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| Pix Credit South China Morning Post |
China’s top lawmakers have reviewed the first draft of a revised state secrets law that would reaffirm the ruling Communist Party’s control over information security and improve how state secrets are managed. State broadcaster China Central Television (CCTV) reported on Tuesday that a first draft of the revised law on safeguarding state secrets was reviewed by lawmakers at a meeting of the National People’s Congress (NPC) Standing Committee, the country’s top legislative body. . . according to a report on Friday by the state-run Xinhua news agency, the revised law would add new provisions to reaffirm the party’s control over all matters related to information security and, for the first time, stipulate government support for research and use of critical information security technologies. (Chinese lawmakers review proposed changes to state secrets law amid national security push (24 October 2023)).
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| Pix credit here |
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| Pix credit here |
Clearly the regulatory paths of these three post-global empires are, at a fundamental level, incompatible--though that between liberal democratic and Marxist Leninist systems much more so. External compatibilities of internally coherent systems tend to have little effect on the construction and maintenance of self-referencing systems. However, those incompatibilities become not merely problematic but a source of conflict in two principal contexts. The first is where production chains cross the borders of imperial heartland. This is nicely exemplified in the EU-China case by the determination that data critical generated in China for compliance with European production chain related disclosures, may either not be generated or shared with respect to the Chinese operations of EU companies. Another example may be the interdiction of information about the operations of Chinese companies which may be essential for compliance with US sanctions directed against Chinese policy in, for example, Xinjiang. The second is where all three empires operate within the borders of sovereign territories of states that may be burdened with de facto dependence on any or all of them simultaneously. In that case there may be pressure (economic or otherwise) to conform dependent state regulation to reflect compatibility with the laws of one or another suzerain. Or more likely it will produce regulatory fracturing of the vassal state effectively partitioning it not by territory but by the classification of economic activity.
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| Pix credit here |
In reviewing both the State Secrets Law and its modifications, then, one ought to have in mind four quite distinct questions: (1) do the modifications appropriately align with the ruling ideology and its expression in contemporary policy or do they serve other (and thus erroneous or problematic) ends?; (2) how well does it align with other related policies and objectives, including the administrative apparatus designated for its operationalization? (3) to what extent do these provisions impact the interlinkages between China; the EU and the US especially in the economic, social, and cultural fields, with particular focus on incompatibilities for enterprises operating across those frontiers; and (4) to what extent may or must these provisions be exported or applied by and through Chinese instrumentalities in states either aligned with China or with respect to those fields of economic activities in which China has or seeks a dominant position in those states?
The modifications are set forth below along with the provisions of the State Secrets Law in the original Chinese and in a crude English translation. Statutory revisions are also included below.
第一章 总 则
第一条 为了保守国家秘密,维护国家安全和利益,保障改 革开放和社会主义现代化建设事业的顺利进行,实现中华民族伟 大复兴,根据宪法,制定本法.
第二条 国家秘密是关系国家安全和利益,依照法定程序确 定,在一定时间内只限一定范围的人员知悉的事项.
第三条 坚持中国共产党对保守国家秘密工作 (以下简称保 密工作)的领导.中央保密工作领导机构领导全国保密工作,研 究提出国家保密工作方针政策,研究制定和指导实施国家保密工 作战略及重大政策措施,统筹协调国家保密重大事项和重要工 作,推进国家保密法治建设.
第四条 保密工作坚持总体国家安全观,遵循党管保密、依 法管理,积极防范、突出重点,技管并重、创新发展的原则,既 确保国家秘密安全,又便利信息资源合理利用.
法律、行政法规规定公开的事项,应当依法公开.
第五条 国家秘密受法律保护.
一切国家机关、武装力量、政党、群团组织、企业事业单位、社会组织和其他组织、公民都有保守国家秘密的义务.
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任何危害国家秘密安全的行为,都必须受到法律追究.
第六条 国家保密行政管理部门主管全国的保密工作.县 级以上地方各级保密行政管理部门主管本行政区域的保密工作.
第七条 国家机关和涉及国家秘密的单位 (以下简称机关、单位)管理本机关和本单位的保密工作.
中央国家机关在其职权范围内管理或者指导本系统的保密工作.
第八条 机关、单位应当实行保密工作责任制,依法设置保密工作机构或者指定专人负责保密工作,健全保密管理制度,完 善保密防护措施,开展保密宣传教育,加强保密检查.
第九条 国家采取多种形式加强保密宣传教育,将保密教育 纳入国民教育体系和干部教育培训体系,鼓励大众传播媒介面向 社会进行保密宣传教育,增强全社会的保密意识.
第十条 国家鼓励和支持保密科学技术研究和应用,提升自 主创新能力,掌握核心关键技术,培育保密技术产业,依法保护 保密领域的知识产权.
第十一条 县级以上人民政府应当将保密工作纳入本级国民 经济和社会发展规划,所需经费列入本级预算.
机关、单位开展保密工作所需经费应当列入本机关、本单位 年度预算或者年度收支计划.
第十二条 国家加强保密干部队伍建设和专业人才培养,完
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善人才评价激励机制.
对在保守、保护国家秘密工作中作出突出贡献的组织和个人,按照国家有关规定给予表彰和奖励.
第二章 国家秘密的范围和密级
第十三条 下列涉及国家安全和利益的事项,泄露后可能损 害国家在政治、经济、国防、外交等领域的安全和利益的,应当 确定为国家秘密:
(一)国家事务重大决策中的秘密事项;
(二)国防建设和武装力量活动中的秘密事项;
(三)外交和外事活动中的秘密事项以及对外承担保密义务的秘密事项;
(四)国民经济和社会发展中的秘密事项;
(五)科学技术中的秘密事项;
(六)维护国家安全活动和追查刑事犯罪中的秘密事项;
(七)经国家保密行政管理部门确定的其他秘密事项. 政党的秘密事项中符合前款规定的,属于国家秘密.
