From The Communist Party of China (Zhongnanhai, Beijing - Headquarters of CPC and Chinese Government; Wall Banner on the left-hand side: "Long Live the Great Chinese Communist Party!"; Wall Banner on the right-hand side: "Long Live the Invincible Mao Zedong Thought!")
The organization of political power in China is both complex and well worth studying. To a large extent, complexity is a result of the mechanics of this organization. Western states tend to vest all political authority in the apparatus of state--its government. The great issues of organization law then focus on the way in which power is divided among the various parts of that government apparatus (separation of powers and check and balances among a judicial, legislative and executive "branch") and subsidiary units (in federal states). In China, the Constitution divides authority among the Communist Party and the state apparatus (government). The Communist Party, through its leadership role, retains political authority within the state. That includes the power to manage the substantive political policy and objectives of the polity. Administrative authority, that is the authority to operationalize political determinations of the Party, falls to the state apparatus, the principal elements of which are the State Council (executive organ) complex and the National People's Congress (legislative organ). The Communist Party is itself organized in accordance with its own constitution and subject to the operational rules through which it is constituted. Members of the Communist Party participate in political governance, but organized in accordance with the principle of democratic centralism. State organization is undertaken by its members, many of whom are members of the Communist Party and all of whose determinations must conform to the policy objectives specified by the Party. Officials of the state apparatus may be elected by the people (including people not members of the Party) but may not participate in the internal governance nor the political leadership role of the Party. In addition, a number of other political parties are recognized, all of which also operate under the leadership role of the Communist Party. Putting this all together can be daunting, for anyone, including Chinese nationals.
In an effort to suggest a framework for organizing this multi-organ form of government, my research assistant Jia "Tracy" SHEN ( 沈佳 ) has developed a set of simple "maps" of a portion of this organizational form. Included below are three documents prepared by my research assistant Jia (Tracey) Shen (沈佳), whose brief bio appears at the end of this post. Some may find helpful the "Glossary of Terms in English and Chinese" prepared by the organization China Vitae. This organization is "a resource of biographical information on more than 4000 Chinese leaders in government, politics, the military, education, business, and the media. . . . . China Vitae also tracks the appearances and travel of approximately 300 leading Chinese officials. Searchable information is available on date and location of activity, officials in attendance, topics raised, and source of the data." (Id.). We hope you find this useful.
1. The Communist Party in Context: Interaction and relationship between Communist Party of China (CPC), government and National People’s Congress (NPC)
2. Organization of the State Council Bureaucracy
3. National People's Congress System
4. Brief Bio Jia Shen (沈佳)
1. Interaction and relationship between Communist Party of China (CPC), government and National People’s Congress (NPC)
Central level:
。 In order of power:
By Constitution, Secretary-General (CPC), Chairman of NPC, Premier
In reality, Secretary-General (CPC), Premier, Chairman of NPC
Exception: the Former Premier and later Chairman of NPC, Peng Li overshadowed Premier Rongji Zhu since Li has better networking than Premier Zhu.
Local Level:
。 In 22 out of 30 provinces across China, the provincial/municipal Secretary-General of CPC will also serve as the director of local People’s Congress (LPC)
Leader and subordinates:
Government and NPC is under the absolute leadership of CPC policy-wisely, legislative-wisely.
【NB】:above is what I concluded from referring to several websites: http://www.chinabaike.com/article/baike/jingji/2008/200803291260477.html; http://q.ifeng.com/group/article/105645.html (group blog)
1. Nature of CPPCC
The CPPCC is an organization of the united front with wide representation. It is an important organ of multi-party cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of the CPC. It is composed of the CPC, other political parties, mass organizations, and representative public personages from all walks of life, representatives of compatriots of Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macao as well as of returned overseas Chinese and other specially invited people.
2. History
On September 21-30, 1949, the First CPPCC Plenary Session was held in Beiping (now Beijing). Altogether, 662 representatives, including those of the Communist Party of China (CPC), democratic parties, mass organizations, various localities, the People's Liberation Army, ethnic minorities, overseas Chinese and religious groups, attended the session.
Exercising the functions and power of the National People's Congress (NPC), which had not yet been established, the session proclaimed the founding of the People's Republic of China as the will of all Chinese people. It adopted the Common Program of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, the Organic Law of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference and the Organic Law of the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China.
During the meeting, it was decided to make Beijing the capital of the republic, designate the five-star red flag as the national flag, declare the song of "March of the Volunteers'' as the national anthem and the common era calendar was adopted.
