The June 2022 issue of《学习文选》(central CCP published policy journal for party cadres), focusing on the topic of "accelerating construction of data-based institutional system." (加快构建数据基础制度体系).
The focus is important. It continues to deepen and broaden a commitment to digitalization that appears to be affecting larger and larger sectors of Chinese life. It is bound up as much with data driven governance as it is with the rewards and punishments ratings systems like social credit. It also speaks to new ways of turning to quantification, as well as digitalization, as a means of better managing and coordinating compliance based systems for ordering society. That becomes, in turn, a critical component of meeting the challenge of the central contradiction in the New Era between the growing demand for better life of the people and the unbalanced and insufficient development (e.g., The Principle Contradictions in the New Era and the Mission and Responsibility of the Contemporary Youth). Critically important is the role of digitalization in the realization of the implementation of whole process democracy and the operation of the state. That development ties the digitalization of economic and political life and its rationalization through data driven systems that make precise and precisely deliver government in key sectors of national life.
Key areas discussed include the following:
Xi Jinping presided over the twenty-sixth meeting of the Central Committee for Comprehensively Deepening Reforms, emphasizing accelerating the construction of a basic data system and strengthening and improving administrative divisions. Li Keqiang, Wang Huning, and Han Zheng attended. 【link】
Building a digital economy with data as the key element 【link】
Building a data-based system safety net 【link】
Accelerate the construction of a digital economy with data as a key element 【link】
Digital government construction: data sharing and digital co-governance 【link】
Accelerate the construction of a national governance system for data elements 【link】
Accelerate the Construction of Data Basic Institutional System (New Theory)【link】
Accelerate the construction of data infrastructure system 【link】
People's Net Review: Promoting the Efficient Circulation and Use of Data and Empowering the Real Economy 【link】
The relevant text (issue pp. 5-10) ) follows below in the original Chinese along with a crude English translation, along with links to a fuller treatment of each of the snippets. Of particular interest to those studying the intensification of digitalization of governance and in effects on the constitution and operationalization of whole process democracy (全过程民主 ) are the essays: Digital government construction: data sharing and digital co-governance and Accelerate the construction of a national governance system for data elements . The first advances the notion of a coordinated digitalization of economy and administration:
Digital government occupies an indispensable part in the process of digitization and intelligence of the entire economy and society. It is not only a basic requirement for the nation to build a digital economy governance system and promote the healthy and sustainable development of the digital economy, but also an important part and of the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity, and its driving force.The second seeks to develop a structure for the governance of the construction of the digital government system itself. "Building a national governance system for data elements is not only an urgent need for the nation to promote the modernization of national governance, but also an urgent need for my country to release the value of data elements and occupy the commanding heights of international digital competition."The extended version of both also follow below.
本期聚焦
编者按:中共中央总书记、国家主席、中央军委主席、中央全面深化改革委员会主任习 近平 6 月 22 日下午主持召开中央全面深化改革委员会第二十六次会议，审议通过了《关于
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构建数据基础制度更好发挥数据要素作用的意见》、《关于加强和改进行政区划工作的意见》、 《关于开展科技人才评价改革试点的工作方案》、《强化大型支付平台企业监管促进支付和金 融科技规范健康发展工作方案》。 习近平主持召开中央全面深化改革委员会第二十六次会议强调 加快构建数据 基础制度 加强和改进行政区划工作 李克强王沪宁韩正出席