第十四条 国家秘密的密级分为绝密、机密、秘密三级. 绝密级国家秘密是最重要的国家秘密,泄露会使国家安全和利益遭受特别严重的损害;机密级国家秘密是重要的国家秘密,泄露会使国家安全和利益遭受严重的损害;秘密级国家秘密是一般的国家秘密,泄露会使国家安全和利益遭受损害.
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第十五条 国家秘密及其密级的具体范围,由国家保密行政 管理部门单独或者会同有关中央国家机关规定.
军事方面的国家秘密及其密级的具体范围,由中央军事委员 会规定.
国家秘密及其密级的具体范围的规定,应当在有关范围内公 布,并根据情况变化及时调整.
第十六条 机关、单位主要负责人及其指定的人员为定密 责任人,负责本机关、本单位的国家秘密确定、变更和解除工作.
机关、单位确定、变更和解除本机关、本单位的国家秘密, 应当由承办人提出具体意见,经定密责任人审核批准.
第十七条 确定国家秘密的密级,应当遵守定密权限.
中央国家机关、省级机关及其授权的机关、单位可以确定绝密级、机密级和秘密级国家秘密;设区的市、自治州一级的 机关及其授权的机关、单位可以确定机密级和秘密级国家秘 密;无法按照上述规定授权的,国家保密行政管理部门或者 省、自治区、直辖市保密行政管理部门可以授予机关、单位定 密权限.具体的定密权限、授权范围由国家保密行政管理部门 规定.
机关、单位执行上级确定的国家秘密事项,需要定密的,根据所执行的国家秘密事项的密级确定.下级机关、单位认为本机关、本单位产生的有关定密事项属于上级机关、单位的定密权
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限,应当先行采取保密措施,并立即报请上级机关、单位确定; 没有上级机关、单位的,应当立即提请有相应定密权限的业务主 管部门或者保密行政管理部门确定.
公安机关、国家安全机关在其工作范围内按照规定的权限确 定国家秘密的密级.
没有定密权限的机关、单位,办理其他机关、单位确定的国 家秘密事项,需要定密的,根据所办理的国家秘密事项的密级确定.
第十八条 机关、单位对所产生的国家秘密事项,应当按照国家秘密及其密级的具体范围的规定确定密级,同时确定保密期 限和知悉范围.
第十九条 国家秘密的保密期限,应当根据事项的性质和特 点,按照维护国家安全和利益的需要,限定在必要的期限内;不 能确定期限的,应当确定解密的条件.
国家秘密的保密期限,除另有规定外,绝密级不超过三十 年,机密级不超过二十年,秘密级不超过十年.
机关、单位应当根据工作需要,确定具体的保密期限、解密 时间或者解密条件.
机关、单位对在决定和处理有关事项工作过程中确定需要 保密的事项,根据工作需要决定公开的,正式公布时即视为解密.
第二十条 国家秘密的知悉范围,应当根据工作需要限定在
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最小范围.
国家秘密的知悉范围能够限定到具体人员的,限定到具体人员;不能限定到具体人员的,限定到机关、单位,由机关、单位 限定到具体人员.
国家秘密的知悉范围以外的人员,因工作需要知悉国家秘密 的,应当经过机关、单位负责人批准.原定密机关、单位对扩大 国家秘密的知悉范围有明确规定的,应当遵守其规定.
第二十一条 机关、单位对承载国家秘密的纸介质、光介 质、电磁介质等载体 (以下简称国家秘密载体)以及属于国家秘 密的设备、产品,应当作出国家秘密标志.
涉及国家秘密的电子文件应当按照国家有关规定作出国家秘 密标志.
不属于国家秘密的,不得作出国家秘密标志.
第二十二条 国家秘密的密级、保密期限和知悉范围,应 当根据情况变化及时变更.国家秘密的密级、保密期限和知悉 范围的变更,由原定密机关、单位决定,也可以由其上级机关 决定.
国家秘密的密级、保密期限和知悉范围变更的,应当及时书 面通知知悉范围内的机关、单位或者人员.
第二十三条 机关、单位应当每年审核所确定的国家秘密.
国家秘密的保密期限已满,未作出延长保密期限决定的,自 行解密.在保密期限内因保密事项范围调整不再作为国家秘密,
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或者公开后不会损害国家安全和利益,不需要继续保密的,应当 及时解密.需要延长保密期限的,应当在原保密期限届满前重新 确定保密期限.提前解密或者延长保密期限的,由原定密机关、 单位决定,也可以由其上级机关决定.
第二十四条 机关、单位对是否属于国家秘密或者属于何种 密级不明确或者有争议的,由国家保密行政管理部门或者省、自 治区、直辖市保密行政管理部门确定.
第三章 保密制度
第二十五条 国家秘密载体的制作、收发、传递、使用、复 制、保存、维修和销毁,应当符合国家保密规定.
绝密级国家秘密载体应当在符合国家保密标准的设施、设备 中保存,并指定专人管理;未经原定密机关、单位或者其上级机 关批准,不得复制和摘抄;收发、传递和外出携带,应当指定人 员负责,并采取必要的安全措施.
第二十六条 属于国家秘密的设备、产品的研制、生产、运 输、使用、保存、维修和销毁,应当符合国家保密规定.
第二十七条 机关、单位应当加强对国家秘密载体的管理, 任何组织和个人不得有下列行为:
(一)非法获取、持有国家秘密载体;
(二)买卖、转送或者私自销毁国家秘密载体;
(三)通过普通邮政、快递等无保密措施的渠道传递国家秘
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密载体;
(四)邮寄、托运国家秘密载体出境;
(五)未经有关主管部门批准,携带、传递国家秘密载体出
(六)其他违反国家秘密载体保密规定的行为.
第二十八条 禁止非法复制、记录、存储国家秘密. 禁止未按照国家保密规定和标准采取有效保密措施,在互联网及其他公共信息网络或者有线和无线通信中传递国家秘密.
禁止在私人交往和通信中涉及国家秘密.
第二十九条 存储、处理国家秘密的计算机信息系统 (以下简称涉密信息系统)按照涉密程度实行分级保护.
