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| Pix credit Office of the President of the Russian Federation |
The People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation have issued the following:
中华人民共和国和俄罗斯联邦在纪念中国人民抗日战争、苏联伟大卫国战争胜利和联合国成立80周年之际关于进一步深化中俄新时代全面战略协作伙伴关系的联合声明 [Joint Statement of the People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation on Further Deepening the Comprehensive Strategic Partnership of Coordination in the New Era between China and Russia on the Occasion of Commemorating the 80th Anniversary of the Victory of the Chinese People's War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, the Soviet Union's Great Patriotic War and the Founding of the United Nations]
The Statement is notable for its ancient tropes, and its cognitive caging in ways that keep alive both the memory of the defeat of fascism, and veil the miraculous escape from justice of the excesses of the left during that same period. In this way it continues a pattern and discursive trope deeply embedded in global discourse since the end of the second phase of the 20th century (more or less) global war in 1945. That trope positions the only political error as right error; it erases left error in ways that make its many manifestations--in the Soviet Union, in Cambodia, and within the collectives of children of the privileged classes in Europe, North and South America through the end of the last century. It is a pity, then, that Deng Xiaoping's 1981 Summary of a talk with leading comrades of the General Political Department of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army appears to have been ushered into the dustbin of discourse:
Emancipation of the mind, too, means opposing both “Left” and Right ideologies. The call by the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee for emancipating our minds was directed at the “two whatevers”, and the emphasis was on correcting “Left” errors. Later a Right deviation emerged that must, of course, also be corrected.
The 1980 Central Working Conference made all this clear. The point now is to do more to publicize the necessity of adhering to the Four Cardinal Principles. We should not overlook the wrong, “Left” ideology, for it is deep-rooted. Stress should be put on rectifying any “Left” tendency in our guiding ideology, but that is not enough. We must at the same time correct the Right tendency.
Comrade Huang Kecheng said that we should oppose “Left” ideology wherever it exists and also oppose Right ideology. I agree. And we should make a concrete analysis of what is “Left” and of what is Right.
That remains the proper course; one can only await its re-emergence with national characteristics. But the ghosts of the past die hard--especially the ghosts of error. (Deng Xiaoping, On Opposing Wrong Ideological Tendencies (1981). It does not matter.
What does matter is the discourse much in evidence in the Joint Statement. It follows below in the original Chinese 中华人民共和国和俄罗斯联邦在纪念中国人民抗日战争、苏联伟大卫国战争胜利和联合国成立80周年之际关于进一步深化中俄新时代全面战略协作伙伴关系的联合声明
Also included from the website to the Office of the President of the Russian Federation is Joint statement by the Russian Federation and the People’s Republic of China on Global Strategic Stability (in English)
The two statements differ in some interesting respects. In both cases the cognitive framework permits no space other than that within and between these states. That certainly ought to give the almost former members of NATO at least a moment's pause. . .or not. The transaction may make all of this either unintelligible or uninteresting to the attainment of the transaction. I leave that to those with the status to think more authoritatively about that. In that respect The Joint Statement had something interesting to say: "Deeply destabilizing in nature is also the recently announced “Golden (Iron) Dome for America”, a large-scale program designed to establish unconstrained, global, deeply layered and multi-domain missile defense system to protect against any missile threats, including all types of missiles from “peer and near-peer adversaries”.
For those interested in the state of US and Sino-Russian relations, there is this in Section 9:
The two sides strongly condemn the hegemonic behavior of some countries and their allies who attempt to replace legal concepts, put pressure on countries pursuing independent foreign policies, and tamper with historical truth for short-term interests.
The two sides express deep concern about the confrontational policies and related remarks adopted by some countries and their allies, and urge them to stop interfering in the internal affairs of other countries, undermining the existing security architecture in various regions of the world, drawing artificial lines between countries, and advocating camp confrontation.
The two sides firmly oppose the behavior of inciting other countries around the world to take hostile positions against China and Russia and smearing China-Russia cooperation. China and Russia will strengthen coordination and cooperation and resolutely respond to the "dual containment" implemented by the United States against China and Russia.
The two sides pointed out that the United States and its allies are trying to promote NATO's eastward expansion into the Asia-Pacific region, build "small circles" in the Asia-Pacific region, and win over countries in the region to promote their "Indo-Pacific strategy", undermining regional peace, stability and prosperity. The two sides oppose the establishment of a "nuclear sharing" military alliance against China and Russia, oppose the deployment of nuclear weapons systems in the region under the pretext of strengthening "extended deterrence", and oppose the deployment of global anti-missile systems and land-based intermediate-range missile systems that undermine strategic stability.
个别国家及其盟友图谋偷换法律概念，向奉行独立外交政策的国家施压，为谋求短期利益篡改历史真相，双方对这种霸权行径予以强烈谴责。
双方对个别国家及其盟友采取的对抗性政策以及发表的相关言论深表关切，敦促停止干涉他国内政、在全球各地区破坏现有安全架构、在国家间人为划线、鼓吹阵营对抗的行径。
双方坚决反对在世界各地鼓动其他国家对中俄采取敌对立场并抹黑中俄协作的行径。中俄将加强协调配合，坚决应对美国对中俄实施“双遏制”。
双方指出，美国及其盟友企图推进北约东进亚太，在亚太地区大搞“小圈子”，拉拢本地区国家推行其“印太战略”，破坏地区和平稳定繁荣。双方反对构建针对中俄两国的“核共享”军事同盟，反对借口强化“延伸威慑”安排在本地区部署核武器系统，反对部署破坏战略稳定的全球反导系统、陆基中导系统。
中俄联合声明
中华人民共和国和俄罗斯联邦在纪念中国人民抗日战争、苏联伟大卫国战争胜利和联合国成立80周年之际关于进一步深化中俄新时代全面战略协作伙伴关系的联合声明
应俄罗斯联邦总统普京邀请，中华人民共和国主席习近平于2025年5月7日至10日对俄罗斯联邦进行国事访问。两国元首在莫斯科举行正式会谈，共同签署并发表本联合声明。5月9日，习近平主席出席纪念苏联伟大卫国战争胜利80周年庆典。
中华人民共和国和俄罗斯联邦（以下称“双方”）声明如下：
一
今年是中国人民抗日战争暨世界反法西斯战争、苏联伟大卫国战争胜利80周年。第二次世界大战是人类历史上的一场空前浩劫。中国和苏联分别作为亚洲和欧洲主战场，站在抵御日本军国主义和纳粹德国及其仆从国进攻的最前线，是抗击军国主义和法西斯主义的两支中坚力量。中国人民和苏联人民遭受了外来侵略带来的巨大磨难和异常严酷的战争洗礼，肩并肩展开艰苦卓绝的斗争，相互给予无私援助，付出巨大牺牲，取得伟大胜利，为捍卫人类尊严、重建世界和平建立了伟大的历史功勋。
日本军国主义和纳粹德国的失败宣告了法西斯分子以反人类意识形态主宰世界的图谋破产，彻底粉碎了其奴役各国人民以及扼杀其他民族文化、民族认同和传统价值的企图。