习近平在主持会议时强调，数据基础制度建设事关国家发展和安全大局，要维护国家数 据安全，保护个人信息和商业秘密，促进数据高效流通使用、赋能实体经济，统筹推进数据 产权、流通交易、收益分配、安全治理，加快构建数据基础制度体系。要加强党中央对行政 区划工作的集中统一领导，做好统筹规划，避免盲目无序。要遵循科技创新规律和人才成长 规律，以激发科技人才创新活力为目标，按照创新活动类型，构建以创新价值、能力、贡献 为导向的科技人才评价体系，引导人尽其才、才尽其用、用有所成。要推动大型支付和金融 科技平台企业回归本源，健全监管规则，补齐制度短板，保障支付和金融基础设施安全，防 范化解系统性金融风险隐患，支持平台企业在服务实体经济和畅通国内国际双循环等方面发 挥更大作用。【详细】权威解读
构建以数据为关键要素的数字经济
党的十八大以来，以习近平同志为核心的党中央高度重视发展数字经济，将其上升为国 家战略。近年来，我国网络购物、移动支付、共享经济等数字经济新业态新模式蓬勃发展， 走在了世界前列。数据要素是数字经济深入发展的核心引擎。随着信息技术和人类生产生活 交汇融合，互联网快速普及，全球数据呈现爆发增长、海量集聚的特点，蕴藏着巨大的经济 社会价值。习近平总书记指出:“要构建以数据为关键要素的数字经济”“做大做强数字经济， 拓展经济发展新空间”。这为我们发挥好数据这一新型生产要素的作用、推动数字经济健康 发展指明了方向。【详细】
构建数据基础制度安全网
数据基础制度建设事关国家发展和安全大局，要维护国家数据安全，保护个人信息和商 业秘密，促进数据高效流通使用、赋能实体经济，加快构建数据基础制度体系。这是日前审 议通过的《关于构建数据基础制度更好发挥数据要素作用的意见》的题中应有之义。深刻理 解数据基础制度的功能与作用，把安全贯穿数据治理全过程，具有很重要的意义。【详细】
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2022年6月刊
加快构建以数据为关键要素的数字经济
中央全面深化改革委员会第二十六次会议指出，我国具有数据规模和数据应用优势，我 们推动出台数据安全法、个人信息保护法等法律法规，积极探索推进数据要素市场化，加快 构建以数据为关键要素的数字经济。随着我国数字经济的蓬勃发展，数据已经成为继土地、 劳动、资本等之后的又一重要生产要素，它已经融入生产、分配、流通、消费和社会服务管 理等各个环节，深刻改变着生产方式、生活方式和社会治理方式。与此同时，对数据的生产、 加工和利用也成为一个规模巨大的产业。根据工信部的数据，“十三五”时期我国数据产业 年均复合增长率超过 30%，2021 年的产业规模已突破了 1.3 万亿元。市场是配置资源的有效 手段，要让数据资源得到最有效率的利用，就必须建设高效运作的数据要素市场。更好地培 育数据市场，进一步提升数据要素的利用效率，必须加快相关的制度建设，解决好数据产权、 流通交易、收益分配、安全治理等领域的规则问题。【详细】
数字政府建设:数据共享与数字共治
要基于数据共享与数字共治，加快数字经济时代下政府职能的转变和升级，推动数字政 府建设。党的十八大以来，我国高度重视数字经济的发展，数字政府建设步入快车道，中央 和地方各级政府部门积极探索数字政府的建设方式。总体来看，我国当前电子政务的建设已 初具成效，为“十四五”期间进一步提升数字政府治理能力奠定了坚实基础。数字政府在整 个经济社会的数字化、智能化过程中占据着不可或缺的一环，既是我国构建数字经济治理体 系、促进数字经济健康持续发展的基本需求，也是国家治理体系和治理能力现代化的重要推 动力。要以数字政府为核心，充分利用好政府部门的公共数据资源，统筹安全与发展推动数 据共享，充分调动好数字经济中的各类互补者，集合社会各级力量做好数字共治，最终共同 推动数字政府的建设。【详细】
加快构建数据要素国家治理体系
数据作为新型生产要素，是数字化、网络化、智能化的基础，已快速融入生产、分配、 流通、消费和社会服务管理等各个环节，深刻改变着生产方式、生活方式和社会治理方式。 为保障数据基础制度体系的健康运行，迫切需要构建符合数据要素特点的数据要素国家治理 体系。数据要素国家治理体系是指统筹数据要素流通与应用的一系列相互关联、相互协调的 制度安排，体现在国家、行业、区域、企业、个人等不同层面，涉及科技、产业、社会等不 同应用领域以及数据采集、存储、加工、分析等不同管理阶段。构建数据要素国家治理体系 不仅是我国推进国家治理现代化的迫切需要，而且是我国释放数据要素价值、占据国际数字 竞争制高点的迫切需要。为此，需要宏中微系统推进，构建数据要素国家治理框架，面向数
2022年6月刊
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据应用与管理全链条，促进数据要素在不同环节、不同领域的融通汇聚，坚持技术创新与制 度创新双轮驱动，发挥政府与市场协同作用，提高数据要素治理效能。【详细】深度评析
加快构建数据基础制度体系(新论)
数据基础制度建设事关国家发展和安全大局。前不久，习近平总书记在主持中央全面深 化改革委员会第二十六次会议时强调:“统筹推进数据产权、流通交易、收益分配、安全治 理，加快构建数据基础制度体系”。这为我们发展数字经济指明了方向。我国具有数据规模 和数据应用优势，据测算，预计到 2025 年，中国产生的数据总量将达 48.6ZB(1 个 ZB 约等 于 10 万亿亿字节)，约占全球的 27.8%。数据具有初始成本高、复制成本低和非排他性等技 术经济特征，能够被无限利用而不会产生量和质的损耗。把庞大的数据资源转化为生产要素， 赋能实体经济，将为高质量发展注入新动能。【详细】
加快构建数据基础制度体系
数据是事实或观察的结果，用于表示客观事物的未经加工的原始素材，是数字经济时代 重要的生产要素。数据基础制度则是从数据产权、流通交易、收益分配、安全治理等方面对 发展数据要素作出的规范，以确保数据要素按照一定准则在合理范围内健康发展。数据基础 制度体系强调的是数据基础制度的系统集成，是对发展数据要素作出的有效规制的有机整体。 “十四五”规划纲要明确提出，建立数据资源产权、交易流通、跨境传输和安全保护等基础 制度和标准规范。今年发布的《中共中央 国务院关于加快建设全国统一大市场的意见》进 一步明确，加快培育数据要素市场，建立健全数据安全、权利保护、跨境传输管理、交易流 通、开放共享、安全认证等基础制度和标准规范。此次中央深改委《关于构建数据基础制度 更好发挥数据要素作用的意见》再次强调，促进数据高效流通使用、赋能实体经济，加快构 建数据基础制度体系。一系列的战略部署表明，党中央已经将数据上升为国家基础性战略资 源，通过加快构建标准框架体系，健全相关基础制度和标准规范，打造强大数据要素市场， 夯实我国数字经济发展的基础。【详细】
人民网评:促进数据高效流通使用、赋能实体经济
日前召开的中央全面深化改革委员会第二十六次会议，审议通过了《关于构建数据基础 制度更好发挥数据要素作用的意见》，指出要建立包括数据产权制度、数据要素权益保护制 度以及合规高效的数据要素流通和交易制度等在内的数据基础制度。要看到，数据作为新型 生产要素，是数字化、网络化、智能化的基础，深刻改变着生产方式、生活方式和社会治理
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2022年6月刊
方式。数据及其基础制度的建设事关国家发展和安全大局，必须要加快构建数据基础制度体 系、守住安全底线，完善数据要素市场化配置机制，促进数据高效流动使用、赋能实体经济。 【详细】
Focus in this issue
Editor’s note: Xi Jinping, General Secretary of the CPC Central Committee, President of the State, Chairman of the Central Military Commission, and Director of the Central Comprehensive Deepening Reform Commission, presided over the 26th meeting of the Central Comprehensive Deepening Reform Commission on the afternoon of June 22, and reviewed and approved the “On Comprehensive Deepening Reform Commission”.
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Opinions on Building a Data Basic System to Better Play the Role of Data Elements, Opinions on Strengthening and Improving Administrative Divisions, Work Plan for Carrying out the Pilot Reform of Scientific and Technological Talent Evaluation, Strengthening the Supervision of Large-scale Payment Platform Enterprises to Promote Payment and Financial Services Work Plan for the Healthy Development of Science and Technology Regulations.
Xi Jinping presided over the twenty-sixth meeting of the Central Committee for Comprehensively Deepening Reforms, emphasizing accelerating the construction of a basic data system and strengthening and improving administrative divisions. Li Keqiang, Wang Huning, and Han Zheng attended.
