改革一线考察识别干部，把那些具有改革创新意识、勇于改革、善谋改革的干部用起来。巩固党风廉政建设成果，推动构建亲清政商关系。建立健全改革容错纠错机制，正确把握干部在改革创新中出现失误错误的性质和影响，切实保护干部干事创业的积极性。加强对改革典型案例、改革成效的总结推广和宣传报道，按规定给予表彰激励，为改革营造良好舆论环境和社会氛围。
【我要纠错】 责任编辑：李润发

 

Opinions of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council on Accelerating the Improvement of the Socialist Market Economic System in the New Era
2020-05-18 19:00 Source: Xinhua News Agency





Xinhua News Agency, Beijing, May 18th, by wire

Central Committee of the Communist Party of China
Opinions on accelerating the improvement of the socialist market economic system in the new era
(May 11, 2020)

The socialist market economic system is a major theoretical and practical innovation of socialism with Chinese characteristics and an important part of the basic socialist economic system. Since the reform and opening up, especially since the 18th National Party Congress, China has insisted on comprehensively deepening reforms, giving full play to the traction of economic system reform, and constantly improving the socialist market economic system, which has greatly mobilized the enthusiasm of hundreds of millions of people and greatly promoted the development of productive forces. This has greatly enhanced the vitality of the party and the country and created a miracle of rapid economic development that is rare in the world. At the same time, we must see that socialism with Chinese characteristics has entered a new era, the main social contradictions have changed, and the economy has shifted from the stage of rapid growth to the stage of high-quality development. Compared with these new situations and new requirements, China ’s market system is still not perfect and the market is still developing Insufficient, the relationship between the government and the market is not completely straightened out, there are also insufficient market incentives, poor flow of factors, low resource allocation efficiency, and weak microeconomic vitality. There are still many institutional obstacles to promoting high-quality development. We must further emancipate our minds, unswervingly deepen market-oriented reforms, expand high-level opening up, and continue to make breakthroughs in key fundamental reforms in the economic system. In order to implement the strategic deployment of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China and the Fourth Plenary Session of the Nineteenth Central Committee on adhering to and improving the basic socialist economic system, we will promote economic system reform and other aspects of system reform at a higher starting point, higher level, and higher goals To build a more systematic, more mature and mature high-level socialist market economic system, the following comments are now made.

1. General requirements

(1) Guiding ideology. Guided by Xi Jinping's socialist ideology with Chinese characteristics in the new era, fully implement the spirit of the 19th National Congress of the Party and the Second, Third, and Fourth Plenary Sessions of the 19th CPC Central Committee, resolutely implement the party's basic theories, basic lines, and basic strategies, and promote the "Five The “one-in-one” overall layout and coordinated promotion of the “four comprehensive” strategic layout, adhere to the overall tone of steady progress, adhere to the new development concept, adhere to the supply-side structural reform as the main line, adhere to the people-centered development thinking, adhere to And improve the basic economic system of socialism, focus on improving the property rights system and the market-oriented allocation of factors, comprehensively deepen the reform of the economic system, accelerate the improvement of the socialist market economic system, build a high-standard market system, and realize effective incentives for property rights, free flow of factors, and prices Flexible response, fair and orderly competition, survival of the fittest in the enterprise, strengthening and improving the system supply, advancing the modernization of the national governance system and governance capabilities, promoting the adaptation of production relations to productivity, superstructure and economic foundation, and promoting higher quality, more efficiency and more Fair and more sustainable development.

(2) Basic principles

-Adhere to the guidance of Xi Jinping's socialist economic thinking with Chinese characteristics in the new era. Adhere to and strengthen the party's overall leadership, adhere to and improve the socialist system with Chinese characteristics, strengthen problem orientation, grasp the correct reform strategies and methods, continue to optimize economic governance, and strive to build an effective market mechanism, dynamic micro-subjects, and moderate macro-control The economic system has made the socialist system with Chinese characteristics more consolidated and fully demonstrated its superiority.

-Persist in emancipating and developing productive forces. Firmly grasp the basic national conditions of the primary stage of socialism, firmly hold the center of economic construction, give play to the traction of economic system reform, coordinate the promotion of reforms in the political, cultural, social, ecological civilization and other fields, promote the efficient linkage of reform and development, and further liberate and Develop social productive forces and continuously meet the people's growing needs for a better life.

-Uphold and improve the basic socialist economic system. Persist in and improve the public ownership as the mainstay, the development of a variety of ownership economies, the distribution of labor as the mainstay, multiple coexistence methods, the socialist market economic system and other socialist basic economic systems, and organically integrate the socialist system with Chinese characteristics and the market economy To provide an important institutional guarantee for promoting high-quality development and building a modern economic system.