当今世界，中国和俄罗斯肩负维护正确二战史观的共同责任和使命。中俄双方将永远铭记两国人民维护世界和平的正义壮举，缅怀为子孙后代自由和独立而牺牲的数千万英烈以及遇害的无辜平民，向在战争年代立下战斗功勋的老战士和英雄的后方劳动者致以崇高敬意。双方将继续重视教育年轻一代以前辈为楷模，坚守永不磨灭的爱国主义精神，培养对祖国和人民的责任担当、弘扬为实现国家和平与繁荣勇于牺牲的大无畏精神。
双方将坚定捍卫第二次世界大战胜利成果，坚决粉碎任何企图篡改二战历史、贬低和抹杀中俄二战历史功绩、抹黑解放者形象的行径，强烈谴责亵渎或损毁二战烈士纪念设施的行为。双方致力于防止反人类的纳粹主义和种族优越主义思潮卷土重来，将继续共同抵制美化纳粹及其帮凶、新纳粹主义抬头、军国主义复辟及助长各种形式种族主义、种族歧视、仇外排外的行径。
双方呼吁国际社会尊重和捍卫纽伦堡国际军事法庭和远东国际军事法庭确立的基本原则，这些原则旨在防范发动战争、种族灭绝、战争罪及其他反人类罪的图谋。纽伦堡国际军事法庭和远东国际军事法庭的判决是当代国际法和国际秩序的基石，不可撼动也不容置疑。
纽伦堡国际军事法庭和远东国际军事法庭裁决认定，纳粹德国和日本军国主义分子犯下的战争罪行规模之大在战争史上前所未有，其残酷与恐怖程度难以想象。在二战期间针对平民的屠戮虐待残忍至极。基于大量证据，法庭认定，上述罪行是驱逐和杀害平民、对被占领土实施殖民统治计划的一部分。
俄方强调，纳粹分子及其帮凶驱逐和杀害苏联平民的罪行已在纽伦堡国际军事法庭判决结果中予以确认，应被视为对苏联人民实施的种族灭绝。
双方指出，日本政府应从其在历史上犯下的残暴罪行中汲取教训，在靖国神社等历史问题上谨言慎行，同曾经给世界各国人民和日本自身带来深重灾难的军国主义彻底切割。
为共同捍卫历史真相，不忘亚洲战场的决定性事件对促使日本投降、最终实现世界和平具有极其重要的意义，双方将继续以各种形式举行教育、纪念活动，进一步发掘和研究二战时期纳粹德国和日本军国主义罪行证据和史料，并在改变二战历史进程的事件发生地共同举办纪念活动。
双方强调，人类应永远铭记第二次世界大战悲剧及其原因和教训，尽一切努力阻止类似悲剧重演。中俄将坚定站在国际正义一边，愿同世界各国热爱和平的人民一道，坚决维护战后国际秩序，共建人类美好未来。
二
双方一致认为，两国人民在世界反法西斯战争中铸就了深厚的战斗友谊和守望相助之情，为中俄新时代全面战略协作伙伴关系奠定了坚实基础。当前，在双方共同努力下，中俄关系达到历史最高水平，并持续稳定全方位向前发展，树立构建新型国际关系的表率，并成为当今世界大国和互为最大邻国合作的典范。
在两国元首战略引领下，双方遵循2001年7月16日签署的《中俄睦邻友好合作条约》以及其他双边文件和声明确定的基本原则，秉持永久睦邻友好、全面战略协作、互利合作共赢的精神，持续巩固各领域协作，妥善应对外部挑战。
长期以来，中俄形成广泛的共同利益，两国总体发展目标相互契合，构成双方各领域合作的牢固基石。中俄关系具有独特战略价值和强大内生动力，不针对第三方，也不受制于第三方。面对变乱交织的国际形势，双方将保持战略定力，始终视彼此为优先合作伙伴，共同抵制任何干扰破坏中俄传统友谊和深度互信的图谋，为各自发展振兴助力，为世界注入稳定性和正能量。
双方坚定支持彼此维护国家主权、领土完整、安全和稳定，坚决反对任何外部势力阻挠两国关系正常发展、干涉两国内部事务的企图，捍卫自主选择发展道路的权利，支持彼此保护文化历史认同和传统道德价值观。
俄方重申恪守一个中国原则，承认世界上只有一个中国，台湾是中华人民共和国不可分割的一部分，中华人民共和国政府是代表全中国的唯一合法政府。俄方反对任何形式的“台湾独立”，坚定支持中国政府维护国家主权和领土完整、实现国家统一所采取的举措。
中方支持俄方维护本国安全稳定、发展繁荣、主权和领土完整，反对外部势力干涉俄罗斯内政。
双方将以元首外交为引领，全面贯彻落实两国元首达成的重要共识，继续保持密切高层交往，保障政府、立法机构及党际间交往机制高水平运行。
双方重申，中俄两军保持紧密关系具有特殊意义，有助于两国更加有力捍卫主权和国家利益、有效应对传统和非传统威胁与挑战。双方将继续加强军事军技合作，造福中俄两国人民，维护全球和地区安全。双方将进一步深化军事互信与协作，扩大联合军事演习活动规模和范围，定期组织海上、空中联合巡航，加强双边及多边框架下交流合作，推动中俄军事合作向更高水平发展。
中方重视并精心维护在抗日战争中牺牲的苏军烈士纪念设施，俄方对此高度评价。双方强调，修缮维护二战牺牲烈士纪念设施具有重要意义，将继续在搜寻烈士和失踪人员遗骸以及完善相关法律法规基础等方面开展合作。
三
中俄互为重要贸易伙伴，双方高度评价近年来两国经济关系取得的长足发展，一致认为双边互利合作为改善两国人民福祉作出了积极贡献。双方坚定捍卫自主发展双边经贸伙伴关系的权利。为进一步推动双边互利合作，双方商定：
——通过提升高科技产品比重，发展电子商务创新模式，相互供应基础材料、矿产资源和农产品等，推动双边贸易平稳发展，优化贸易结构。
——深化投资合作，根据新版《中俄投资合作规划纲要》和2025年5月8日签署的《中华人民共和国政府和俄罗斯联邦政府关于促进和相互保护投资的协定》提高合作水平，营造公平、透明、可预期的营商环境。
——持续巩固全面能源合作伙伴关系，支持经营主体实施石油、天然气、液化天然气、民用核能、煤炭、电力、可再生能源等领域合作项目，维护相关跨境基础设施稳定运营，促进能源运输畅通。
——提升金融合作水平，拓展银行间往来，加强本币结算，深化保险、信用评级机构和证券领域合作。
——完善中俄边境口岸基础设施建设，提高客货运输效率、口岸查验效率和通关能力，挖掘两国过境运输潜力，保障中俄跨境交通走廊无障碍运行，加强北极航道互利合作。
——加强工业合作，拓展技术创新领域合作，巩固产业链。
——深挖科技合作潜力，在创新、基础研究和应用研究等领域拓展新的合作方向，定期开展联合科技项目遴选，实施科研项目，支持新的科技合作模式。
——全面深化中俄经贸、海关、农业、运输、财金、工业、环保、航天和卫星导航、核能、城市建设、卫生健康、信息和通信技术等各领域务实合作，切实保障双边合作在2030年前实现提质升级。
四
双方支持文化和文明多样性，认为独特性是多极化世界的基础，尊重各国和各国人民的独特价值观体系。
双方致力于公正、公平、开放、包容的国际人文合作，坚决反对将人文合作政治化，反对采取歧视性、排他性手段，反对通过输出有害思想和错误观念，动摇他国文化主权根基。
为防止两国人民抗击日本军国主义和纳粹德国的功勋被遗忘，中俄将继续抵制任何误导青少年的企图。为保护传统道德价值、正确史观和文化认同，不断传承道德准则，赓续两国人民的友好传统，增进相互理解，双方商定：
——加强教育合作，完善合作法律基础，进一步扩大普通职业教育、中等职业教育、职业教育培训等领域以及两国高校间合作，加强在金砖国家、上海合作组织等多边平台框架内有关合作，扩大互派留学生规模，推进在俄中文教学和在华俄文教学。继续支持两国一流高校制定实施联合教学计划和科研攻关。支持中俄同类大学联盟发展，共同开展学术交流，举办科研会议等科学教育领域活动。
——支持中俄媒体机构围绕两国友好关系、经济社会发展等进行客观公正报道，深化两国媒体领域政策对话、联合制作、交流视听内容、新技术应用、人才培养、举办大型媒体论坛等方面合作，在全球媒体空间阐释共同对外立场，在世界和地区媒体组织框架内相互协作。双方愿共同努力，加强对记者的保护力度，保障公民获得准确信息的权利。
——支持两国档案部门开展合作，打击一切试图篡改历史、抹除两国人民抗击日本军国主义和德国法西斯主义功绩的图谋。
——继续高水平举办2024－2025年“中俄文化年”框架下活动，深化双方在文艺演出、互办展览、图书馆、艺术教育和创意产业等领域交流合作。继续支持举办图书馆论坛、文化节、莫斯科“欢乐春节”以及中俄文化大集等活动，支持在北京举办“莫斯科节”系列活动。鼓励双方代表参加“国际流行歌曲大赛”等对方倡议的国际音乐比赛。进一步密切地方交往，更好发挥两国在对方国家设立的文化中心作用。
——持续推进电影领域合作，推动扩大电影联合制作，推动中俄电影工作者和机构间建立直接联系并深化合作。着手落实《2030年前中国国家电影局与俄罗斯文化部关于合作拍摄电影的行动计划》。鼓励互办传统电影节和动漫电影周等电影文化活动，支持俄方组建欧亚电影学院并设立“欧亚开放电影奖”，积极考虑选送影片和推动电影界人士参加相关评奖活动。
——积极评价体育运动在促进团结、和平方面所发挥的独特作用，推动在平等、非政治化基础上开展国际体育合作。反对以任何理由歧视运动员。共同捍卫奥林匹克价值观和公平公正体育原则。
——通过在青少年理想信念和爱国主义教育、创新创业、志愿服务、艺术及创意产业等领域实施合作项目和计划，进一步加强青年领域合作。双方商定，推动两国青年一代参加中国人民抗日战争和苏联伟大卫国战争胜利80周年纪念活动。
——在地方等各个层面扩大青年交流，在多边平台协调配合，弘扬在青年发展问题上的共同主张。
双方高度评价两国在生态环保和生物多样性保护领域的密切合作，特别是在大熊猫保护合作中取得的积极成效。支持双方加强边境地区东北虎、东北豹保护以及跨境自然保护地合作交流。双方将开展金丝猴保护国际合作研究，共同提升珍稀野生动物保护能力。
五
个别国家及其盟友为谋求自身霸权私利，图谋篡改二战胜利成果，颠覆战后国际秩序原则，削弱联合国在维护全球和平与安全中的核心作用，双方对此表示关切。
双方重申坚持恪守国际法，特别是《联合国宪章》宗旨和原则，抵制任何篡改国际法基本原则的图谋。《联合国宪章》宗旨和原则是国际法不可分割的基本组成部分，应得到全面、充分、完整遵守。
双方指出，构建更加公平可持续的多极世界秩序是大势所趋，个别国家沉迷霸权主义和新殖民主义，滥施侵略性政策，为保护自身特权而限制他国主权、遏制他国经济和科技发展，这不符合世界多极化和国际关系民主化时代潮流。
作为建立多极世界进程中的独立力量，双方将充分挖掘双边关系潜力，维护以联合国为核心的国际体系、以《联合国宪章》宗旨和原则为基础的国际关系基本准则，推动实现平等有序的世界多极化和国际关系民主化，凝聚力量构建更加公正合理的多极世界。
中俄同为第二次世界大战主要战胜国、联合国创始成员国和安理会常任理事国，强调2025年纪念联合国成立80周年具有重要意义，成立联合国是二战的主要胜利成果之一。
双方重申致力于维护联合国在协调各国利益、团结应对当代挑战方面的核心作用。
双方愿在联合国安理会和联合国大会等联合国机构框架内开展更加密切协作，在遵守《联合国宪章》宗旨和原则以及平衡各方利益基础上，推动全球性问题得以持久公正解决。
双方高度重视加强“捍卫《联合国宪章》之友小组”工作，认为该小组是维护国际法原则和准则、推动构建公正民主的多极化秩序、反对单边制裁及将人权问题政治化等新殖民主义行径的有效机制。
双方支持在保护文明多样性、实现各国力量和利益平衡的基础上开展广泛平等对话，探索推动国际格局更加适应21世纪世界多极化进程。
俄方高度重视全球文明倡议，愿同中方一道结合联合国大会通过的“文明对话国际日”决议举办相关纪念活动，共同推动文明交流互鉴，促进民心相通。
双方强调，中方提出的构建人类命运共同体理念和一系列全球倡议具有重要积极意义。各国人民命运与共，任何一国都不应以牺牲他国安全为代价追求自身安全。双方呼吁各国坚持全球和地区安全不可分割原则，最大程度消弭国家间的潜在冲突，呼吁通过协作保障共同、综合、合作、可持续安全。双方将就全球安全倡议开展合作，中方重视俄方提出的“欧亚大陆安全架构”倡议，愿同俄方推进安全理念对接和利益共融，为维护世界和平与安全贡献力量。
双方重申致力于通过对话寻求危机的政治解决方案，支持国际社会在不干涉内政和消除冲突后果及产生根源的基础上，建设性参与热点冲突的政治解决。
双方一致认为，捍卫基于《联合国宪章》的国际法体系对维护亚欧大陆稳定具有重要意义，主张本地区在安全、经济、文化等领域合作应顺应多极化发展趋势，造福亚欧大陆各国。
双方强调，保障可靠、可持续的亚欧大陆安全体系必须消除国家间产生矛盾的根源性问题，摒弃相互制造威胁的行为。中俄两国坚决谴责任何企图破坏亚欧大陆团结与平等合作进程的外部武力强权行径。
双方认为，绕开联合国安理会实施包括经济制裁在内的单边强制性措施违背《联合国宪章》等国际法，损害国际安全利益。双方坚决反对没有国际法依据、未经安理会授权的单边强制性措施，谴责采取恫吓、限制、胁迫等手段对他国进行施压。
双方支持联合国在人工智能治理中发挥核心作用，强调在该过程中尊重国家主权、遵守各国法律和《联合国宪章》的重要性。重申致力于共同推动人工智能向善普惠发展，认为机器学习有利于促进各国经济社会发展，不应成为个别国家维护霸权的地缘政治工具。双方反对将科技问题政治化，反对恶意破坏人工智能国际产业链供应链稳定的消极做法。俄方赞赏中方推动联合国大会协商一致通过“加强人工智能能力建设国际合作”决议，欢迎中方提出《人工智能能力建设普惠计划》，愿依托“人工智能能力建设国际合作之友小组”、中国－金砖国家人工智能发展与合作中心等平台积极开展双多边合作。双方相互支持举办2025世界人工智能大会暨人工智能全球治理高级别会议和全球数字论坛。
双方重申国际人道主义援助对受武装冲突、自然灾害和其他紧急情况影响的平民和灾民极为重要，强调各方应遵守《联合国宪章》，呼吁国际社会秉持人道、中立、公正、独立的原则开展国际人道主义援助，确保受影响人员的生存权利和基本需求得到必要保障，反对以国际援助为名干涉他国内政或损害地区稳定，反对将国际援助问题政治化、工具化。双方呼吁国际社会在国际人道主义援助领域加强合作，共同推动构建更加公正、合理、有效的国际人道主义援助体系，为缓解全球范围内的人道主义危机贡献力量。
双方一致认为，塑料污染是塑料废物在环境中的不当泄漏造成的，决心在尊重各国国情和主权的基础上，加大塑料垃圾污染治理力度，并同各方一道制定具有法律约束力的文书以应对塑料垃圾造成的环境污染（包括海洋污染）。
六
双方愿继续在上海合作组织框架内加强紧密协作，将此作为中俄新时代全面战略协作伙伴关系具有前景的合作方向。
双方将同其他成员国一道，继续致力于提升上海合作组织的国际影响力，推动上海合作组织为构建以联合国为核心、严格遵循国际法原则的更加公正的多极化国际格局作出实际贡献。双方将积极深化上海合作组织框架内的协作，为在亚欧大陆形成平等和不可分割的安全架构奠定基础，建设和平、稳定、互信、发展繁荣的共同家园。
鉴于上述，双方认为优先任务是持续落实2024年7月4日上海合作组织成员国元首理事会作出的关于与时俱进完善本组织运作机制的决定，双方愿同其他成员国一道采取措施，加快在塔什干建立应对安全威胁和挑战综合中心、在杜尚别建立禁毒中心。
双方高度重视上海合作组织扩员工作，支持不断吸收那些认同上海合作组织宪章宗旨、任务和基本原则，包括认同“互信、互利、平等、协商、尊重多样文明、谋求共同发展”的“上海精神”的国家加入上海合作组织。双方支持以“上合组织+”等形式加强上海合作组织同观察员国、对话伙伴以及有关国家、国际组织的各领域合作。
俄方支持中方担任上海合作组织轮值主席国工作，中方支持俄方担任上海合作组织成员国政府首脑（总理）理事会会议东道国，相互支持对方办好2025年峰会和总理会议。双方相信，上述领导人会晤将进一步有效释放上海合作组织在政治、安全、经济、人文领域的巨大潜力，着眼于上海合作组织通过的相关纲领性概念性文件，促进经贸合作提质升级，不断提高上海合作组织地区人民的生活福祉。
双方愿同金砖国家其他成员推动在政治安全、经贸财金、人文交流三个领域的战略合作。
双方将致力于加强金砖国家在贸易、财金、矿产、数字经济、公共卫生、技术创新、人工智能、互联互通、治国理政等领域协作，推动金砖国家就双边贸易本币结算、国际金融架构改革、可持续发展、粮食和能源安全、应对气候变化和碳市场等问题加强研究与合作。
双方将协助新成员国和伙伴国平稳融入金砖合作机制，继续推动提升金砖国家的国际影响力，通过吸引更多伙伴国参与金砖合作，加强“金砖+”和金砖外围对话等方式，推动金砖国家同广大发展中国家建立密切联系。
俄方支持中方提出的全球发展倡议，将继续参与“全球发展倡议之友小组”工作。双方将继续推动国际社会聚焦发展问题，增加发展投入，深化务实合作，加快落实联合国2030年可持续发展议程。
七