涉密信息系统应当按照国家保密规定和标准规划、建设、运 行、维护,并配备保密设施、设备.保密设施、设备应当与涉密信息系统同步规划、同步建设、同步运行.
涉密信息系统应当按照规定,经检查合格后,方可投入使用,并定期开展风险评估.
第三十条 机关、单位应当加强对信息系统、信息设备的保密管理,建设保密自监管设施,及时发现处置安全保密风险隐 患.任何组织和个人不得有下列行为:
(一)未按照国家保密规定和标准采取有效保密措施,将涉 密信息系统、涉密信息设备接入互联网及其他公共信息网络;
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(二)未按照国家保密规定和标准采取有效保密措施,在涉 密信息系统、涉密信息设备与互联网及其他公共信息网络之间进 行信息交换;
(三)使用非涉密信息系统、非涉密信息设备存储、处理国 家秘密;
(四)擅自卸载、修改涉密信息系统的安全技术程序、管理 程序;
(五)将未经安全技术处理的退出使用的涉密信息设备赠送、 出售、丢弃或者改作其他用途;
(六)其他违反信息系统、信息设备保密规定的行为.
第三十一条 安全保密产品和保密技术装备应当符合国家保 密规定和标准.
国家建立安全保密产品和保密技术装备抽检、复检制度.国 家保密行政管理部门设立或者授权的机构对安全保密产品和保密 技术装备进行检测.
第三十二条 报刊、图书、音像制品、电子出版物的编辑、 出版、印制、发行,广播节目、电视节目、电影的制作和播 放,网络信息的制作、复制、发布、传播,应当遵守国家保密 规定.
第三十三条 网络运营者应当加强信息管理,发现利用互联 网及其他公共信息网络发布的信息涉嫌泄露国家秘密的,应当立 即停止传输,保存有关记录,向保密行政管理部门或者公安机
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关、国家安全机关报告;应当配合监察机关、保密行政管理部 门、公安机关、国家安全机关对涉嫌泄露国家秘密案件进行调 查;应当根据保密行政管理部门或者公安机关、国家安全机关的 要求,删除涉及泄露国家秘密的信息,并对有关设备进行技术处 理.
第三十四条 机关、单位应当依法对拟公开的信息进行保密 审查.任何公开的信息不得涉及国家秘密.
第三十五条 开展涉及国家秘密的数据处理活动及其安全监 管应当符合国家保密规定.
国家保密行政管理部门和省、自治区、直辖市保密行政管 理部门会同有关主管部门建立安全保密防控机制,采取安全保 密防控措施,防范数据汇聚、关联引发的泄密风险.机关、单 位应当对汇聚、关联后属于国家秘密事项的数据加强安全管 理.
第三十六条 机关、单位向境外或者向境外在中国境内设立 的组织、机构提供国家秘密,任用、聘用的境外人员因工作需要 知悉国家秘密的,按照国家有关规定办理.
第三十七条 举办会议或者其他活动涉及国家秘密的,主办 单位应当采取保密措施,并对参加人员进行保密教育,提出具体 保密要求.
第三十八条 机关、单位应当将涉及绝密级或者较多机密 级、秘密级国家秘密的机构确定为保密要害部门,将集中制作、
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存放、保管国家秘密载体的专门场所确定为保密要害部位,按照 国家保密规定和标准配备、使用必要的技术防护设施、设备.
第三十九条 军事禁区、军事管理区和属于国家秘密不对外 开放的其他场所、部位,应当采取保密措施,未经有关部门批 准,不得擅自决定对外开放或者扩大开放范围.
涉密军事设施及其他重要涉密单位周边区域应当按照国家保 密规定加强保密管理.
第四十条 从事涉及国家秘密业务的企业事业单位,应当具 备相应的业务能力和保密管理能力,遵守国家保密规定.
从事国家秘密载体制作、复制、维修、销毁,涉密信息系统 集成,武器装备科研生产,或者涉密军事设施建设等涉及国家秘 密业务的企业事业单位,应当经过审查批准,取得保密资质.
第四十一条 机关、单位采购涉及国家秘密的工程、货物、 服务,应当遵守国家保密规定.
机关、单位委托企业事业单位从事涉密业务,应当与其签订 保密协议,提出保密要求,采取保密措施.
第四十二条 在涉密岗位工作的人员 (以下简称涉密人员), 按照涉密程度分为核心涉密人员、重要涉密人员和一般涉密人 员,实行分类管理.
任用、聘用涉密人员应当按照有关规定进行审查.
涉密人员应当具有良好的政治素质和品行,经过保密教育培 训,具备胜任涉密岗位的工作能力和保密知识技能,签订保密承
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诺书,严格遵守国家保密规定,承担保密义务.
涉密人员的合法权益受法律保护.
第四十三条 机关、单位应当建立健全涉密人员管理制度,
明确涉密人员的权利、岗位责任和要求,对涉密人员履行职责情 况开展经常性的监督检查.
第四十四条 涉密人员出境应当经有关部门批准,有关机关 认为涉密人员出境将对国家安全造成危害或者对国家利益造成重 大损失的,不得批准出境.
涉密人员离岗离职实行脱密期管理.涉密人员在脱密期内, 不得违反规定就业和出境,不得以任何方式泄露国家秘密;脱密 期结束后,应当遵守国家保密规定,对知悉的国家秘密继续履行 保密义务.涉密人员严重违反离岗离职及脱密期国家保密规定 的,机关、单位应当及时报告同级保密行政管理部门,由保密行 政管理部门会同有关部门依法采取处置措施.
第四十五条 国家工作人员或者其他公民发现国家秘密已经 泄露或者可能泄露时,应当立即采取补救措施并及时报告有关机 关、单位.机关、单位接到报告后,应当立即作出处理,并及时 向保密行政管理部门报告.
第四章 监督管理
第四十六条 国家保密行政管理部门依照法律、行政法规的规定,制定保密规章和国家保密标准.
