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The term "artificial intelligence" has acquired a protean quality--it is at once fetish, invocation, curse, and shorthand for a range of hoped for or feared transformation not just in social relations in the physical world, but for the transformation of the mechanics of ordering reality through which social relations may be conceived and manifested. All political and normative organs, especially those created to express and manage human social relations in accordance with whatever cognitive model they mean to manifest, believe that, having created artificial intelligence in their own image, they can, with nothing more than the flip of a textual legal-institutional switch, bend that construct to its will and enslave to as an instrument of to do with as they wish.
An yet that fundamental premise--that humanity is at the center of all of its creations, and thus centered in control-- is only the beginning rather than the end point of analysis. That is because while humans share this notion of humanity at the center of things, human collectives express this, construct its meaning and realize that meaning through the collective organs that they establish for that purpose, in vastly different ways. Those "ways" in turn, are an expression of quite distinct ordering premises bound up in ideology--the political-economic models through which human collectives rationalize the world around them (in normative and utilitarian ways). It is the materialization of that rationality, bounded in turn on the generative human conceit, that produce the structures of hopes, fears, desires, approaches and solutions that are proffered up within a spectrum of "good" to "bad", vales that themselves reflect both the fundamental conceit and their specific rationalizing premises built into collective orders (eg here).
And so it is with that most peculiar creation of humanity, constructed out of generative conceit in our own image--generative intelligence and its ecologies of tech enhanced computation. Three of the most interesting ordering regimens to have emerged both reflect and further refine three of the most significant conceptual cages for human cognitive collective building--(1) liberal democratic ordering; (2) Marxist-Leninist ordering; and (3) anarchist-fractured autonomous ordering. The first obsesses about risk impacting behaviors that adversely affects rights holders and the self-actualization of individuals organized as identity collectives. If the first em,beds risk aversion as the primary principle of governance the second embraces risk taking as the organization of collectives around markets the protection of the integrity of which provides the only basis for managing behaviors. The third starts form the opposite end of the spectrum--the collective rather than the individual--adds a purpose to collectivization (the realization of a communist society)and devotes its primary energy to the development necessary to direct all human activity towards the deployment of productive forces along a Socialist path toward its communist goal. If the first fears risk, the second embraces it, and the third embeds risk within a more complicated balancing in which risk is not the center but a factor in its analytics of development (in the Chinese sense--modernization).
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All of these streams of understanding in Marxist-Leninist engagement with tech and AI are evident in three documents that may be worthwhile to read. The is first, 石英, 智能社会”研究三题 【构建中国哲学社会科学自主知识体系】[ Shi Ying, Three Research Topics on "Intelligent Society" (Constructing an Independent Knowledge System for Chinese Philosophy and Social Sciences)]. It focuses on a Socialist engagement with the thinking about AI and tech- based production from a Marxist-Leninist perspective. That engagement, in turn, may be better understood by reference to two official pronouncements: The first is 国务院关于深入实施“人工智能+”行动的意见 (国发〔2025〕11号= [Opinions of the State Council on Deepening the Implementation of the "Artificial Intelligence+" Action; State Council Document No. 11 [2025]]; and the second is 以“人工智能+”开启中国特色智能化发展新篇章; 发布时间：2025/08/26 [Opening a New Chapter in China's Intelligent Development with "Artificial Intelligence+" (Published: 2025/08/26; Source: High-Tech Department National Development Reform Commission].
The State Council Opinions frames the issue for analysis:
In order to deeply implement the "Artificial Intelligence+" action, promote the extensive and in-depth integration of artificial intelligence with all sectors and fields of the economy and society, reshape the paradigm of human production and life, promote a revolutionary leap in productivity and a profound transformation of production relations, and accelerate the formation of a new form of intelligent economy and intelligent society characterized by human-machine collaboration, cross-border integration, and co-creation and sharing, the following opinions are hereby put forward. [为深入实施“人工智能+”行动，推动人工智能与经济社会各行业各领域广泛深度融合，重塑人类生产生活范式，促进生产力革命性跃迁和生产关系深层次变革，加快形成人机协同、跨界融合、共创分享的智能经济和智能社会新形态，现提出如下意见。]
The NDRC essay then situates the State Council Opinion within its operational development in and as modernization of both economic, cultural and human developmental.
As another strategic deployment by the state to promote technological revolution and industrial integration following "Internet+", the "Opinions" leverages China's three core advantages: a complete industrial system, a large market size, and rich application scenarios. It constructs a spiral development paradigm of "innovation driving application, application promoting innovation," accelerating the full-chain restructuring and deep coupling of artificial intelligence with the real economy, comprehensively stimulating new momentum for industrial transformation, cultivating a new paradigm of intelligent economy, forging a key fulcrum for seizing the commanding heights of global intelligent competition, and building a new pattern of high-quality development driven by new-quality productivity. 作为继“互联网+”之后国家推动技术革命和产业融合的又一战略部署，《意见》立足我国产业体系完备、市场规模庞大、应用场景丰富三大核心优势，构建“创新带应用、应用促创新”的螺旋式发展范式，加速人工智能与实体经济全链重构、深向耦合，全面激发产业变革新动能、培育智能经济新范式，为抢占全球智能化竞争制高点锻造关键支点，构筑新质生产力驱动的高质量发展新格局。
The contrast with liberal democratic and markets driven anarchic systems could not be more starkly revealed. And it doesn't really matter. Each is true to its own cognitive processes and their resulting rationalization of the world within which collectives are organized to manage humans in accordance with their respective logic. Soon, perhaps, a generative intelligence might do that better than the humans seeking to fulfill the promise of their respective cages of cognition manifested as political-economic ideologies of productive and human forces.
The text of the three documents, 石英, 智能社会”研究三题 【构建中国哲学社会科学自主知识体系】[ Shi Ying, Three Research Topics on "Intelligent Society" (Constructing an Independent Knowledge System for Chinese Philosophy and Social Sciences)]; 国务院关于深入实施“人工智能+”行动的意见 (国发〔2025〕11号= [Opinions of the State Council on Deepening the Implementation of the "Artificial Intelligence+" Action; State Council Document No. 11 [2025]]; and 以“人工智能+”开启中国特色智能化发展新篇章; 发布时间：2025/08/26 [Opening a New Chapter in China's Intelligent Development with "Artificial Intelligence+" (Published: 2025/08/26; Source: High-Tech Department National Development Reform Commission] follow below in the original Chinese and in English translation.
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智能社会”研究三题
作者：石英 《光明日报》（ 2025年10月25日 06版）
【构建中国哲学社会科学自主知识体系】
根据国务院印发的《关于深入实施“人工智能+”行动的指导意见》（以下简称《指导意见》）精神，到2035年我国将全面进入智能社会。“智能社会”作为社会学的核心概念和研究对象，也受到经济学、政治学、管理学、法学等社会科学学科的普遍关注，成为社会科学共同的研究热点。然而，研究中时常会遇到一些诸如概念界定和指向不清、认知歧义等问题。本文拟就智能社会的概念名称、性质特色、建设治理等基本议题展开初步探讨。
智能社会概念：信息技术走向成熟的技术社会形态
概念是学术话语体系的基石，统一、清晰的概念也是人工智能领域国际合作交流的基础。科学理解和准确把握智能社会概念，是发展马克思主义社会学、构建中国哲学社会科学自主知识体系的重要内容。
智能社会，是指人工智能技术广泛应用于社会生产、生活的方方面面，成为社会运行主导推动力量的社会发展阶段。作为一种技术社会形态的指称，智能社会概念显然不是指“社会”具有了“智能”，而是像石器时代、青铜时代、蒸汽时代、电力时代、互联网时代等概念一样，其名称是以某一历史时段发挥主导作用的代表性通用技术为前缀来命名的。需要注意的是，“技术+社会”与“技术+时代”的表述经常混用，但前者指称社会形态，后者强调历史阶段。“智能社会”当然也可称之为“智能时代”，但“智能时代”的指向是历史时段，不是一个技术社会形态概念。
在媒体和学术界的讨论中，还常常可以看到“智慧社会”“数字社会”“数智社会”等不同表述，这些概念在具体应用中存在侧重点的差异：“智慧社会”表述偏实践导向，侧重于具体应用场景的智能化，如智慧城市、智慧医疗等；“数字社会”强调社会运行过程人与物的数字化虚拟映射，一定意义上可视为“智能社会”的基础和前提；“数智社会”表述则更注重综合性，强调数字化驱动和智能化应用的结合。但从更为规范和符合政策口径的角度，这些称谓正逐步统一为“智能社会”的概念表述。