双方指出，个别国家及其盟友利用贸易、金融限制等单边非法限制措施，大幅提高关税以及其他非市场化竞争手段，对世界经济造成负面影响，破坏公平竞争，阻挠应对全人类共同挑战的国际合作，包括阻碍维护全球粮食安全、能源安全、实现联合国可持续发展目标等。双方谴责绕过联合国安理会实施违反《联合国宪章》和国际法、妨碍司法以及违反世界贸易组织规则的卑劣行径。
双方相信，根据各国主权平等的国际法基本原则，必须严格遵守有关国家及其财产（包括主权储备）享有豁免的国际义务。双方谴责没收外国资产和财产的企图，强调受害国有权依据国际法采取反制措施。
双方将继续携手应对世界经济下行压力，推动更多全球南方国家参与国际和地区贸易。促进非洲大陆公平发展，支持非洲大陆自由贸易区建设，使非洲国家不仅作为原料供应方，还能作为中间产品和终端产品生产者融入全球产业链供应链。
双方认为，全球贸易碎片化、歧视性措施和违规贸易限制增多的风险日益上升。个别国家以各种借口宣布对贸易伙伴滥施关税，严重侵犯各国正当权益，严重违反世界贸易组织规则，严重损害以规则为基础的多边贸易体制，严重冲击全球经济秩序稳定。双方坚决反对滥施关税和滥用出口管制等严重破坏国际经贸秩序、对全球产业链供应链产生恶劣负面影响的非法单边霸凌措施和单边保护主义措施。
双方愿积极推动以世界贸易组织为核心的开放、包容、透明、非歧视性的多边贸易体制，支持推进世界贸易组织规则与时俱进，促进贸易和投资自由化便利化。双方愿加强在世界贸易组织框架下的合作对话机制，重申发展议题的重要性，推进包括恢复争端解决机制全面正常运转在内的世界贸易组织改革，推动将《促进发展的投资便利化协定》纳入世界贸易组织法律框架，为世界贸易组织第14届部长级会议取得务实成果做好准备，共同维护发展中国家利益。
双方重申愿继续在二十国集团、亚太经济合作组织、金砖国家、上海合作组织等国际机制中加强建设性合作，提升发展中国家在全球治理体系中的话语权，团结全球南方国家，倡导平等有序的世界多极化、普惠包容的经济全球化。双方高度重视国际货币基金组织和世界银行等国际金融机构改革。
双方高度评价中俄在二十国集团中的建设性合作，重申愿继续推动提升二十国集团作为国际经济合作主要论坛的作用，共同推进普惠包容的经济全球化，将基于协商一致的基本原则应对全球金融经济挑战，推动国际秩序在经济、社会和生态三重维度上朝着更加公正、平衡、合理方向发展。双方将大力支持南非作为二十国集团2025年轮值主席国工作。
俄方支持中国主办2026年亚太经济合作组织会议。双方将继续在亚太经济合作组织框架下开展紧密的互利合作，推动全面平衡落实布特拉加亚愿景，共同构建亚太共同体，推动构建开放型世界经济，共同推进亚太区域经济一体化进程，支持亚太自由贸易区建设，打造自由、开放、包容、非歧视性、可预测的贸易投资环境；加强沟通协调，共同推动互联互通、数字经济等各领域务实合作，应对迫切的经济社会挑战。
鉴于深化欧亚地区经济一体化与相关体系协作的重要性，双方将继续推动落实2018年5月17日签署的《中华人民共和国与欧亚经济联盟经贸合作协定》，适时开展协定升级工作，加强中国与欧亚经济联盟贸易便利化，共同致力于共建“一带一路”与欧亚经济联盟建设对接，推动共建“一带一路”和“大欧亚伙伴关系”建设并行不悖、协调发展，加强欧亚经济联盟、上海合作组织和东盟等区域组织间对话。
八
双方重申致力于维护和加强全球战略稳定，携手应对相关领域挑战和威胁，主张通盘考虑影响全球战略稳定的一切重要因素。
双方指出个别核武器国家采取一系列消极举措，破坏全球战略稳定，加剧军备竞赛，抬高冲突风险，对国际和平与安全构成严重威胁，敦促有关国家摒弃冷战思维和零和博弈，通过平等对话和相互尊重的磋商解决关切，加强互信，避免危险误判，放弃采取带有战略风险的举措。
双方指出当前亟待消除的战略风险之一，是某些核武器国家在其他核武器国家周边敏感地区实施军事联盟扩张，进行武力施压或实施威胁他国根本安全利益的敌对行为。双方谴责某些核武器国家发展不受限制的全球多层次反导系统，在境外部署针对其他核武器国家的陆基中短程导弹，推进极具破坏性的所谓“延伸威慑”和“核共享”安排，损害地区稳定与全球安全。双方反对针对核武器国家推高紧张局势和战略风险的各类挑衅行径。
双方重申恪守2022年1月3日发表的《五个核武器国家领导人关于防止核战争与避免军备竞赛的联合声明》，呼吁声明参加国采取实际行动履行相应承诺。
双方重申反对个别国家将外空界定并用于“作战疆域”，倡导各国作出不首先在外空部署武器政治承诺，主张在中俄《防止在外空放置武器、对外空物体使用或威胁使用武力条约》草案基础上尽快启动多边谈判，为防止外空军备竞赛制定具有国际法约束力的文书。
双方重申军备控制是加强国际安全与稳定的重要手段，相关破坏性举措将阻碍军备控制领域的努力。双方致力于践行真正的多边主义，支持联合国及其相关多边机制在军控进程中发挥中心作用。
双方将继续致力于维护《不扩散核武器条约》《禁止生物武器公约》《禁止化学武器公约》等国际法律文书权威，推动落实联合国大会“在国际安全领域促进和平利用国际合作”决议。
双方重申2015年5月8日政府间协议确定的关于保障国际信息安全的共同立场。反对个别国家企图利用信息和通信技术领域优势攫取自身地缘政治利益并制造国际安全威胁，指出信息和通信技术应被用于和平目的。双方致力于在《联合国宪章》宗旨和原则基础上就国际信息安全问题加强双多边务实合作。
双方欢迎联合国大会通过《联合国打击网络犯罪公约》（以下简称“《公约》”）。这是信息安全领域首部普遍性国际公约。中俄双方计划成为首批签署《公约》的国家，并呼吁整个国际社会效仿两国做法，支持《公约》尽快生效并启动相关成员国合作机制，有效打击信息和通信技术犯罪。双方将积极参与《公约》关于定罪等问题的附加议定书谈判，不断推动完善打击网络犯罪国际合作机制。
为打造国际信息安全制度和开放、安全、稳定、可及、和平的信息和通信技术环境，双方支持在现有国家行为准则基础上，在联合国讨论并制定各国普遍参与的新的国际法律文书。欢迎在联合国框架内启动国际信息安全未来常设机制，详细讨论包括数据安全、供应链稳定等新问题的未来信息安全领域具有国际法效力法律文书的职能和范畴。
双方在遵守相关法律前提下，共同致力于保障各国互联网体系功能完整性、稳定性和安全性，坚决反对利用低轨网络通信卫星系统干涉他国内政。
双方重申将在联合国、金砖国家、上海合作组织等国际和地区平台进一步加强合作和协调立场，共同打击恐怖主义、分裂主义、极端主义、跨国有组织犯罪、非法贩毒、运用新技术犯罪等重大全球安全威胁。
双方认为，必须坚决抵制催生当今世界恐怖主义和极端主义的任何极端思想的传播，决不允许支持和利用恐怖主义团伙和其他极端势力以达到政治目的的行为，包括破坏他国稳定和干涉他国内政。双方愿深化在打击国际恐怖主义和极端主义方面的协作，联合打击联合国安理会列名的恐怖组织及其他威胁中俄国家安全的恐怖组织和极端组织。
九
个别国家及其盟友图谋偷换法律概念，向奉行独立外交政策的国家施压，为谋求短期利益篡改历史真相，双方对这种霸权行径予以强烈谴责。
双方对个别国家及其盟友采取的对抗性政策以及发表的相关言论深表关切，敦促停止干涉他国内政、在全球各地区破坏现有安全架构、在国家间人为划线、鼓吹阵营对抗的行径。
双方坚决反对在世界各地鼓动其他国家对中俄采取敌对立场并抹黑中俄协作的行径。中俄将加强协调配合，坚决应对美国对中俄实施“双遏制”。
双方指出，美国及其盟友企图推进北约东进亚太，在亚太地区大搞“小圈子”，拉拢本地区国家推行其“印太战略”，破坏地区和平稳定繁荣。双方反对构建针对中俄两国的“核共享”军事同盟，反对借口强化“延伸威慑”安排在本地区部署核武器系统，反对部署破坏战略稳定的全球反导系统、陆基中导系统。
双方将开展协调，推动在亚洲打造加强安全合作、促进发展繁荣的空间，在区域性平台上深化协作协调，通过多边机制共同提出并实施各领域合作倡议。
双方将巩固同东盟协作，维护地区稳定和繁荣。
双方将加强在东亚峰会、东盟地区论坛、东盟防长扩大会等东盟主导机制框架内的协作，推动在遵守国际法准则、相互尊重、开放包容的基础上，构建亚洲地区安全架构。
俄方支持中国和东盟国家维护南海和平稳定。双方认为，南海问题应由直接当事国通过谈判协商解决，坚决反对域外势力插手介入南海问题。俄方支持中国和东盟国家全面有效落实《南海各方行为宣言》，欢迎早日达成“南海行为准则”。
双方欢迎俄方2025年担任“大图们倡议”轮值主席国，支持加强东北亚地区合作，深化“大图们倡议”成员国在交通、能源、贸易与投资、数字经济、农业、旅游和环境等领域协作，探讨“大图们倡议”向独立国际组织转型。
双方主张，政治外交途径是推动全面解决朝鲜半岛问题的唯一出路，敦促有关国家摒弃对朝鲜民主主义人民共和国实施单边强制性措施和打压的政策，以及旨在推动东北亚地区军事化和挑动对抗的方针，切实采取措施推动缓和紧张局势，消除半岛爆发武装事件和大规模军事冲突的威胁。双方认为，相互尊重主权、均衡兼顾各有关国家利益是解决半岛问题的必要条件。双方重申愿为推动半岛问题政治解决进程、实现东北亚地区长久和平与稳定发挥建设性作用。
双方愿在双边层面和多边机制下就阿富汗事务加强协作，推动阿富汗成为独立、中立、统一、和平的国家，免受恐怖主义及毒品的危害，同所有邻国和睦相处。双方高度重视并支持阿富汗邻国外长会、阿富汗问题“莫斯科模式”磋商、中国－俄罗斯－巴基斯坦－伊朗四国机制、上海合作组织等地区平台在政治解决阿富汗问题上所发挥的积极和建设性作用。
十
为稳步持久解决乌克兰危机，双方认为必须在充分完全遵循《联合国宪章》原则基础上消除危机根源，恪守安全不可分割原则，兼顾各国合理安全利益和关切。为此，双方支持一切有利于争取和平的努力。俄方积极评价中方在乌克兰问题上的客观公正立场，欢迎中方愿为通过政治外交途径解决乌克兰危机发挥建设性作用。中方将继续通过“和平之友”小组等平台致力于推动危机政治解决。
双方认为，集体安全条约组织对维护地区稳定，包括在打击国际恐怖主义、非法制毒贩毒、有组织犯罪、非法移民等跨境威胁挑战方面发挥重要作用。双方强调，中国同集体安全条约组织在维护亚欧大陆和平安全、共同防范外部势力破坏地区稳定方面具有合作潜力。
双方认为，独立国家联合体是保障地区稳定和各国间可持续合作的重要因素，支持独联体作为高效一体化组织的作用，支持独联体同上海合作组织在共同关心的领域密切协作。
双方将继续致力于维护中亚地区稳定，促进该地区经济社会平稳发展。
双方高度评价进一步加强中俄蒙三方全面合作、建设中蒙俄经济走廊的前景，将积极推动走廊项下重点合作项目和事项落实，并一致同意继续协助蒙方融入上海合作组织等地区一体化进程。
双方呼吁维护中东地区局势稳定，主张通过政治外交途径解决敏感问题。双方强调，必须在公认国际法和“两国方案”基础上全面、公正、持久解决巴勒斯坦问题，建立与以色列和平安全共存的独立的巴勒斯坦国。
双方支持在广泛开展民族对话的基础上全面解决叙利亚问题，支持叙利亚维护国家主权、独立和领土完整，认为叙利亚应坚定反对一切形式的恐怖主义和极端势力。
双方将积极合作巩固海湾地区安全，推动地区国家增进互信、实现可持续发展。
双方强调，妥善解决伊朗核问题事关维护国际核不扩散体系，事关中东地区和平与稳定，双方将为此发挥积极、建设性作用。呼吁有关各方坚持通过政治外交途径和平解决争端，切实维护《不扩散核武器条约》权威，统筹兼顾核不扩散与和平利用核能目标，通过对话谈判达成兼顾各方合理关切的解决方案。反对任何方面动辄诉诸武力解决、非法单边强制性措施，切实防止局势升级。
双方致力于继续同非洲国家及非盟等主要地区一体化组织深化各领域建设性合作，愿支持非洲国家实现非盟《2063年议程：我们希望的非洲》确定的宏伟目标，遵循“以非洲方式解决非洲问题”的原则。双方一致认为，非洲国家实现和平、稳定和获得真正的独立自主是非洲大陆发展与繁荣以及实现现代化的基础。双方欢迎金砖国家同非洲国家开展各领域合作，将继续就非洲事务加强沟通协作。双方支持南非担任二十国集团轮值主席国，引领全球治理向更加公正合理方向发展。
双方欢迎拉美和加勒比地区国家希望在平等、相互尊重、兼顾彼此利益基础上开展互利合作的意愿，愿同地区有关国家和机制加强合作，包括拉美和加勒比国家共同体、南方共同市场、安第斯共同体、美洲玻利瓦尔联盟、太平洋联盟、加勒比共同体等地区组织，以及加强同其在联合国、二十国集团和金砖国家等国际多边机制的合作，共同促进该地区稳定与繁荣。
双方主张维护北极地区和平稳定，防止在该地区出现军事政治紧张。
中华人民共和国主席 俄罗斯联邦总统
习近平 弗·弗·普京
China-Russia Joint Statement
Joint Statement of the People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation on Further Deepening the Comprehensive Strategic Partnership of Coordination in the New Era between China and Russia on the Occasion of Commemorating the 80th Anniversary of the Victory of the Chinese People's War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, the Soviet Union's Great Patriotic War and the Founding of the United Nations
At the invitation of Russian President Vladimir Putin, President Xi Jinping of the People's Republic of China will pay a state visit to the Russian Federation from May 7 to 10, 2025. The two heads of state held formal talks in Moscow and jointly signed and issued this joint statement. On May 9, President Xi Jinping attended the celebration of the 80th anniversary of the victory of the Soviet Union's Great Patriotic War.
The People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as "the two parties") declare as follows:
1
This year marks the 80th anniversary of the victory of the Chinese People's War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, the World Anti-Fascist War and the Soviet Union's Great Patriotic War. The Second World War was an unprecedented catastrophe in human history. As the main battlefields in Asia and Europe, China and the Soviet Union stood at the forefront of resisting the attacks of Japanese militarism and Nazi Germany and its vassal states, and were the two backbone forces in the fight against militarism and fascism. The Chinese people and the Soviet people suffered great hardships brought by foreign aggression and extremely harsh baptism of war. They fought side by side in arduous struggles, gave each other selfless assistance, made great sacrifices, and achieved great victories, making great historical contributions to defending human dignity and rebuilding world peace.