——Adhere to the correct handling of government and market relations. Adhere to the direction of the socialist market economy reform, respect the general laws of the market economy more, minimize the government's direct allocation of market resources and direct intervention in microeconomic activities, give full play to the decisive role of the market in resource allocation, and better play the role of the government To effectively compensate for market failures.

—— Adhere to the main line of supply-side structural reforms. More reform methods, more market-based legalization methods, more efforts to consolidate, strengthen, improve, and smooth, increase structural reform efforts, innovate system supply, continuously enhance economic innovation and competitiveness, adapt and trigger Effective demand promotes a higher level of dynamic balance between supply and demand.

——Insist on expanding high-level opening and deepening market-oriented reforms to promote mutual progress. Unswervingly expand opening, promote the transition from commodity and factor flow opening to rules and other institutional openings, absorb the experience of the international mature market economy system and the beneficial results of human civilization, accelerate the integration of domestic institutional rules with the international standards, and promote deep opening with a high level of opening Hierarchical market reform.

2. Insist on the public ownership as the main body, and develop the economy with multiple ownership systems to enhance the vitality of the micro-main body

Unwaveringly consolidate and develop the public economy, unwaveringly encourage, support, and guide the development of the non-public economy, explore various forms of public ownership, support the reform and development of private enterprises, and cultivate more dynamic market players.

(1) Promoting the optimization of the layout of the state-owned economy and structural adjustment. Persist in advancing and retreating, doing something and not doing something, promoting more investment of state-owned capital in important fields related to national economy and people's livelihood, and related to the national economic lifeline, science and technology, national defense, security and other fields, serving national strategic goals, enhancing state-owned economic competitiveness Innovation, control, influence, and ability to resist risks, strengthen and optimize state-owned capital, and effectively prevent the loss of state-owned assets. For the state-owned economy in the field of full competition, optimize the allocation of state-owned capital by means of capitalization and securitization, and increase the return of state-owned capital. Further improve and strengthen the supervision of state-owned assets, effectively play the role of state-owned capital investment and operating company functions, adhere to one enterprise and one strategy, mature one to promote one, run a successful one, revitalize the stock of state-owned capital, and promote the preservation and appreciation of state-owned assets.

(2) Actively and steadily promote the reform of mixed ownership of state-owned enterprises. On the basis of in-depth implementation of pilot projects of mixed ownership reform in key areas, in accordance with the requirements of improving governance, strengthening incentives, highlighting the main business, and improving efficiency, promote mixed ownership reform and regulate the orderly development of mixed ownership economy. For state-funded enterprises and state-owned capital operating company-funded enterprises in the field of full competition, explore the transformation of some state-owned equity into preferred shares and strengthen the function of state-owned capital income. Support qualified mixed ownership enterprises to establish medium- and long-term incentive mechanisms such as key employee stock ownership, listed company equity incentives, technology-based enterprise equity and dividend incentives. Deepen the reform of state-owned enterprises, speed up the improvement of the corporate governance structure and market-oriented operating mechanism of state-owned enterprises, improve the tenure system of managers and contract management, and improve the modern enterprise system with Chinese characteristics. For enterprises with mixed ownership, explore the establishment of a governance mechanism and supervision system that are different from those of wholly state-owned or wholly-owned companies. For mixed-ownership enterprises where state-owned capital is no longer absolutely controlled, explore and implement a more flexible and efficient supervision system.

(3) Steadily promote the reform of natural monopoly industries. Deepen the reforms with the separation of government and enterprise, separation of government and capital, franchising, and government supervision as the main content, improve the quality of infrastructure supply in the natural monopoly industry, strictly regulate the natural monopoly link, accelerate the marketization of competitive links, and effectively break administrative monopoly, Prevent market monopoly. Build an effective and competitive electricity market, orderly release electricity development plans and electricity prices at competitive links, and increase the degree of marketization of electricity transactions. Promote the fair opening of oil and gas pipeline networks to market players, liberalize natural gas sources and sales prices in a timely manner, and improve the competitive oil and gas circulation market. Deepen the reform of the railway industry and promote the diversification of the main players in the railway transportation market and moderate competition. Separate operations for universal postal service business and competitive business. Improve the tobacco monopoly system and build a new mechanism for moderate competition.