During the session, the chairman, vice-chairmen and members of the Central People's Government, as well as the first National Committee of the CPPCC were elected. Mao Zedong was made the first chairman of the CPPCC National Committee.
The eight non-Communist parties
They are those established before the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, which were then dedicated to the realization of a bourgeois republic in China and supported the CPC in the latter's effort of overthrowing the rule of the Kuomintang. They are independent in organization and enjoy political freedom, organizational independence and legal equality under the Constitution.
Officially founded on January 1, 1948, its main constituents at the time were former Kuomintang members for democracy and other patriotic personages. Their political stand was to overthrow the dictatorial rule of the Kuomintang and realize independence, democracy and peace in China.
(1) China Revolutionary Committee of the Kuomintang
Its members come from mainly four areas: Those with relations with the Kuomintang, those with relations with people of all walks of life in Taiwan, those dedicated to the unification of the motherland and others. The party mainly draws members from representative people and middle-level and senior intellectuals.
In 1997 it adopted a constitution which stipulates that its program is to hold high the banner of patriotism and socialism, implement the basic line for the primary stage of socialism, safeguard stability in the society, strengthen services to national unity and strive for the promotion of socialist modernization, establishment and improvement of a market economy, enhancement of political restructuring and socialist spiritual civilization, emancipation and development of productive forces, consolidation and expansion of the united patriotic front and realization of the grand goals of socialism with Chinese characteristics.
The party has a membership of 60,000 and He Luli is its chairwoman.
(2) China Democratic League
First established in November 1939,
It was established on December 16, 1945. Its political stand at the time was to guarantee the basic political rights and human rights of citizens, protect and develop national industry and commerce and oppose the dictatorial rule of the Kuomintang.
China Democratic League is mainly made up by middle-level and senior intellectuals in the fields of culture, education, science and technology. It has a membership of 144,000 and its chairman is Ding Shisun.
(3) China Democratic National Construction Association
Its present constitution calls for the implementation of the CPC's policy of focusing on economic construction, acceptance of the leadership of the CPC, persisting in the tradition of self-education, adhering to the principle of democratic centralism and carrying out the policy of multi-party cooperation and political consultation. Most of its 78,000 members are representative figures in the economic field. Its chairman is Cheng Siwei.
When it was founded on December 30, 1945, it was made up mostly by people engaged in education and publishing and patriotic figures in industry and commerce in Shanghai who stood for promotion of democracy and reform of the political power. It called on the Kuomintang to return the political power to the people, the establishment of a united and constitutional government.
4) China Association for the Promotion of Democracy
The association is mainly made up by representative intellectuals in the fields of education, culture, publishing and science. It has a membership of 73,000 and its chairman is Xu Jialu.
(5) Chinese Peasants' and Workers' Democratic Party
Founded in August 1930, its main political program was to oppose the dictatorial rule of the Kuomintang and establish the power of the people.
Its present program includes the stand to accept the leadership of the CPC, adhere to multi-party cooperation and political consultation, practice democratic centralism and safeguard the rights and interests of party members and associated intellectuals.
It now has a membership of 73,000 and its chairman is Jiang Zhenghua.
(6) China Zhi Gong Dang
China Zhi Gong Dang was founded in San Francisco, October 1925 by overseas Chinese organizations in North America.
Above source is from http://www.china.org.cn/english/chuangye/55437.htm.
According to its constitution, the party is made up mainly by the middle and upper levels of returned overseas Chinese and their relatives. Its job is to assist the CPC and the Chinese government, consolidate and develop political stability, safeguard the rights and interests of party members and associated returned overseas Chinese and their relatives, reflect their opinions and demands and practice democratic centralism.
It has a membership of nearly 18,000 and its chairman is Luo Haocai.
(7) Jiusan Society
When it was first established in May 1946, its political stand was to carry on the tradition of democracy and science, oppose the civil war and practice democratic politics.
The present program of Jiusan Society stipulates that organizationally, the party draws members from representative middle and senior level intellectuals in the fields of science, technology, higher education and medicine. It stands for the multi-party cooperation and political consultation, democratic centralism and the safeguard of the rights and interest of its members.
It has a membership of 78,000 and its chairman is Wu Jieping.
(8) Taiwan Democratic Self-government League
It was established on November 12, 1947 in Hong Kong. At the time it was a political organization of Taiwan residents which was founded and existed outside Taiwan Province, sought to become free from the rule of the Kuomintang, implement democracy and regional self-government. In March 1949, the league moved its headquarters from Hong Kong to Beijing.