The defeat of Japanese militarism and Nazi Germany declared the bankruptcy of the fascists' plot to dominate the world with anti-human ideology, and completely shattered their attempts to enslave people of various countries and strangle other national cultures, national identities and traditional values.
In today's world, China and Russia shoulder the common responsibility and mission of maintaining a correct view of World War II history. China and Russia will always remember the just feats of the two peoples in maintaining world peace, commemorate the tens of millions of heroes and innocent civilians who sacrificed their lives for the freedom and independence of future generations, and pay high tribute to the old soldiers and heroic rear workers who made combat exploits during the war years. The two sides will continue to attach importance to educating the younger generation to take the predecessors as role models, adhere to the indelible patriotism, cultivate the responsibility for the motherland and the people, and promote the fearless spirit of sacrifice for the realization of national peace and prosperity.
The two sides will firmly defend the victory of the Second World War, resolutely smash any attempt to tamper with the history of the Second World War, belittle and obliterate the historical achievements of China and Russia in the Second World War, and smear the image of the liberators, and strongly condemn the desecration or destruction of the memorial facilities of the martyrs of the Second World War. The two sides are committed to preventing the resurgence of anti-human Nazism and racial supremacist thoughts, and will continue to jointly resist the glorification of Nazis and their accomplices, the rise of neo-Nazism, the restoration of militarism, and the promotion of various forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and exclusion.
The two sides call on the international community to respect and defend the basic principles established by the Nuremberg International Military Tribunal and the International Military Tribunal for the Far East, which are aimed at preventing the plot to launch wars, genocide, war crimes and other crimes against humanity. The judgments of the Nuremberg International Military Tribunal and the International Military Tribunal for the Far East are the cornerstones of contemporary international law and international order, which cannot be shaken or questioned.
The Nuremberg International Military Tribunal and the International Military Tribunal for the Far East ruled that the war crimes committed by Nazi Germany and Japanese militarists were unprecedented in the history of war, and their cruelty and horror were unimaginable. The massacres and abuses against civilians during World War II were extremely cruel. Based on a large amount of evidence, the court determined that the above crimes were part of a plan to expel and kill civilians and implement colonial rule in occupied territories.
The Russian side emphasized that the crimes of the Nazis and their accomplices in expelling and killing Soviet civilians have been confirmed in the verdict of the Nuremberg International Military Tribunal and should be regarded as genocide against the Soviet people.
Both sides pointed out that the Japanese government should learn lessons from the brutal crimes it committed in history, be cautious in its words and deeds on historical issues such as the Yasukuni Shrine, and completely cut off from militarism that once brought profound disasters to people around the world and Japan itself.
In order to jointly defend the truth of history and remember that the decisive events in the Asian battlefield were extremely important in prompting Japan to surrender and ultimately achieving world peace, the two sides will continue to hold educational and commemorative activities in various forms, further explore and study the evidence and historical materials of the crimes of Nazi Germany and Japanese militarism during World War II, and jointly hold commemorative activities at the place where the events that changed the course of World War II took place.
The two sides stressed that mankind should always remember the tragedy of the Second World War, its causes and lessons, and make every effort to prevent similar tragedies from happening again. China and Russia will firmly stand on the side of international justice and are willing to work with the peace-loving people of all countries in the world to resolutely safeguard the post-war international order and build a better future for mankind.
2
The two sides agreed that the two peoples forged a deep fighting friendship and mutual assistance in the World Anti-Fascist War, laying a solid foundation for the comprehensive strategic cooperative partnership between China and Russia in the new era. At present, with the joint efforts of both sides, China-Russia relations have reached the highest level in history and continue to develop steadily and in all directions, setting an example for building a new type of international relations and becoming a model for cooperation between the world's major powers and each other's largest neighbors.
Under the strategic guidance of the two heads of state, the two sides follow the basic principles set out in the China-Russia Treaty of Good-Neighborliness and Friendly Cooperation signed on July 16, 2001 and other bilateral documents and statements, uphold the spirit of permanent good-neighborliness and friendship, comprehensive strategic cooperation, and mutually beneficial cooperation and win-win results, continue to consolidate cooperation in various fields, and properly respond to external challenges.
For a long time, China and Russia have formed extensive common interests, and the overall development goals of the two countries are mutually consistent, forming a solid foundation for cooperation in various fields between the two sides. China-Russia relations have unique strategic value and strong endogenous driving force. They are not targeted at third parties, nor are they subject to third parties. In the face of an international situation full of changes and chaos, the two sides will maintain strategic determination, always regard each other as priority partners, jointly resist any attempt to interfere with and undermine the traditional friendship and deep mutual trust between China and Russia, help each other's development and revitalization, and inject stability and positive energy into the world.