20世纪80年代，美国未来学家阿尔温·托夫勒提出“三次浪潮”理论，将人类社会划分为农业社会、工业社会、信息社会三个大的历史时段。“三次浪潮”是以主导产业来命名的产业社会形态。产业社会形态的内涵要大于技术社会形态，但其本质仍可归属于技术社会形态。智能社会是否属于信息社会之后的“第四次浪潮”？人们有不同观点。肯定者认为，从信息社会到智能社会是一种质的飞跃，意味着人类社会进入一个新的历史发展阶段；否定者则认为，智能社会仍属于信息社会，是信息社会走向成熟的阶段。在笔者看来，后一种观点更为可取。这是因为，人工智能技术本身就属于信息科学技术，而不是另一种独立的技术门类，而且一种技术社会形态从逐渐形成到成熟延续，在历史长河中不会也不应太过短暂：农业社会长达数千年；工业社会自蒸汽机革命起已历三百年，仍处于蓬勃发展时期；以计算机互联网为标志的信息技术和信息产业从20世纪后半叶起步，到人工智能走进大众视野，迄今不过半个多世纪。可以认为，智能社会是人类正式跨入信息社会的核心标志。
智能社会特征：知识经济与充满不确定性的“复杂性科学”时代
技术在本质上反映了人类对自然界（包含自身）的认知和操控能力，技术社会形态则标志着某一历史阶段的生产力发展水平。正如有研究者所指出的，“物质、能量、信息是社会渐进发展的三大要素。这三个要素在每个历史时期都同时并存，但是每个要素的轻重和整体结构会随着社会发展而有所不同。总体上，随着时代的推进，它们从物质—能量—信息依次重要的程度在演变”。
农业社会的生产资料和劳动对象为农具和土地，劳动者除了充分利用自己的体能，还初步学会了利用水能、风能、太阳能等自然能。农业社会的技术源于个体的劳动经验积累，对周围世界的认知和操控能力均处在物质（实物）层面。农业社会经济活动的特点可以概括为土地经济。
工业社会随着蒸汽机革命和近代自然科学学科群的兴起而到来。技术不再只是个体拥有的经验，而是上升到科学理论，成为可以大规模复制和传播的系统知识形态。人们掌握了机械能、化学能、电能、生物能乃至核能等不同性质的能量，以及质量和能量之间相互转换并远距离传输的知识，石油、煤炭等化石燃料成为主要的能量来源。由此，人类对自然界的操控能力由物质层面上升到能量层面。工业社会的特征可以理解为能源经济。
信息社会的到来，源自20世纪中叶科学家提出的“人工智能”目标和理论框架。从计算机诞生到互联网普及，以数据通信为核心的信息产业在20世纪90年代形成。随着算力迅速增长、大数据爆炸式积累以及机器学习算法的迭代，人工智能技术在21世纪第二个十年取得突破。自此，信息产业不再只是归属于第三产业的通信服务业，而开始成为全方位覆盖所有产业的基础性产业。数据成为重要的生产资料，意味着人类对自然界的认知和操控能力已经从物质、能量层面跃升到信息层面。
数据信息何以能够作为生产资料、形成先进的生产力？因为信息可以转化为知识，而知识是一种潜在的巨大能量。这里，数据是信息的基础，信息是知识的基础。数据是对客观事物的符号表示，如数字、文字、图像、声音等；数据通常以离散的、无结构的形式存在，是未经加工的原始素材。信息是经过加工处理后能够为人们提供事物状况的具有特定意义的数据；信息通常具有一定的结构和组织形式，能够以图表、文档、音视频等形式呈现。知识则是在信息的基础上，经过人类的思维加工和经验积累而形成的对事物本质和规律的高层次认知成果；知识的表现形式更为复杂和多样化，包括经验、概念、原理、规则、模型等，可以以论文、书籍、专利等形式体现。因此，智能社会经济活动的特征就是知识经济。
从物质驱动的农业社会，到能量驱动的工业社会，再到数据信息驱动的智能社会，产业升级换代的动力是技术革命，技术革命的源头是科学的进步。农业社会土地经济，生产力的提升呈加法效应——缓慢累积增长。工业社会能源经济，生产力提升呈乘数效应——快速成倍增长。而智能社会知识经济，生产力水平则呈现指数效应——爆发式增长。知识经济创造“物质极大丰富”的基础条件，智能技术“共享经济”提供“各尽所能按需分配”的可能性，智能社会的到来必将生动诠释和印证马克思关于共产主义的预言。
与此同时，人类的信息操控能力标志着对物质的认知已经进入微观世界的量子层面。量子力学的“不确定性原理”和人工智能的发展历程都表明，我们正在由一个可计算、可预测的“简单性科学”时代正式跨入一个更加充满不确定性的“复杂性科学”时代。不确定性将进一步成为智能社会运行的显著特征。
智能社会建设：弘扬科学精神与坚守人文价值
按照《指导意见》，到2027年我国将率先实现人工智能与6大重点领域广泛深度融合，到2030年我国人工智能全面赋能高质量发展，到2035年我国全面步入智能经济和智能社会发展新阶段。“广泛”“全面”，意味着智能社会建设不只是少数科学家和企业家的事，必须有全体国民的积极参与。
但一方面，由于人工智能技术本身尚处于探索起步阶段，相关理论远未成熟，其科学原理存在“解释鸿沟”；另一方面，一些商业炒作营造了人工智能神话和泡沫，使得部分人群面对人工智能热潮时感到迷茫甚至无所适从：要么盲目乐观，等待天上掉馅饼，“读书无用论”“文科消亡论”思潮泛起；要么莫名恐惧，以为“潘多拉魔盒”被打开，担忧人类命运被人工智能主宰，害怕就业岗位被替代，担心生活的意义和人的主体价值丧失。凡此种种，表明普遍提升公众的人工智能素养已成为智能社会建设的当务之急。
人工智能素养是科学素养与人文素养的综合，既包括能够熟练操作使用智能工具和终端，也包括基本了解与掌握人工智能科学知识和人文伦理。人工智能研究属于计算机科学，机器智能——“机智”的感知识别、推理判断等能力都基于数学计算，与人类“心智”有着本质区别。而社会科学领域的一些研究，却受到拟人化AI“科普”的影响，有的为AI赋予智商乃至人格，有的把AI视为法律意义上的行为主体或责任主体，以致把智能社会看作“人机社会”。应当指出，这种将人机关系并列的主张，在理论上必然导致人类主体性的弱化甚至消解，实践中也会为智能社会治理带来困惑（如智能体法律责任追究难）。诸如此类现象产生的根源，很大程度上就在于对人机关系认知的模糊，主客体不分甚至颠倒。这里既暴露出基本科学素养和科学精神的不足，也反映了以人为本的人文价值的缺失。
诚然，智能社会的人机关系与工业社会相比在形式上有很大不同，尤其是具有独立感知、决策和行动能力的“智能体”与传统自动化机器之间已有了天壤之别。但人工智能所表现出来的所有功能，都是由人类算法所赋予的，没有也不可能改变其本质的工具属性。就是说，看似无所不能的智能体，依然只是人的局部体能、智能的放大和延伸，并进一步彰显和表征着人的主体性。在“人机协同”“人机互构”“人机共生”过程中，拥有自我意识和自由意志、能够提出问题和发出指令的人，永远是主动的一方。因此，智能社会依然是人类社会而不是人机社会。在人类社会，人是目的，人工智能是手段；人是主体，人工智能是工具。坚持人类唯一主体地位，维护以人为本的核心价值，应当成为智能社会建设的重要议题。
智能社会不仅是技术的迭代，更是文明形态的跃升。在智能社会，人文的价值将更加凸显，人文社会科学学科的作用将更加突出。智能社会的社会科学研究，需要回归常识、回归理性，弘扬科学精神，发展批判性人工智能素养。只有让工具理性服从服务于价值理性，方能构建起智能社会“技术—制度—人文”协同发展的治理新生态。
（作者：石英，系西北农林科技大学人文社会发展学院讲座教授）
Three Research Topics on "Intelligent Society"
Author: Shi Ying
*Guangming Daily* (October 25, 2025, Page 6)
【Constructing an Independent Knowledge System for Chinese Philosophy and Social Sciences】
According to the spirit of the "Guiding Opinions on Deepening the Implementation of the 'Artificial Intelligence+' Action" (hereinafter referred to as the "Guiding Opinions") issued by the State Council, China will fully enter an intelligent society by 2035. "Intelligent society," as a core concept and research object of sociology, has also received widespread attention from social science disciplines such as economics, political science, management, and law, becoming a common research hotspot in social sciences. However, research often encounters problems such as unclear conceptual definitions and directions, and cognitive ambiguities. This article intends to conduct a preliminary exploration of the basic issues of the concept, name, nature, characteristics, construction, and governance of intelligent society.
The Concept of Intelligent Society: A Technological Social Form Where Information Technology Matures
Concepts are the cornerstone of academic discourse systems, and unified and clear concepts are also the foundation for international cooperation and exchange in the field of artificial intelligence. A scientific understanding and accurate grasp of the concept of intelligent society is an important part of developing Marxist sociology and constructing an independent knowledge system for Chinese philosophy and social sciences.
Intelligent society refers to a stage of social development where artificial intelligence (AI) technology is widely applied to all aspects of social production and life, becoming the dominant driving force for the operation of society. As a term referring to a technological social form, the concept of an intelligent society clearly does not mean that "society" possesses "intelligence." Rather, like concepts such as the Stone Age, Bronze Age, Steam Age, Electric Age, and Internet Age, its name is prefixed with a representative general technology that played a dominant role in a particular historical period. It's important to note that the expressions "technology + society" and "technology + era" are often used interchangeably, but the former refers to a social form, while the latter emphasizes a historical stage. "Intelligent society" can certainly also be called "intelligent era," but "intelligent era" refers to a historical period, not a technological conception of social form.
In media and academic discussions, we often see different expressions such as "smart society," "digital society," and "digitally intelligent society." These concepts differ in their emphasis in specific applications: the expression "smart society" is more practice-oriented, focusing on the intelligence of specific application scenarios. The term "intelligent society" encompasses various social phenomena, such as smart cities and smart healthcare. "Digital society" emphasizes the digital virtual mapping of people and things in the social operation process, and can be considered a foundation and prerequisite for "intelligent society." The term "digital-intelligent society" focuses more on comprehensiveness, emphasizing the combination of digital driving forces and intelligent applications. However, from a more standardized and policy-compliant perspective, these terms are gradually being unified under the concept of "intelligent society."
In the 1980s, American futurist Alvin Toffler proposed the "three waves" theory, dividing human society into three major historical periods: agricultural society, industrial society, and information society. The "three waves" are industrial society forms named after their dominant industries. The connotation of industrial society is broader than that of technological society, but its essence can still be classified as technological society. Whether intelligent society belongs to the "fourth wave" after the information society is a matter of differing opinions. Those who affirm it believe that the transition from information society to intelligent society is a qualitative leap, signifying that human society has entered a new stage of historical development; those who deny it believe that intelligent society still belongs to... In the context of the information society, this represents a stage of its maturation. In my view, the latter perspective is more preferable. This is because artificial intelligence technology itself belongs to information science and technology, not a separate technological category. Furthermore, the process of a technological society gradually forming and maturing over a long historical period should not be too short: agricultural societies lasted for thousands of years; industrial societies, since the steam engine revolution, have existed for three hundred years and are still in a period of vigorous development; information technology and the information industry, marked by the computer internet, started in the latter half of the 20th century, and artificial intelligence has only been in the public eye for a little over half a century. Therefore, the intelligent society can be considered the core marker of humanity's formal entry into the information society.