Its present political program stands for patriotism and socialism, uniting with league members and Taiwan compatriots and striving for the acceleration of reform, opening up and socialist modernization drive, safeguarding stability and unity, improvement of socialist democracy and legal system and the realization of the peaceful unification of the motherland and "one country, two systems."
Most of the members are representative and upper level Taiwan compatriots living in large and medium-size cities on the mainland. It has a membership of over 1,800 and its chairman is Zhang Kehui.
Glossary:
中国人民政治协商会议
Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC)
National Committee of the CPPCC 政协全国委员会
Chair 主席
Vice-Chairman 副主席
Secretary-General 秘书长
Deputy Secretary-General 副秘书长
General Office 办公厅
Standing Committee of the CPPCC National Committee 常务委员会
Member 委员
Subcommittee for Handing Proposals of the CPPCC National Com. 全国政协提案委员会
Chair 主任
Subcommittee of Economy 全国政协经济委员会
Subcommittee of Human Resources and Environment 全国政协人口资源环境委员会
Subcommittee of Education, Science, Culture, Health and Sports 全国政协教科文卫体委员会
Subcommittee of Social and Legal Affairs 全国政协社会法制委员会
Subcommittee of Ethnic and Religious Affairs 全国政协民族宗教委员会
Subcommittee of Cultural and Historical Data 全国政协文史资料委员会
Subcommittee of Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan Compatriots 全国政协港澳台侨委员会
and Overseas Chinese
Subcommittee of Foreign Affairs 国政协外事委员会
2. Organization of the State Council Bureaucracy.
General Office of the State Council of the People's Republic of China 国务院办公厅 | ||
Ministries under State Council 国务院部委 | ||
Ministry of Foreign Affairs 外交部 | Ministry of National Defence 国防部 | National Development and Reform Commission 国家发展与改革委员会 |
Ministry of Education 教育部 | Ministry of Science and Technology 科学技术部 | Ministry of Industry and Information Technology 工业和信息化产业部 |
State Ethnic Affairs Commission 民族事务委员会 | Ministry of Public Security 公安部 | Ministry of State Security 国安部 |
Ministry of Supervision 监察部 | Ministry of Civil Affairs 民政部 | Ministry of Justice 司法部 |
Ministry of Finance 财政部 | Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security 人力资源和社会保障部 | Ministry of Land and Resources 国土资源部 |
Ministry of Environmental Protection 环保部 | Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development 住房和城乡建设部 | Ministry of Transport 交通部 |
Ministry of Railways 铁道部 | Ministry of Water Resources 水利资源部 | Ministry of Agriculture 农业部 |
Ministry of Commerce 商务部 | Ministry of Culture 文化部 | Ministry of Health 卫生部 |
National Population and Family Planning Commission 人口与计划生育部 | People's Bank of China 中国人民银行（中央银行） | National Audit Office 国家审计署 |
Government offices administration of the State Council国务院直属特设委员会 |
State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of the State Council 国有资产监督和管理委员会 |
Organizations directly under the State Council 国务院直属机构 | ||
General Administration of Customs 海关总署 | State Administration of Taxation 国家税务局 | State Administration for Industry and Commerce 国家工商管理局 |
General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine 质量监控，检查和检疫局 | State Administration of Radio, Film and Television 国家广播，电影和电视总局 | General Administration of Press and Publication (National Copyright Administration ) 新闻和出版总署（国家版权局） |
General Administration of Sport 国家体育总局 | State Administration of Work Safety 国家安全生产总局 | National Bureau of Statistics 国家统计局 |
State Forestry Administration 国家林业局 | State Intellectual Property Office 国家知识产权局 | National Tourism Administration 国家旅游局 |
State Administration for Religious Affairs 国家宗教事务局 | Counselors’ Office of the State Council 国务院参事室 | Government Offices Administration of the State Council国务院机关事务办公室 |
National Bureau of Corruption Prevention 国家反腐败局 | ||
Offices under the State Council国务院下属办事机构 | ||