(4) Create an institutional environment that supports the high-quality development of the non-public economy. Improve the market, policies, rule of law and social environment that support the development of the private economy and foreign-invested enterprises, and further stimulate vitality and creativity. Treat enterprises of all types of ownership equally in terms of factor acquisition, entry permits, operation and operation, government procurement, bidding, etc., to break down all kinds of obstacles and hidden barriers that restrict market competition, and to create equal use of resource elements, A market environment in which competition is open, fair and just, and equally protected by law. Improve the implementation details and specific measures to support the non-public economy to enter the fields of power, oil and gas, etc., greatly relax market access in the service sector, and release more room for development to social capital. Improve the system for supporting the development of small and medium-sized enterprises, increase the supply of financial services for small and medium-sized enterprises, and support the development of small and medium-sized financial institutions such as private banks and community banks. Improve the private enterprise financing and credit support system. Improve the direct financing support system for private enterprises. We will improve the long-term mechanism for clearing and preventing arrears in private enterprise SME accounts, and create a market environment that is conducive to resolving debt problems among private enterprises. We will improve the policy system for establishing a pro-Qing government-business relationship, establish a standardized mechanism for government-enterprise communication channels, and encourage private enterprises to participate in the implementation of major national strategies.

3. Consolidate the basic system of market economy and ensure fair competition in the market

Build a high-standard market system, comprehensively improve systems such as property rights, market access, and fair competition, and lay a solid foundation for the effective operation of the socialist market economy.

(1) Comprehensively improve the property rights system. Improve the modern property rights system with clear ownership, clear rights and responsibilities, strict protection and smooth circulation, and strengthen property rights incentives. Improve the property management system of operating state-owned assets with capital management as the mainstay, and accelerate the transformation of the functions and performance methods of state-owned assets supervision institutions. Improve the property rights system of natural resource assets. Improve the property rights protection system based on the principle of fairness, comprehensively and equally protect private economic property rights according to law, and severely investigate and punish all kinds of acts that infringe on the legitimate rights and interests of private enterprises. Implement the policy of extending the second 30-year rural land contract after the expiration of another 30 years, and improve the "three powers separation" system for rural contracted land. Deepen the reform of the rural collective property rights system, improve property rights and capabilities, quantify the conversion of operating assets to members of collective economic organizations, innovate the effective organization form and operating mechanism of the rural collective economy, and improve the basic rural management system. Improve and refine the rules for the creation, use, transaction and protection of intellectual property, accelerate the establishment of a punitive compensation system for intellectual property infringement, strengthen the protection of business secrets, and improve the intellectual property protection system for new areas and new formats.

(2) Fully implement the market access negative list system. Promote a "national list" management model to maintain the unity and authority of the list. Establish a dynamic adjustment mechanism for the negative list of market access and a third-party evaluation mechanism, and further relax the access restrictions by focusing on the service industry. Establish a unified list code system so that the list items are closely linked and matched with the administrative approval system. Establish a market access negative list information disclosure mechanism to improve access policy transparency and ease of use of negative lists. Establish a market access assessment system, regularly assess, investigate, and clear up all kinds of explicit and hidden barriers, and promote the universal implementation of "non-prohibited entry". Reform the production permit system.

(3) Fully implement the fair competition review system. Improve the competition policy framework, establish and improve the implementation mechanism of competition policy, and strengthen the foundation of competition policy. Strengthen the rigid constraints of fair competition review, revise and improve the fair competition review implementation rules, establish a fair competition review spot check, assessment, and publicity system, and establish and improve a third-party review and evaluation mechanism. Make overall planning for incremental review and inventory clearance, and gradually clear and abolish the inventory policies that impede a unified market and fair competition across the country. Establish green channels for reporting and reporting violations of fair competition. Strengthen and improve anti-monopoly and anti-unfair competition law enforcement, increase law enforcement and increase the cost of illegality. Cultivate and promote a fair competition culture, and further create a fair competition social environment.

4. Build a more complete system of market-based allocation of factors to further stimulate the creativity and market vitality of the whole society

Focusing on the reform of factor-based market allocation, we will accelerate the construction of a unified, open, and orderly market system, promote the construction of factor market systems, and achieve factor price market decisions, independent, orderly flow, and efficient and fair allocation.

(1) Establish and improve a unified and open factor market. Accelerate the construction of a unified urban and rural construction land market, and establish a system for entering rural collectively-operated construction land with the same rights and the same price, smooth circulation, and shared revenue. Explore the "three separate rights" of ownership, qualification and use rights of rural homesteads, and deepen the reform of rural homesteads. Deepen the reform of the household registration system, relax the restrictions on city settlement except for some megacities, and explore the implementation of the system of residence registration and mutual recognition of residence permits in urban agglomerations. Promote the transformation of public resources from allocation according to city administrative levels to allocation according to actual service management population size. Accelerate the establishment of a standardized, transparent, open, energetic and resilient capital market, strengthen the establishment of a capital market basic system, promote the reform of the stock issuance registration system with information disclosure as the core, improve the mandatory delisting and active delisting systems, and increase the number of listed companies Quality, strengthen investor protection. Explore the implementation of a corporate credit bond issuance registration management system. Build a banking system that is compatible with the real economic structure and financing needs, has multiple levels, wide coverage, and differs. Accelerate the cultivation and development of the data element market, establish a data resource list management mechanism, improve data ownership definition, open sharing, transaction circulation and other standards and measures, and play the value of social data resources. Promote the construction of digital government, strengthen the orderly sharing of data, and protect personal information according to law.