When chairing the meeting, Xi Jinping emphasized that the construction of the data infrastructure system is related to the overall situation of national development and security. It is necessary to maintain national data security, protect personal information and business secrets, promote the efficient circulation and use of data, empower the real economy, and coordinate the promotion of data property rights and circulation transactions. , income distribution, security governance, and accelerate the construction of a data-based system. It is necessary to strengthen the centralized and unified leadership of the Party Central Committee over the administrative division work, make overall planning, and avoid blind disorder. It is necessary to follow the law of scientific and technological innovation and the law of talent growth, with the goal of stimulating the innovation vitality of scientific and technological talents, and according to the type of innovation activities, build a scientific and technological talent evaluation system oriented by innovation value, ability and contribution, and guide people to make the best use of their talents and make the best use of them. made. It is necessary to promote the return of large-scale payment and fintech platform companies to their origins, improve regulatory rules, fill in the shortcomings of the system, ensure the security of payment and financial infrastructure, prevent and resolve systemic financial risks, and support platform companies in serving the real economy and smoothing domestic and international cooperation. Circulation and other aspects play a greater role. 【link】Authoritative interpretation
Building a digital economy with data as the key element
Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the CPC Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has attached great importance to the development of the digital economy and elevated it to a national strategy. In recent years, my country's online shopping, mobile payment, sharing economy and other new forms of digital economy and new models have flourished, taking the lead in the world. Data elements are the core engine for the in-depth development of the digital economy. With the integration of information technology and human production and life, and the rapid popularization of the Internet, global data is characterized by explosive growth and massive agglomeration, which contains huge economic and social value. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: "We must build a digital economy with data as the key element", "make the digital economy bigger and stronger, and expand new space for economic development". This points out the direction for us to give full play to the role of data, a new factor of production, and to promote the healthy development of the digital economy. 【link】
Building a data-based system safety net
The construction of a basic data system is related to the overall situation of national development and security. It is necessary to maintain national data security, protect personal information and business secrets, promote the efficient circulation and use of data, empower the real economy, and accelerate the construction of a basic data system. This is the proper meaning of the title of the "Opinions on Building a Data Basic System to Better Play the Role of Data Elements", which was reviewed and approved recently. It is of great significance to have a deep understanding of the functions and functions of the basic data system, and to implement security throughout the entire process of data governance. 【link】
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June 2022 issue
Accelerate the construction of a digital economy with data as a key element
The 26th meeting of the Central Committee for Comprehensively Deepening Reform pointed out that my country has the advantages of data scale and data application. We promote the introduction of laws and regulations such as the Data Security Law and the Personal Information Protection Law, actively explore and promote the marketization of data elements, and accelerate the construction of data-based Key elements of the digital economy. With the vigorous development of my country's digital economy, data has become another important factor of production after land, labor, capital, etc. It has been integrated into all aspects of production, distribution, circulation, consumption and social service management, profoundly changing the mode of production. , way of life and social governance. At the same time, the production, processing and utilization of data has also become a huge industry. According to data from the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, during the "13th Five-Year Plan" period, the compound annual growth rate of my country's data industry exceeded 30%, and the industry scale in 2021 has exceeded 1.3 trillion yuan. The market is an effective means of allocating resources. To make the most efficient use of data resources, it is necessary to build an efficient data element market. In order to better cultivate the data market and further improve the utilization efficiency of data elements, it is necessary to speed up the construction of relevant systems and solve the problems of rules in the fields of data property rights, circulation transactions, income distribution, and security governance. 【link】
Digital government construction: data sharing and digital co-governance
Based on data sharing and digital co-governance, we must accelerate the transformation and upgrading of government functions in the era of digital economy, and promote the construction of digital government. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, my country has attached great importance to the development of the digital economy, and the construction of digital government has entered the fast lane. Central and local government departments at all levels have actively explored the construction of digital government. Overall, the nation's current e-government construction has achieved initial results, laying a solid foundation for further enhancing the digital government governance capability during the "14th Five-Year Plan" period. Digital government occupies an indispensable part in the process of digitization and intelligence of the entire economy and society. It is not only a basic requirement for the nation to build a digital economy governance system and promote the healthy and sustainable development of the digital economy, but also an important part and of the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity, and its driving force. It is necessary to take the digital government as the core, make full use of the public data resources of government departments, coordinate security and development to promote data sharing, fully mobilize all kinds of complementary systems in the digital economy, gather forces at all levels of society to do digital co-governance, and ultimately jointly promote the construction of digital government. 【link】
Accelerate the construction of a national governance system for data elements
As a new production factor, data is the foundation of digitization, networking, and intelligence. It has been rapidly integrated into production, distribution, circulation, consumption, and social service management, profoundly changing production methods, lifestyles, and social governance. In order to ensure the healthy operation of the data infrastructure system, it is urgent to build a national governance system for data elements that conforms to the characteristics of data elements. The national governance system of data elements refers to a series of interrelated and coordinated institutional arrangements that coordinate the circulation and application of data elements, which are reflected at different levels such as countries, industries, regions, enterprises, and individuals, and involve different application fields such as technology, industry, and society. And different management stages such as data collection, storage, processing, and analysis. Building a national governance system for data elements is not only an urgent need for the nation to promote the modernization of national governance, but also an urgent need for my country to release the value of data elements and occupy the commanding heights of international digital competition. To this end, it is necessary to promote the macro-in-micro system, build a national governance framework for data elements,
June 2022 issue
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integrate the entire chain of data application and management, promote the integration and convergence of data elements in different links and fields, adhere to the two-wheel drive of technological innovation and institutional innovation, give full play to the synergy between the government and the market, and improve the efficiency of data element governance. 【link】In-depth analysis
Accelerate the Construction of Data Basic Institutional System (New Theory)
The construction of the data infrastructure system is related to the overall situation of national development and security. Not long ago, General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized when presiding over the 26th meeting of the Central Comprehensive Deepening Reform Committee: "To coordinate the promotion of data property rights, circulation transactions, income distribution, and security governance, and to accelerate the construction of a basic data system." This points the way for us to develop the digital economy. The nation has the advantages of data scale and data application. It is estimated that by 2025, the total amount of data generated in China will reach 48.6ZB (one ZB is approximately equal to 10 trillion bytes), accounting for about 27.8% of the world. Data has the technical and economic characteristics of high initial cost, low replication cost and non-exclusivity, and can be used indefinitely without loss of quantity and quality. Converting huge data resources into production factors and empowering the real economy will inject new momentum into high-quality development. 【link】
Accelerate the construction of data infrastructure system
Data is the result of facts or observations, raw raw materials used to represent objective things, and an important factor of production in the digital economy era. The basic data system is to regulate the development of data elements from the aspects of data property rights, circulation transactions, income distribution, security governance, etc., to ensure the healthy development of data elements within a reasonable range in accordance with certain criteria. The data-based institutional system emphasizes the system integration of the data-based system, and is an organic whole that effectively regulates the development of data elements. The “14th Five-Year Plan” outline clearly states that basic systems and standards for data resource property rights, transaction circulation, cross-border transmission and security protection should be established. The "Opinions of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council on Accelerating the Construction of a Large National Market" issued this year further clarified that the cultivation of the data element market should be accelerated, and basic systems such as data security, rights protection, cross-border transmission management, transaction circulation, open sharing, and security certification should be established and improved. and standard specifications. The “Opinions on Building a Basic Data System to Better Play the Role of Data Elements” by the Central Deep Reform Commission once again emphasized that the efficient circulation and use of data will be promoted, the real economy will be empowered, and the building of a basic data system will be accelerated. A series of strategic deployments show that the CPC Central Committee has elevated data to a national basic strategic resource. By accelerating the construction of a standard framework system, improving relevant basic systems and standards, creating a strong data element market, and consolidating the foundation for the development of my country's digital economy. 【link】
People's Net Review: Promoting the Efficient Circulation and Use of Data and Empowering the Real Economy
The 26th meeting of the Central Committee for Comprehensively Deepening Reforms held a few days ago reviewed and approved the "Opinions on Building a Data Basic System to Better Play the Role of Data Elements", pointing out that it is necessary to establish a data property rights system, a data element rights protection system and compliance. Data base system including efficient data element circulation and transaction system. It should be noted that data, as a new factor of production, is the foundation of digitization, networking and intelligence, profoundly changing production methods, lifestyles and social governance.
