Sunday, March 02, 2025

The Performative Qualities of Language: Mr Trump Signs Executive Order--"Designating English as the Official Language of The United States"

 

Pix credit here


On March 1, 2025 the Trump Administration issued an Executive designating English as the official language of the United States. It is entitled: Designating English as the Official Language of The United States.

Many states have an official language; several designate more than one official language; some states take all comers. The designation of an official language can serve as a means of crafting solidarity among the political community or exacerbating underlying tensions. All fo thsi is very context specific. Empires have a harder time with official languages and general adopt a language of official or common communication with varying degrees of tolerance or encouragement of local languages, as long as they do not interfere with solidarity building. In this sense, an official political language or language of politics. Sometimes language--and approaches to de jure or de facto official designations, and the protection of the supremacy of a single common language to bind the community--has itself been an object that signifies the nature of political solidarity. Top down and mandatory enforcement of a common language sometimes mirrors the nature of the political-economic model around which the states organized and understands itself and political authority in its social and cultural construction. Bottom up expectations and nudging approaches to common language relies on social and cultural pressure, as well as economic necessity, that also reflects the organization of the state grounded in notions of personal autonomy, self-interest, and socioeconomic necessity.

In some states, like the United States, the only official language, at least from the founding, has been the language of substantial disagreement about the concept of official language. Those debates have been sometimes tied intimately to issues of state sovereignty (19th century) and then to identity nations (20th century) and always tied to the ebbs and flows of inbound migration from the time of the founding. Nonetheless the de facto official political or common language of the United States has been American English (in the sense that it represents some sort of common dialect derived from the language commonly used since the time of the first British Empire in the 18th century.

Pix credit here
Some of this appears to have intruded on the discourse of official languages in the recent sometimes heated arguments about the topic in the United States. And that intrusion might also be understood as at least within the official reasoning reflected in the Executive Order issued by President Trump. To its credit it does reference the driving notion of a common language as a means of binding a political community together and the argument that this common language issue historically has given pride of place to American English. To those ends, in a way that reflects traditional American approaches to the issue, Mr. Trump offers what amounts to a sort of nudging. He has no power to make English the official language of the state--he has only the power to manage the common language used by federal governmental organs in their interactions with each other, with states in the federal union, and with the masses who must interact with those federal governmental organs. And there will likely be limits, especially in the context of the federal courts, though that is to be seen.

At a discursive level, the Executive Order is meant to try to change the narratives of language and to provide a strong signal of at least language assimilation among non English speaking communities. It might even spark debate, and direct it, in some of the states in our federal union. It will certainly spark debate among people who invest this action with all sorts of meaning. In this sense, the Executive Order is both a publicity stunt (at its least effective), and a strong signalling about the importance of a common language as a means of political solidarity, the practices of which must be exemplified in the conduct of the state itself (the tone at the top model).

At a practical level, it appears to require federal agencies to "speak" only in English. It does not necessarily require that they also refuse to "hear" or "listen to" people speaking another language. And it does not prohibit people to employ other means of English language communication should the agency neither speak nor hear a language other than English. Lastly, it has no effect on state or local governments who in this area at least can do as they please (with the exception--and an important one--where as a condition of receiving federal grants to run local programs the state must bind itself to an English language only communication). Thus two immediate nudging consequences: (1) people who must speak with the federal government must master English at least in their dealing with those organs; (2) people may speak English to the state through others. Who are these others?--relatives and friends certainly, but for many communities also organized non-state actors offering communication services for a fee or free (the State ought to be indifferent as long as the communication is undertaken by both sides in English). And one longer range nudging consequence--nudging technological innovation in translation, some of which is already easily available, from AI and LLM fueled online translators of text, to audio translation, and now visual translation in real time. At the end of the day it may be that the tech sector will be the group that finds the most (economic) joy in these debates and the actions it produces at the federal level.

The text of Designating English as the Official Language of The United States follows below.

CfP: 11th Annual ICGS Conference: 2025 Theme--Transformative Corporate Governance

 


 
Delighted to pass along the CfP for the 11th Annual ICGS Conference: Transformative Corporate Governance at the University of Manchester. It will be held 17-19 October 2025. This from the conference organizers:

Each year, the ICGS conference provides a forum for international academics and policymakers to showcase and discuss the latest corporate governance research issues and practices. The 11th annual conference aims to foster a lively, multidisciplinary dialogue and debate among scholars and practitioners by concentrating on the transformative role of corporate governance. As we are experiencing continuous transformation in the contemporary business world, companies are expected to navigate a changing economic and socio-political environment in an effective and sustainable way. For example, business communities and management scholarship are increasingly paying attention to “grand challenges” such as: Artificial intelligence; Climate change; Deglobalisation; Geopolitical tensions; Global health issues; and Poverty reduction

While corporate governance is well-recognised for promoting accountability to shareholders and stakeholders, its role in helping companies manage external changes and transform their practices and environment is still underexplored. It becomes evident that we need to further understand and appreciate the role of corporate governance in periods of societal transformation. As the first industrial city and a hub of innovation, Manchester is the ideal place for such discussions and exchanges of ideas.