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第四十七条 保密行政管理部门依法组织开展保密宣传教 育、保密检查、保密技术防护、保密违法案件查处工作,对保密 工作进行指导和监督管理.
第四十八条 保密行政管理部门发现国家秘密确定、变更或 者解除不当的,应当及时通知有关机关、单位予以纠正.
第四十九条 保密行政管理部门依法对机关、单位遵守保密 制度的情况进行检查;涉嫌保密违法的,保密行政管理部门应当 及时调查处理或者组织、督促有关机关、单位调查处理;涉嫌犯 罪的,移送有关机关处理.
保密行政管理部门在保密检查和案件调查中,可以查阅有关 材料、询问人员、记录情况,依法先行登记保存有关设施、设 备、文件资料等;必要时,可以进行保密技术检测.
有关机关、单位和个人应当配合保密行政管理部门依法履行 职责.
第五十条 保密行政管理部门对保密检查和案件调查中发现 的非法获取、持有的国家秘密载体,应当予以收缴;发现存在泄 露国家秘密隐患的,应当要求采取措施,限期整改;对存在泄露 国家秘密隐患的设施、设备、场所,应当责令停止使用.
对严重违反国家保密规定的涉密人员,保密行政管理部门应 当建议有关机关、单位调离涉密岗位.
第五十一条 办理涉嫌泄露国家秘密案件的机关,需要对有 关事项是否属于国家秘密、属于何种密级进行鉴定的,由国家保
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密行政管理部门或者省、自治区、直辖市保密行政管理部门鉴定.
第五十二条 机关、单位对违反国家保密规定的人员不依法给予处分的,保密行政管理部门应当建议纠正;对拒不纠正的, 提请其上一级机关或者监察机关对该机关、单位负有责任的领导 人员和直接责任人员依法予以处理.
第五十三条 设区的市级以上保密行政管理部门建立保密风 险评估机制、监测预警制度、应急处置制度,会同有关部门开展 信息收集、分析、通报工作.
第五十四条 保密工作行业组织依照法律、行政法规及其章 程的规定,依法开展活动,推动行业自律,促进行业健康发展.
第五章 法律责任
第五十五条 违反本法规定,有下列情形之一,根据情节轻 重,依法给予处分;有违法所得的,没收违法所得;构成犯罪 的,依法追究刑事责任:
(一)非法获取、持有国家秘密载体的;
(二)买卖、转送或者私自销毁国家秘密载体的;
(三)通过普通邮政、快递等无保密措施的渠道传递国家秘
密载体的;
(四)邮寄、托运国家秘密载体出境,或者未经有关主管部门批准,携带、传递国家秘密载体出境的;
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(五)非法复制、记录、存储国家秘密的;
(六)在私人交往和通信中涉及国家秘密的;
(七)未按照国家保密规定和标准采取有效保密措施,在互
联网及其他公共信息网络或者有线和无线通信中传递国家秘密
的;(八)未按照国家保密规定和标准采取有效保密措施,将涉 密信息系统、涉密信息设备接入互联网及其他公共信息网络的;
(九)未按照国家保密规定和标准采取有效保密措施,在涉 密信息系统、涉密信息设备与互联网及其他公共信息网络之间进
行信息交换的;
(十)使用非涉密信息系统、非涉密信息设备存储、处理国家秘密的;
(十一)擅自卸载、修改涉密信息系统的安全技术程序、管
理程序的;
(十二)将未经安全技术处理的退出使用的涉密信息设备赠
送、出售、丢弃或者改作其他用途的;
(十三)其他违反本法规定的情形.
有前款情形尚不构成犯罪,且不适用处分的人员,由保密行政管理部门督促其所在机关、单位予以处理.
第五十六条 机关、单位违反本法规定,发生重大泄露国家秘密案件的,依法对负有责任的领导人员和直接责任人员给予处 分.不适用处分的人员,由保密行政管理部门督促其主管部门予
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以处理.
机关、单位违反本法规定,对应当定密的事项不定密,对不应当定密的事项定密,或者未履行解密审核责任,造成严重后果 的,依法对负有责任的领导人员和直接责任人员给予处分.
第五十七条 网络运营者违反本法第三十三条规定的,由公 安机关、国家安全机关、电信主管部门、保密行政管理部门按照 各自职责分工依法予以处罚.
第五十八条 取得保密资质的企业事业单位违反国家保密规 定的,由保密行政管理部门责令限期整改,给予警告或者通报批 评;有违法所得的,没收违法所得;情节严重的,暂停涉密业 务、降低资质等级;情节特别严重的,吊销保密资质.
未取得保密资质违法从事涉密业务的,由保密行政管理部门 责令停止涉密业务,给予警告或者通报批评;有违法所得的,没 收违法所得.
第五十九条 保密行政管理部门的工作人员在履行保密管理 职责中滥用职权、玩忽职守、徇私舞弊的,依法给予处分;构成 犯罪的,依法追究刑事责任.
第六章 附 则
第六十条 中央军事委员会根据本法制定军队保密工作具体
第六十一条 机关、单位在履行职能过程中产生或者获取的
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不属于国家秘密的事项,泄露后会妨碍机关、单位正常履行职能 或者对国家安全、公共利益造成不利影响的,应当确定为工作秘 密,落实管理责任,采取必要保护措施.
第六十二条 本法自 年 月 日起施行.
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Law of the People's Republic of China on Keeping State Secrets (Revised Draft)
Chapter 1 General Provisions
Article 1 This law is enacted in accordance with the Constitution in order to protect state secrets, safeguard national security and interests, ensure the smooth progress of reform, opening up and socialist modernization, and realize the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.
Article 2 State secrets are matters related to national security and interests, determined in accordance with legal procedures, and restricted to a certain range of persons within a certain period of time.
Article 3 Upholds the leadership of the Communist Party of China over the work of safeguarding state secrets (hereinafter referred to as confidentiality work). The central secrecy work leading agency leads the national secrecy work, studies and proposes national secrecy work guidelines and policies, and studies, formulates and guides the implementation of national secrecy work strategies and major policies Measures should be taken to coordinate major national confidentiality matters and important work, and promote the construction of national confidentiality laws and regulations.