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June 2022 issue
The construction of data and its basic system is related to the overall situation of national development and security. It is necessary to speed up the construction of the basic data system, maintain the bottom line of security, improve the market-based allocation mechanism of data elements, promote the efficient flow and use of data, and empower the real economy. 【link】
__________
【理论观察】
数字政府建设：数据共享与数字共治
周迪 施新伟
2022年06月23日08:46 来源：人民网-理论频道
要基于数据共享与数字共治，加快数字经济时代下政府职能的转变和升级，推动数字政府建设。党的十八大以来，我国高度重视数字经济的发展，数字政府建设步入快车道，中央和地方各级政府部门积极探索数字政府的建设方式。总体来看，我国当前电子政务的建设已初具成效，为“十四五”期间进一步提升数字政府治理能力奠定了坚实基础。笔者认为，数字政府在整个经济社会的数字化、智能化过程中占据着不可或缺的一环，既是我国构建数字经济治理体系、促进数字经济健康持续发展的基本需求，也是国家治理体系和治理能力现代化的重要推动力。要以数字政府为核心，充分利用好政府部门的公共数据资源，统筹安全与发展推动数据共享，充分调动好数字经济中的各类互补者，集合社会各级力量做好数字共治，最终共同推动数字政府的建设。
经济基础决定上层建筑，上层建筑反作用于经济基础。数字经济时代下，数字技术与实体经济深度融合，数据要素赋能数字产业化与产业数字化的各类应用场景。只有构建适用于数字经济发展规律的数字政府，才能安全高效地提升数字经济的治理，进而规范和引导数字经济的健康持续发展。综合当前我国数字政府的建设现状以及未来数字经济的发展需求，笔者认为，构建数字政府应遵循如下三大原则：第一，统筹安全和发展两件大事，推动公共数据赋能社会治理与经济发展。政府开放、共享公共数据，提升数据利用效率是构建数字政府的一个重要方面，而作为国家战略资源，数据的安全又关乎国家安全。因此，既要坚持底线思维，增强忧患意识，严守《中华人民共和国数据安全法》，建立健全数据安全协同治理体系；又要勇于探索，敢于创新，最大限度发挥公共数据的社会经济价值。第二，数字政府在满足人民对美好生活向往的同时，也要起到规范数字经济发展的作用。数字政府的构建需要紧紧围绕我国现阶段的主要矛盾，要把满足人民对美好生活的向往作为出发点和落脚点。同时，数字政府建设也应走在数字经济发展的最前沿，把握数字经济的方向，规范数字经济的发展。第三，数字政府建设应把握好政府与市场的关系，充分利用数字经济的客观发展规律。数字政府不仅是数字社会与数字经济的治理者，也是重要参与者。因此，数字政府建设需要充分理解、分析并利用好数字经济的客观发展规律，和各类数字经济互补者共同打造有效率的数字社会与数字经济，共同构建有效果的数字治理体系。
构建分类分级的数据授权机制，促进公共数据跨部门、跨区域、跨行业的安全高效共享。数据要素是数字经济深化发展的核心引擎，在一体化政务服务的开展过程中，各级政府掌握了海量公共数据，但是存在数据孤岛、数据闭环等现象。公共数据共享受限主要是因为公共数据与国家数据安全密切相关，颗粒度较细的公共数据也往往涉及民众的各类隐私。分类分级的数据授权机制是实现数据共享的基础，应根据公共数据敏感程度的高低制定分级授权机制，根据公共数据使用场景的差异化制定分类授权机制。通过分类分级的数据授权机制，可以在保证公共数据安全的前提下，一方面推动公共数据在不同政府部门、不同行政区域的流动，赋能数字政府的“数治”和“数智”能力；另一方面向数字经济实体共享公共数据，促进公共数据作为数据要素进入数字经济各行各业的生产活动。
提升数字技术水平，注重数据价值而非数据本身的共享。政府部门掌握的公共数据中，个体的、少量的公共数据不具备大数据分析的价值，群体的、大量的公共数据是国家重要战略资源。此外，部分公共数据囊括大量反应民众个人信息的字段，存在被不法分子利用，危害民众个人安全的可能性。因此，数字政府的建设应当提升政府相关部门的数字技术水平，通过隐私计算、数据服务等方式实现数据价值的共享，而不拘泥于数据本身的共享。基于数字技术的数据共享，能够盘活政府基于数据进行治理的能力，让公共数据发挥的作用不再局限于以往的一体化政务服务之中，而是接入到了整个数字经济发展的大环境下，既便捷地为人民服务，亦高效地助力社会财富的创造。
构建平台型政府，通过数字平台集中社会各层级力量，做好数字共治。数字经济的发展催生了大量的数字平台，数字政府一方面可以在数字平台上开设官方政务号，提升政务覆盖人群；另一方面也可以构建平台型政府，与数字平台的接入者之间形成更为紧密的网络联结关系。平台型政府的信息传递更及时，信息透明度更高，政府与民众的信息交互性也更强。构建平台型政府，以各级政府为核心，发挥集体智慧，集中社会各层级力量做好公共治理。平台型政府下，数字政府领导数字平台和民众共同形成数字共治能力，为中国国家治理体系的现代化提供动力，也为疫情治理、共同富裕、“双碳”发展等目标的实现凝聚全社会的合力。
加快职能角色转变，联合数字经济各类互补者，做好规范数字经济发展的数字共治。数字经济下，政府既扮演治理者角色，也扮演参与者角色。数字技术与数据要素赋能传统产业转型升级，在催生新产业新业态新模式的同时，也引致了诸如数字平台垄断、数据隐私保护不当、互联网资本无序扩张等问题。因此，数字政府建设也要求政府能够深入理解数字产业的发展逻辑，掌握数字经济的发展动态，并及时、有效地出台政策条例，规范数字经济发展过程中的不合理现象。这些政策条例的起草、修正和出台过程中，同样可以凝聚包括高校学者、业界实践者等在内的数字经济各类互补者的社会智慧。构建数字政府要以各级政府为核心，以数字经济各类主体为重要互补者，共同应对数字产业生态发展、数据要素市场构建等方面的现实问题，为数字经济的健康持续发展保驾护航。
（作者周迪系上海同济大学副研究员；施新伟系首都经济贸易大学助理教授）
(责编：代晓灵、秦华)
【Theoretical observation】
Digital government construction: data sharing and digital co-governance
Zhou Di Shi Xinwei
June 23, 2022 08:46 Source: People's Daily Online - Theory Channel
Based on data sharing and digital co-governance, we must accelerate the transformation and upgrading of government functions in the era of digital economy, and promote the construction of digital government. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, my country has attached great importance to the development of the digital economy, and the construction of digital government has entered the fast lane. Central and local government departments at all levels have actively explored the construction of digital government. Overall, my country's current e-government construction has begun to take effect, laying a solid foundation for further improving the digital government governance capacity during the "14th Five-Year Plan" period. The author believes that digital government occupies an indispensable part in the process of digitization and intelligence of the entire economy and society. It is not only a basic requirement for my country to build a digital economy governance system and promote the healthy and sustainable development of the digital economy, but also a national governance system and governance capability. important driver of modernization. It is necessary to take the digital government as the core, make full use of the public data resources of government departments, coordinate security and development to promote data sharing, fully mobilize all kinds of complementary elements in the digital economy, gather forces at all levels of society to do digital co-governance, and ultimately jointly Promote the construction of digital government.