Characteristics of the Intelligent Society: The Knowledge Economy and the Era of "Complexity Science" Filled with Uncertainty
Technology, in essence, reflects humanity's ability to understand and manipulate nature (including itself), while the technological society signifies the level of productivity development at a particular historical stage. As some researchers have pointed out, "Matter, energy, and information are the three major elements of gradual social development. These three elements coexist in every historical period, but the relative importance of each element and the overall structure will differ with social development." Overall, as times progress, their importance has evolved from matter to energy to information.
In agrarian societies, the means of production and objects of labor were farm tools and land. Besides fully utilizing their physical strength, laborers also learned to utilize natural energy sources such as water, wind, and solar power. Technology in agrarian societies stemmed from the accumulation of individual labor experience; their understanding and control over the surrounding world remained at the material (physical) level. The characteristics of economic activity in agrarian societies can be summarized as a land-based economy.
Industrial societies arrived with the steam engine revolution and the rise of modern natural sciences. Technology was no longer merely individual experience but rose to the level of scientific theory, becoming a systematic form of knowledge that could be replicated and disseminated on a large scale. People mastered different types of energy, including mechanical, chemical, electrical, biological, and even nuclear energy, as well as the knowledge of the conversion and long-distance transmission between mass and energy. Fossil fuels such as oil and coal became the main energy sources. Thus… Humanity's ability to manipulate nature has risen from the material level to the energy level. The characteristics of industrial society can be understood as an energy economy.
The arrival of the information society stems from the "artificial intelligence" goals and theoretical framework proposed by scientists in the mid-20th century. From the birth of the computer to the widespread adoption of the internet, the information industry, centered on data communication, took shape in the 1990s. With the rapid growth of computing power, the explosive accumulation of big data, and the iteration of machine learning algorithms, artificial intelligence technology achieved breakthroughs in the second decade of the 21st century. Since then, the information industry is no longer merely a communication service industry belonging to the tertiary sector, but has begun to become a fundamental industry comprehensively covering all industries. Data has become an important means of production, meaning that humanity's ability to understand and manipulate nature has leaped from the material and energy levels to the information level.
How can data and information serve as means of production and form advanced productive forces? Because information can be transformed into knowledge, and knowledge is a potentially enormous form of energy. Here, data is the foundation of information, and information is the foundation of knowledge. Data is the symbolic representation of objective things, such as numbers, text, images, and sounds; data usually exists in a discrete, unstructured form, as raw, unprocessed material. Information is data that, after processing, provides people with specific meaning about the state of things; information usually has a certain structure and organizational form, and can be presented in the form of charts, documents, audio, and video. Knowledge, on the other hand, is a high-level cognitive achievement of the essence and laws of things, formed on the basis of information through human thought processing and experience accumulation; the forms of knowledge are more complex and diverse, including experience, concepts, principles, rules, and models, and can be embodied in the form of papers, books, and patents. Therefore, the characteristic of economic activities in an intelligent society is a knowledge economy.
From a material-driven agricultural society to an energy-driven industrial society, and then to a data- and information-driven intelligent society, the driving force for industrial upgrading and transformation is... Technological revolutions originate from scientific progress. In agrarian societies with a land-based economy, productivity increases have an additive effect—slow, cumulative growth. In industrial societies with an energy-based economy, productivity increases have a multiplier effect—rapid, exponential growth. In intelligent societies with a knowledge-based economy, productivity levels exhibit an exponential effect—explosive growth. The knowledge economy creates the foundational conditions for "abundant material resources," while intelligent technologies and the "sharing economy" offer the possibility of "from each according to their ability, to each according to their needs." The arrival of an intelligent society will vividly interpret and confirm Marx's predictions about communism.
Simultaneously, humanity's ability to manipulate information signifies that our understanding of matter has entered the quantum level of the microscopic world. The "uncertainty principle" of quantum mechanics and the development of artificial intelligence both indicate that we are formally transitioning from an era of calculable and predictable "simple science" to an era of more uncertain "complex science." Uncertainty will further become a key factor in the operation of intelligent societies. Key Features.
Building an Intelligent Society: Promoting Scientific Spirit and Upholding Humanistic Values
According to the "Guiding Opinions," by 2027, China will take the lead in achieving extensive and deep integration of artificial intelligence with six key areas; by 2030, artificial intelligence will fully empower high-quality development; and by 2035, my country will fully enter a new stage of intelligent economy and intelligent society development. "Extensive" and "comprehensive" mean that building an intelligent society is not just a matter for a few scientists and entrepreneurs, but requires the active participation of the entire nation.
However, on the one hand, because artificial intelligence technology itself is still in its exploratory and initial stages, related theories are far from mature, and its scientific principles have an "explanational gap"; on the other hand, some commercial hype has created an artificial intelligence myth and bubble, causing some people to feel confused and even at a loss when faced with the artificial intelligence craze: either blindly optimistic, waiting for a windfall, with the rise of the "uselessness of studying" and "death of the humanities" theories; or inexplicably fearful, thinking it's a "Pandora's box." The "Pandora's box" has been opened, raising concerns about artificial intelligence dominating humanity's fate, job displacement, and the loss of meaning in life and human value. All of this indicates that improving public AI literacy has become an urgent priority in building an intelligent society.
AI literacy is a synthesis of scientific and humanistic literacy, encompassing both the ability to skillfully operate intelligent tools and terminals and a basic understanding of AI science and ethics. AI research belongs to computer science; machine intelligence—its perception, recognition, reasoning, and judgment abilities—is based on mathematical calculations and is fundamentally different from human "mind." However, some research in the social sciences has been influenced by anthropomorphic AI "popularization," with some attributing intelligence and even personality to AI, and others treating AI as a legally defined actor or responsible entity, leading to the view of an intelligent society as a "human-machine society." It should be pointed out that this approach, which places human-machine relationships on an equal footing, inevitably leads to... The weakening or even disappearance of human subjectivity can also bring confusion to the governance of intelligent societies in practice (such as the difficulty in holding intelligent agents legally accountable). The root cause of such phenomena largely lies in the ambiguity of the human-machine relationship, the blurring or even reversal of the subject-object distinction. This exposes both a lack of basic scientific literacy and scientific spirit, and reflects a deficiency in human-centered humanistic values.
Admittedly, the human-machine relationship in an intelligent society differs greatly in form from that in an industrial society, especially in the stark contrast between "intelligent agents" with independent perception, decision-making, and action capabilities and traditional automated machines. However, all the functions exhibited by artificial intelligence are endowed by human algorithms and have not, and cannot, change its essential instrumental nature. That is to say, the seemingly omnipotent intelligent agent is still merely an amplification and extension of human physical abilities and intelligence, further highlighting and representing human subjectivity. In the processes of "human-machine collaboration," "human-machine mutual construction," and "human-machine symbiosis," Humans, possessing self-awareness and free will, capable of asking questions and issuing commands, are always the proactive party. Therefore, an intelligent society remains a human society, not a human-machine society. In human society, humans are the end, and artificial intelligence is the means; humans are the subject, and artificial intelligence is the tool. Upholding the sole subjective status of humanity and maintaining the core value of human-centeredness should be a crucial issue in the construction of an intelligent society.
An intelligent society is not merely an iteration of technology, but a leap forward in civilization. In an intelligent society, the value of the humanities will be more prominent, and the role of the humanities and social sciences will be more significant. Social science research on intelligent societies needs to return to common sense and rationality, promote the spirit of science, and develop critical artificial intelligence literacy. Only by allowing instrumental rationality to serve value rationality can we build a new governance ecosystem for the coordinated development of "technology-institutions-humanities" in an intelligent society.