Article 4: The confidentiality work adheres to the overall national security concept and follows the principles of party management of confidentiality, management in accordance with the law, active prevention, highlighting key points, equal emphasis on technology and management, and innovative development, which not only ensures the security of national secrets, but also facilitates the rational use of information resources.
Matters required to be disclosed by laws and administrative regulations shall be disclosed in accordance with the law.
Article 5 State secrets are protected by law.
All state organs, armed forces, political parties, mass organizations, enterprises, institutions, social organizations and other organizations, and citizens have the obligation to keep state secrets.
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Any behavior that endangers national secrets and security must be investigated by law.
Article 6 The national secrecy administrative department is in charge of secrecy work nationwide. The local secrecy administrative departments at or above the county level are in charge of secrecy work in their own administrative regions.
Article 7 State agencies and units involved in state secrets (hereinafter referred to as agencies and units) shall manage the confidentiality work of their own agencies and units. Central state agencies shall manage or guide the confidentiality work of this system within the scope of their powers.
Article 8 Agencies and units shall implement a confidentiality work responsibility system, set up a confidentiality work agency or designate a dedicated person to be responsible for confidentiality work in accordance with the law, improve the confidentiality management system, improve confidentiality protection measures, carry out confidentiality publicity and education, and strengthen confidentiality inspections.
Article 9 The state adopts various forms to strengthen confidentiality publicity and education, integrates confidentiality education into the national education system and cadre education and training system, encourages mass media to conduct confidentiality publicity and education for the society, and enhances the confidentiality awareness of the whole society.
Article 10 The state encourages and supports the research and application of confidentiality science and technology, enhances independent innovation capabilities, masters core key technologies, cultivates confidentiality technology industries, and protects intellectual property rights in the field of confidentiality in accordance with the law.
Article 11 People's governments at or above the county level shall include confidentiality work in the national economic and social development plan of the same level, and the required funds shall be included in the budget of the same level.
The funds required by agencies and units to carry out confidentiality work shall be included in the annual budget or annual revenue and expenditure plan of the agency or unit.
Article 12 The state strengthens the construction of a team of confidentiality cadres and the training of professional talents, and completes
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Improve the talent evaluation and incentive mechanism.
Organizations and individuals that have made outstanding contributions in safeguarding and protecting state secrets shall be commended and rewarded in accordance with relevant national regulations.
Chapter 2 Scope and Classification of State Secrets
Article 13 The following matters involving national security and interests, which may harm the country’s security and interests in the political, economic, national defense, diplomatic and other fields if leaked, shall be determined as state secrets:
(1) Secret matters in major decisions on national affairs;
(2) Secret matters in national defense construction and armed forces activities;
(3) Secret matters in diplomacy and foreign affairs activities and secret matters that are subject to confidentiality obligations to the outside world;
(4) Secret matters in national economic and social development;
(5) Secret matters in science and technology;
(6) Maintaining national security activities and investigating secret matters in criminal crimes;
(7) Other secret matters determined by the state secrecy administrative department. Secret matters of political parties that comply with the provisions of the preceding paragraph shall be classified as state secrets.
Article 14 The classification level of state secrets is divided into three levels: top secret, secret and secret. Top secret state secrets are the most important state secrets, the leakage of which will cause particularly serious damage to national security and interests; confidential state secrets are important state secrets. Secrets, the leakage of which will cause serious damage to national security and interests; secret-level state secrets are general state secrets, the leakage of which will cause serious damage to national security and interests.
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Article 15 The specific scope of state secrets and their classification levels shall be determined by the state secrecy administrative department alone or in conjunction with relevant central state agencies.
The specific scope of military state secrets and their classification levels shall be stipulated by the Central Military Commission.
Regulations on the specific scope of state secrets and their classification levels should be announced within the relevant scope and adjusted in a timely manner according to changes in circumstances.
Article 16 The principal person in charge of an agency or unit and the person designated by him or her is the person responsible for determining state secrets, and is responsible for the determination, change and release of state secrets of the agency or unit.
When an agency or unit determines, changes or releases the state secrets of the agency or unit, the person in charge shall put forward specific opinions, which shall be reviewed and approved by the person responsible for classification.
Article 17 When determining the classification level of state secrets, the classification authority shall be observed.
Central state agencies, provincial-level agencies and their authorized agencies and units can determine the top secret level, secret level and secret level state secrets; agencies at the districted city and autonomous prefecture level and their authorized agencies and units can determine the secret level and secret level. level state secrets; if it is impossible to authorize in accordance with the above provisions, the national secrecy administrative department or the provincial, autonomous region, or municipality secrecy administrative department may grant the agency or unit the authority to classify secrecy. The specific authority and scope of authorization shall be stipulated by the state secrecy administrative department. .
When agencies and units implement state secret matters determined by their superiors and need to classify them, they shall be determined based on the classification level of the state secret matters they execute. Lower-level agencies and units believe that the relevant classified matters arising from their own agencies and units belong to the classification of the superior agencies and units. secret rights
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If there is a limit, confidentiality measures should be taken in advance and reported immediately to the superior authority or unit for determination; if there is no superior authority or unit, the matter should be immediately submitted to the business competent department or confidentiality administrative department with corresponding confidentiality authority for determination.
Public security organs and national security organs shall determine the classification level of state secrets within the scope of their work and in accordance with their prescribed authority.
If an agency or unit without classification authority handles state secret matters determined by other agencies or units and needs to be classified, it shall be determined based on the classification level of the state secret matter being handled.
Article 18 Agencies and units shall determine the confidentiality level of state secret matters that arise in accordance with the provisions on the specific scope of state secrets and their classification levels, and at the same time determine the confidentiality period and scope of knowledge.
Article 19 The period of confidentiality of state secrets shall be limited to a necessary period based on the nature and characteristics of the matter and the need to safeguard national security and interests; if the period cannot be determined, the conditions for declassification shall be determined.