The economic base determines the superstructure, and the superstructure reacts to the economic base. In the era of digital economy, digital technology and the real economy are deeply integrated, and data elements enable various application scenarios of digital industrialization and industrial digitization. Only by building a digital government that is applicable to the development laws of the digital economy can the governance of the digital economy be safely and efficiently improved, thereby regulating and guiding the healthy and sustainable development of the digital economy. Based on the current construction status of my country's digital government and the development needs of the digital economy in the future, the author believes that the construction of a digital government should follow the following three principles: First, coordinate the two major issues of security and development, and promote public data to empower social governance and economic development . It is an important aspect of building a digital government for the government to open and share public data and improve the efficiency of data utilization. As a national strategic resource, the security of data is also related to national security. Therefore, it is necessary to adhere to the bottom-line thinking, enhance the sense of urgency, strictly abide by the "Data Security Law of the People's Republic of China", and establish and improve a data security collaborative governance system; but also dare to explore and innovate to maximize the social and economic value of public data. Second, while satisfying the people's yearning for a better life, the digital government should also play a role in regulating the development of the digital economy. The construction of a digital government needs to focus on the main contradictions in my country at this stage, and to satisfy the people's yearning for a better life as the starting point and the end point. At the same time, the construction of a digital government should also be at the forefront of the development of the digital economy, grasp the direction of the digital economy, and regulate the development of the digital economy. Third, the construction of a digital government should grasp the relationship between the government and the market, and make full use of the objective development laws of the digital economy. The digital government is not only the ruler of the digital society and the digital economy, but also an important participant. Therefore, the construction of digital government needs to fully understand, analyze and make good use of the objective development laws of the digital economy, and jointly build an efficient digital society and digital economy with various complementary elements of the digital economy, and jointly build an effective digital governance system.
Build a systematized and hierarchical data authorization mechanism to promote the safe and efficient sharing of public data across departments, regions, and industries. Data elements are the core engine for the deepening development of the digital economy. In the process of developing integrated government services, governments at all levels have mastered massive public data, but there are data islands and data closed loops. Public data sharing is limited mainly because public data is closely related to national data security, and public data with finer granularity often involves various types of privacy of the public. A classified and hierarchical data authorization mechanism is the basis for data sharing. A hierarchical authorization mechanism should be formulated according to the sensitivity of public data, and a classified authorization mechanism should be formulated according to the differences in public data usage scenarios. Through the classified and graded data authorization mechanism, on the premise of ensuring the security of public data, on the one hand, it can promote the flow of public data in different government departments and different administrative regions, and empower the digital government's "digital governance" and "digital intelligence" capabilities; On the other hand, share public data with digital economic entities, and promote public data as data elements to enter the production activities of all walks of life in the digital economy.
Improve the level of digital technology and focus on the value of data rather than the sharing of data itself. Among the public data held by government departments, a small amount of individual public data does not have the value of big data analysis, and a large amount of public data is an important national strategic resource. In addition, some public data includes a large number of fields that reflect people's personal information, which may be used by criminals and endanger people's personal safety. Therefore, the construction of a digital government should improve the digital technology level of relevant government departments, and realize the sharing of data value through private computing, data services, etc., rather than the sharing of data itself. Data sharing based on digital technology can revitalize the government's ability to conduct governance based on data, so that the role of public data is no longer limited to the previous integrated government services, but is connected to the overall environment of the development of the digital economy. It not only conveniently serves the people, but also efficiently contributes to the creation of social wealth.