The two sides firmly support each other in safeguarding national sovereignty, territorial integrity, security and stability, resolutely oppose any attempt by external forces to obstruct the normal development of bilateral relations and interfere in the internal affairs of the two countries, defend the right to independently choose a development path, and support each other in protecting cultural and historical identities and traditional moral values.
The Russian side reiterated its commitment to the one-China principle, recognized that there is only one China in the world, Taiwan is an inalienable part of the People's Republic of China, and the government of the People's Republic of China is the only legitimate government representing all of China. The Russian side opposes any form of "Taiwan independence" and firmly supports the measures taken by the Chinese government to safeguard national sovereignty and territorial integrity and achieve national reunification.
China supports Russia in safeguarding its national security, stability, development and prosperity, sovereignty and territorial integrity, and opposes external interference in Russia's internal affairs.
The two sides will take the lead in head-of-state diplomacy, fully implement the important consensus reached by the two heads of state, continue to maintain close high-level exchanges, and ensure the high-level operation of the government, legislative and inter-party exchange mechanism.
The two sides reiterated that the close relationship between the Chinese and Russian militaries is of special significance, which will help the two countries to more effectively defend their sovereignty and national interests and effectively respond to traditional and non-traditional threats and challenges. The two sides will continue to strengthen military and military technical cooperation to benefit the people of China and Russia and safeguard global and regional security. The two sides will further deepen military mutual trust and cooperation, expand the scale and scope of joint military exercises, regularly organize joint maritime and air patrols, strengthen exchanges and cooperation under bilateral and multilateral frameworks, and promote China-Russia military cooperation to a higher level.
China attaches great importance to and carefully maintains the memorial facilities for Soviet martyrs who died in the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, and the Russian side highly appreciates this. Both sides stressed that it is of great significance to repair and maintain the memorial facilities for martyrs who died in World War II, and will continue to cooperate in searching for the remains of martyrs and missing persons and improving the basis of relevant laws and regulations.
III
China and Russia are important trading partners of each other. Both sides highly appreciate the considerable development of economic relations between the two countries in recent years and agree that bilateral mutually beneficial cooperation has made positive contributions to improving the well-being of the people of the two countries. Both sides firmly defend the right to independently develop bilateral economic and trade partnerships. To further promote bilateral mutually beneficial cooperation, the two sides agreed:
- Promote the steady development of bilateral trade and optimize the trade structure by increasing the proportion of high-tech products, developing innovative e-commerce models, and supplying basic materials, mineral resources and agricultural products to each other.
- Deepen investment cooperation, improve the level of cooperation in accordance with the new version of the Outline of the China-Russia Investment Cooperation Plan and the Agreement between the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of the Russian Federation on the Promotion and Mutual Protection of Investment signed on May 8, 2025, and create a fair, transparent and predictable business environment.
——Continue to consolidate the comprehensive energy cooperation partnership, support business entities to implement cooperation projects in the fields of oil, natural gas, liquefied natural gas, civil nuclear energy, coal, electricity, renewable energy, etc., maintain the stable operation of relevant cross-border infrastructure, and promote the smooth transportation of energy.
——Improve the level of financial cooperation, expand inter-bank transactions, strengthen local currency settlement, and deepen cooperation in the fields of insurance, credit rating agencies and securities.
——Improve the construction of infrastructure at the China-Russia border ports, improve the efficiency of passenger and freight transportation, port inspection efficiency and customs clearance capacity, tap the transit transportation potential of the two countries, ensure the barrier-free operation of the China-Russia cross-border transportation corridor, and strengthen mutually beneficial cooperation on the Arctic route.
——Strengthen industrial cooperation, expand cooperation in the field of technological innovation, and consolidate the industrial chain.
——Deepen the potential of scientific and technological cooperation, expand new cooperation directions in the fields of innovation, basic research and applied research, regularly carry out joint scientific and technological project selection, implement scientific research projects, and support new scientific and technological cooperation models.
-- Comprehensively deepen practical cooperation in various fields such as trade, customs, agriculture, transportation, finance, industry, environmental protection, aerospace and satellite navigation, nuclear energy, urban construction, health, information and communication technology, and ensure that bilateral cooperation is upgraded by 2030.
Four
Both sides support cultural and civilizational diversity, believe that uniqueness is the foundation of a multipolar world, and respect the unique value system of all countries and peoples.
Both sides are committed to fair, equitable, open and inclusive international cultural cooperation, firmly oppose the politicization of cultural cooperation, oppose the use of discriminatory and exclusive means, and oppose the export of harmful ideas and erroneous concepts to shake the foundation of other countries' cultural sovereignty.
In order to prevent the two peoples' contributions to the fight against Japanese militarism and Nazi Germany from being forgotten, China and Russia will continue to resist any attempt to mislead young people. In order to protect traditional moral values, correct historical perspectives and cultural identity, continuously pass on moral standards, continue the friendly traditions of the two peoples and enhance mutual understanding, the two sides agreed to:
- Strengthen educational cooperation, improve the legal basis for cooperation, further expand cooperation in the fields of general vocational education, secondary vocational education, vocational education and training, and between the two countries' universities, strengthen relevant cooperation within the framework of multilateral platforms such as BRICS and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, expand the scale of mutual exchange of students, and promote Chinese teaching in Russia and Russian teaching in China. Continue to support the two countries' first-class universities in formulating and implementing joint teaching plans and scientific research. Support the development of alliances of similar universities in China and Russia, jointly carry out academic exchanges, and hold scientific research conferences and other scientific and educational activities.
- Support Chinese and Russian media organizations to conduct objective and fair reporting on the friendly relations between the two countries, economic and social development, etc., deepen cooperation in the media fields of the two countries in policy dialogue, joint production, exchange of audio-visual content, application of new technologies, talent training, and holding large-scale media forums, explain the common foreign stance in the global media space, and cooperate with each other within the framework of world and regional media organizations. The two sides are willing to work together to strengthen the protection of journalists and safeguard the right of citizens to obtain accurate information.
- Support the cooperation between the archives departments of the two countries and fight against all attempts to tamper with history and erase the achievements of the two peoples in fighting against Japanese militarism and German fascism.
- Continue to hold high-level activities under the framework of the "China-Russia Cultural Year" from 2024 to 2025, and deepen exchanges and cooperation between the two sides in the fields of art performances, mutual exhibitions, libraries, art education and creative industries. Continue to support the holding of library forums, cultural festivals, Moscow "Happy Spring Festival" and Sino-Russian cultural fairs, and support the holding of the "Moscow Festival" series of activities in Beijing. Encourage representatives of both sides to participate in international music competitions initiated by the other side, such as the "International Pop Song Contest". Further strengthen local exchanges and better play the role of the cultural centers established by the two countries in each other's countries.
- Continue to promote cooperation in the field of film, promote the expansion of joint film production, and promote direct contacts and deepen cooperation between Chinese and Russian filmmakers and institutions. Start to implement the "Action Plan for Cooperative Film Shooting between the State Administration of Film and Television of China and the Ministry of Culture of Russia before 2030". The two sides encourage each other to hold traditional film festivals and animation film weeks and other film and cultural activities, support Russia to establish the Eurasian Film Academy and the "Eurasian Open Film Award", and actively consider selecting films and promoting film industry professionals to participate in relevant award activities.
- Actively evaluate the unique role of sports in promoting unity and peace, and promote international sports cooperation on an equal and non-political basis. Oppose discrimination against athletes for any reason. Jointly defend Olympic values and the principles of fair and just sports.
- Further strengthen youth cooperation through the implementation of cooperation projects and plans in the fields of youth ideals, beliefs and patriotism education, innovation and entrepreneurship, volunteer service, art and creative industries. The two sides agreed to promote the young generation of the two countries to participate in the 80th anniversary commemoration of the victory of the Chinese People's War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression and the Soviet Union's Great Patriotic War.
- Expand youth exchanges at all levels, including local levels, coordinate and cooperate on multilateral platforms, and promote common propositions on youth development issues.
The two sides highly value the close cooperation between the two countries in the fields of ecological protection and biodiversity protection, especially the positive results achieved in the cooperation on giant panda protection. Support the two sides to strengthen the protection of Siberian tigers and leopards in border areas and cross-border nature reserves. The two sides will carry out international cooperative research on golden monkey protection and jointly enhance the protection capacity of rare wild animals.
Five
The two sides expressed concern that some countries and their allies, in pursuit of their own hegemony and selfish interests, have attempted to tamper with the results of the victory of the Second World War, subvert the principles of the post-war international order, and weaken the core role of the United Nations in maintaining global peace and security.
The two sides reaffirmed their commitment to abide by international law, especially the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations, and resisted any attempt to tamper with the basic principles of international law. The purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations are an integral and basic component of international law and should be fully, fully and completely observed.
The two sides pointed out that building a more equitable and sustainable multipolar world order is an inevitable trend. Some countries are obsessed with hegemonism and neo-colonialism, abuse aggressive policies, restrict the sovereignty of other countries, and curb the economic and technological development of other countries in order to protect their own privileges. This is not in line with the trend of the times of world multipolarization and democratization of international relations.
As independent forces in the process of building a multipolar world, the two sides will fully tap the potential of bilateral relations, safeguard the international system with the United Nations at its core, and the basic norms of international relations based on the purposes and principles of the UN Charter, promote the realization of an equal and orderly multipolar world and the democratization of international relations, and pool their strength to build a more just and reasonable multipolar world.
China and Russia are both major victorious countries in the Second World War, founding members of the United Nations and permanent members of the Security Council. They emphasize that commemorating the 80th anniversary of the founding of the United Nations in 2025 is of great significance. The establishment of the United Nations is the first major victory of the Second World War.
The two sides reaffirmed their commitment to maintaining the core role of the United Nations in coordinating the interests of all countries and uniting to meet contemporary challenges. The two sides are willing to carry out closer cooperation within the framework of UN agencies such as the UN Security Council and the UN General Assembly, and promote lasting and fair solutions to global issues on the basis of abiding by the purposes and principles of the UN Charter and balancing the interests of all parties. The two sides attach great importance to strengthening the work of the "Group of Friends of Defending the UN Charter", and believe that the group is an effective mechanism for upholding the principles and norms of international law, promoting the building of a just and democratic multipolar order, and opposing unilateral sanctions and neo-colonial practices such as politicizing human rights issues. The two sides support conducting extensive and equal dialogue on the basis of protecting the diversity of civilizations and achieving a balance of power and interests among countries, and exploring ways to promote the international landscape to better adapt to the process of world multipolarization in the 21st century. The Russian side attaches great importance to the global civilization initiative and is willing to work with the Chinese side to hold relevant commemorative activities in conjunction with the "International Day of Dialogue among Civilizations" resolution adopted by the UN General Assembly, and jointly promote exchanges and mutual learning among civilizations and promote people-to-people exchanges. The two sides emphasized that the concept of building a community with a shared future for mankind and a series of global initiatives proposed by China are of great positive significance. The people of all countries share a common destiny. No country should pursue its own security at the expense of the security of other countries. The two sides called on all countries to adhere to the principle of indivisibility of global and regional security, eliminate potential conflicts between countries to the greatest extent, and call for common, comprehensive, cooperative and sustainable security through collaboration. The two sides will cooperate on global security initiatives. China attaches importance to the "Eurasian Security Architecture" initiative proposed by Russia and is willing to promote the docking of security concepts and the integration of interests with Russia to contribute to the maintenance of world peace and security.