Unless otherwise specified, the confidentiality period of state secrets shall not exceed thirty years at the top secret level, twenty years at the secret level, and ten years at the secret level.
Agencies and units shall determine the specific confidentiality period, declassification time or declassification conditions based on work needs.
If agencies or units decide to disclose matters that need to be kept confidential in the process of deciding and handling relevant matters, and decide to disclose them based on work needs, they will be deemed to be declassified when they are officially announced.
Article 20 The scope of knowledge of state secrets shall be limited to
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Minimum range.
If the scope of knowledge of state secrets can be limited to specific personnel, it shall be limited to specific personnel; if it cannot be limited to specific personnel, it shall be limited to agencies and units, and the agencies and units shall limit it to specific personnel.
Persons outside the scope of knowledge of state secrets who need to know state secrets for work needs to obtain approval from the person in charge of the agency or unit. If the original classification agency or unit has clear regulations on expanding the scope of knowledge of state secrets, they must abide by those regulations.
Article 21 Agencies and units shall mark state secrets on paper media, optical media, electromagnetic media and other carriers carrying state secrets (hereinafter referred to as state secret carriers) as well as equipment and products belonging to state secrets.
Electronic documents involving state secrets must be marked as state secrets in accordance with relevant state regulations.
If it is not a state secret, no state secret sign shall be made.
Article 22 The classification level, confidentiality period and scope of knowledge of state secrets shall be changed in a timely manner according to changes in circumstances. Changes in the classification level, confidentiality period and scope of knowledge of state secrets shall be decided by the original classification agency or unit, or by their superiors The agency decides.
If the classification level, confidentiality period and scope of knowledge of a state secret change, the agencies, units or persons within the scope of knowledge shall be notified in writing in a timely manner.
Article 23 Agencies and units shall review the determined state secrets every year.
If the confidentiality period of a state secret has expired and no decision has been made to extend the confidentiality period, it will be declassified on its own. If the scope of confidentiality matters is adjusted during the confidentiality period, it will no longer be regarded as a state secret.
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Or if the disclosure will not harm national security and interests, and there is no need to continue to keep it confidential, it should be declassified in a timely manner. If it is necessary to extend the confidentiality period, the confidentiality period should be re-determined before the original confidentiality period expires. If it is declassified in advance or the confidentiality period is extended, the confidentiality period shall be determined by the original confidentiality period. The decision may be made by the agency or unit, or by its superior agency.
Article 24 If an agency or unit is unclear or has a dispute as to whether it is a state secret or what level of confidentiality it belongs to, it shall be determined by the national secrecy administrative department or the secrecy administrative department of the province, autonomous region or municipality directly under the Central Government.
Chapter 3 Confidentiality System
Article 25 The production, receipt, transmission, use, copying, preservation, maintenance and destruction of state secret carriers shall comply with state confidentiality regulations.
Top-secret state secret carriers shall be kept in facilities and equipment that comply with national confidentiality standards, and designated personnel shall be designated to manage them; they shall not be copied or excerpted without the approval of the original classification agency, unit or its superior authority; sending, receiving, transmitting and carrying out shall be strictly prohibited. Designate personnel to take responsibility and take necessary safety measures.
Article 26 The development, production, transportation, use, preservation, maintenance and destruction of equipment and products that are state secrets shall comply with state confidentiality regulations.
Article 27 Agencies and units shall strengthen the management of state secret carriers, and no organization or individual shall engage in the following acts:
(1) Illegally obtaining and holding state secret carriers;
(2) Buying, selling, transferring or privately destroying state secret carriers;
(3) Delivering state secrets through ordinary postal service, express delivery and other channels without confidentiality measures
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dense carrier;
(4) Mailing or consigning state secret carriers out of the country;
(5) Carrying and transmitting state secret carriers out of the country without the approval of the relevant competent authorities
(6) Other behaviors that violate the confidentiality provisions of state secret carriers.
Article 28 It is prohibited to illegally copy, record, and store state secrets. It is prohibited to transmit state secrets on the Internet and other public information networks or wired and wireless communications without taking effective confidentiality measures in accordance with state confidentiality regulations and standards.
It is prohibited to involve state secrets in private interactions and communications.
Article 29 Computer information systems that store and process state secrets (hereinafter referred to as confidential information systems) shall be subject to hierarchical protection according to the degree of confidentiality.
Confidential information systems shall be planned, constructed, operated, and maintained in accordance with national confidentiality regulations and standards, and shall be equipped with confidentiality facilities and equipment. Confidentiality facilities and equipment shall be planned, constructed, and operated simultaneously with the confidential information systems.
Confidential information systems should be put into use only after passing the inspection in accordance with regulations, and risk assessments should be carried out regularly.
Article 30 Agencies and units shall strengthen the confidentiality management of information systems and information equipment, build confidentiality self-monitoring facilities, and promptly discover and deal with hidden security and confidentiality risks. No organization or individual shall engage in the following acts:
(1) Failure to take effective confidentiality measures in accordance with national confidentiality regulations and standards, and connect confidential information systems and confidential information equipment to the Internet and other public information networks;
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(2) Failure to adopt effective confidentiality measures in accordance with national confidentiality regulations and standards, and exchange information between confidential information systems, confidential information equipment and the Internet and other public information networks;
(3) Use non-confidential information systems and non-confidential information equipment to store and process state secrets;
(4) Uninstalling or modifying security technology programs and management programs of confidential information systems without authorization;
(5) Give away, sell, discard or repurpose confidential information equipment that has been withdrawn from use without security technology treatment;
(6) Other behaviors that violate the confidentiality regulations of information systems and information equipment.
Article 31 Security and confidentiality products and confidentiality technical equipment shall comply with national confidentiality regulations and standards.
The state has established a random inspection and re-inspection system for security and confidentiality products and security technology and equipment. Institutions established or authorized by the state security administration department conduct testing of security and security products and security technology and equipment.