Overseas Chinese Affairs Office of the State Council 侨务办公室 | Hong Kong and Macao Affairs Office of the State Council 国务院港澳办公室 | Legislative Affairs Office of the State Council 国务院法制办公室 |
Research Office of the State Council 国务院研究室 | ||
Institutions directly under the State Council国务院下属事业单位 | ||
Xinhua News Agency 新华新闻社 | Chinese Academy of Sciences 中国科学院 | Chinese Academy of Social Sciences 中国社科院 |
Chinese Academy of Engineering 中国工程院 | Development Research Centre of the State Council 国务院发展研究中心 | National School of Administration 国家行政学院 |
China Seismological Bureau 国家地震局 | China Meteorological Administration 国家气象局 | China Banking Regulatory Commission 国家银行监督委员会 |
China Securities Regulatory Commission 国家证劵监督委员会 | China Insurance Regulatory Commission 国家保险监督委员会 | State Electricity Regulatory Commission 国家电力管理委员会 |
National Council for Social Security Fund 国家社会保险基金委员会 | National Natural Science Foundation 国家自然科学基金委员会 | Taiwan Affairs office of the State Council 国务院台湾事务办公室 |
Information Office of the State Council 国务院新闻办公室 | The State Archives Administration 国家档案局 | |
Administrations under Ministries [regular is the administration and the bold is its supervisory body]国务院各部委直属局 | ||
General Office State Bureau for Letters and Calls 国务院办公厅下属国家信访局 | NDRC State Administration of Grain 国家发改委下属国家粮食局 | NDRC National Energy Administration 国家发改委下属国家能源局 |
Ministry of Industry and Information Technology State Administration of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defence 工业和信息产业部下属国家科学，技术和国防工业局 | Ministry of Industry and Information Technology State Tobacco Monopoly Administration 工业和信息产业部下属国家烟草局 | Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs 人力资源和社会保障部下属外国专家局 |
Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security State Administration of Civil Service 人资和社保部下属国家公务员局 | Ministry of Land and Resource State Oceanic Administration 国土资源部下属国家海洋局 | Ministry of Land and Resource State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping 国土资源部下属国家测绘局 |
Ministry of Transportation Civil Aviation Administration of China 交通部下属国家民用航空局 | Ministry of transportation State Post Bureau 交通部下属国家邮政局 | Ministry of Culture State Administration of Cultural Heritage 文化部下属国家文物局 |
Ministry of Health State Food and Drug Administration 卫生部下属国家粮食与药品管理局 | Ministry of Health State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine 卫生部直属国家中医药管理局 | Central Bank of China State Administration of Foreign Exchange 中央银行下属国家外汇管理局 |
State Administration of Work Safety State Administration of Coal Mine Safety 国家安全生产局下属煤矿安全监察局 | Affiliated to Central Committee of CPC National Administration for the Protection of State Secrets 中国共产党中央委员会下属国家保密局 | Affiliated to Central Committee of CPC State Cryptography Administration 中国共产党中央委员会下属国家密码局 |
Ministry of Industry and Information Technology China National Space Administration* 工业和信息产业部下属国家宇航局 | Ministry of Industry and Information Technology China Atomic Energy Authority* 工业和信息产业部下属国家原子能机构 | Ministry of Education State Language Commission* 教育部下属语言文字委员会 |
Ministry of environmental protection National Nuclear Safety Administration* 环保部下属国家核能安全局 | *means they are right now part of the ministry but still remain the institution plaque to the public. *表示国务院部委对外保留牌子，但实际已经吸纳了这些国家局 | |
Source is from central government portal.
http://www.gov.cn/zwgk/2008-04/24/content_953474.htm
3. National People's Congress System.
National People’s Congress 全国人民代表大会 |
National People’s Congress Standing Committee 全国人民代表大会常务委员会 |
Chairman’s council 全国人大委员长会议 |
The Chairmen's Council is consisted of the Chairman, the Vice-Chairmen and Secretary-General of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPC).
The Chairmen's Council handles the important day-to-day work of the NPC Standing Committee.