The two sides reiterated their commitment to seeking political solutions to crises through dialogue and support the international community to constructively participate in the political settlement of hotspot conflicts on the basis of non-interference in internal affairs and elimination of the consequences and root causes of conflicts.
The two sides agreed that defending the international legal system based on the Charter of the United Nations is of great significance to maintaining stability in the Eurasian continent, and advocated that cooperation in the security, economy, culture and other fields in the region should conform to the trend of multipolarization and benefit all countries in the Eurasian continent.
The two sides stressed that to ensure a reliable and sustainable Eurasian security system, it is necessary to eliminate the root causes of conflicts between countries and abandon the behavior of creating threats to each other. China and Russia firmly condemn any external force and coercive actions that attempt to undermine the process of unity and equal cooperation in the Eurasian continent.
The two sides believe that unilateral coercive measures, including economic sanctions, that bypass the UN Security Council violate the UN Charter and other international laws and undermine international security interests. The two sides firmly oppose unilateral coercive measures that have no basis in international law and are not authorized by the Security Council, and condemn the use of intimidation, restrictions, coercion and other means to put pressure on other countries.
The two sides support the United Nations to play a core role in the governance of artificial intelligence, and emphasize the importance of respecting national sovereignty, abiding by the laws of various countries and the UN Charter in this process. Reaffirm their commitment to jointly promote the development of artificial intelligence for good and inclusive development, and believe that machine learning is conducive to promoting the economic and social development of various countries and should not become a geopolitical tool for individual countries to maintain hegemony. The two sides oppose the politicization of scientific and technological issues and oppose negative practices that maliciously undermine the stability of the international industrial chain and supply chain of artificial intelligence. The Russian side appreciates China's efforts to promote the unanimous adoption of the resolution on "strengthening international cooperation in AI capacity building" by the United Nations General Assembly, welcomes China's proposal for the "Inclusive AI Capacity Building Plan", and is willing to actively carry out bilateral and multilateral cooperation based on platforms such as the "Friends Group of International Cooperation on AI Capacity Building" and the China-BRICS Artificial Intelligence Development and Cooperation Center. The two sides support each other in holding the 2025 World Artificial Intelligence Conference and the High-level Conference on Global Governance of Artificial Intelligence and the Global Digital Forum.
The two sides reiterated that international humanitarian assistance is extremely important for civilians and disaster victims affected by armed conflicts, natural disasters and other emergencies, stressed that all parties should abide by the Charter of the United Nations, and called on the international community to carry out international humanitarian assistance in accordance with the principles of humanity, neutrality, impartiality and independence to ensure that the survival rights and basic needs of the affected persons are guaranteed. They oppose interfering in the internal affairs of other countries or undermining regional stability in the name of international assistance, and oppose the politicization and instrumentalization of international assistance issues. The two sides called on the international community to strengthen cooperation in the field of international humanitarian assistance, jointly promote the construction of a more just, reasonable and effective international humanitarian assistance system, and contribute to alleviating humanitarian crises around the world.
The two sides agreed that plastic pollution is caused by improper leakage of plastic waste in the environment, and are determined to intensify the efforts to control plastic waste pollution on the basis of respecting the national conditions and sovereignty of each country, and work with all parties to develop legally binding instruments to deal with environmental pollution (including marine pollution) caused by plastic waste.
6
The two sides are willing to continue to strengthen close cooperation within the framework of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, and regard this as a promising direction of cooperation in the new era of China-Russia comprehensive strategic partnership of cooperation.
The two sides will continue to work with other member states to enhance the international influence of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and promote the Shanghai Cooperation Organization to make practical contributions to building a more just multipolar international pattern with the United Nations at its core and strictly following the principles of international law. The two sides will actively deepen cooperation within the framework of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, lay the foundation for the formation of an equal and indivisible security architecture on the Eurasian continent, and build a common home of peace, stability, mutual trust, development and prosperity.
In view of the above, the two sides believe that the priority task is to continue to implement the decision made by the Council of Heads of State of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization on July 4, 2024 on improving the organization's operating mechanism in line with the times. The two sides are willing to take measures with other member states to accelerate the establishment of a comprehensive center for responding to security threats and challenges in Tashkent and a drug control center in Dushanbe.
The two sides attach great importance to the expansion of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and support the continuous absorption of countries that recognize the purposes, tasks and basic principles of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization Charter, including the "Shanghai Spirit" of "mutual trust, mutual benefit, equality, consultation, respect for diverse civilizations, and pursuit of common development" to join the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. The two sides support strengthening the cooperation in various fields between the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and observer states, dialogue partners, relevant countries and international organizations in the form of "SCO+".
The Russian side supports China's work as the rotating presidency of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, and China supports Russia's hosting of the meeting of the Council of Heads of Government (Prime Ministers) of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization member states, and supports each other in hosting the 2025 summit and prime ministers' meeting. The two sides believe that the above-mentioned leaders' meeting will further effectively release the huge potential of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization in the political, security, economic and cultural fields, focus on the relevant programmatic and conceptual documents adopted by the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, promote the quality and upgrade of economic and trade cooperation, and continuously improve the well-being of the people in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization region.
The two sides are willing to promote strategic cooperation in the three fields of political security, economic and trade finance, and cultural exchanges with other BRICS members.
The two sides will be committed to strengthening cooperation among BRICS countries in the fields of trade, finance, minerals, digital economy, public health, technological innovation, artificial intelligence, connectivity, governance, etc., and promote BRICS countries to strengthen research and cooperation on issues such as bilateral trade settlement in local currencies, reform of the international financial architecture, sustainable development, food and energy security, and addressing climate change and carbon markets.
The two sides will assist new member countries and partner countries to smoothly integrate into the BRICS cooperation mechanism, continue to promote the enhancement of the international influence of BRICS countries, and promote the establishment of close ties between BRICS countries and the vast number of developing countries by attracting more partner countries to participate in BRICS cooperation, strengthening "BRICS+" and BRICS peripheral dialogues, etc.
Russia supports the global development initiative proposed by China and will continue to participate in the work of the "Group of Friends of the Global Development Initiative". The two sides will continue to promote the international community to focus on development issues, increase development investment, deepen practical cooperation, and accelerate the implementation of the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.
VII
The two sides pointed out that some countries and their allies have used unilateral illegal restrictive measures such as trade and financial restrictions to significantly increase tariffs and other non-market competition means, which have had a negative impact on the world economy, undermined fair competition, and obstructed international cooperation to meet common challenges for all mankind, including hindering the maintenance of global food security, energy security, and the achievement of the UN Sustainable Development Goals. The two sides condemned the despicable acts of bypassing the UN Security Council to violate the UN Charter and international law, obstruct justice, and violate the rules of the World Trade Organization.
The two sides believe that according to the basic principle of international law of the sovereign equality of all countries, the international obligations of the relevant countries and their property (including sovereign reserves) to enjoy immunity must be strictly observed. The two sides condemned attempts to confiscate foreign assets and property and stressed that the victim country has the right to take countermeasures in accordance with international law.
The two sides will continue to work together to cope with the downward pressure on the world economy and promote more countries in the global South to participate in international and regional trade. Promote fair development on the African continent, support the construction of the African Continental Free Trade Area, and enable African countries to integrate into the global industrial chain and supply chain not only as suppliers of raw materials, but also as producers of intermediate and end products.
The two sides believe that the risks of global trade fragmentation, discriminatory measures and increasing illegal trade restrictions are increasing. Some countries have announced the abuse of tariffs on trading partners under various pretexts, which seriously infringes on the legitimate rights and interests of all countries, seriously violates the rules of the World Trade Organization, seriously damages the rules-based multilateral trading system, and seriously impacts the stability of the global economic order. The two sides firmly oppose illegal unilateral bullying measures and unilateral protectionist measures such as abuse of tariffs and export controls that seriously undermine the international economic and trade order and have adverse negative impacts on the global industrial chain and supply chain.
The two sides are willing to actively promote an open, inclusive, transparent and non-discriminatory multilateral trading system with the World Trade Organization at its core, support the advancement of the World Trade Organization rules to keep pace with the times, and promote the liberalization and facilitation of trade and investment. The two sides are willing to strengthen the cooperation and dialogue mechanism under the framework of the World Trade Organization, reaffirm the importance of development issues, promote the reform of the World Trade Organization, including restoring the full and normal operation of the dispute settlement mechanism, promote the inclusion of the "Investment Facilitation Agreement for Development" into the legal framework of the World Trade Organization, prepare for the pragmatic results of the 14th Ministerial Conference of the World Trade Organization, and jointly safeguard the interests of developing countries.
The two sides reaffirmed their willingness to continue to strengthen constructive cooperation in international mechanisms such as the G20, APEC, BRICS, and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, enhance the voice of developing countries in the global governance system, unite the global South countries, and advocate an equal and orderly world multipolarization and inclusive economic globalization. The two sides attach great importance to the reform of international financial institutions such as the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank.
The two sides highly valued the constructive cooperation between China and Russia in the G20, reaffirmed their willingness to continue to promote the role of the G20 as the main forum for international economic cooperation, jointly promote inclusive economic globalization, respond to global financial and economic challenges based on the basic principle of consensus, and promote the international order in the three dimensions of economy, society and ecology to develop in a more just, balanced and reasonable direction. The two sides will strongly support South Africa's work as the rotating chair of the G20 in 2025.
Russia supports China's hosting of the 2026 APEC meeting. The two sides will continue to carry out close and mutually beneficial cooperation under the APEC framework, promote the comprehensive and balanced implementation of the Butrajaya Vision, jointly build an Asia-Pacific community, promote the construction of an open world economy, jointly advance the process of regional economic integration in the Asia-Pacific, support the construction of the Asia-Pacific Free Trade Area, and create a free, open, inclusive, non-discriminatory and predictable trade and investment environment; strengthen communication and coordination, jointly promote practical cooperation in various fields such as connectivity and digital economy, and respond to urgent economic and social challenges.
In view of the importance of deepening economic integration and related system cooperation in the Eurasian region, the two sides will continue to promote the implementation of the Agreement on Economic and Trade Cooperation between the People's Republic of China and the Eurasian Economic Union signed on May 17, 2018, carry out the work of upgrading the agreement in a timely manner, strengthen trade facilitation between China and the Eurasian Economic Union, jointly work to connect the construction of the "Belt and Road" with the construction of the Eurasian Economic Union, promote the parallel and coordinated development of the construction of the "Belt and Road" and the "Greater Eurasian Partnership", and strengthen dialogue between regional organizations such as the Eurasian Economic Union, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and ASEAN.
VIII
The two sides reaffirmed their commitment to maintaining and strengthening global strategic stability, jointly addressing challenges and threats in relevant fields, and advocated comprehensive consideration of all important factors affecting global strategic stability.
The two sides pointed out that some nuclear-weapon states have taken a series of negative measures to undermine global strategic stability, intensify arms races, raise the risk of conflict, and pose a serious threat to international peace and security. They urged relevant countries to abandon the Cold War mentality and zero-sum game, resolve concerns through equal dialogue and mutually respectful consultations, strengthen mutual trust, avoid dangerous misjudgments, and abandon measures with strategic risks.