(Author: Shi Ying, Chair Professor, College of Humanities and Social Development, Northwest A&F University)
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国发〔2025〕11号
各省、自治区、直辖市人民政府，国务院各部委、各直属机构：
为深入实施“人工智能+”行动，推动人工智能与经济社会各行业各领域广泛深度融合，重塑人类生产生活范式，促进生产力革命性跃迁和生产关系深层次变革，加快形成人机协同、跨界融合、共创分享的智能经济和智能社会新形态，现提出如下意见。
一、总体要求
以习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想为指导，完整准确全面贯彻新发展理念，坚持以人民为中心的发展思想，充分发挥我国数据资源丰富、产业体系完备、应用场景广阔等优势，强化前瞻谋划、系统布局、分业施策、开放共享、安全可控，以科技、产业、消费、民生、治理、全球合作等领域为重点，深入实施“人工智能+”行动，涌现一批新基础设施、新技术体系、新产业生态、新就业岗位等，加快培育发展新质生产力，使全体人民共享人工智能发展成果，更好服务中国式现代化建设。
到2027年，率先实现人工智能与6大重点领域广泛深度融合，新一代智能终端、智能体等应用普及率超70%，智能经济核心产业规模快速增长，人工智能在公共治理中的作用明显增强，人工智能开放合作体系不断完善。到2030年，我国人工智能全面赋能高质量发展，新一代智能终端、智能体等应用普及率超90%，智能经济成为我国经济发展的重要增长极，推动技术普惠和成果共享。到2035年，我国全面步入智能经济和智能社会发展新阶段，为基本实现社会主义现代化提供有力支撑。
二、加快实施重点行动
（一）“人工智能+”科学技术
1.加速科学发现进程。加快探索人工智能驱动的新型科研范式，加速“从0到1”重大科学发现进程。加快科学大模型建设应用，推动基础科研平台和重大科技基础设施智能化升级，打造开放共享的高质量科学数据集，提升跨模态复杂科学数据处理水平。强化人工智能跨学科牵引带动作用，推动多学科融合发展。
2.驱动技术研发模式创新和效能提升。推动人工智能驱动的技术研发、工程实现、产品落地一体化协同发展，加速“从1到N”技术落地和迭代突破，促进创新成果高效转化。支持智能化研发工具和平台推广应用，加强人工智能与生物制造、量子科技、第六代移动通信（6G）等领域技术协同创新，以新的科研成果支撑场景应用落地，以新的应用需求牵引科技创新突破。
3.创新哲学社会科学研究方法。推动哲学社会科学研究方法向人机协同模式转变，探索建立适应人工智能时代的新型哲学社会科学研究组织形式，拓展研究视野和观察视域。深入研究人工智能对人类认知判断、伦理规范等方面的深层次影响和作用机理，探索形成智能向善理论体系，促进人工智能更好造福人类。
（二）“人工智能+”产业发展
1.培育智能原生新模式新业态。鼓励有条件的企业将人工智能融入战略规划、组织架构、业务流程等，推动产业全要素智能化发展，助力传统产业改造升级，开辟战略性新兴产业和未来产业发展新赛道。大力发展智能原生技术、产品和服务体系，加快培育一批底层架构和运行逻辑基于人工智能的智能原生企业，探索全新商业模式，催生智能原生新业态。
2.推进工业全要素智能化发展。推动工业全要素智能联动，加快人工智能在设计、中试、生产、服务、运营全环节落地应用。着力提升全员人工智能素养与技能，推动各行业形成更多可复用的专家知识。加快工业软件创新突破，大力发展智能制造装备。推进工业供应链智能协同，加强自适应供需匹配。推广人工智能驱动的生产工艺优化方法。深化人工智能与工业互联网融合应用，增强工业系统的智能感知与决策执行能力。
3.加快农业数智化转型升级。加快人工智能驱动的育种体系创新，支持种植、养殖等农业领域智能应用。大力发展智能农机、农业无人机、农业机器人等智能装备，提高农业生产和加工工具的智能感知、决策、控制、作业等能力，强化农机农具平台化、智能化管理。加强人工智能在农业生产管理、风险防范等领域应用，帮助农民提升生产经营能力和水平。
4.创新服务业发展新模式。加快服务业从数字赋能的互联网服务向智能驱动的新型服务方式演进，拓展经营范围，推动现代服务业向智向新发展。探索无人服务与人工服务相结合的新模式。在软件、信息、金融、商务、法律、交通、物流、商贸等领域，推动新一代智能终端、智能体等广泛应用。
（三）“人工智能+”消费提质
1.拓展服务消费新场景。培育覆盖更广、内容更丰富的智能服务业态，加快发展提效型、陪伴型等智能原生应用，支持开辟智能助理等服务新入口。加强智能消费基础设施建设，提升文娱、电商、家政、物业、出行、养老、托育等生活服务品质，拓展体验消费、个性消费、认知和情感消费等服务消费新场景。
2.培育产品消费新业态。推动智能终端“万物智联”，培育智能产品生态，大力发展智能网联汽车、人工智能手机和电脑、智能机器人、智能家居、智能穿戴等新一代智能终端，打造一体化全场景覆盖的智能交互环境。加快人工智能与元宇宙、低空飞行、增材制造、脑机接口等技术融合和产品创新，探索智能产品新形态。
（四）“人工智能+”民生福祉
1.创造更加智能的工作方式。积极发挥人工智能在创造新岗位和赋能传统岗位方面的作用，探索人机协同的新型组织架构和管理模式，培育发展智能代理等创新型工作形态，推动在劳动力紧缺、环境高危等岗位应用。大力支持开展人工智能技能培训，激发人工智能创新创业和再就业活力。加强人工智能应用就业风险评估，引导创新资源向创造就业潜力大的方向倾斜，减少对就业的冲击。
2.推行更富成效的学习方式。把人工智能融入教育教学全要素、全过程，创新智能学伴、智能教师等人机协同教育教学新模式，推动育人从知识传授为重向能力提升为本转变，加快实现大规模因材施教，提高教育质量，促进教育公平。构建智能化情景交互学习模式，推动开展方式更灵活、资源更丰富的自主学习。鼓励和支持全民积极学习人工智能新知识、新技术。
3.打造更有品质的美好生活。探索推广人人可享的高水平居民健康助手，有序推动人工智能在辅助诊疗、健康管理、医保服务等场景的应用，大幅提高基层医疗健康服务能力和效率。推动人工智能在繁荣文化生产、增强文化传播、促进文化交流中展现更大作为，利用人工智能辅助创作更多具有中华文化元素和标识的文化内容，壮大文化产业。充分发挥人工智能对织密人际关系、精神慰藉陪伴、养老托育助残、推进全民健身等方面的重要作用，拓展人工智能在“好房子”全生命周期的应用，积极构建更有温度的智能社会。
（五）“人工智能+”治理能力
1.开创社会治理人机共生新图景。有序推动市政基础设施智能化改造升级，探索面向新一代智能终端发展的城市规划、建设与治理，提升城市运行智能化水平。加快人工智能产品和服务向乡村延伸，推动城乡智能普惠。深入开展人工智能社会实验。安全稳妥有序推进人工智能在政务领域应用，打造精准识别需求、主动规划服务、全程智能办理的政务服务新模式。加快人工智能在各类公共资源招标投标活动中的应用，提升智能交易服务和监管水平。
2.打造安全治理多元共治新格局。推动构建面向自然人、数字人、智能机器人等多元一体的公共安全治理体系，加强人工智能在安全生产监管、防灾减灾救灾、公共安全预警、社会治安管理等方面的应用，提升监测预警、监管执法、指挥决策、现场救援、社会动员等工作水平，增强应用人工智能维护和塑造国家安全的能力。加快推动人工智能赋能网络空间治理，强化信息精准识别、态势主动研判、风险实时处置等能力。
3.共绘美丽中国生态治理新画卷。提高空天地海一体化动态感知和国土空间智慧规划水平，强化资源要素优化配置。围绕大气、水、海洋、土壤、生物等多要素生态环境系统和全国碳市场建设等，提升人工智能驱动的监测预测、模拟推演、问题处置等能力，推动构建智能协同的精准治理模式。
（六）“人工智能+”全球合作
1.推动人工智能普惠共享。把人工智能作为造福人类的国际公共产品，打造平权、互信、多元、共赢的人工智能能力建设开放生态。深化人工智能领域高水平开放，推动人工智能技术开源可及，强化算力、数据、人才等领域国际合作，帮助全球南方国家加强人工智能能力建设，助力各国平等参与智能化发展进程，弥合全球智能鸿沟。
2.共建人工智能全球治理体系。支持联合国在人工智能全球治理中发挥主渠道作用，探索形成各国广泛参与的治理框架，共同应对全球性挑战。深化与国际组织、专业机构等交流合作，加强治理规则、技术标准等对接协调。共同研判、积极应对人工智能应用风险，确保人工智能发展安全、可靠、可控。
三、强化基础支撑能力
（七）提升模型基础能力。加强人工智能基础理论研究，支持多路径技术探索和模型基础架构创新。加快研究更加高效的模型训练和推理方法，积极推动理论创新、技术创新、工程创新协同发展。探索模型应用新形态，提升复杂任务处理能力，优化交互体验。建立健全模型能力评估体系，促进模型能力有效迭代提升。
（八）加强数据供给创新。以应用为导向，持续加强人工智能高质量数据集建设。完善适配人工智能发展的数据产权和版权制度，推动公共财政资助项目形成的版权内容依法合规开放。鼓励探索基于价值贡献度的数据成本补偿、收益分成等方式，加强数据供给激励。支持发展数据标注、数据合成等技术，培育壮大数据处理和数据服务产业。
（九）强化智能算力统筹。支持人工智能芯片攻坚创新与使能软件生态培育，加快超大规模智算集群技术突破和工程落地。优化国家智算资源布局，完善全国一体化算力网，充分发挥“东数西算”国家枢纽作用，加大数、算、电、网等资源协同。加强智能算力互联互通和供需匹配，创新智能算力基础设施运营模式，鼓励发展标准化、可扩展的算力云服务，推动智能算力供给普惠易用、经济高效、绿色安全。
（十）优化应用发展环境。布局建设一批国家人工智能应用中试基地，搭建行业应用共性平台。推动软件信息服务企业智能化转型，重构产品形态和服务模式。培育人工智能应用服务商，发展“模型即服务”、“智能体即服务”等，打造人工智能应用服务链。健全人工智能应用场景建设指引、开放度评价与激励政策，完善应用试错容错管理制度。加强知识产权保护、转化与协同应用。加快重点领域人工智能标准研制，推进跨行业、跨领域、国际化标准联动。
（十一）促进开源生态繁荣。支持人工智能开源社区建设，促进模型、工具、数据集等汇聚开放，培育优质开源项目。建立健全人工智能开源贡献评价和激励机制，鼓励高校将开源贡献纳入学生学分认证和教师成果认定。支持企业、高校、科研机构等探索普惠高效的开源应用新模式。加快构建面向全球开放的开源技术体系和社区生态，发展具有国际影响力的开源项目和开发工具等。
（十二）加强人才队伍建设。推进人工智能全学段教育和全社会通识教育，完善学科专业布局，加大高层次人才培养力度，超常规构建领军人才培养新模式，强化师资力量建设，推进产教融合、跨学科培养和国际合作。完善符合人工智能人才职业属性和岗位特点的多元化评价体系，更好发挥领军人才作用，给予青年人才更大施展空间，鼓励积极探索人工智能“无人区”。支持企业规范用好股权、期权等中长期激励方式引才留才用才。
（十三）强化政策法规保障。健全国有资本投资人工智能领域考核评价和风险监管等制度。加大人工智能领域金融和财政支持力度，发展壮大长期资本、耐心资本、战略资本，完善风险分担和投资退出机制，充分发挥财政资金、政府采购等政策作用。完善人工智能法律法规、伦理准则等，推进人工智能健康发展相关立法工作。优化人工智能相关安全评估和备案管理制度。
（十四）提升安全能力水平。推动模型算法、数据资源、基础设施、应用系统等安全能力建设，防范模型的黑箱、幻觉、算法歧视等带来的风险，加强前瞻评估和监测处置，推动人工智能应用合规、透明、可信赖。建立健全人工智能技术监测、风险预警、应急响应体系，强化政府引导、行业自律，坚持包容审慎、分类分级，加快形成动态敏捷、多元协同的人工智能治理格局。
四、组织实施
坚持把党的领导贯彻到“人工智能+”行动全过程。国家发展改革委要加强统筹协调，推动形成工作合力。各地区各部门要紧密结合实际，因地制宜抓好贯彻落实，确保落地见效。要强化示范引领，适时总结推广经验做法。要加强宣传引导，广泛凝聚社会共识，营造全社会共同参与的良好氛围。
国务院
2025年8月21日
Opinions of the State Council on Deepening the Implementation of the "Artificial Intelligence+" Action
State Council Document No. 11 [2025]
To the People's Governments of all provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government, and all ministries and commissions and directly affiliated institutions of the State Council:
In order to deeply implement the "Artificial Intelligence+" action, promote the extensive and in-depth integration of artificial intelligence with all sectors and fields of the economy and society, reshape the paradigm of human production and life, promote a revolutionary leap in productivity and a profound transformation of production relations, and accelerate the formation of a new form of intelligent economy and intelligent society characterized by human-machine collaboration, cross-border integration, and co-creation and sharing, the following opinions are hereby put forward.