Special committees 全国人大专门委员会 |
Ethnic affairs committee 民族委员会 |
Law Committee 法律委员会 |
Internal and judicial committee 内务和司法委员会 |
Financial and economic affairs committee 财政经济委员会 |
Education, Science, Culture and public health committee 教育，科技和公共卫生委员会 |
Foreign Affairs committee外事委员会 |
Overseas Chinese affairs committee侨务委员会 |
Environment protection and resource conservation committee 环境和资源保护委员会 |
Agriculture and rural affairs committee 农业和农村事务委员会 |
Working and Administrative bodies of standing committee 常委会工作和行政机构 |
General office 常委会办公厅 |
Legislative affairs commission 法制工作委员会 |
Budgetary affairs commission 预算工作委员会 |
Credentials committee 代表资格审查委员会 |
Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Basic Law committee 香港特别行政区基本法委员会 |
Macao Special Administrative Region Basic Law committee 澳门特别行政区基本法委员会 |
General Office 常委会办公厅 |
the First Bureau of Secretaries 第一书记处 |
The Second Bureau of Secretaries 第二书记处 |
The Liaison Bureau 联络局 |
The Foreign Affairs Bureau外事局 |
The Information Bureau新闻局 |
The Letters and Visits reception Bureau 信访局 |
The Personnel Bureau人事局 |
The Administrative Bureau of Department Affairs机关事务管理局 |
The Administrative Bureau of the Great Hall of the People人民大会堂管理局 |
The Training Center培训中心 |
The Information Center新闻中心 |
The Library人大图书馆 |
Party committee of institutions机关党委 |
Party disciplinary committee of institutions机关纪委 |
Trade Union commissions of institutions机关工委 |
Press of Chinese Democratic Legal system中国民主法治报 |
National People’s Congress Press house 全国人大杂志社 |
Conference Center 全国人大会议中心 |
Other Research and Consultative bodies 其他研究和咨询机构 |
Source is from national people’s congress official website: http://www.npc.gov.cn/englishnpc/news/
Functions:
The NPC is the highest organ of state power. It exercises the state power of amending the Constitution and supervising the enforcement of the Constitution; enacts basic laws of the state; elects and decides on the choices of the leading personnel of the highest state organs of China, including the President and Vice President, the choice of the Premier of the State Council and other component members of the State Council; elects the Chairman of the Central Military Commission and decide on the choice of other component members of the Central Military Commission; elects the President of the Supreme People's Court and the Procurator-General of the Supreme People's Procuratorate; examines and approves the plan for national economic and social development and the report on its implementation; examines and approves the state budget and the report on its implementation; and make decisions on other important issues in national life. The NPC is elected for a term of five years. It meets in session during the first quarter each year and is convened by the NPC Standing Committee.
Allocation of the Number of Deputies
The number of delegates to the National People's Congress shall be decided in accordance with the proportion of the population in each province, autonomous region and municipality directly under the Central Government. No less than 15 delegates shall be allocated to a province or an autonomous region with a small population. At the same time, the allocation should make sure that there is appropriate representation of all ethnic groups, people from all walks of life and all political parties within the NPC.
Rights and Duties of NPC Deputies
The National People's Congress is comprised of deputies who exercise the highest state power. According to the Constitution and the Organic Law of the National's People's Congress, NPC deputies are elected for a term of five years. The term of a deputy chosen through by-elections dates from the date of the vote until the expiration of the current NPC.
In accordance with the Constitution and the Organic Law of the National's People's Congress, the NPC deputies enjoy the following rights and duties:
1. Putting forward bills, suggestions and criticisms;
2. Putting forward proposals regarding the dismissal of government officials;
3. Having power to address and make inquiries;
4. Not being held liable for their speeches and votes at various NPC meetings;
5. Exemption from arrest or criminal trial without authorization, whether or not the NPC is in session;
6. The right to inspect the topics for discussion at the NPC session and related contents; and
7. The state and society provides NPC deputies with necessary guarantees when they are attending the NPC sessions and performing their duties as deputies.
NPC deputies should fulfill following duties:
1. To abide by the Constitution and laws in an exemplary way, exercise their powers in an earnest way, guard state secrets and help facilitate the enforcement of the Constitution and laws in the production, work and other social activities in which they take part; and
2. To keep in close touch with their constituency and the public, listening to and giving expression to the opinions and requirements of the people and work hard to serve the people.
4. Brief Bio Jia Shen (沈佳)
沈佳,毕业于浙江大学英语语言文学系,现就读于宾夕法尼亚州立大学国际关系学院,研究方向:中美 印三国比较研究,主要侧重于贸易和技术领域。 2007 年 9 月-12 月,在法国里昂第三大学以交换生身份学习欧洲比较法和国际金融, 2008 年夏季,在香港大学作为实习交换生参加投资银行和人力资源管理研讨会并且在苏黎世人寿保险香 港分公司实习理财顾问师一职。
2009 年 3 月-2010 年 6 月,受雇于百特医疗公司(Fortune 500)担任临床顾问一职,顾问销售业绩为年 目标的 150%,跃居销售大区第二名。
Jia “Tracy” SHEN, the class of 2012, School of International Affairs,field of study: comparative research between China and US in terms of trade and technology. Minor concentration in China, India, and the U.S. relationship. Alumni school: Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
Overseas study: Finance and comparative law in Jean Moulin Lyon 3, France. Post graduation study: Investment banking and Human Resources in Hong Kong University. Summer Internship: Zurich Life Insurance (Hong Kong) in insurance consultancy.
Previous job: Baxter (China) Health Care Corporation as Clinic Consultant. Current activities: Master of International Affairs, Pennsylvania State University
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