The two sides pointed out that one of the strategic risks that urgently needs to be eliminated is that some nuclear-weapon states are expanding military alliances in sensitive areas around other nuclear-weapon states, exerting military pressure or carrying out hostile acts that threaten the fundamental security interests of other countries. The two sides condemned some nuclear-weapon states for developing an unrestricted global multi-layered anti-missile system, deploying land-based medium- and short-range missiles targeting other nuclear-weapon states abroad, and promoting the highly destructive so-called "extended deterrence" and "nuclear sharing" arrangements, which undermine regional stability and global security. The two sides oppose all kinds of provocative actions that raise tensions and strategic risks against nuclear-weapon states.
The two sides reaffirmed their commitment to the "Joint Statement of the Leaders of the Five Nuclear-Weapon States on the Prevention of Nuclear War and the Avoidance of an Arms Race" issued on January 3, 2022, and called on the participating states to take practical actions to fulfill their corresponding commitments.
The two sides reiterated their opposition to individual countries defining and using outer space as a "battlefield", advocated that all countries make a political commitment not to be the first to deploy weapons in outer space, and advocated launching multilateral negotiations as soon as possible on the basis of the China-Russia draft Treaty on the Prevention of the Placement of Weapons in Outer Space, the Threat or Use of Force against Outer Space Objects, and formulating instruments binding on international law to prevent an arms race in outer space.
The two sides reiterated that arms control is an important means to strengthen international security and stability, and related destructive measures will hinder efforts in the field of arms control. The two sides are committed to practicing true multilateralism and supporting the United Nations and its relevant multilateral mechanisms to play a central role in the arms control process.
The two sides will continue to be committed to maintaining the authority of international legal documents such as the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, the Convention on the Prohibition of Biological Weapons, and the Convention on the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, and promote the implementation of the United Nations General Assembly Resolution on "Promoting International Cooperation in the Field of International Security for Peaceful Uses".
The two sides reiterated their common position on ensuring international information security as determined by the intergovernmental agreement of May 8, 2015. They oppose individual countries' attempts to use their advantages in the field of information and communication technology to seize their own geopolitical interests and create international security threats, and pointed out that information and communication technology should be used for peaceful purposes. The two sides are committed to strengthening bilateral and multilateral practical cooperation on international information security issues on the basis of the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations.
The two sides welcome the adoption of the United Nations Convention on Combating Cybercrime (hereinafter referred to as the "Convention") by the United Nations General Assembly. This is the first universal international convention in the field of information security. China and Russia plan to become the first countries to sign the Convention and call on the entire international community to follow the practices of the two countries, support the Convention to take effect as soon as possible and launch the cooperation mechanism of relevant member states to effectively combat information and communication technology crimes.
Crime. The two sides will actively participate in the negotiation of the additional protocol to the Convention on criminalization and other issues, and continuously promote the improvement of the international cooperation mechanism to combat cybercrime.
In order to build an international information security system and an open, secure, stable, accessible and peaceful information and communication technology environment, the two sides support the discussion and formulation of new international legal instruments with universal participation of all countries at the United Nations on the basis of the existing state code of conduct. Welcome the launch of the future permanent mechanism for international information security within the framework of the United Nations, and discuss in detail the functions and scope of legal instruments with international legal force in the future information security field, including new issues such as data security and supply chain stability.
On the premise of complying with relevant laws, the two sides are jointly committed to ensuring the functional integrity, stability and security of the Internet systems of all countries, and firmly oppose the use of low-orbit network communication satellite systems to interfere in the internal affairs of other countries.
The two sides reiterated that they will further strengthen cooperation and coordinate positions on international and regional platforms such as the United Nations, BRICS, and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, and jointly combat major global security threats such as terrorism, separatism, extremism, transnational organized crime, illegal drug trafficking, and crimes using new technologies.
The two sides believe that it is necessary to resolutely resist the spread of any extreme ideas that give rise to terrorism and extremism in the world today, and never allow the support and use of terrorist groups and other extremist forces to achieve political goals, including undermining the stability of other countries and interfering in the internal affairs of other countries. The two sides are willing to deepen cooperation in combating international terrorism and extremism, and jointly combat terrorist organizations listed by the UN Security Council and other terrorist and extremist organizations that threaten the national security of China and Russia.
IX
The two sides strongly condemn the hegemonic behavior of some countries and their allies who attempt to replace legal concepts, put pressure on countries pursuing independent foreign policies, and tamper with historical truth for short-term interests.
The two sides express deep concern about the confrontational policies and related remarks adopted by some countries and their allies, and urge them to stop interfering in the internal affairs of other countries, undermining the existing security architecture in various regions of the world, drawing artificial lines between countries, and advocating camp confrontation.
The two sides firmly oppose the behavior of inciting other countries around the world to take hostile positions against China and Russia and smearing China-Russia cooperation. China and Russia will strengthen coordination and cooperation and resolutely respond to the "dual containment" implemented by the United States against China and Russia.
The two sides pointed out that the United States and its allies are trying to promote NATO's eastward expansion into the Asia-Pacific region, build "small circles" in the Asia-Pacific region, and win over countries in the region to promote their "Indo-Pacific strategy", undermining regional peace, stability and prosperity. The two sides oppose the establishment of a "nuclear sharing" military alliance against China and Russia, oppose the deployment of nuclear weapons systems in the region under the pretext of strengthening "extended deterrence", and oppose the deployment of global anti-missile systems and land-based intermediate-range missile systems that undermine strategic stability.
The two sides will coordinate to promote the creation of space for strengthening security cooperation and promoting development and prosperity in Asia, deepen cooperation and coordination on regional platforms, and jointly propose and implement cooperation initiatives in various fields through multilateral mechanisms.
The two sides will consolidate cooperation with ASEAN to maintain regional stability and prosperity.
The two sides will strengthen cooperation within the framework of ASEAN-led mechanisms such as the East Asia Summit, the ASEAN Regional Forum, and the ASEAN Defense Ministers' Meeting Plus, and promote the construction of an Asian regional security architecture on the basis of compliance with international law, mutual respect, openness and inclusiveness.
Russia supports China and ASEAN countries in maintaining peace and stability in the South China Sea. The two sides believe that the South China Sea issue should be resolved through negotiations and consultations by the directly concerned countries, and firmly oppose the intervention of extraterritorial forces in the South China Sea issue. Russia supports China and ASEAN countries in fully and effectively implementing the Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea and welcomes the early conclusion of the Code of Conduct in the South China Sea.
Both sides welcome Russia's role as the rotating chair of the Greater Tumen Initiative in 2025, support strengthening cooperation in Northeast Asia, deepen cooperation among the member states of the Greater Tumen Initiative in the fields of transportation, energy, trade and investment, digital economy, agriculture, tourism and environment, and explore the transformation of the Greater Tumen Initiative into an independent international organization.
Both sides advocate that the political and diplomatic approach is the only way to promote a comprehensive solution to the Korean Peninsula issue, and urge relevant countries to abandon the policy of unilateral coercive measures and suppression against the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, as well as the policy of promoting militarization and provoking confrontation in Northeast Asia, and take practical measures to promote the easing of tensions and eliminate the threat of armed incidents and large-scale military conflicts on the peninsula. Both sides believe that mutual respect for sovereignty and balanced consideration of the interests of all relevant countries are necessary conditions for resolving the peninsula issue. Both sides reiterate their willingness to play a constructive role in promoting the political settlement of the peninsula issue and achieving long-term peace and stability in Northeast Asia.
The two sides are willing to strengthen cooperation on Afghan affairs at the bilateral level and under multilateral mechanisms, and promote Afghanistan to become an independent, neutral, unified and peaceful country, free from the harm of terrorism and drugs, and live in harmony with all its neighbors. The two sides attach great importance to and support the positive and constructive role played by regional platforms such as the Foreign Ministers' Meeting of Afghanistan's Neighboring Countries, the "Moscow Format" consultations on Afghanistan, the China-Russia-Pakistan-Iran Four-Nation Mechanism, and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization in the political settlement of the Afghan issue.
10
In order to steadily and lastingly resolve the Ukrainian crisis, the two sides believe that it is necessary to eliminate the root causes of the crisis on the basis of fully and completely complying with the principles of the UN Charter, abide by the principle of indivisibility of security, and take into account the legitimate security interests and concerns of all countries. To this end, the two sides support all efforts conducive to peace. The Russian side positively evaluated China's objective and fair position on the Ukrainian issue and welcomed China's willingness to play a constructive role in resolving the Ukrainian crisis through political and diplomatic means. China will continue to work to promote a political solution to the crisis through platforms such as the "Friends of Peace" Group.
The two sides believe that the Collective Security Treaty Organization plays an important role in maintaining regional stability, including combating cross-border threats and challenges such as international terrorism, illegal drug production and trafficking, organized crime, and illegal immigration. The two sides stressed that China and the Collective Security Treaty Organization have cooperation potential in maintaining peace and security in the Eurasian continent and jointly preventing external forces from undermining regional stability.
The two sides believe that the Commonwealth of Independent States is an important factor in ensuring regional stability and sustainable cooperation among countries. They support the role of the Commonwealth of Independent States as an efficient integration organization and support close cooperation between the Commonwealth of Independent States and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization in areas of common concern.
The two sides will continue to work to maintain stability in Central Asia and promote steady economic and social development in the region.
The two sides highly valued the prospects for further strengthening the comprehensive cooperation among China, Russia and Mongolia and building the China-Mongolia-Russia Economic Corridor, and will actively promote the implementation of key cooperation projects and matters under the corridor, and unanimously agreed to continue to assist Mongolia in integrating into the regional integration process such as the Shanghai Cooperation Organization.
The two sides called for maintaining stability in the Middle East and advocated resolving sensitive issues through political and diplomatic means. The two sides stressed that the Palestinian issue must be resolved comprehensively, justly and lastingly on the basis of recognized international law and the "two-state solution" to establish an independent Palestinian state that coexists peacefully and securely with Israel.
The two sides support a comprehensive solution to the Syrian issue on the basis of extensive national dialogue, support Syria in safeguarding its national sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity, and believe that Syria should firmly oppose all forms of terrorism and extremist forces.
The two sides will actively cooperate to consolidate the security of the Gulf region and promote regional countries to enhance mutual trust and achieve sustainable development.
The two sides stressed that the proper resolution of the Iranian nuclear issue is related to maintaining the international nuclear non-proliferation system and peace and stability in the Middle East, and the two sides will play an active and constructive role in this regard. They call on all parties concerned to adhere to the peaceful settlement of disputes through political and diplomatic means, effectively safeguard the authority of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, coordinate and balance the goals of nuclear non-proliferation and the peaceful use of nuclear energy, and reach a solution that takes into account the reasonable concerns of all parties through dialogue and negotiation. They oppose any party's resort to force and illegal unilateral coercive measures, and effectively prevent the escalation of the situation.
The two sides are committed to continuing to deepen constructive cooperation in various fields with African countries and major regional integration organizations such as the African Union, and are willing to support African countries in achieving the ambitious goals set out in the African Union's Agenda 2063: The Africa We Want, and follow the principle of "solving African problems in an African way." The two sides agreed that peace, stability and real independence of African countries are the foundation for the development and prosperity of the African continent and for its modernization. The two sides welcome the cooperation between BRICS and African countries in various fields and will continue to strengthen communication and cooperation on African affairs. The two sides support South Africa in assuming the rotating presidency of the G20 and leading global governance in a more just and reasonable direction.
The two sides welcome the desire of Latin American and Caribbean countries to carry out mutually beneficial cooperation on the basis of equality, mutual respect and taking into account each other's interests, and are willing to strengthen cooperation with relevant countries and mechanisms in the region, including regional organizations such as the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States, the Southern Common Market, the Andean Community, the Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas, the Pacific Alliance, and the Caribbean Community, as well as strengthen cooperation with them in international multilateral mechanisms such as the United Nations, the G20 and the BRICS, to jointly promote stability and prosperity in the region.