I. General Requirements
Guided by Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, and fully and accurately implementing the new development philosophy, adhering to the people-centered development approach, and leveraging my country's advantages in abundant data resources, a complete industrial system, and broad application scenarios, we will strengthen forward-looking planning, systematic layout, sector-specific policies, openness and sharing, and security and controllability. Focusing on areas such as science and technology, industry, consumption, people's livelihood, governance, and global cooperation, we will deeply implement the "Artificial Intelligence+" action, resulting in a number of new infrastructures, new technology systems, new industrial ecosystems, and new employment opportunities. We will accelerate the cultivation and development of new productive forces, enabling all people to share the fruits of artificial intelligence development and better serve China's modernization.
By 2027, we will have taken the lead in achieving extensive and deep integration of artificial intelligence with six key areas, with the application penetration rate of next-generation intelligent terminals and intelligent agents exceeding 70%. The core industries of the intelligent economy will experience rapid growth, the role of artificial intelligence in public governance will be significantly enhanced, and the open cooperation system for artificial intelligence will be continuously improved. By 2030, my country's artificial intelligence will fully empower high-quality development, with the application penetration rate of next-generation intelligent terminals and intelligent agents exceeding 90%. The intelligent economy will become an important growth engine for my country's economic development, promoting the inclusiveness of technology and the sharing of its benefits. By 2035, my country will have fully entered a new stage of intelligent economy and intelligent society development, providing strong support for the basic realization of socialist modernization.
II. Accelerating the Implementation of Key Actions
(I) "Artificial Intelligence+" Science and Technology
1. Accelerating the Scientific Discovery Process. Accelerate the exploration of new research paradigms driven by artificial intelligence, and accelerate the process of major scientific discoveries "from 0 to 1". Accelerate the construction and application of large-scale scientific models, promote the intelligent upgrading of basic research platforms and major scientific and technological infrastructure, create open and shared high-quality scientific datasets, and improve the level of cross-modal complex scientific data processing. Strengthen the interdisciplinary driving role of artificial intelligence and promote the integrated development of multiple disciplines.
2. Driving Innovation and Efficiency Improvement in Technology R&D Models. Promote the integrated and coordinated development of artificial intelligence-driven technology R&D, engineering implementation, and product launch, accelerate the implementation and iterative breakthroughs of technologies "from 1 to N", and promote the efficient transformation of innovative achievements. Support the promotion and application of intelligent R&D tools and platforms, strengthen collaborative innovation between artificial intelligence and fields such as biomanufacturing, quantum technology, and 6G, support the application of new research results, and drive technological innovation breakthroughs with new application demands.
3. Innovating Research Methods in Philosophy and Social Sciences. Promote the transformation of philosophical and social science research methods towards a human-machine collaborative model, explore the establishment of new organizational forms for philosophical and social science research adapted to the era of artificial intelligence, and broaden research horizons and observation perspectives. Conduct in-depth research on the profound impact and mechanisms of artificial intelligence on human cognitive judgment, ethical norms, etc., explore the formation of a theoretical system of "intelligent for good," and promote artificial intelligence to better benefit humanity.
(II) Industrial Development of "Artificial Intelligence+"
1. Cultivate new intelligent-native models and business forms. Encourage qualified enterprises to integrate artificial intelligence into strategic planning, organizational structure, business processes, etc., promote the intelligent development of all industrial elements, assist in the transformation and upgrading of traditional industries, and open up new tracks for the development of strategic emerging industries and future industries. Vigorously develop intelligent-native technologies, products, and service systems, accelerate the cultivation of a number of intelligent-native enterprises whose underlying architecture and operating logic are based on artificial intelligence, explore new business models, and foster new intelligent-native business forms.
2. Promote the intelligent development of all industrial elements. Promote the intelligent linkage of all industrial elements and accelerate the application of artificial intelligence in all aspects of design, pilot testing, production, service, and operation. Focus on improving the artificial intelligence literacy and skills of all employees, and promote the formation of more reusable expert knowledge in various industries. Accelerate breakthroughs in industrial software innovation and vigorously develop intelligent manufacturing equipment. Promote intelligent collaboration in the industrial supply chain and strengthen adaptive supply and demand matching. Promote AI-driven production process optimization methods. Deepen the integration and application of AI and the Industrial Internet to enhance the intelligent perception and decision-making execution capabilities of industrial systems.
3. Accelerate the digital transformation and upgrading of agriculture. Accelerate innovation in AI-driven breeding systems and support intelligent applications in planting, animal husbandry, and other agricultural fields. Vigorously develop intelligent agricultural machinery, agricultural drones, agricultural robots, and other intelligent equipment to improve the intelligent perception, decision-making, control, and operation capabilities of agricultural production and processing tools, and strengthen the platform-based and intelligent management of agricultural machinery and tools. Strengthen the application of AI in agricultural production management, risk prevention, and other fields to help farmers improve their production and management capabilities and levels.
4. Innovate new models for service industry development. Accelerate the evolution of the service industry from digitally empowered internet services to intelligently driven new service models, expand the scope of business, and promote the intelligent and innovative development of modern service industries. Explore new models combining unmanned and human services. Promote the widespread application of next-generation intelligent terminals and intelligent agents in fields such as software, information, finance, commerce, law, transportation, logistics, and trade.
(III) Enhancing Consumption Quality through "Artificial Intelligence+"
1. Expanding New Service Consumption Scenarios. Cultivate broader and richer intelligent service formats, accelerate the development of efficiency-enhancing and companion-oriented intelligent native applications, and support the opening of new service entry points such as intelligent assistants. Strengthen the construction of intelligent consumption infrastructure, improve the quality of life services such as entertainment, e-commerce, housekeeping, property management, travel, elderly care, and childcare, and expand new service consumption scenarios such as experiential consumption, personalized consumption, cognitive and emotional consumption.
2. Cultivating New Product Consumption Formats. Promote the "Internet of Everything" of intelligent terminals, cultivate an intelligent product ecosystem, vigorously develop next-generation intelligent terminals such as intelligent connected vehicles, AI mobile phones and computers, intelligent robots, smart homes, and intelligent wearables, and create an integrated, full-scenario intelligent interactive environment. Accelerate the integration and product innovation of artificial intelligence with technologies such as metaverse, low-altitude flight, additive manufacturing, and brain-computer interfaces, and explore new forms of intelligent products.
(IV) "Artificial Intelligence+" for People's Well-being
1. Creating More Intelligent Ways of Working. Actively leverage the role of artificial intelligence (AI) in creating new jobs and empowering traditional ones, explore new organizational structures and management models for human-machine collaboration, cultivate and develop innovative work forms such as intelligent agents, and promote their application in jobs with labor shortages and high-risk environments. Strongly support AI skills training to stimulate AI-driven innovation, entrepreneurship, and re-employment. Strengthen employment risk assessment for AI applications, guide innovation resources towards areas with high job creation potential, and reduce the impact on employment.
2. Promote more effective learning methods. Integrate AI into all elements and processes of education and teaching, innovate new human-machine collaborative education and teaching models such as intelligent learning companions and intelligent teachers, promote the transformation of education from knowledge transmission to ability enhancement, accelerate the realization of large-scale personalized education, improve education quality, and promote educational equity. Construct intelligent scenario-based interactive learning models to promote more flexible and resource-rich self-directed learning. Encourage and support the public to actively learn new AI knowledge and technologies.
3. Create a higher quality of life. Explore and promote high-level resident health assistants accessible to everyone, and systematically advance the application of artificial intelligence in scenarios such as assisted diagnosis, health management, and medical insurance services, significantly improving the capacity and efficiency of primary healthcare services. Promote the greater role of artificial intelligence in enriching cultural production, enhancing cultural dissemination, and facilitating cultural exchange; utilize artificial intelligence to assist in creating more cultural content with Chinese cultural elements and symbols, and strengthen the cultural industry. Give full play to the important role of artificial intelligence in strengthening interpersonal relationships, providing spiritual comfort and companionship, elderly care, childcare, disability assistance, and promoting national fitness; expand the application of artificial intelligence throughout the entire life cycle of "good housing"; and actively build a more humane and intelligent society.
(V) "Artificial Intelligence+" Governance Capacity
1. Create a new landscape of human-machine symbiosis in social governance. Systematically promote the intelligent transformation and upgrading of municipal infrastructure, explore urban planning, construction, and governance oriented towards the development of next-generation intelligent terminals, and improve the level of intelligent urban operation. Accelerate the extension of artificial intelligence products and services to rural areas, and promote inclusive intelligent services in urban and rural areas. Conduct in-depth social experiments on artificial intelligence. Safely, steadily, and systematically promote the application of artificial intelligence in the government sector, creating a new model of government services that accurately identifies needs, proactively plans services, and provides intelligent processing throughout the entire process. 1. Accelerate the application of artificial intelligence (AI) in various public resource bidding and tendering activities to improve intelligent transaction services and supervision.