Build a platform-based government, concentrate forces at all levels of society through digital platforms, and do a good job of digital co-governance. The development of the digital economy has spawned a large number of digital platforms. On the one hand, the digital government can open an official government account on the digital platform to increase the coverage of government affairs; tighter network connections. The information transmission of the platform-based government is more timely, the information transparency is higher, and the information interaction between the government and the people is also stronger. Build a platform-based government, take governments at all levels as the core, give full play to collective wisdom, and concentrate forces at all levels of society to do a good job in public governance. Under the platform-based government, the digital government leads the digital platform and the public to jointly form digital co-governance capabilities, providing impetus for the modernization of China's national governance system, and for the realization of goals such as epidemic control, common prosperity, and "dual-carbon" development. together.
Accelerate the transformation of functions and roles, unite various types of complementary players in the digital economy, and do a good job in digital co-governance that regulates the development of the digital economy. In the digital economy, the government plays both the role of a ruler and a participant. Digital technology and data elements enable the transformation and upgrading of traditional industries. While giving birth to new industries, new formats and new models, it also leads to problems such as digital platform monopoly, improper data privacy protection, and disorderly expansion of Internet capital. Therefore, the construction of a digital government also requires the government to have a deep understanding of the development logic of the digital industry, grasp the development trends of the digital economy, and issue policies and regulations in a timely and effective manner to regulate the unreasonable phenomena in the development of the digital economy. In the process of drafting, revising and promulgating these policies and regulations, it can also gather the social wisdom of various complementarities in the digital economy, including university scholars and industry practitioners. To build a digital government, governments at all levels should be the core, and various entities of the digital economy as important complementary elements to jointly deal with practical problems in the ecological development of the digital industry and the construction of the data element market, so as to escort the healthy and sustainable development of the digital economy.(The author Zhou Di is an associate researcher at Tongji University in Shanghai; Shi Xinwei is an assistant professor at Capital University of Economics and Business)
(Editors: Dai Xiaoling, Qin Hua)
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加快构建数据要素国家治理体系
2022年07月12日10:33 来源：光明网-理论频道
原标题：加快构建数据要素国家治理体系
党的十八大以来，以习近平同志为核心的党中央高度重视数字化发展，明确提出建设数字中国。6月22日，习近平总书记在主持召开中央全面深化改革委员会第二十六次会议时强调，数据基础制度建设事关国家发展和安全大局，要维护国家数据安全，保护个人信息和商业秘密，促进数据高效流通使用、赋能实体经济，统筹推进数据产权、流通交易、收益分配、安全治理，加快构建数据基础制度体系。会议还审议通过了《关于构建数据基础制度更好发挥数据要素作用的意见》。
数据作为新型生产要素，是数字化、网络化、智能化的基础，已快速融入生产、分配、流通、消费和社会服务管理等各个环节，深刻改变着生产方式、生活方式和社会治理方式。为保障数据基础制度体系的健康运行，迫切需要构建符合数据要素特点的数据要素国家治理体系。数据要素国家治理体系是指统筹数据要素流通与应用的一系列相互关联、相互协调的制度安排，体现在国家、行业、区域、企业、个人等不同层面，涉及科技、产业、社会等不同应用领域以及数据采集、存储、加工、分析等不同管理阶段。构建数据要素国家治理体系不仅是我国推进国家治理现代化的迫切需要，而且是我国释放数据要素价值、占据国际数字竞争制高点的迫切需要。为此，需要宏中微系统推进，构建数据要素国家治理框架，面向数据应用与管理全链条，促进数据要素在不同环节、不同领域的融通汇聚，坚持技术创新与制度创新双轮驱动，发挥政府与市场协同作用，提高数据要素治理效能。
构建数据要素国家治理体系是数字化高质量发展的迫切需要
国家数据要素高效治理迫切需要构建数据要素国家治理体系。数据要素向各领域广泛扩散渗透，形成了人类世界、物理世界与信息世界三元融合的复杂系统。三元世界的融合使得传统数据治理方式表现出制度供给不足、治理部门分割、响应速度慢等问题。而且，当前不同层级、不同部门、不同类型的数据治理机制未能有效衔接，政府、平台企业、社会组织、个人等不同主体的数据治理诉求可能会相互冲突，科技、产业和社会不同领域的数据治理规则难以协调。因此，迫切需要构建数据要素国家治理体系，补齐数据要素协同治理制度短板，加强不同数据要素治理规则的衔接，打破治理孤岛，提高数据治理整体效能。
释放数据要素价值迫切需要构建数据要素国家治理体系。数据要素的价值生成是一个多维、动态的概念。从数据管理链来看，数据要素价值体现在数据采集、存储、加工、分析、服务等不同环节；从数据应用链来看，数据要素价值体现在科技、产业和社会等不同领域的创新应用。我国具有超大规模市场优势和海量创新主体，为数据要素的价值生成奠定了良好基础，同时也增大了数据治理的难度。一方面，数据资源利用率不高。将原始数据转化为数据要素的技术水平有待提升，大量非结构化数据并未得到有效利用。另一方面，数据要素的战略价值和自生成性特征促使创新主体纷纷构建自身主导的创新生态系统，但也产生了数据垄断、数据歧视等问题。因此，迫切需要构建数据要素国家治理体系，推动数据要素的经济和社会价值有序释放。
占据数字竞争制高点迫切需要构建数据要素国家治理体系。数据要素治理能力正在成为重塑国际关系，改变国际话语权竞争格局，推动网络空间地缘政治格局加速重构的关键力量，世界主要国家和组织纷纷制定数据要素治理规则，培育自身数据要素资源优势，积极开展数字外交，力求占据全球数据治理主动权。例如，2022年4月，美国发布《促进使用公平数据》建议书，提出加强信息采集、完善基础设施以充分利用数据资源，建立分类数据管理机制；欧盟于2022年2月发布《数据法案》，旨在强化数字主权，在数据共享、国际数据传输、数据互操作等方面做出了约束性规定。因此，迫切需要构建数据要素国家治理体系，推动各级各类数据治理规则与国际接轨，提高数据治理国际话语权，强化关键数据要素的自主可控，占据国际数字竞争制高点。
打造协同高效的数据要素国家治理体系
构建兼顾效率、公平与安全的数据要素国家治理体系。一是完善数据载体体系。优化数据中心、超算中心、物联网等基础设施的空间和产业布局，为数据要素的生成、流通和交易提供载体支撑。二是提高全民数字素养和技能。加强数字素养和技能培训，提高公民获取数据、处理数据与应用数据的能力。三是构建数据要素的分类分级授权使用体系。针对结构化数据或非结构化数据，原始数据或处理数据，私人数据或公共数据，敏感数据或非敏感数据，即时数据或历史数据等不同数据，制定数据要素的分类分级授权使用标准，实现数据要素经济价值与社会价值的统一。四是构建数据要素的市场化流通配置体系。建立符合数据要素特征的数据要素流通体系，鼓励市场主体参与数据交易平台建设，建立市场评价数据要素贡献、按贡献决定报酬的数据价值分配机制。五是构建数据要素安全保障体系。强化对数据要素的监测认证、安全评估和风险预警能力建设，实现对数据要素的全链条可追溯。加强对关键领域数据、个人隐私的保护，完善数据跨境流通机制，规避数据风险。