 The CfP may be accessed HERE and follows below.

 

Saturday, March 01, 2025

Babamaroya in a "Huis Clos" (No Exit); Views From Presidential Cognitive Cages: "President Trump, VP Vance Are Standing Up for Americans"; President Zelenskyy Thanks America

 

Pix credit New York Times


 

        Igbo etile on egbin                  (A forest near town collects rubbish)'

Adapo owo on iya                   (A partnership breeds suffering)

Yara ajumogbe itale ni ninu   (A shared room breeds worms)

Da Fun Babamarose                           (Cast for Babamarose/Babamaroya)

  * * * 

(William Bascom, Sixteen Coweries: Yoruba Divination From Africa to the New World (1980) Eji Ogbe No. 22, pp. 112-113)

 

 

By now virtually everyone on Earth plugged into social media has heard or seen that marvelous performative moment at the White House, where like a group of early 19th century fishmongers at the wharf on market day, the heads of State of the United States and Ukraine engaged in a performance fit for a daytime television reality show (are these now discursively oracular?; one wonders).  No doubt, that is coming, along with the hand wringing, oracular readings of the script, body language and fallout, and other prestidigitation that must surely follow.  That is as it should be. Such drama--one in which they each played their role superbly, apparently all ad lib to bring out the true performative power of the cast--each the victim of personal affronts which were then transformed, through the extraordinary ability of ego to invoke semiotic magic to turn personal antipathy into state politics. There are other analogies, some positive, some negative, some relational, but held together by the power to incarnate huge vats of virtual signification tied to the social collective constructs of state into the far smaller bodies of the players. 


Video of event link HERE

Aaaahhh so old fashioned--like traveling back in time with a host of actors too poor to afford the appropriate time sensitive costuming.  Yet they are not states, this is not the 16th century, nor are they television actors the scripted (or off script) antics of which provide anything but comedic-melodramitic entertainment for the masses.  And perhaps that was the point--actors trapped in a scripting of their own making now locked together in a room--much like that envisioned as Hell in Sartre's  play Huis Clos (1944) (No Exit ((New York: Vintage Books, 1989)) the connections with which I leave to the reader to embrace or reject).  And, indeed, from the perspective of performative discourse, the moment proved to be of great significance to all the players, both revealing what had been concealed under layers of bureaucrats and  formal  discursive tropes, and at the same time making it impossible not to  push forward along now quite visible pathways. It is in this sense that the performance was perhaps the finest exposure of the essence of the great transformations that are occurring in this third decade of the 21st century--or more broadly it brilliantly captures the spirit of the times. As such, criticism or praise is lost n the moment--it exists far beyond both.

In a sense one ought to be grateful--if only for the exposure, at last, to the realities of politics, and the fusion of the personal and the representational, driven by the personal--that may well be the signature marker of this first phase in the movement from a unitary converging global order, to the fractured convergences of the post-global --first explosions, then the terror and its proscription lists, then conflict, and then finally the emergence of those actors, hidden in the flanks, that will both inherit and transform from out f the pieces of the past that suit them. It is in this sense that condemnation or judgment--rather than observation anchored in the objects and actions around which social relations are currently constituted, that is rather than a stricter analysis of the semiosis  of these events and their connection to larger cognitive frameworks--is both premature ad beside the point. 


Pix credit here


Yet the unavoidable--there is no exit--remains largely unappreciated. Still the shock of its realization from time to time in dramatic form like this, sometimes causes anxiety among those whose cognitive cages have been carefully constructed to avoid the realities of the condition within which social collectives and the naturalization of their relations, encases humans. The best one can hope for, perhaps, is to play the role of the Valet No Exit--who serves and watches unable to blink or avoid the gaze as he goes from one room to the next, ensuring that the emerging post-global order, enclosed within a series of rooms populated by people who deserve each other, is well tended. 