2. Create a new pattern of multi-party co-governance for security. Promote the construction of a multi-faceted public security governance system oriented towards natural persons, digital persons, and intelligent robots. Strengthen the application of AI in areas such as safety production supervision, disaster prevention, mitigation and relief, public safety early warning, and social security management. Improve the level of monitoring and early warning, regulatory enforcement, command and decision-making, on-site rescue, and social mobilization, and enhance the ability to use AI to maintain and shape national security. Accelerate the promotion of AI-enabled cyberspace governance, and strengthen capabilities such as accurate information identification, proactive situation assessment, and real-time risk management.
3. Jointly draw a new picture of ecological governance for a beautiful China. Improve the level of integrated dynamic perception of air, land, sea, and space, and intelligent planning of national land space, and strengthen the optimal allocation of resource elements. Focusing on multi-element ecological environment systems such as atmosphere, water, ocean, soil, and biology, and the construction of the national carbon market, enhance AI-driven monitoring and prediction, simulation and deduction, and problem handling capabilities, and promote the construction of an intelligent and collaborative precision governance model.
(VI) Global Cooperation on "AI+"
1. Promote the inclusive sharing of AI. We will treat artificial intelligence (AI) as an international public good that benefits humanity, and build an open ecosystem for AI capacity building that is equitable, mutually trusting, diverse, and mutually beneficial. We will deepen high-level openness in the field of AI, promote the open-source accessibility of AI technologies, strengthen international cooperation in areas such as computing power, data, and talent, help countries in the Global South strengthen their AI capacity building, facilitate equal participation of all countries in the intelligent development process, and bridge the global intelligence gap.
2. Jointly build a global AI governance system. We support the United Nations in playing a leading role in global AI governance, explore the formation of a governance framework with broad participation from all countries, and jointly address global challenges. We will deepen exchanges and cooperation with international organizations and professional institutions, and strengthen the alignment and coordination of governance rules and technical standards. We will jointly assess and actively address the risks of AI applications to ensure the safe, reliable, and controllable development of AI.
III. Strengthening Basic Support Capabilities
(VII) Enhancing Basic Model Capabilities. We will strengthen basic theoretical research in AI, support multi-path technology exploration and innovation in model infrastructure. We will accelerate research into more efficient model training and inference methods, and actively promote the coordinated development of theoretical innovation, technological innovation, and engineering innovation. We will explore new forms of model applications, improve the ability to handle complex tasks, and optimize the interactive experience. Establish and improve a model capability assessment system to promote effective iterative improvement of model capabilities.
(VIII) Strengthen Data Supply Innovation. With an application-oriented approach, continuously strengthen the construction of high-quality AI datasets. Improve the data property rights and copyright system to adapt to the development of AI, and promote the legal and compliant opening of copyrighted content generated by publicly funded projects. Encourage the exploration of data cost compensation and revenue sharing based on value contribution to strengthen incentives for data supply. Support the development of technologies such as data annotation and data synthesis, and cultivate and expand the data processing and data service industries.
(IX) Strengthen the Coordination of Intelligent Computing Power. Support the tackling of AI chip innovation and the cultivation of enabling software ecosystems, and accelerate technological breakthroughs and engineering implementation of ultra-large-scale intelligent computing clusters. Optimize the national intelligent computing resource layout, improve the national integrated computing power network, fully leverage the national hub role of "Eastern Data, Western Computing," and increase the synergy of data, computing, electricity, and network resources. Strengthen the interconnection and supply-demand matching of intelligent computing power, innovate the operation model of intelligent computing power infrastructure, encourage the development of standardized and scalable computing power cloud services, and promote the inclusive, easy-to-use, economical, efficient, green, and secure supply of intelligent computing power.
(X) Optimize the Application Development Environment. Establish and construct a number of national artificial intelligence application pilot bases and build common platforms for industry applications. Promote the intelligent transformation of software and information service enterprises and restructure product forms and service models. Cultivate artificial intelligence application service providers, develop "model as a service" and "intelligent agent as a service," and create an artificial intelligence application service chain. Improve the guidelines for the construction of artificial intelligence application scenarios, openness evaluation and incentive policies, and improve the application trial-and-error tolerance management system. Strengthen intellectual property protection, transformation, and collaborative application. Accelerate the development of artificial intelligence standards in key areas and promote cross-industry, cross-domain, and international standard linkage.
(XI) Promote the prosperity of the open source ecosystem. Support the construction of artificial intelligence open source communities, promote the convergence and openness of models, tools, datasets, etc., and cultivate high-quality open source projects. Establish and improve the evaluation and incentive mechanism for artificial intelligence open source contributions, and encourage universities to include open source contributions in student credit certification and teacher achievement recognition. Support enterprises, universities, research institutions, etc., to explore new models of inclusive and efficient open source applications. Accelerate the construction of a globally open open source technology system and community ecosystem, and develop open source projects and development tools with international influence.
(XII) Strengthen the construction of talent teams. Promote AI education across all educational levels and general education throughout society; improve the layout of disciplines and majors; increase efforts in cultivating high-level talents; construct a new model for cultivating leading talents in an unconventional manner; strengthen the construction of teaching staff; and promote industry-education integration, interdisciplinary training, and international cooperation. Improve a diversified evaluation system that conforms to the professional attributes and job characteristics of AI talents, better leverage the role of leading talents, provide more space for young talents to develop, and encourage active exploration of uncharted territories in AI. Support enterprises in making good use of equity, stock options, and other medium- and long-term incentive methods to attract, retain, and utilize talents.
(XIII) Strengthen policy and legal safeguards. Improve the assessment, evaluation, and risk supervision systems for state-owned capital investment in the field of AI. Increase financial and fiscal support for the field of AI, develop and expand long-term capital, patient capital, and strategic capital, improve risk-sharing and investment exit mechanisms, and give full play to the role of fiscal funds and government procurement policies. Improve AI laws, regulations, and ethical guidelines, and promote legislation related to the healthy development of AI. Optimize the AI-related safety assessment and filing management system.
(XIV) Enhance security capabilities. Promote the development of security capabilities in model algorithms, data resources, infrastructure, and application systems; prevent risks arising from model black boxes, illusions, and algorithmic bias; strengthen forward-looking assessment and monitoring and handling; and promote the compliant, transparent, and trustworthy application of artificial intelligence. Establish and improve a monitoring, risk warning, and emergency response system for artificial intelligence technology; strengthen government guidance and industry self-regulation; adhere to inclusive and prudent, categorized and graded approaches; and accelerate the formation of a dynamic, agile, and multi-faceted collaborative governance framework for artificial intelligence.
IV. Organization and Implementation
Uphold the Party's leadership throughout the entire process of the "Artificial Intelligence+" action. The National Development and Reform Commission should strengthen overall coordination and promote synergy. All regions and departments should closely integrate with their actual situations, implement measures according to local conditions, and ensure effective implementation. Strengthen demonstration and guidance, and summarize and promote best practices in a timely manner. Strengthen publicity and guidance, and widely disseminate information to build broad social consensus and create a positive atmosphere for the participation of the whole society.
State Council
August 21, 2025.