打造面向数据应用全链条的数据要素国家治理体系。一是打造科研数据国家治理体系。建立科技资源开放共享和科技合作数字平台，提高科技资源利用效率，促进科技合作。完善开源知识产权、开源标准等制度环境，打造开源技术生态服务体系，防范开源供应链风险。二是完善产业数据国家治理体系。健全针对数据要素的反垄断、反不当竞争、税收等监管政策，打造有利于数字经济健康发展的市场环境。三是完善社会数据国家治理体系。建立教育、医疗、交通、社会保障、安防、养老、应急管理等领域的公共数据管理平台，辅助社会服务和治理决策。运用多元数据建立具有安全态势感知能力的数字城市和数字乡村，强化社会风险研判和预警能力。
打造面向数据管理全链条的数据要素国家治理体系。一是扩大数据要素管理全链条供需匹配。推进数字化转型促进中心等公共服务平台建设，为创新主体提供数据要素管理全链条交易撮合、咨询、安全保障等服务。面向数字科技、数字经济与数字社会创新发展需求，拓展数据生成、采集、存储、加工、分析、服务等数据要素应用场景。二是构建数据要素管理全链条标准规范体系。打造面向数据采集、存储、加工、分析、服务等管理全链条的数据要素标准规范，提高数据要素的互操作性、准确性、规范性，促进数据要素全链条高效衔接。
坚持技术创新与制度创新双轮驱动，推动数据要素治理手段与机制变革。一是构建数据要素治理技术体系。面向数据管理与应用全链条，加强传感器、物联网、边缘计算、数据中心、高性能计算、服务器、工业软件、隐私计算等数据治理技术的研发突破，提高算法算力算据水平，为数据要素治理提供技术底座。二是设立数据要素国家治理机构。统筹管理不同链条、部门、区域的数据要素系统，实时监测和评估数据要素来源、去向和应用，对数据要素治理相关法律做出解释，帮助市场主体识别数据要素应用前景和风险。
发挥政府与市场作用，打造多元主体协同共治的数据要素治理模式。一是完善数据治理法律法规。制定国家数据战略，围绕科技研发、人才培养、基础设施建设、经济可持续增长、改善公共服务、保障数据安全、规范数据跨境流通等方面构建系统全面的数据要素治理框架，引导数据要素市场化配置。二是明确多元主体协同共治的定位。秉持开放、合作、平等、互惠的价值观，明确各级政府、平台企业、社会组织、公众等多元主体参与数据治理的权力和职责。三是打造多元主体协同共治的数据共享机制。综合考虑科技、产业、社会发展效率与安全，界定政府部门对不同数据要素的监测、采集和使用权限，推动公共部门数据有条件开放共享，促进多元主体良性互动。
作者：陈凯华（中国科学院科技战略咨询研究院研究员）；康瑾（中国工业互联网研究院工程师）
(责编：刘圆圆、代晓灵)
Accelerate the construction of a national governance system for data elements
July 12, 2022 10:33 Source: Guangming Network-Theory Channel
Original title: Accelerate the construction of a national governance system for data elements
Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has attached great importance to digital development, and has clearly proposed to build a digital China. On June 22, General Secretary Xi Jinping presided over the 26th meeting of the Central Committee for Comprehensively Deepening Reform and emphasized that the construction of the data infrastructure system is related to the overall situation of national development and security. Promote the efficient circulation and use of data, empower the real economy, coordinate the promotion of data property rights, circulation transactions, income distribution, and security governance, and accelerate the construction of a data infrastructure system. The meeting also reviewed and approved the "Opinions on Building a Data Basic System to Better Play the Role of Data Elements".
As a new production factor, data is the foundation of digitization, networking, and intelligence. It has been rapidly integrated into all aspects of production, distribution, circulation, consumption, and social service management, profoundly changing production methods, lifestyles, and social governance methods. In order to ensure the healthy operation of the data infrastructure system, it is urgent to build a national governance system for data elements that conforms to the characteristics of data elements. The national governance system of data elements refers to a series of interrelated and coordinated institutional arrangements that coordinate the circulation and application of data elements, which are reflected at different levels such as countries, industries, regions, enterprises, and individuals, and involve different application fields such as technology, industry, and society. And different management stages such as data collection, storage, processing, and analysis. Building a national governance system for data elements is not only an urgent need for my country to promote the modernization of national governance, but also an urgent need for my country to release the value of data elements and occupy the commanding heights of international digital competition. To this end, it is necessary to promote the macro, medium and micro systems, build a national governance framework for data elements, face the entire chain of data application and management, promote the integration and convergence of data elements in different links and fields, adhere to the dual-wheel drive of technological innovation and institutional innovation, and give full play to the government Synergize with the market to improve the efficiency of data element governance.
Building a national governance system for data elements is an urgent need for high-quality digital development
The efficient governance of national data elements urgently needs to build a national governance system for data elements. Data elements have diffused and penetrated widely in various fields, forming a complex system of ternary integration of the human world, the physical world and the information world. The integration of the three-dimensional world makes the traditional data governance method show problems such as insufficient system supply, division of governance departments, and slow response speed. Moreover, the current data governance mechanisms at different levels, departments, and types have not been effectively connected. The data governance demands of different subjects such as the government, platform enterprises, social organizations, and individuals may conflict with each other. Data in different fields of technology, industry and society Governance rules are difficult to reconcile. Therefore, it is urgent to build a national governance system for data elements, make up for the shortcomings of the collaborative governance system for data elements, strengthen the connection of governance rules for different data elements, break governance silos, and improve the overall efficiency of data governance.