(2) Promoting market-oriented reform of factor prices. Improve the mechanism by which the market determines prices, and minimize the government ’s improper intervention in price formation. Improve the price formation mechanism of urban construction land and the policy of active utilization of existing land, promote the redevelopment of low-efficiency land in cities and towns, and promote the comprehensive development and utilization of land and the rational conversion of uses under the premise of complying with the national spatial planning. Deepen the reform of interest rate marketization, improve the benchmark interest rate and market-based interest rate system, better play the benchmark role of the national debt yield curve pricing, and enhance the independent pricing ability of financial institutions. Improve the market-oriented formation mechanism of the RMB exchange rate and enhance the two-way floating flexibility. Accelerate the construction of a national technology trading platform, actively develop scientific and technological achievements, patents and other asset evaluation services to promote the orderly flow of technical elements and the formation of reasonable prices.

(3) Market-oriented allocation of innovative elements. Reduce the scope of land expropriation, strictly define the scope of public interest land use, and establish a land expropriation catalog and a public interest land identification mechanism. Promote the reform of state-owned enterprises and institutions to reform the disposal of land assets, and promote the allocation and utilization of land. Improve the system of multi-subject and multi-mode land supply for industrial land. Under the premise of conforming to the national spatial planning, explore and increase the supply of mixed industrial land. Promote the social mobility of labor and talents, improve the flow of talents in enterprises and institutions, and smooth the flow of talents across ownership. Seize the new opportunities for global talent flow and build a more open international talent exchange and cooperation mechanism.

(4) Advance the quality and efficiency of the commodity and service markets. Promote the innovation and development of the commodity market, improve market operation and regulatory rules, comprehensively promote the construction of an important product information traceability system, and establish a long-term mechanism to combat counterfeit and shoddy commodities. Construct a modern service market system with complementary advantages and coordinated support. Deepen the reform of the circulation system, strengthen the construction of a full-chain standard system, develop "Internet + circulation", and reduce the logistics cost of the whole society. Strengthen the protection of consumer rights and interests and explore the establishment of a class action system.

5. Innovate government management and service methods and improve the macroeconomic governance system

Improve government economic regulation, market supervision, social management, public services, ecological environmental protection and other functions, innovate and improve macroeconomic regulation, and further improve macroeconomic governance capabilities.

(1) Construct a new mechanism for effective and coordinated macro-control. Accelerate the establishment of a macro-control target system, policy system, decision-making coordination system, supervision and evaluation system, and guarantee system that meet the requirements of high-quality development and reflect the new development concept. Improve the macro-control system that takes the national development plan as the strategic guide, uses fiscal policy, monetary policy, and employment priority policies as the main means, and invests, consumes, industries, and regions coordinated efforts to strengthen the forward-looking, targeted, and Synergy. Improve the country's major development strategies and mid- and long-term economic and social development planning systems. Scientifically and steadily grasp the strength of the counter-cyclical adjustment of macro policies, better play the role of fiscal policies in supporting the optimization and upgrading of the economic structure, and improve the two-pillar regulation framework of monetary policy and macro-prudential policy. Implement the employment priority policy and give full play to the livelihood policy. Improve the system and mechanism for promoting consumption and enhance the basic role of consumption in economic development. Deepen the reform of the investment and financing system and give play to the key role of investment in optimizing the supply structure. Strengthen the construction of the national economic security system and build a national food security and strategic resource and energy reserve system. Optimize the basic database of economic governance. Strengthen economic monitoring, forecasting and early warning capabilities, make full use of new technologies such as big data and artificial intelligence, establish a major risk identification and early warning mechanism, and strengthen social anticipation management.

(2) Accelerate the establishment of a modern fiscal and taxation system. Optimize the division of authority and financial authority among governments, establish clear central and local fiscal relations with clear powers and responsibilities, coordinate financial resources, and establish regional balance, and form a stable system of government authority, expenditure responsibilities, and financial resources at all levels. Appropriately strengthen the central government's powers in intellectual property protection, pension insurance, cross-regional ecological environmental protection, etc., and reduce and standardize the central and local joint powers. Improve the budget system with scientific standards, standard transparency, and strong constraints, fully implement budget performance management, and improve the efficiency of the use of financial funds. Establish a government debt financing mechanism with standardized management, clear responsibilities, openness and transparency, and controllable risks according to law, and strengthen supervision and accountability. Clean up and regulate local financing platform companies, and strip off government financing functions. Deepen the reform of the tax system, improve the direct tax system and gradually increase its proportion. The study shifted the collection of consumption tax on some items. Establish and improve the personal income tax system combining comprehensive and classification. Promote real estate tax legislation steadily. Improve the local tax system, adjust and improve the local tax system, cultivate and expand local tax revenue sources, and steadily expand the power of local tax management.