The two sides advocate maintaining peace and stability in the Arctic region and preventing military and political tensions in the region.
President of the People's Republic of China President of the Russian Federation
Xi Jinping Vladimir Putin
In the context of the 80th anniversary of the Victory in the Second World War and of the founding of the United Nations, the Russian Federation and the People's Republic of China (hereinafter referred to as the two Sides) emphasize the utmost importance of maintaining and strengthening global strategic stability. Taking into account the serious challenges facing the international community in the sphere of international and regional security, adhering to the strong consensus reached by the Heads of the two States, and acting in the spirit of previous joint documents on this subject and the principled approaches set out therein, the two Sides state the following.
The two Sides are convinced that the destinies of the peoples of all countries are interrelated; States and their associations should not seek to ensure their own security at the expense and to the detriment of the security of other States. The two Sides call upon all States to adhere to the principle of equal and indivisible security on global and regional levels, make maximum efforts to eliminate conflicts in relations between States, build comprehensive, integrated and sustainable security throughout the world on a collective basis.
The two Sides emphasize the importance of maintaining constructive relations between major powers, including in addressing global strategic issues. Nuclear-weapon States, which bear special responsibility for international security and global strategic stability, should reject Cold War mentality and zero-sum games, resolve contradictions via dialogue on an equal footing and mutually respectful consultations, build confidence to avoid dangerous miscalculations and refrain from actions that generate strategic risks.
The two Sides state with regret that not all of the five nuclear-weapon States follow such approaches in practice. The two Sides note with concern that against the backdrop of aggravation in the relations between nuclear-weapon States, which in some cases has escalated to the threat of a direct military clash, a critical mass of problems and challenges has accumulated in the strategic sphere, and the risk of nuclear conflict has increased.
One of the most pressing strategic risks to be urgently addressed remains the highly destabilizing expansion of existing and newly formed military alliances and coalitions that is being carried out by some nuclear-weapon States close to the frontiers of other nuclear-weapon States in an attempt to establish or expand permanent footholds in such areas, which are particularly sensitive to them, for the purposes of projecting military power, exerting forceful pressure and committing other hostile activities that threaten the core security interests of those States.
It is also of serious concern that such activities are accompanied by the forward deployment of military infrastructure and advanced offensive, defensive and versatile weapon systems that can be employed to accomplish strategic missions – in particular, to perform decapitating and disarming strikes, while providing enhanced capabilities for missile interception.
In this context, of particular concern are the plans and practical steps by individual nuclear-weapon States to deploy outside their national territories ground-launched intermediate-range and shorter-range missiles with short flight time to a wide range of targets in the territories of other nuclear-weapon States. At the same time, accelerated development, procurement and emplacement of long-range missile systems of this and other similar classes are carried out within the relevant military alliances and coalitions not only by nuclear-weapon States, but also by their non-nuclear allies in the framework of concepts involving the acquisition of counterforce systems for “deep precision strikes”, “kill chains”, “counterstrike capabilities”, and etc. The two Sides strongly condemn such provocative activities that undermine regional stability and global security.
Deeply destabilizing in nature is also the recently announced “Golden (Iron) Dome for America”, a large-scale program designed to establish unconstrained, global, deeply layered and multi-domain missile defense system to protect against any missile threats, including all types of missiles from “peer and near-peer adversaries”. First of all, this means a complete and ultimate rejection to recognize the existence of the inseparable interrelationship between strategic offensive arms and strategic defensive arms, which is one of the central and fundamental principles of maintaining global strategic stability. The project also provides additional impetus to the further development of kinetic and non-kinetic means providing for the left-of-launch defeat of missile weapons and the infrastructure that supports their employment.
The situation is further aggravated by the fact that the “Golden (Iron) Dome for America” program also directly envisages significant strengthening of the arsenal of means to conduct combat operations in space, including the development and orbital deployment of interception systems, turning outer space into an environment for placing weapons and an arena for armed confrontation.
The two Sides oppose the attempts of individual countries to use outer space for armed confrontation and will counter security policies and activities aimed at achieving military superiority, as well as at officially defining and using outer space as a ”warfighting domain“. The two Sides confirm the need to start negotiations on a legally binding instrument based on the Russian-Chinese draft of the Treaty on the Prevention of the Placement of Weapons in Outer Space and of the Threat or Use of Force Against Outer Space Objects as soon as possible, that would provide fundamental and reliable guarantees for preventing an arms race in outer space, weaponization of outer space and the threat or use of force against outer space objects or with their help. In order to safeguard world peace, ensure equal and indivisible security for all, and improve the predictability and sustainability of the exploration and peaceful use of outer space by all States, the two Sides agree to promote on a global scale the international initiative/political commitment not to be the first to deploy weapons in outer space.
The two Sides condemn the use of commercial space systems to interfere in the internal affairs of sovereign States and armed conflicts involving third countries.
Among the provocative actions undertaken by some nuclear-weapon States and posing a threat to the security of other nuclear-weapon States the one that stands out is the further development of schemes and means of so-called “nuclear sharing” and “extended nuclear deterrence” within the framework of relevant military alliances and coalitions, which provide for the employment of forward-deployed and (or) other nuclear weapons in the course of joint “integrated” operations with formally non-nuclear allies, involving the use of bases in their territories, dual-capable platforms transferred to them and (or) their own conventional forces and means, including increasingly advanced missile and anti-missile weapons. This has high potential to provoke a regional and global arms race and further escalate tensions.
The two Sides particularly note that the above mentioned offensive capabilities are openly designated by their possessors or, according to their features, can be employed for the purposes of delivering by means of high-precision conventional weapons or a combination of nuclear and non-nuclear weapon systems a supposedly “preventive” or “preemptive” strike, but in fact a first strike, in calculation to repel a radically weakened retaliatory strike with air and missile defense assets, thus making use of strategic advantage in offense and defense. At the same time, the integration of counterforce and missile defense components of this adventurous strategy is explicitly envisaged at the doctrinal level and implies, in particular, ensuring multi-factor support for “missile defense and defeat”.
The comprehensive implementation by individual nuclear-weapon States, with the support of their allies, of the specified conceptual and military-technical approaches, obviously aimed at weakening the reliability and effectiveness of the strategic deterrence capabilities of other nuclear-weapon States, indicates aspiration to ensure an overwhelming military superiority, “strategic invulnerability” and ultimately “absolute strategic security”. This fundamentally contradicts the logic underlying the maintenance of strategic balance and runs counter to the principle of equal and indivisible security. As a consequence, there is a combined threat of directly undermining global strategic stability, spurring an arms race and increasing conflict potential both among nuclear-weapon States and in the international arena as a whole. Moreover, such a course of action calls into question the effectiveness of efforts to maintain predictability in the nuclear and missile sphere, as well as creates hardly surmountable obstacles to the constructive consideration of nuclear arms control and nuclear disarmament initiatives.
The two Sides consistently oppose such a policy in the strategic sphere that is destructive for international security. The two Sides reaffirm their commitment to The Joint Statement of the Leaders of the Five Nuclear-Weapons States on Preventing Nuclear War and Avoiding Arms Races of January 3, 2022 and to the principle enshrined therein that a nuclear war cannot be won and must never be fought. The two Sides call on all participating States of the above-mentioned Statement to fully adhere to its provisions in practice. This implies an unwavering focus on avoiding any military confrontation between nuclear-weapon States and seeking politico-diplomatic solutions to existing disagreements on the basis of mutual respect and acknowledgement of each other’s security interests and concerns.
The two Sides stress that the priority tasks of preventing armed clashes between nuclear-weapon States, as well as reliable and long-term reduction of the conflict potential accumulated in their relations, should be addressed through comprehensive work on an equal footing with an emphasis on eliminating the root causes of fundamental contradictions and taking into account all the main factors affecting global strategic stability. The two Sides are convinced that preventive steps to avert crises and conflicts should have priority over attempts to “manage” confrontation and its escalation, while joint efforts of nuclear-weapon States to reduce strategic risks cannot be sustainable and truly effective unless encroachments by some participants of such efforts upon core interests of other participants are excluded.
The two Sides confirm that arms control is an important means for strengthening international security and stability, while actions that undermine them simultaneously undercut arms control efforts. The two Sides will endeavor to practice true multilateralism and support the central role of the UN and its multilateral disarmament mechanism in the arms control process. At the same time, the two Sides consider arms control as one of the elements of the comprehensive work to reduce potential for conflicts in the world and ensure global strategic stability.
The two Sides believe that the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) is the cornerstone of the international nuclear nonproliferation regime, essential to the global security architecture. The two Sides attach great importance to guaranteeing the integrity, effectiveness and universality of the NPT, will continue to actively cooperate in the framework of its review process, and contribute to the success of the upcoming 2026 NPT Review Conference, while jointly preventing the use of the Treaty for political purposes that have nothing to do with its provisions.
The two Sides state that the efforts undertaken by the AUKUS (US-UK-Australia) partnership to establish military infrastructure of two nuclear-weapon States in support of the activities of their nuclear forces in the territory of a State Party to the South Pacific Nuclear Free Zone Treaty undermine strategic stability and provoke an arms race in the region.
The two Sides also note the need for further cooperation on the issues of military application of artificial intelligence technologies both in bilateral format and at specialized multilateral venues, primarily in the framework of the Group of Governmental Experts of the High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems.
In the context of the commemorating 50th anniversary of the entry into force of the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and their Destruction (BTWC) by the international community, the two Sides reiterate their commitment that the Biological Weapons Convention should be fully complied with and urge the States Parties to consistently strengthen it, in particular by institutionalizing and adopting a legally binding protocol with an effective verification mechanism. The two Sides express concern about the military biological activities of the United States of America and its allies and demand that they cease such activities that threaten the security of other States and relevant regions, both in their national territories and beyond their borders.
The two Sides confirm their commitment to building a world free of chemical weapons and call upon States Parties to the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on their Destruction (CWC) to adopt all necessary measures to that end, as well as to restore the authority of the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) and contribute to putting the OPCW’s activities back to a depoliticized technical basis. The two Sides note the relevance of multilateral efforts to prevent chemical terrorism and advocate for the adoption at the Conference on Disarmament in Geneva of an international convention on the suppression of acts of chemical and biological terrorism. The two Sides urge Japan to faithfully fulfill its obligations in order to fully and completely eliminate as soon as possible the chemical weapons abandoned on the territory of the People’s Republic of China. The Chinese Side supports the Russian Side in the elections to the OPCW Executive Council.
The two Sides reaffirm adherence to the export control obligations under the NPT, BTWC, CWC, and stand opposed to the self-serving use by some countries of relevant mechanisms to technologically and economically contain other States and to apply illegitimate policy of unilateral restrictive measures. The two Sides are committed to the implementation of the UN General Assembly resolution “Promoting international cooperation on peaceful uses in the context of international security”.
The two Sides are confident that making progress in these directions would significantly improve the situation in the sphere of international security and would also strongly stimulate the creation of a climate favorable for the further advancement on the arms control and disarmament tracks, which is to be ensured on the basis of maintaining global strategic stability and adhering to the principle of undiminished security for all.
The two Sides intend to continue in the most active manner to enhance the coordination of their approaches and to deepen the practical cooperation on maintaining and strengthening global strategic stability, as well as to jointly address common challenges and threats in this sphere.
Moscow, 8 May 2025
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