GARCIN: Ah, yes, I've got it. It's your daytime. And outside?
VALET: Outside?
GARCIN: Damn it, you know what I mean. Beyond that wall.
VALET: There's a passage.
GARCIN: And at the end of the passage?
VALET: There's more rooms, more passages, and stairs.
GARCIN: And what lies beyond them?
VALET: That's all. (No Exit)

The only real questions, then, are whether some of the characters may occupy more than one room; whether the rooms can be redecorated to taste; and whether there are conditions or constraints on the ability to travel between one or another room of one's making. We will have to ask the Valet. But one senses that there are lots of rooms, each closed off from the others,but that while its inhabitants might be able to move from one to another none can be the Valet. Certainly that may well be the condition of the United States as it constructs its own No Exit setting. This works to a point but does no more than set a way of perceiving the performance. Nonetheless, within that perspective and its own cages one might come to think of the US position as fortunate indeed; other characters populating this closed space of rooms will likely have no such power and will, like the characters in the Sartre original, have to make the best of the room in which they find themselves. Or perhaps the Oddu of Ifa's Eji Ogbe have it better and one finds oneself on Babamaroya's farm (Bascom, supra, Eji Ognbe A 22)--"Babamaroya ki o ma fi wàràwàrà da ire nu; Ibiti Osa pe ki eleni ki o ma ko iya nu se o; Nibi ise ti ba nse " [Babamaroya do not think of suffering and lose a blessing through haste; This is where the Orisha says that a person should endure suffering in the work he is doing"]. And who is Babamaroya/Babamarose?--the father of those who do not think of discomfort and do not think of suffering.

It is with that in mind that one can perhaps better appreciate the continuing conversation that has emerged from the aftermath of that visual performance between the U.S. and Ukrainian Heads of State--as persons and as the incarnations of their political collectives.  For the President of the United States that migt be best encapsulated in the document posted to the White House Website: President Trump, VP Vance Are Standing Up for Americansand dated 28 February 2025. It follows below.  Also provided for consideration is a companion document:  Support Pours in for President Trump, VP Vance’s America First Strength of the same date. See also the sometimes quite interesting quotes in the March 1, 2025 More Support for Trump Administration’s Pursuit of Peace in Ukraine. Among the most descriptive of the object of the performance might have been the quote from the Speaker of the US House of Representatives: "“Thanks to President Trump – the days of America being taken advantage of and disrespected are OVER. The death and destruction of the Russian-provoked war needs to stop immediately, and only our American President can put these two countries on a path to lasting peace. President Zelenskyy needed to acknowledge that, and accept the extraordinary mineral rights partnership proposal that President Trump put on the table. What we witnessed in the Oval Office today was an American President putting America first.” It nicely captures  both the performative psychology of Huis Clos as the fundamental manifestation of post-global ordering, but also the nature of the role of Babamaroya in the new fragmented world ordering.

Again, let me be clear, nothing here should be understood either as criticism or praise.  I have no role in play in these dramas, nor hardly half enough information to make judgments worthy of the time taken to read them. Nonetheless, from my own small corner of the universe I might observe what is offered for my consumption and perhaps attempt to decipher their signification. In that respect I would not offer any  conventional analysis (though I do enjoy soothsaying as an entertainment), just the observation that in its own way this post performance production from the Presidents of the United States and Ukraine may help one to better understand the way the room in which they appear to be enjoying each other's company may be furnished and from which there will be no exit.  

But there is a moral, and this from Ifa's Eji Ogbe and the lesson of Babamaroya  who was counseled against losing a blessing through haste (ki o ma fi wàràwàrà da ire nu):

* * *

bi o ba da oko                                     (If [Babamaroya] made a farm)

Nwon jo je ni                                     (Others would eat with him)

Bi won ba si de ile                                (When they went home)

On ni yio gba ile                                 (he was the one who swept the house)

On ni yio ka eni                                  (he was the one who rolled up the mats)

Be titi won nse be, won nse be           (And on and on they were doing so)

Awon mejo ni si nsun ni ibikanna      (There were eight who were sleeping in the same room)

Won si nse owo po.                            (And they were trading as partners)

On ni yio lo ra, on ni yio lo ta;           (He was the one who would go and buy; he was the one                                                                   who would go and sell)

Awon ni yio wa pin owo.                   (and they would share the profits)

Ti won yio ko tire le lowo,                 (When they gave him his share,)

Iwon ti o ba wun won ni won yio fun; (They gave him any amount they wished)

Ko ja a titititi                                      (But he never fought)

* * *

[After a while all seven partners left, only Babamaroya remained; Babamaroya gathered up what the seven left behind]

 

On nikan lo wa ko, o sa wa la                                     (He gathered all, and became wealthy)

Ni o wa njo, ni nyo                                                     (He was dancing, he was rejoicing)

Ni nyin awon awo, ni awon awo wa nyin Osa           (He was praising the divers, and the diviners                                                                                     were praising Orisha

Pe be ni awaon awo ti on nse enu rere wi                  (That his diviners were speaking the                                                                                             truth)

(Bascom, supra, pp. 114-115 Eji Ogbe A 22).

 But who is Babamaroya?