* * *
以“人工智能+”开启中国特色智能化发展新篇章
近日，国务院正式印发《关于深入实施“人工智能+”行动的意见》（以下简称《意见》），标志着我国人工智能发展实现从技术突破向全要素赋能的关键跃升。作为继“互联网+”之后国家推动技术革命和产业融合的又一战略部署，《意见》立足我国产业体系完备、市场规模庞大、应用场景丰富三大核心优势，构建“创新带应用、应用促创新”的螺旋式发展范式，加速人工智能与实体经济全链重构、深向耦合，全面激发产业变革新动能、培育智能经济新范式，为抢占全球智能化竞争制高点锻造关键支点，构筑新质生产力驱动的高质量发展新格局。
一、深刻认识“人工智能+”的丰富内涵
当前，我国人工智能发展进入与经济社会深度融合的新阶段。深入实施“人工智能+”行动，既是对“互联网+”十年积淀的继承深化，更是面向全球智能化竞争新格局的主动突围，旨在推动人工智能从技术工具升级为重构生产要素、重塑产业范式、重组价值链条的核心引擎，加快形成与新质生产力相适配的新型生产关系，为中国式现代化筑牢智能基座。
（一）从发展历程看，我国正经历从“互联网+”向“人工智能+”的战略跃升。自2015年《关于积极推进“互联网+”行动的指导意见》实施以来，我国通过十年深耕“互联网+”行动，为“人工智能+”奠定了坚实基础。目前，我国互联网普及率已达79.7%，网民规模达11.23亿人，已建成全球最大5G网络、覆盖41个工业大类的“5G+工业互联网”项目超1.7万个，数字经济核心企业超457万家，构建了全球最丰富的应用场景库。如果说“互联网+”的本质是“连接”，通过打破信息孤岛，提升速度和效率，带来的是“量变”；那么“人工智能+”的本质则是“赋能”，通过应用渗透让机器具备自主分析和决策能力，引发各行业范式革命，带来的是“质变”。从“互联网+”向“人工智能+”转变，既是把握发展机遇的历史选择，也是新旧动能转换的必然路径。
（二）从作用机理看，推进“人工智能+”是生产力革命与生产关系调适的辩证统一过程。在国家战略层面推动“人工智能+”，不仅是对人工智能技术制高点展开的系统性布局，更是对技术快速发展背景下构建新型生产关系和发展新质生产力的全方位谋划。从生产力维度来看，“人工智能+”可以通过算法优化与数据要素价值释放，重构全要素生产率提升路径，有效降低传统生产要素的边际成本约束，为产业高质量发展注入新动能。从生产关系的维度来看，在人工智能技术深度赋能的过程中，需同步构建适配智能化转型的制度体系与治理框架，防范技术应用加剧发展不平衡风险，确保创新红利惠及全民。因此，在国家战略层面推动“人工智能+”是应对技术经济范式迭代的必然选择，也是通过智能技术的普及来优化资源配置效率的重要策略。
（三）从赋能成效看，“人工智能+”的“+”是深度融合、范式变革和转型重塑的三重体现。人工智能技术与现有产业体系的深度融合，应用规模和广度前所未有，撬动传统行业的隐性价值，在存量市场中激活更大增量空间。进一步地，随着人工智能应用不断深入和对复杂问题处理能力的持续提升，传统依赖经验决策的模式将被突破，驱动生物制造、材料研发等范式发生根本性变革。更深层次地，通过对传统发展路径的解构与重构，人工智能将推动产业形态、社会治理模式向智能化新形态跃迁。与此同时，生产力的大幅度提升带来生产关系的重大调整，更多的新工种和新职业将被创造出来。这种转型重塑不仅体现在经济领域，还将深刻影响社会生活的各个方面，并引领人类社会迈向一个更加智能、高效、可持续的未来。
二、《意见》创新性提出了人工智能高质量发展的中国方案
《意见》的出台，标志着国家战略正式进入以人工智能深度赋能为核心的新阶段。其最大创新在于探索出了一条既引领时代前沿，又充分立足我国国情的发展道路，着力破解落地瓶颈，着力重塑发展动能，为全球人工智能发展贡献兼具中国特色和时代价值的新范式。
（一）突出自主创新引领，以“人工智能+”打造科技高效能创新新引擎。在以习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想指引下，需牢牢把握科技现代化这一“牛鼻子”，以人工智能创新群体性突破驱动产业高质量发展。《意见》提出，要加快推动“从0到1”重大科学发现进程和“从1到N”的技术落地与迭代突破，建立适应人工智能时代的新型哲学社会科学研究组织形式。下一步，要加速科研范式变革，通过以大模型为代表的人工智能技术深化科研场景赋能，在生物医药、新材料等重点领域推进通专模型融合应用。构建产学研用协同创新体系，支持共建实验室并完善技术转移机制，打通“实验室—市场”转化通道。
（二）突出举国体制优势，以“人工智能+”提升产业高质量发展新动能。《意见》从培育智能原生新模式新业态、推进工业全要素智能化发展、加快农业数智化转型升级和创新服务业发展新模式四个方面，提出一系列人工智能驱动产业高质量发展的重要举措。与欧美等发达国家相比，我国更加注重发挥新型举国体制优势，充分调动政府、国有企事业单位和平台公司等各方主体积极性，通过公共数据授权运营、智能示范园区等方面不断拓展应用场景，有效破解技术落地“最后一公里”难题。未来，我国将在全球最大规模5G网络、全国一体化算力网、工业互联网平台等新型基础设施的支撑下，持续夯实“智改数转网联”基础，形成“基建赋能—场景开放—全链升级”的中国特色路径。
（三）突出民生普惠导向，以“人工智能+”创造人民高品质生活新场景。《意见》系统阐述了通过“人工智能+”推动服务消费和产品消费提质升级，全面改善提升人类工作、生活和学习品质，以及有效提升社会治理、安全治理、生态治理能力。近年来，各部门各地方积极深化人工智能在智慧城市“一网统管”、基层政务“指尖减负”、应急管理智能决策等场景的应用，通过开放医疗、交通、社保等重点民生领域数据，全面推动AI普惠教育、养老等领域。未来，人工智能将重构消费产品设计、生产、销售、服务全链条，培育智能消费新业态、新场景，优化消费体验，加速释放多层次、多元化的内需潜力，有助于推动消费扩容提质。
（四）突出开放包容治理，以“人工智能+”构建全球高水平开放新格局。《意见》提出，把人工智能作为造福人类的国际公共产品，打造平权、互信、多元、共赢的人工智能能力建设开放生态，深化人工智能领域高水平开放，探索形成各国广泛参与的治理框架。当前，国产大模型性能不断突破，我国充分依托上合组织、“一带一路”、金砖国家等机制，推广“动态敏捷、多元协同”的治理理念，大力推动开源发展，有效降低发展中国家技术应用门槛，为全球技术平权提供新选项。通过提升全球人工智能治理的规则制定权、技术话语权与道义引领力，为人类命运共同体建设注入中国智慧。
三、做深做实“人工智能+”行动推动《意见》精准落地
立足当前，着眼长远，应当以“人工智能+”为战略支点，细化落实《意见》各项任务，强化政策协同，优化资源配置，确保各项措施精准落地，推动全球共同应对人工智能带来的挑战与机遇，助力构建人类命运共同体。
一是强化政策引导与扶持，持续优化人工智能产业发展环境。在《意见》总体框架下，加快完善制定各领域专项政策。加大财政资金支持力度，鼓励社会资本投入，形成多元化投融资体系。完善知识产权保护机制，激发创新活力。建立健全市场监管体系，确保市场公平竞争，营造健康有序的产业生态。细化区域发展策略，推动地方特色人工智能产业集群建设。深化产学研用协同创新，推动关键技术突破与成果转化。通过政策引导和市场机制双重驱动，加速人工智能技术在各领域的深度融合，推动产业升级与经济高质量发展。
二是鼓励重点领域先行先试，推动人工智能应用从“点状场景突破”向“行业全面渗透”加速迈进。加大应用场景开放力度，加强人工智能企业和行业用户供需对接、联合攻关、双向奔赴。不断总结典型场景建设经验，复制推广优秀经验。在制造、医疗、教育等重点行业领域，支持行业龙头单位联合人工智能企业、科研院所等建设国家人工智能应用中试基地，汇聚行业高质量数据集，解决行业共性问题，不断降低技术应用中试成本，逐步实现规模化推广。
三是打造新型基础设施体系，加快完善数据、模型等要素市场。建设适应人工智能发展的新型基础设施网络，推动国家级算力枢纽节点间高速直连网络建设，实现跨区域算力资源弹性调配与普惠化供给。持续推进数据要素市场化配置改革，不断完善适应人工智能发展的数据要素产权登记、流通交易、价格生成、收益分配等制度。加快打造国内人工智能开源社区，推动大模型训练数据集共享，激活多层次主体开源动力，以开源生态培育带动产业生态繁荣。
四是构建多层次人才培养体系，全方位提高全民“智能素养”。在重点高校布局“人工智能+X”交叉学科创新中心，建设人工智能产教融合平台。推广中小学阶段人工智能通识教育，优化偏才、怪才、拔尖创新人才培养模式。加快人工智能工程师等国家职业标准建设，建立技能认证与职称评定衔接机制，破解应用层人才短缺瓶颈。加大海外人工智能高层次人才引进力度，不断完善人工智能人才服务保障制度。
五是筑牢智能时代安全底座，锻造人工智能行业高可靠安全屏障。建立适配大模型的安全合规防御体系，守牢人工智能应用的数据、基础设施以及模型系统安全底线。尤其在教育、医疗、交通等关键领域，要进行严格的测试和验证，有效防范化解人工智能安全风险。在总体国家安全观指引下，有效构筑起“事前防范—事后追责—自主可控”三位一体的人工智能发展安全保障体系，通过强调源头管控与供应链韧性并重，为技术向善提供保障。（国家信息中心党委副书记、副主任 周 民）
Opening a New Chapter in China's Intelligent Development with "Artificial Intelligence+"
Published: 2025/08/26
Source: High-Tech Department
Recently, the State Council officially issued the "Opinions on Deepening the Implementation of the 'Artificial Intelligence+' Action" (hereinafter referred to as the "Opinions"), marking a key leap in Chinese artificial intelligence development from technological breakthroughs to full-factor empowerment. As another strategic deployment by the state to promote technological revolution and industrial integration following "Internet+", the "Opinions" leverages China's three core advantages: a complete industrial system, a large market size, and rich application scenarios. It constructs a spiral development paradigm of "innovation driving application, application promoting innovation," accelerating the full-chain restructuring and deep coupling of artificial intelligence with the real economy, comprehensively stimulating new momentum for industrial transformation, cultivating a new paradigm of intelligent economy, forging a key fulcrum for seizing the commanding heights of global intelligent competition, and building a new pattern of high-quality development driven by new-quality productivity.
I. Deeply Understanding the Rich Connotation of "Artificial Intelligence+"
Currently, Chinese artificial intelligence development has entered a new stage of deep integration with the economy and society. Deepening the implementation of the "Artificial Intelligence+" initiative is not only a continuation and deepening of the decade-long accumulation of "Internet+", but also a proactive breakthrough in the new global landscape of intelligent competition. It aims to upgrade artificial intelligence from a technological tool to a core engine for restructuring production factors, reshaping industrial paradigms, and reorganizing value chains, accelerating the formation of new production relations adapted to new-quality productive forces, and laying a solid intelligent foundation for Chinese-style modernization.
(I) From a developmental perspective, my country is undergoing a strategic leap from "Internet+" to "Artificial Intelligence+". Since the implementation of the "Guiding Opinions on Actively Promoting the 'Internet+' Action" in 2015, my country has laid a solid foundation for "Artificial Intelligence+" through a decade of in-depth development of the "Internet+" action. Currently, my country's internet penetration rate has reached 79.7%, with 1.123 billion internet users. It has built the world's largest 5G network, over 17,000 "5G+Industrial Internet" projects covering 41 major industrial categories, and has over 4.57 million core digital economy enterprises, constructing the world's richest application scenario database. If the essence of "Internet+" is "connectivity," breaking down information silos and improving speed and efficiency, resulting in "quantitative change," then the essence of "AI+" is "empowerment," enabling machines to possess autonomous analysis and decision-making capabilities through application penetration, triggering a paradigm shift across industries, resulting in "qualitative change." The shift from "Internet+" to "AI+" is both a historical choice to seize development opportunities and an inevitable path for the transformation of old and new growth drivers.