Article 32 The editing, publishing, printing, and distribution of newspapers, books, audio-visual products, and electronic publications, the production and broadcast of radio programs, television programs, and movies, and the production, reproduction, release, and dissemination of network information must comply with National confidentiality regulations.
Article 33 Network operators should strengthen information management. If they discover that information released using the Internet and other public information networks is suspected of leaking state secrets, they should immediately stop the transmission, save relevant records, and report it to the confidentiality administrative department or public security agency.
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Reports from relevant and national security agencies; shall cooperate with supervisory agencies, confidentiality administrative departments, public security agencies, and national security agencies in investigating cases suspected of leaking state secrets; and shall delete relevant information according to the requirements of the confidentiality administrative departments, public security agencies, and national security agencies. Disclosure of state secret information and technical processing of relevant equipment.
Article 34 Agencies and units shall conduct confidentiality review of information to be disclosed in accordance with the law. Any disclosed information shall not involve state secrets.
Article 35: Data processing activities involving state secrets and their safety supervision shall comply with state confidentiality regulations.
The national secrecy administrative departments and the secrecy administrative departments of provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government shall, in conjunction with relevant competent departments, establish a security and confidentiality prevention and control mechanism, adopt security and confidentiality prevention and control measures, and prevent the risk of leakage caused by data aggregation and correlation. Agencies and units shall monitor the aggregation and confidentiality of data. Enhanced security management of data that is a matter of state secrets after association.
Article 36: Agencies and units provide state secrets to overseas organizations or organizations and institutions established overseas in China, and if overseas personnel appointed or hired know state secrets due to work needs, they shall handle the matter in accordance with relevant national regulations.
Article 37: Holding meetings or other activities involving state secrets If necessary, the organizer shall take confidentiality measures, educate participants on confidentiality, and put forward specific confidentiality requirements.
Article 38 Agencies and units shall identify institutions involving top-secret level or more secret-level and secret-level state secrets as key confidentiality departments, and shall centrally produce,
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Special places where state secret carriers are stored and kept are identified as key parts of confidentiality, and necessary technical protection facilities and equipment are equipped and used in accordance with national confidentiality regulations and standards.
Article 39 Military restricted areas, military management areas, and other places and locations that are state secrets and are not open to the public must adopt confidentiality measures. Without the approval of the relevant departments, no decision may be made to open to the public or expand the scope of opening without authorization.
Areas surrounding classified military facilities and other important secret-related units should strengthen confidentiality management in accordance with national confidentiality regulations.
Article 40 Enterprises and institutions engaged in business involving state secrets shall have corresponding business capabilities and confidentiality management capabilities, and abide by state confidentiality regulations.
Enterprises and institutions that engage in state secret business such as the production, duplication, maintenance, and destruction of state secret carriers, the integration of secret information systems, the scientific research and production of weapons and equipment, or the construction of secret military facilities must obtain confidentiality qualifications after review and approval.
Article 41 Agencies and units that purchase projects, goods, or services involving state secrets must abide by state confidentiality regulations.
When agencies or units entrust enterprises or institutions to engage in confidential business, they should sign confidentiality agreements with them, put forward confidentiality requirements, and adopt confidentiality measures.
Article 42 Personnel working in secret-related positions (hereinafter referred to as secret-related personnel) are divided into core secret-related personnel, important secret-related personnel and general secret-related personnel according to the degree of confidentiality, and are subject to classified management.
The appointment and employment of confidential personnel shall be reviewed in accordance with relevant regulations.
Secret-related personnel should have good political quality and conduct, have received confidentiality education and training, have the working ability and confidentiality knowledge and skills to be qualified for secret-related positions, and sign a confidentiality agreement.
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Commitment letter, strictly abide by national confidentiality regulations and assume confidentiality obligations.
The legitimate rights and interests of confidential personnel are protected by law.
Article 43 Agencies and units shall establish and improve the management system for confidential personnel, clarify the rights, job responsibilities and requirements of confidential personnel, and carry out regular supervision and inspection of the performance of their duties by confidential personnel.
Article 44 The departure of secret-related personnel must be approved by relevant departments. If the relevant authorities believe that the departure of secret-related personnel will cause harm to national security or cause heavy losses to national interests, they shall not approve the departure.
Classification-related personnel shall be managed during the confidentiality period when they leave their posts. During the period of classification-related personnel, they shall not violate regulations to find employment or leave the country, and shall not disclose state secrets in any way; after the period of classification-related personnel is over, they shall abide by the state's confidentiality regulations and disclose information to the public. State secrets shall continue to perform their confidentiality obligations. If a secret-related personnel seriously violates the state confidentiality regulations when leaving the post and during the declassification period, the agency or unit shall promptly report to the confidentiality administrative department at the same level, and the confidentiality administrative department shall work with relevant departments to take disposal measures in accordance with the law. .
Article 45: When state functionaries or other citizens discover that state secrets have been leaked or may be leaked, they shall immediately take remedial measures and report to the relevant agencies and units in a timely manner. After receiving the report, the agencies and units shall immediately handle the matter and report it to the relevant agencies and units in a timely manner. Confidential administrative department reports.
Chapter 4 Supervision and Management
Article 46: The national confidentiality administrative department shall formulate confidentiality regulations and national confidentiality standards in accordance with the provisions of laws and administrative regulations.
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Article 47 The confidentiality administrative department shall organize and carry out confidentiality publicity and education, confidentiality inspections, confidentiality technical protection, investigation and handling of confidentiality violation cases in accordance with the law, and provide guidance, supervision and management of confidentiality work.
Article 48 If the confidentiality administrative department discovers that state secrets have been improperly determined, changed or terminated, they shall promptly notify the relevant agencies and units to make corrections.
Article 49: The administrative department for confidentiality shall inspect the compliance of agencies and units with the confidentiality system in accordance with the law; if a violation of confidentiality is suspected, the administrative department for confidentiality shall promptly investigate and deal with it or organize and urge relevant agencies and units to investigate and deal with it; if a crime is suspected, Transfer it to relevant authorities for processing.