(3) Strengthen coordination of monetary policy, macro-prudential policy and financial supervision. Build a modern central bank system, improve the central bank's monetary policy decision-making mechanism, improve the basic currency release mechanism, and promote the transformation of monetary policy from quantitative control to price control. Establish a modern financial supervision system, comprehensively strengthen macro-prudential management, strengthen comprehensive supervision, highlight functional supervision and behavior supervision, and formulate cross-cutting financial product supervision rules. Strengthen the construction of financial supervision systems for weak links, eliminate supervision gaps, and keep the bottom line where no systematic financial risks occur. Define the division of responsibilities between the central and local financial regulatory authorities in accordance with the law and regulations, and strengthen local government financial supervision responsibilities and risk disposal responsibilities. Establish and improve the basic financial consumer protection system. Realize the convertibility of RMB capital items in an orderly manner and steadily promote RMB internationalization.

(4) Comprehensively improve the scientific and technological innovation system and organizational system. Strengthen the construction of the national innovation system, prepare a new round of national mid- and long-term scientific and technological development plans, strengthen the national strategic scientific and technological strength, build a new nationwide system of key core technologies under the socialist market economy, and focus national research resources on key areas, key projects, Key units. Improve the institutional mechanisms that encourage basic research and original innovation, moderately advance the construction of major national science and technology infrastructure in important areas, study and establish a multi-input mechanism for the construction and operation of major science and technology infrastructure, and support private enterprises to participate in key technological innovations in key areas. Establish and improve a scientific research reserve and support system for responding to major public events. Reform and improve the formation mechanism and organization implementation mechanism of the central financial science and technology plan, more support enterprises to undertake scientific research tasks, encourage enterprises to increase investment in research and development, and improve technological innovation performance. Establish a technology innovation system that is enterprise-centered, market-oriented, and deeply integrated with production, education, and research. It supports large and medium-sized enterprises and all types of main bodies in innovation, promotes the transformation of scientific and technological achievements, and improves the public trading and supervision system for the transformation of technological achievements. Transformation and industrialization. Improve the discovery, training, and incentive mechanisms for scientific and technological talents, improve the scientific and technological management system and policy system in accordance with the laws of scientific research, improve the scientific and technological evaluation system, and give scientific research personnel the title of scientific and technological achievements or long-term use rights.

(5) Improve the industrial policy and regional policy system. Promote the transformation of industrial policies into inclusiveness and functionality, strengthen support for technological innovation and structural upgrades, and strengthen coordination between industrial and competition policies. Improve the system and mechanism for promoting the development of advanced manufacturing and revitalizing the real economy. Establish a long-term mechanism for market-oriented rule of law to resolve excess capacity, and improve systems and policies that are conducive to promoting market-based mergers and acquisitions, transformation, and upgrading. Establish a new mechanism for regional coordinated development, and improve the implementation mechanism of major national regional strategic advancements such as the coordinated development of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, the development of the Yangtze River Economic Belt, the integrated development of the Yangtze River Delta, the construction of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, the ecological protection and high-quality development of the Yellow River Basin, Form a regional economic layout with obvious main functions, complementary advantages, and high-quality development. Improve the urban and rural integration development mechanism.

(6) Continuously optimize government services with the traction of a first-class business environment. Deeply promote the reform of “delegation and management”, deepen the reform of the administrative approval system, further streamline administrative licensing matters, implement a “certificate separation” reform for all business-related licensing matters, and vigorously promote “post-license reduction”. Comprehensively carry out reform of the approval system for engineering construction projects. Deepen the reform of the investment approval system, simplify and integrate the investment project construction procedures, promote the reform of the investment project commitment system, and rely on the national investment project online approval supervision platform to strengthen the supervision after the event. Innovate administrative management and service methods, carry out "Internet + government service", and accelerate the construction of a national integrated government service platform. Establish and improve institutional rules for administrative management using Internet, big data, artificial intelligence and other technical means. Implement the "Regulations on Optimizing the Business Environment", improve the business environment evaluation system, conduct business environment evaluation nationwide in a timely manner, and accelerate the creation of a market-based, rule-of-law, and international business environment