To release the value of data elements, it is urgent to build a national governance system for data elements. The value generation of data elements is a multi-dimensional and dynamic concept. From the perspective of the data management chain, the value of data elements is reflected in different links such as data collection, storage, processing, analysis, and services; from the perspective of the data application chain, the value of data elements is reflected in innovative applications in different fields such as technology, industry, and society. my country has a super-large market advantage and a large number of innovative entities, which lays a good foundation for the value generation of data elements, and also increases the difficulty of data governance. On the one hand, the utilization rate of data resources is not high. The technical level of converting raw data into data elements needs to be improved, and a large amount of unstructured data has not been effectively utilized. On the other hand, the strategic value and self-generating characteristics of data elements have prompted innovation entities to build their own leading innovation ecosystems, but it has also caused problems such as data monopoly and data discrimination. Therefore, it is urgent to build a national governance system for data elements to promote the orderly release of the economic and social value of data elements.
To occupy the commanding heights of digital competition, it is urgent to build a national governance system for data elements. The ability of data element governance is becoming a key force in reshaping international relations, changing the competition pattern of international discourse power, and promoting the accelerated reconstruction of the geopolitical pattern of cyberspace. Major countries and organizations in the world have formulated data element governance rules and cultivated their own data element resource advantages. Actively carry out digital diplomacy and strive to take the initiative in global data governance. For example, in April 2022, the United States issued a proposal to promote the use of fair data, proposing to strengthen information collection, improve infrastructure to make full use of data resources, and establish a classified data management mechanism; the European Union issued the "Data Act" in February 2022, Aiming to strengthen digital sovereignty, it has made binding regulations on data sharing, international data transmission, and data interoperability. Therefore, it is urgent to build a national governance system for data elements, promote the integration of various data governance rules at all levels with international standards, improve the international discourse power of data governance, strengthen the autonomy and control of key data elements, and occupy the commanding heights of international digital competition.
Create a collaborative and efficient national governance system for data elements
Build a national governance system for data elements that takes into account efficiency, fairness and security. One is to improve the data carrier system. Optimize the space and industrial layout of infrastructure such as data centers, supercomputing centers, and the Internet of Things, and provide carrier support for the generation, circulation, and transaction of data elements. The second is to improve the digital literacy and skills of the entire population. Strengthen digital literacy and skills training to improve citizens’ ability to access, process and apply data. The third is to build a classification and hierarchical authorization use system for data elements. For different data such as structured data or unstructured data, raw data or processed data, private data or public data, sensitive data or non-sensitive data, real-time data or historical data, etc., formulate classification and grading authorization standards for data elements to realize data The unity of factor economic value and social value. The fourth is to build a market-oriented circulation configuration system for data elements. Establish a data element circulation system that conforms to the characteristics of data elements, encourage market entities to participate in the construction of data trading platforms, and establish a data value distribution mechanism in which the market evaluates data element contributions and determines rewards based on contributions. The fifth is to build a data element security system. Strengthen the monitoring and certification, security assessment and risk early warning capacity building of data elements, and realize the full chain traceability of data elements. Strengthen the protection of data and personal privacy in key areas, improve the cross-border data circulation mechanism, and avoid data risks.
Create a national governance system for data elements oriented to the entire chain of data applications. The first is to build a national governance system for scientific research data. Establish a digital platform for the open sharing of scientific and technological resources and scientific and technological cooperation, improve the utilization efficiency of scientific and technological resources, and promote scientific and technological cooperation. Improve the institutional environment of open source intellectual property rights, open source standards, etc., create an open source technology ecological service system, and prevent open source supply chain risks. The second is to improve the national governance system for industrial data. Improve anti-monopoly, anti-unfair competition, taxation and other regulatory policies for data elements, and create a market environment conducive to the healthy development of the digital economy. The third is to improve the national governance system for social data. Establish a public data management platform in the fields of education, medical care, transportation, social security, security, pension, emergency management, etc. to assist social services and governance decisions. Use multiple data to establish digital cities and digital villages with security situational awareness, and strengthen social risk analysis and early warning capabilities.
Create a national governance system for data elements oriented to the entire chain of data management. The first is to expand the supply and demand matching of the entire chain of data element management. Promote the construction of public service platforms such as the Digital Transformation Promotion Center, and provide innovative entities with services such as transaction matching, consulting, and security assurance for the entire chain of data element management. Facing the innovation and development needs of digital technology, digital economy and digital society, expand the application scenarios of data elements such as data generation, collection, storage, processing, analysis, and services. The second is to build a standard and normative system for the entire chain of data element management. Create data element standards and specifications for the entire management chain of data collection, storage, processing, analysis, service, etc., improve the interoperability, accuracy, and standardization of data elements, and promote the efficient connection of the entire chain of data elements.
Adhere to the dual-wheel drive of technological innovation and institutional innovation, and promote the reform of data element governance methods and mechanisms. The first is to build a data element governance technology system. Facing the entire chain of data management and application, strengthen research and development breakthroughs in data governance technologies such as sensors, Internet of Things, edge computing, data centers, high-performance computing, servers, industrial software, privacy computing, etc. Governance provides a technical base. The second is to establish a national governance agency for data elements. Coordinate and manage data element systems of different chains, departments and regions, monitor and evaluate the source, destination and application of data elements in real time, interpret laws related to data element governance, and help market entities identify application prospects and risks of data elements.
Give full play to the role of the government and the market, and create a data element governance model with multiple subjects coordinated and co-governed. First, improve data governance laws and regulations. Formulate a national data strategy, build a systematic and comprehensive governance framework for data elements in terms of scientific and technological research and development, talent training, infrastructure construction, sustainable economic growth, improving public services, ensuring data security, and regulating cross-border data flow, and guide the marketization of data elements. configuration. The second is to clarify the positioning of multi-subject collaborative co-governance. Adhering to the values of openness, cooperation, equality, and reciprocity, clarify the rights and responsibilities of governments at all levels, platform companies, social organizations, and the public to participate in data governance. The third is to create a data sharing mechanism for the coordinated co-governance of multiple subjects. Comprehensively consider the efficiency and security of technology, industry, and social development, define the monitoring, collection, and use rights of government departments for different data elements, promote the conditional openness and sharing of public sector data, and promote healthy interaction between multiple subjects.Authors: Chen Kaihua (Researcher, Institute of Science and Technology Strategy Consulting, Chinese Academy of Sciences); Kang Jin (Engineer, China Industrial Internet Research Institute)
(Editors in charge: Liu Yuanyuan, Dai Xiaoling)
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