(II) From the perspective of its mechanism, promoting "AI+" is a dialectical unity of the revolution in productive forces and the adjustment of production relations. Promoting "AI+" at the national strategic level is not only a systematic layout for leveraging the high ground of AI technology, but also a comprehensive plan for building new production relations and developing new quality productive forces against the backdrop of rapid technological development. From the perspective of productive forces, "AI+" can reconstruct the path to improving total factor productivity through algorithm optimization and the release of data element value, effectively reducing the marginal cost constraints of traditional production factors and injecting new momentum into high-quality industrial development. From the perspective of production relations, in the process of deeply empowering artificial intelligence technology, it is necessary to simultaneously build an institutional system and governance framework adapted to intelligent transformation, prevent the application of technology from exacerbating the risk of unbalanced development, and ensure that the benefits of innovation reach all people. Therefore, promoting "AI+" at the national strategic level is an inevitable choice to cope with the iteration of technological and economic paradigms, and also an important strategy to optimize resource allocation efficiency through the popularization of intelligent technology.
(III) From the perspective of empowerment effectiveness, the "+" in "AI+" is a triple manifestation of deep integration, paradigm shift, and transformation and reshaping. The deep integration of artificial intelligence technology with the existing industrial system, with an unprecedented scale and breadth of application, unlocks the implicit value of traditional industries and activates greater incremental space in the existing market. Furthermore, as the application of artificial intelligence continues to deepen and its ability to handle complex problems continues to improve, the traditional model of relying on experience-based decision-making will be broken through, driving fundamental changes in paradigms such as biomanufacturing and materials research and development. At a deeper level, through the deconstruction and reconstruction of traditional development paths, artificial intelligence will drive the leap of industrial forms and social governance models towards a new intelligent form. At the same time, the significant increase in productivity will lead to major adjustments in production relations, creating more new jobs and professions. This transformation and reshaping will not only be reflected in the economic field but will also profoundly affect all aspects of social life, leading human society towards a more intelligent, efficient, and sustainable future.
II. The "Opinions" Innovative Proposal of a Chinese Solution for High-Quality Development of Artificial Intelligence
The issuance of the "Opinions" marks the formal entry of the national strategy into a new stage centered on the deep empowerment of artificial intelligence. Its greatest innovation lies in exploring a development path that both leads the forefront of the times and is fully based on my country's national conditions, focusing on breaking through implementation bottlenecks and reshaping development momentum, contributing a new paradigm with both Chinese characteristics and contemporary value to the global development of artificial intelligence.
(I) Emphasizing Independent Innovation Leadership, Building a New Engine for High-Efficiency Technological Innovation with "Artificial Intelligence+". Under the guidance of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, it is necessary to firmly grasp the "key" of technological modernization and drive high-quality industrial development through collective breakthroughs in artificial intelligence innovation. The "Opinions" proposes to accelerate the process of major scientific discoveries "from 0 to 1" and the implementation and iterative breakthroughs of technologies "from 1 to N", and to establish new forms of philosophical and social science research organizations adapted to the era of artificial intelligence. The next step is to accelerate the transformation of scientific research paradigms, deepen the empowerment of scientific research scenarios through artificial intelligence technologies represented by large-scale models, and promote the integrated application of general and specialized models in key areas such as biomedicine and new materials. A collaborative innovation system integrating industry, academia, research, and application should be built, supporting the joint construction of laboratories and improving technology transfer mechanisms to open up the "laboratory-market" transformation channel.
(II) Highlighting the advantages of the national system, using "artificial intelligence+" to enhance new momentum for high-quality industrial development. The "Opinions" propose a series of important measures to drive high-quality industrial development through artificial intelligence from four aspects: cultivating new intelligent native models and new business forms, promoting the intelligent development of all industrial elements, accelerating the digital transformation and upgrading of agriculture, and innovating new models for the development of service industries. Compared with developed countries such as Europe and the United States, my country pays more attention to leveraging the advantages of the new national system, fully mobilizing the enthusiasm of various stakeholders such as the government, state-owned enterprises and institutions, and platform companies, and continuously expanding application scenarios through public data authorization and operation, intelligent demonstration parks, etc., effectively solving the "last mile" problem of technology implementation. In the future, supported by new infrastructure such as the world's largest 5G network, a nationwide integrated computing network, and industrial internet platforms, my country will continue to solidify the foundation of "intelligent transformation, data conversion, and network connectivity," forming a uniquely Chinese path of "infrastructure empowerment—scenario opening—full-chain upgrading."
(III) Emphasizing a people-centered approach, creating new high-quality life scenarios through "AI+". The "Opinions" systematically elaborate on promoting the upgrading of service and product consumption through "AI+", comprehensively improving the quality of human work, life, and learning, and effectively enhancing social governance, security governance, and ecological governance capabilities. In recent years, various departments and localities have actively deepened the application of artificial intelligence in scenarios such as "unified management" in smart cities, "finger-tip burden reduction" in grassroots government affairs, and intelligent decision-making in emergency management. By opening up data in key areas of people's livelihood such as healthcare, transportation, and social security, they have comprehensively promoted AI-enabled education, elderly care, and other fields. In the future, artificial intelligence will restructure the entire chain of consumer product design, production, sales, and service, cultivate new intelligent consumption formats and scenarios, optimize the consumer experience, accelerate the release of multi-level and diversified domestic demand potential, and help promote the expansion and improvement of consumption.
(IV) Emphasizing Open and Inclusive Governance, Building a New Global Pattern of High-Level Openness with "AI+". The Opinions propose treating artificial intelligence as an international public good benefiting humanity, creating an open ecosystem for AI capacity building based on equality, mutual trust, diversity, and win-win outcomes, deepening high-level openness in the field of AI, and exploring a governance framework with broad participation from all countries. Currently, the performance of domestically produced large-scale models is continuously breaking through. my country fully leverages mechanisms such as the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, the Belt and Road Initiative, and BRICS to promote the governance concept of "dynamic agility and multi-party collaboration," vigorously promote open-source development, effectively lower the technological application threshold for developing countries, and provide new options for global technological equality. By enhancing China's rule-making power, technological discourse power, and moral leadership in global AI governance, Chinese wisdom is injected into the construction of a community with a shared future for mankind.
III. Deepening and Implementing the "AI+" Action to Ensure the Precise Implementation of the Opinions
Based on the present and looking to the future, we should take "AI+" as a strategic fulcrum, refine and implement the various tasks of the Opinions, strengthen policy coordination, optimize resource allocation, ensure the precise implementation of various measures, promote global cooperation in addressing the challenges and opportunities brought by AI, and contribute to building a community with a shared future for mankind.
First, we will strengthen policy guidance and support to continuously optimize the development environment for the artificial intelligence (AI) industry. Within the overall framework of the "Opinions," we will accelerate the formulation and improvement of specific policies for various fields. We will increase financial support, encourage social capital investment, and form a diversified investment and financing system. We will improve the intellectual property protection mechanism to stimulate innovation. We will establish and improve the market supervision system to ensure fair market competition and create a healthy and orderly industrial ecosystem. We will refine regional development strategies and promote the construction of local characteristic AI industry clusters. We will deepen collaborative innovation among industry, academia, research, and application to promote breakthroughs in key technologies and the transformation of research results. Through the dual drive of policy guidance and market mechanisms, we will accelerate the deep integration of AI technology in various fields, promoting industrial upgrading and high-quality economic development.
Second, we will encourage pilot projects in key areas to accelerate the application of AI from "breakthroughs in specific scenarios" to "comprehensive industry penetration." We will increase the openness of application scenarios, strengthen supply and demand matching, joint research, and two-way collaboration between AI enterprises and industry users. We will continuously summarize the experience of building typical scenarios and replicate and promote best practices. In key industries such as manufacturing, healthcare, and education, support will be provided for leading companies to collaborate with AI enterprises and research institutions to establish national AI application pilot bases. These bases will aggregate high-quality industry datasets, address common industry problems, continuously reduce the cost of pilot-scale technology applications, and gradually achieve large-scale promotion.
Third, a new infrastructure system will be built, accelerating the improvement of data and model markets. A new infrastructure network adapted to AI development will be constructed, promoting the construction of high-speed direct connections between national-level computing power hub nodes to achieve flexible allocation and inclusive supply of cross-regional computing resources. The market-oriented allocation reform of data elements will be continuously promoted, and the systems for data element property rights registration, circulation and trading, price generation, and revenue distribution will be continuously improved to adapt to AI development. The development of a domestic AI open-source community will be accelerated, promoting the sharing of large model training datasets, activating the open-source motivation of multiple entities, and driving industrial ecosystem prosperity through open-source ecosystem cultivation.
Fourth, a multi-level talent training system will be constructed to comprehensively improve the "intelligent literacy" of the entire population. "AI + X" interdisciplinary innovation centers will be established in key universities, and AI industry-education integration platforms will be built. General AI education in primary and secondary schools will be promoted, and the talent training models for gifted, unconventional, and outstanding innovative talents will be optimized. Accelerate the development of national occupational standards for artificial intelligence engineers, establish a mechanism linking skills certification and professional title evaluation, and address the bottleneck of talent shortage at the application level. Increase efforts to attract high-level overseas AI talent and continuously improve the AI talent service and support system.
Fifth, solidify the security foundation for the intelligent era and forge a highly reliable security barrier for the AI industry. Establish a security and compliance defense system adapted to large-scale models, and firmly safeguard the bottom line of data, infrastructure, and model system security for AI applications. Especially in key areas such as education, healthcare, and transportation, rigorous testing and verification should be conducted to effectively prevent and mitigate AI security risks. Under the guidance of the overall national security concept, effectively construct a three-pronged AI development security system of "prevention before the event—accountability after the event—autonomous controllability," emphasizing both source control and supply chain resilience to provide guarantees for technology for good.
(Zhou Min, Deputy Secretary of the Party Committee and Deputy Director of the National Information Center)
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