(7) Construct a social credit system and a new type of supervision mechanism that meet the requirements of high-quality development. Improve the long-term mechanism of integrity construction, promote the sharing of credit information, and establish an orderly opening mechanism for credit information of government departments to market players. Improve the credit reference system covering the whole society, and cultivate credit reference agencies and credit rating agencies with global voice. Implement the "Xinyi +" project. Improve the credit repair mechanism of untrustworthy subjects. Establish a system of monitoring and governance of government credibility, and establish and improve a system of accountability for government dishonesty. Strict market supervision, quality supervision and safety supervision, and strengthen disciplinary actions. Strengthen the reform and innovation of market supervision and improve a new supervision mechanism based on "double random and one open" supervision, supplemented by key supervision, and based on credit supervision. Focusing on food safety, drug safety and vaccine safety, a unified and authoritative whole-process food and drug safety supervision system will be improved. Improve the network market regulation system and promote the healthy development of the network market. Improve the inclusive and prudential supervision system for the new format.

6. Adhere to and improve the people's livelihood security system and promote social fairness and justice

Adhere to the principle of distribution according to work, coexist with multiple distribution methods, optimize the pattern of income distribution, improve the sustainable multi-level social security system, and make the reform and development achievements more fair and benefit all people.

(1) Improve the income distribution system that reflects efficiency and promotes fairness. Adhere to more work and more income, focus on protecting labor income, increase labor compensation for workers, especially first-line workers, increase the proportion of labor compensation in the initial distribution, achieve simultaneous growth of residents' income while economic growth, and achieve while increasing labor productivity Labor remuneration has increased simultaneously. Improve the mechanism of labor, capital, land, knowledge, technology, management, data and other production factors that are contributed by market evaluation and determined by contribution. Improve the enterprise salary survey and information release system, and improve the minimum wage standard adjustment mechanism. Promote the reform of the salary system in universities and research institutes, and expand the autonomy of salary distribution. Encourage enterprises and institutions to implement flexible and diverse forms of distribution for scientific research personnel. Improve the redistribution adjustment mechanism with taxation, social security and transfer payment as the main means. Improve the third distribution mechanism and develop charity and other social welfare undertakings. Take multiple measures to promote the increase in income of urban and rural residents, narrow the income distribution gap, and expand the middle-income group.

(2) Improve the social security system covering all people. Improve the overall urban and rural, sustainable basic pension insurance system, basic medical insurance system, and steadily improve the level of protection. Implement the central adjustment system for the basic pension insurance fund for enterprise employees, realize the national pooling of pension insurance as soon as possible, and promote the long-term balance of the basic pension insurance fund. Fully push forward the transfer of some state-owned capital from the central and local governments to enrich the work of social security funds. Vigorously develop enterprise annuity, occupational annuity, personal savings pension insurance and commercial pension insurance. Deepen the reform of the medical and health system, improve the unified urban and rural residents' medical insurance and serious illness insurance system, improve the basic medical insurance financing and treatment adjustment mechanism, continue to promote the reform of medical insurance payment methods, and accelerate the implementation of the settlement system for medical treatment in different places. Improve the unemployment insurance system. Carry out pilots for occupational injury protection for employees in new formats. Coordinate and improve social assistance, social welfare, charity, preferential treatment and other systems. Strengthen the coordination of social assistance resources and improve the basic people's livelihood guarantee mechanism. Accelerate the establishment of a housing system with multi-subject supply, multi-channel security, and rent-purchase simultaneous reform, and reform the housing provident fund system.

(3) Improve the national public health emergency management system. Strengthen the guarantee of the rule of law in public health, and improve relevant laws and regulations in the field of public health. Integrate biosecurity into the national security system, systematically plan the construction of national biosecurity risk prevention and control systems, and comprehensively improve national biosecurity governance capabilities. Improve the public health service system, optimize the input structure of medical and health resources, and strengthen the construction of rural and community grassroots prevention and control capabilities. Improve and optimize the major epidemic treatment system, and establish and improve the classification, stratification, and diversion of infectious diseases and other major epidemic treatment mechanisms. Improve the prevention and control regulations for sudden and severe epidemics and emergency rescue management methods. Improve the medical insurance and rescue system for major diseases, and improve the emergency medical rescue mechanism. Explore the establishment of an exemption system for medical expenses for special groups and specific diseases. Improve the unified emergency material guarantee system, optimize the guarantee of important emergency material assets and regional layout, improve the national reserve system, improve the category, scale and structure of the reserve, and enhance the reserve efficiency.

7. Build a new level of open economy new system, promote reform and development by opening up

Implement a more proactive opening strategy, comprehensively connect with the international high-standard market rules system, and implement a wider scope, wider fields, and deeper comprehensive opening.