During confidentiality inspections and case investigations, the confidentiality administrative department may review relevant materials, question personnel, record situations, and register and preserve relevant facilities, equipment, documents, etc. in accordance with the law; when necessary, it may conduct confidentiality technical testing.
Relevant agencies, units and individuals shall cooperate with the confidentiality administrative department in performing their duties in accordance with the law.
Article 50: The confidentiality administrative department shall confiscate the state secret carriers that are illegally obtained and held during confidentiality inspections and case investigations; if it is found that there is a hidden danger of leaking state secrets, it shall require measures to be taken and rectified within a time limit; if there is a leakage of state secrets, Facilities, equipment, and places that pose potential risks to state secrets must be ordered to cease use.
For secret-related personnel who seriously violate national confidentiality regulations, the confidentiality administrative department shall recommend that relevant agencies and units be transferred from secret-related positions.
Article 51: If an agency handling a case suspected of leaking state secrets needs to identify whether the relevant matter is a state secret and what level of confidentiality it belongs to, the state shall protect it.
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Appraisal by the confidentiality administration department or the confidentiality administration department of the province, autonomous region, or municipality directly under the Central Government.
Article 52: If an agency or unit fails to punish persons who violate state confidentiality regulations in accordance with the law, the administrative department for confidentiality shall recommend corrections; if it refuses to correct, the agency or unit at the next higher level or the supervisory authority shall be held accountable to the agency or unit. Responsible leaders and directly responsible personnel will be dealt with in accordance with the law.
Article 53: The confidentiality administrative departments at or above the district municipal level shall establish a confidentiality risk assessment mechanism, monitoring and early warning system, and emergency response system, and work with relevant departments to carry out information collection, analysis, and reporting.
Article 54: Confidentiality industry organizations shall carry out activities in accordance with laws, administrative regulations and their charters to promote industry self-discipline and promote the healthy development of the industry.
Chapter 5 Legal Liability
Article 55 Anyone who violates the provisions of this Law and commits one of the following circumstances shall be punished in accordance with the law according to the seriousness of the case; if there are any illegal gains, the illegal gains shall be confiscated; if a crime is constituted, criminal liability shall be pursued in accordance with the law:
(1) Illegally obtaining and holding state secret carriers;
(2) Buying, selling, transferring or privately destroying state secret carriers;
(3) Delivering state secrets through ordinary postal service, express delivery and other channels without confidentiality measures
dense carrier;
(4) Mailing or consigning state secret carriers out of the country, or carrying or delivering state secret carriers out of the country without the approval of the relevant competent authorities;
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(5) Illegally copying, recording, and storing state secrets;
(6) Involving state secrets in private interactions and communications;
(7) Failure to adopt effective confidentiality measures in accordance with national confidentiality regulations and standards, and
Transmitting state secrets on the Internet and other public information networks or wired and wireless communications
; (8) Failure to take effective confidentiality measures in accordance with national confidentiality regulations and standards, and connect confidential information systems and confidential information equipment to the Internet and other public information networks;
(9) Failing to adopt effective confidentiality measures in accordance with national confidentiality regulations and standards, and conducting confidential information between confidential information systems, confidential information equipment and the Internet and other public information networks.
to exchange information;
(10) Using non-confidential information systems and non-confidential information equipment to store and process state secrets;
(11) Uninstalling or modifying security technical procedures and management of confidential information systems without authorization
management procedures;
(12) Give away confidential information equipment that has been withdrawn from use without security technology treatment
Give, sell, throw away or repurpose it for other purposes;
(13) Other situations that violate the provisions of this law.
For persons who have committed the circumstances in the preceding paragraph that do not constitute a crime and for which sanctions are not applicable, the confidentiality administrative department shall urge the agency or unit to which they belong to handle the matter.
Article 56 If an agency or unit violates the provisions of this Law and a major case of leaking state secrets occurs, the responsible leaders and directly responsible personnel shall be punished in accordance with the law. Personnel who are not subject to sanctions shall be supervised by the confidentiality administrative department and shall be in charge. department to
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to process.
If an agency or unit violates the provisions of this Law by not classifying matters that should be classified, classifying matters that should not be classified, or failing to perform declassification review responsibilities, resulting in serious consequences, the responsible leaders and directly responsible persons shall be punished in accordance with the law. Personnel are punished.
Article 57 If a network operator violates the provisions of Article 33 of this Law, the public security organs, national security organs, telecommunications authorities, and confidentiality administrative departments shall punish them in accordance with the law according to their respective division of responsibilities.
Article 58 If an enterprise or institution that has obtained confidentiality qualification violates state confidentiality regulations, the confidentiality administrative department shall order it to make corrections within a time limit, give a warning or notify a criticism; if there are any illegal gains, the illegal gains shall be confiscated; if the case is serious, the confidential business shall be suspended. , reduce the qualification level; if the circumstances are particularly serious, the confidentiality qualification will be revoked.
Anyone who illegally engages in secret-related business without obtaining confidentiality qualifications shall be ordered by the confidentiality administrative department to stop the secret-related business and be given a warning or a notice of criticism; if there are any illegal gains, the illegal gains shall be confiscated.
Article 59 Any staff member of the confidentiality administrative department who abuses his or her power, neglects his duties, or engages in malpractice for personal gain while performing confidentiality management duties shall be punished in accordance with the law; if a crime is constituted, criminal liability shall be pursued in accordance with the law.
Chapter 6 Supplementary Provisions
Article 60 The Central Military Commission shall formulate specific procedures for military confidentiality work in accordance with this Law.
Article 61: Matters that are not state secrets that are generated or obtained by agencies or units in the course of performing their functions
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and
which, if leaked, will hinder the normal performance of their functions
by agencies or units or have an adverse impact on national security or
public interests, shall be determined as work secrets, and management responsibilities shall be implemented, and necessary protective measures shall be taken.
Article 62 This Law shall come into effect on day, month, year.
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