(1) Focus on the construction of the “Belt and Road” and build a new pattern of opening up. Adhere to the open strategy of mutual benefit and win-win, promote the deep and practical development of the “Belt and Road” and high-quality development, promote greater circulation of commodities, capital, technology and personnel, and develop high-level economic and trade industrial cooperation parks based on various development zones. Strengthen soft connectivity in markets, rules, and standards, and strengthen cooperation mechanisms. Strengthen the opening up of the western and border regions, promote the construction of new land-sea passages in the west, promote the coordinated opening of the East, China, and the West, and accelerate the formation of an open pattern in which land and sea are linked internally and externally, and East and West are mutually beneficial.

(2) Accelerate the construction of open highlands such as free trade pilot zones and free trade ports. Deepen the reform of the pilot free trade zone, and replicate and promote the reform achievements in a larger area. The new port area of ​​China (Shanghai) Pilot Free Trade Zone is well established, giving it greater authority for independent development, independent reform and independent innovation management. Focus on trade and investment liberalization and facilitation, and steadily promote the construction of Hainan Free Trade Port.

(3) Improve the high-level open policy guarantee mechanism. Promote the high-quality development of trade, expand the diversification of foreign trade, increase the added value of general trade export products, and promote the upgrading of the processing trade industrial chain and the innovative development of service trade. Run the China International Import Expo well, increase the import of goods and services on a larger scale, reduce the overall tariff level, strive to eliminate non-tariff trade barriers, substantially reduce the institutional costs of import and export links, and promote balanced development of trade. Promote the expansion and opening up of manufacturing, service, and agriculture, allow foreign investment to hold shares or sole proprietorships in more areas, and fully remove restrictions outside the negative list of foreign investment access. We will improve the management system for national treatment prior to entry of foreign investment plus a negative list, and promote the opening of rules, regulations, management, and standards. Improve the system of foreign investment national security review, antitrust review, national technical security list management, and list of unreliable entities. Improve foreign investment promotion policies and service systems. Fully implement the Foreign Investment Law and its implementation regulations, promote fair competition between domestic and foreign-funded enterprises, establish and improve a complaint mechanism for foreign-funded enterprises, and protect the legitimate rights and interests of foreign capital. Innovate foreign investment methods and improve the quality of foreign investment. Promote international production capacity cooperation and actively carry out third-party market cooperation.

(4) Actively participate in the reform of the global economic governance system. Maintain and improve the multilateral trading system, maintain the core position of the World Trade Organization in the multilateral trading system, actively promote and participate in WTO reforms, actively participate in multilateral trade rules negotiations, promote trade and investment liberalization and facilitation, and promote the establishment of a higher level of International economic and trade rules. Accelerate the construction of free trade zones and promote the establishment of a global high-standard free trade zone network. Relying on the joint construction of the “Belt and Road” initiative and multilateral and regional subregional cooperation mechanisms such as the United Nations, Shanghai Cooperation Organization, BRICS, G20, APEC, etc., actively participate in global economic governance and public product supply, and build global interconnection partners Relations and strengthen the connection with economic development initiatives, plans and standards of relevant countries and international organizations. Promote IMF quota and governance reform and World Bank voting rights reform. Actively participate in the communication and coordination of international macroeconomic policies and the reform and construction of the international economic governance system, and put forward more Chinese initiatives and Chinese programs.

8. Improve the legal system of the socialist market economy and strengthen the guarantee of the rule of law

Taking the protection of property rights, maintenance of contracts, unified market, equal exchange, fair competition, and effective supervision as the basic guidance, we constantly improve the socialist market economy legal system to ensure that there are laws that can be followed, laws must be followed, and violations must be investigated.

(1) Improve the system of laws and regulations in the economic field. Improve various property rights related legal systems such as property rights, creditor's rights, equity, etc., and give private property and public property equal status and equal protection from legislation. Improve the bankruptcy system, reform and improve the corporate bankruptcy legal system, promote individual bankruptcy legislation, establish and improve market-oriented exit regulations for financial institutions, and realize the orderly exit of market players. Revise the anti-monopoly law, promote the construction of social credit laws, and maintain a fair competition market environment. Formulate and perfect laws and regulations in development planning, land and space planning, natural resource assets, ecological environment, agriculture, fiscal taxation, finance, foreign-related economic and trade, etc. Promote legislation in the new economic field in accordance with the principle of tolerance and prudence. Improve the special authorization mechanism for major reforms. For major reforms that involve adjustments to existing laws and regulations, according to the statutory procedures and unified authorization by the National People's Congress or the State Council, reform trials and practical innovations will be carried out by qualified localities first.

(2) Improve the guarantee mechanism of law enforcement and judicial administration for the operation of the market economy. Deepen the reform of the administrative law enforcement system, minimize unnecessary administrative law enforcement matters, standardize administrative law enforcement behaviors, and further clarify the specific operational procedures. According to the powers and functions of different levels of government, optimize the deployment of law enforcement forces and accelerate the implementation of comprehensive law enforcement. Strengthen fair judgments on property rights disputes between market entities, and improve the legal system involving acts of seizure, seizure, freezing and disposal of citizens ’property. Improve the effective prevention and normalization correction mechanism for property rights wrong cases.

(3) Establish an administrative power restriction and supervision mechanism in an all-round way. Fully perform government functions in accordance with the law, promote the legalization of institutions, functions, authorities, procedures, and responsibilities, and implement a government power and responsibility list system. Improve major administrative decision-making procedures and systems to improve decision-making quality and efficiency. Strengthen the restriction on the internal power of the government, strengthen the internal process control, and prevent the abuse of power. Improve the audit system and implement full audit coverage of the performance of public funds, state-owned assets, state-owned resources and leading cadres in their economic responsibilities. Strengthen the assessment of financial capacity of major policies and major projects. Promote the reform and establishment of supervision mechanisms in key areas such as examination and approval supervision, law enforcement and justice, engineering construction, resource development, overseas investment and overseas asset supervision, financial credit, public resource transactions, and public fiscal expenditure. Promote government information disclosure in areas such as fiscal budget, public resource allocation, major construction project approval and implementation, and social welfare undertakings in accordance with law.

(4) Improve the development of a market economy supervision system and supervision mechanism. Adhere to and improve the party and state supervision system, strengthen political supervision, strictly restrict public power, and promote the implementation of the main responsibility of the party committee (party group), the responsibility of the first responsible person of the secretary, and the supervision responsibility of the discipline inspection commission. Persevere in advancing the construction of party style and clean government and the fight against corruption, and resolutely investigate and deal with corruption in the fields of resources, land, planning, construction, engineering, and finance in accordance with regulations and disciplines. Improve the system of implementation of the Supervision Law, focus on all links of power operation, reduce power to set up rent-seeking space, resolutely break the network of power and money transactions, realize the continuity of rules and regulations, promote intra-party supervision, supervisory supervision, administrative supervision, judicial Supervision, audit supervision, financial and accounting supervision, statistical supervision, mass supervision, and public opinion supervision work together to promote the healthy development of the socialist market economy.

9. Adhere to and strengthen the overall leadership of the party to ensure the effective implementation of the reform measures

Give full play to the party's core role of taking over the overall situation and coordinating the leadership of all parties, transform the institutional advantages of the party's leadership in economic work into governance effectiveness, strengthen the implementation of reforms and achieve results, and promote the continuous deepening of economic system reforms.

(1) Uphold and strengthen the party's leadership. Further strengthen the "four consciousnesses", strengthen the "four self-confidences", and achieve the "two safeguards", and have a profound understanding of the great significance of accelerating the improvement of the socialist market economic system from a strategic and overall perspective, and penetrate the party's leadership into deepening the economic system The entire process of reforming and accelerating the improvement of the socialist market economic system runs through various links such as planning reform ideas, formulating reform plans, and advancing reform implementation, to ensure that reforms always move in the right direction.

(2) Improve the reform promotion mechanism. All localities and departments should formulate and complete supporting policies or implement measures in accordance with the requirements of this opinion and their own reality. Starting from the national conditions, insisting on the unification of problem-oriented, goal-oriented and result-oriented, in-depth advancement in accordance with the requirements of system integration, coordination and high efficiency, make full efforts in precise implementation and precise implementation, implement the requirements of the Party Central Committee, meet practical needs, and meet grassroots expectations Unify and overcome formalism and bureaucracy, and focus on implementation in one field after another. Combine top-level design with grass-roots exploration, give full play to grassroots pioneering spirit, and give play to the first-mover role of special economic zones and free trade pilot zones (free trade ports).

(3) Improve the reform incentive mechanism. Improve the positive incentive system for reform, strengthen the employment orientation that dares to take responsibility and overcome difficulties, pay attention to the identification of cadres on the front line of reform, and use those cadres with reform and innovation awareness, courage to reform, and good planning for reform. Consolidate the achievements of party style and clean government construction, and promote the establishment of a pro-Qing political and commercial relationship. Establish and improve the reform fault-tolerance and error-correction mechanism, correctly grasp the nature and influence of cadres' mistakes and errors in reform and innovation, and effectively protect the enthusiasm of cadres and officers for entrepreneurship. Strengthen the summary and promotion of typical cases of reform and the results of reform, and publicize reports, and provide commendation and incentives in accordance with regulations to create a favorable public opinion environment and social atmosphere for reform.

[I want to correct the error] Editor in charge: Li Runfa